No More Learning

i. 7, 13), and another in accusing Chabrias
lycus has been already mentioned.
(Demosth. in Lept. p. 501), and that he defended
2. Another Athenian sculptor of this name, and himself against a charge brought against him by
probably of the same family, but of the Roman Thrasybulus. (Aristot. Rhetor. ii. 23, 25. ) He
period, has lately been brought to light by the re- is also said to have been sent by the Athenians on
searches of Ottfried Müller, who saw at Athens a an embassy to Thebes. (Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 837. )
block of marble bearing an inscription which shows 2. Of Thasus, a Pythagorean philosopher. (Pro-
it to be the base of a statue of a certain M. Anto- clus, In Euclid. ii. p. 19, iii. p. 58; Diog. Laert.
nius (not improbably the triumvir), made by Leo- iii. 24. )
[L. S. ]
chares. (Schöll, Archäol. Mittheil. pp. 128, 129; LEO'GORAS (Aewyópas), the son of one Ando-
Stephani, in Rhein. Mfus. 1845, p. 30; R. Rochette, cides, and the father of Andocides the orator, is
p
Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 342. )
[P. S. ] said to have taken part in the conclusion of a peace
LEO'CRATES (AEwkpátns), son of Stroebus, between the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, pro-
commanded in the great sea-fight off Aegina (B. C. bably the peace of B. C. 415. He was one of the
457), in which the Athenians gave a final defeat to parties apprehended on suspicion of being concerned
their ancient rivals. Seventy ships were taken, in the mutilation of the Hermae at Athens, in B. C.
and Leocrates landed and laid siege to the town ; 415. Plutarch says that Leogoras was accused by
while the Corinthian forces, which, by invading his own son, Andocides, as one of the guilty par-
Attica, hoped to relieve it, were defeated by Myron- ties, but that the latter saved his father by stating
ides. (Thuc. i. 105. ) Plutarch relates that these that Leogoras was able to give important informa-
two commanders were both of them colleagues of tion to the state; and he further states that Leo-
Aristeides in the campaign of Plataea (Plut. Arist. goras, taking the hint, forth with accused numerous
20).
(A. H. C. ] persons of various crimes, and was, in consequence,
LEOʻCRITUS (AELÁRPITOS), a son of Evenor, set free. Andocides, however, stoutly denies the
and one of the suitors of Penelope, was slain truth of this story. (Thuc. i. 51; Plut. Vitae X.
by Telemachus. (Hom. Od. ii. 242, &c. , xxii. Orat. p. 834 ; Andoc. De Myst. pp. 3, 4, ed. Steph. )
294. )
[L. S. ] Leogoras seems to bave borne no better character
LEOʻCRITUS (AECKPITos). 1. A son of Poly- than his notorious son, Andocides. He was fre-
damas, was slain by Odysseus. He was represented quently attacked by the comic poets for his extra-
as dead in a painting in the néoxn at Delphi. vagance and luxurious mode of living. (Aristoph.
(Paus. x. 27. )
V'esp. 1269, Nub. 109, with Schol. ; Athen. ix. p.
2. An Athenian, son of Protarchus, distinguished 387, a. )
himself greatly in the storming of the Museum at LEON. [LEO. ]
Athens, under Olympiodorus, when the Athenians LEONIDAS I. (Aewvíðas), king of Sparta, 17th
threw off the yoke of Demetrius Poliorcetes and of the Agids, was one of the sons of ANAXAN-
drove out his garrison, B. c. 287. Leocritus was DRIDES by his first wife, and, according to some
the first to break into the place, and was slain in accounts, was twin-brother to Cleombrotus (Herod.
the struggle. His memory was held in high honour v. 39-41 ; Paus. iii. 3). He succeeded on the
by the Athenians, and his shield was suspended in throne his half-brother Cleomenes I. , about B co
the temple of Zeus én evdépios, with his name and | 491, his elder brother Dorieus also having previously


## p. 751 (#767) ############################################

LEONIDAS.
751
LEONIDAS.
died (DORIE"S). When Greece was invaded by Strab. i. p. 10, ix. p. 429 ; Acl
. V. II. iii. 25 ;
Xerxes, the Greck congress, which was held at Just. ii. 11; C. Nep. Them. 3 ; Val. Max. iii. 2,
the Isthmus of Corinth, determined that a stand Ext. 3 ; Cic. de Fin. ii. 19, 30, Tusc. Disr. i. 42,
should be made against the enemy at the pass of 19 ; Simon. xv. Anthol. Gracc. vol. i. p. 61, ed.
Thermopylae, and Leonidas had the command of Jacobs. ) In the reign of Leonidas we arrive at an
the force destined for this service. The number of exact chronology (says Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p.
his army is varionsly stated : according to Hero 209), which we have gradually approached in the
dotus, it amounted to somewhat more than 5000 two preceding reigns of Anaxandrides and Cleo-
men, of whom 300 were Spartans ; in all proba- menes I.
(E. E. )
bility, the regular band of (so called) itaeis, LEONIDAS 11. (dewvidas), king of Sparta,
selected by the Hippigretae, τους κατεστώτας was son of the traitor, Clconymus, and 28th of the
Tpinkocious, as Herodotus calls them (comp. Müller, Agids. He acted as guardian to his infant rela-
Dor. book iii
. 12. § 5). The remainder of the tive, Arcus 1l. , on whose death, at the age of eight
Lacedaemonian force was to follow after the cele years, lie ascended the thronc, about B. c. 256,
bration of the festival of the Camein. Plutarch being by this time considerably advanced in life.
affirms that funeral games were celebrated in honour A great part of his earlier years he had spent in
of Leonidas and his comrades, before their depar- the courts of Seleucus Nicator and his satraps, and
ture from Sparta; according also to him and had even married an Asiatic wife, by whom he
Diodorus, it was said at the sime time by the had two children. From this it is reasonable to
self-devoting hero, that the men he took with him suppose that he reversed the policy of his predeces-
were indeed few to figh:, but enough to die ; and, sors, who had cultivated a connection with Egypt:
when his wife, Gorgo, asked him what his last wishes and it is at least an ingenious conjecture of Droy-
were, he answered, “ Marry a brave husband and sen's, that the adventurer, Xanthippus, who en-
bear brave sons. " All this, however, has very tered at this period into the Carthaginian service,
much the air of a late and rhetorical addition to and whom he identifies with the general of Ptolemy
the story ; nor is it certain that Leonidas and his Euergetes in his war with Seleucus Callinicus, may
band looked forward to their own death as the in- have been one of those who, as favourers of the
eritable result of their expedition, though Herodotus Egyptian alliance, were driven from Sparta by the
tells us that he selected for it such only as had sons party of Leonidas. (Droysen, Hellenismus, vol. ii.
to leave behind them, and mentions an oncle besides, pp. 296, 347; comp. Arnold's Rome, vol. ii. p.
which declared that Sparta could not be saved from 589. ) The habits which Leonidas had contracted
ruin but by the death of her king. When the abroad, very different from the old Spartan sim-
Greek army was assembled at Thermopylae, there plicity, caused him to regard with strong dislike
was a prevalent desire on the part of the Pelo- the projected reforms of Agis IV. , and he laboured
ponnesians to fall back on the Isthmus, and make at first to counteract them by secret intrigues and
their stand against the Persians there ; and it was by the slanderous insinuation that the object of
mainly through the influence of Leonidas that the Agis was to bribe the poor with the property of
scheme, selfish at once and impolitic, was abandoned. the rich, and thus to make himself tyrant of Sparta.
The sayings ascribed to him before the battle by When the measure of his colleague was actually
Plutarch are well-known and characteristic enough brought forward, Leonidas opposed it with argu-
of a Spartan, but are probably the rhetorical in- ments ludicrously weak, but succeeded, neverthe-
ventions of a later age. When it was known less, in obtaining its rejection in the senate by a
that the treachery of the Malian Epbialtes had be- majority of one. It thus became necessary for the
trayed the mountain path of the Anopaea to the reformers to get rid of him, and accordingly the
Persians, after their vain attempts to force their ephor Lysander revived an old law, which forbade
way through the pass of Thermopylae, Leonidas, a Heracleid to marry a foreigner, and affixed the
declaring that he and the Spartans under his com- penalty of death to a sojourn in a foreign land.
mand must needs remain in the post they had been There was also an ancient custom at Sparta, of
sent to guard, dismissed all the other Greeks, ex- which he took advantage to excite the stronger
cept the Thespian and Theban forces. Then, be prejudice against Leonidas. Every ninth year the
fore the body of Persians, who were crossing the ephors sat in silence to observe the heavens on a
mountain under Hydarnes, could arrive to attack clear and moonless night ; and if a star was seen
him in the rear, he advanced from the narrow pass to shoot in a particular direction, it was interpreted
and charged the myriads of the enemy with his as a sign of some offence against the gods on the
handful of troops, hopeless now of preserving their part of the kings, who were therefore to be sus
lives, and anxious only to sell them dearly. In the pended from their office till an oracle from Delphi
desperate battle which ensued, Leonidas himself or Olympia should declare in their favour. Lr-
fell soon.
His body was rescued by the Greeks, sander professed to have seen the sign, and referred
after a violent struggle. On the hillock in the pass, it to the displeasure of heaven at the illegal conduct
where the remnant of the Greeks made their last of Leonidas.
He also accused him, according to
stand, a lion of stone (s0 Herodotus tells us) was Pausanias, of having beund himself by an oath,
set up in his honour; and Pausanias says that his while yet a boy, to his father Cleonymus, to work
bones were brought to Sparta forty years after, by the downfall of Sparta. Leonidas, not venturing
one named Pausinias ; but if he was the same who to abide his trial, took refuge in the temple of
commanded at the battle of Platnca, “ forty" must Athena Chalcioecus, where his daughter Cheilonis
be an erroneous reading for “ four" (see Larcher, joined him. Sentence of deposition having been
ad Ilerod. vii. 225). The later story of Leonidas passed against him in his absence, the throne was
and his followers perishing in a night-attack on the transferred to his son-in-law, Cleombrotus ; and
Persian camp is unworthy of credit. (Herod. vii. the ephors of the succeeding year having failed in
175, 202—225; Paus. iii. 4, 14, rii. 15; Diod. their attempt to crush Lysander and his colleague,
xi. 4-11; Plut. de Llerod. Mul. 32, Apoph. Lac. ; | Mandrocleidas, hy a prosecution (see l'ol. I. p. 73],
;


## p. 752 (#768) ############################################

752
LEONIDAS.
LEONIDAS.
Leonidas went into exile to Tegea. * When the Macedonians in Lycaonia (Polyaen. iv. 6). It is
misconduct of Agesilauz, the uncle of Agis, had led, possible that he may have left the service of Anti-
not long after, to his restoration (B. C. 240), he gonus for that of Ptolemy, in which case he may
listened to the entreaties of Cheilonis, and spared be identified with the one immediately below.
the life of her husband, Cleombrotus, contenting 5. A general of Ptolemy Soter, who sent him in
himself with his banishment ; but he caused Agis B. C. 310 to dislodge from the maritime towns of
to be put to death, though he owed his own life to Cilicia the garrisons of Antigonns, which, it was
the protection he had afforded him in his flight to alleged, the treaty of the preceding year required
Tegea. Archidamus, the brother of Agis, fied him to withdraw. Leonidas was successful at tirst,
from Sparta: Agiatis, his widow, was forced by but Demetrius Poliorcetes, arriving soon after, de-
Leonidas into a marriage with his son, Cleomenes; fented him and regained the towns (Diod. xx. 19).
and it seems doubtful whether the child Euryda- Suidas tells us (s. r. Anuntplos ó 'Avriyóvov) that
midas, her son by Agis, was allowed to bear the Ptolemy, after having restored freedom to the Greek
name of king. At any rate the whole of the royal citics, left Leonidas in Greece as governor. He
power (such as it was, in a selfish oligarchy, of may perhaps be referring to Ptolemy's expedition
which he was the tool) remained with Leonidas ; to Greece in B. C. 308, with the professed object of
and Plutarch tells us that he utterly neglected vindicating the liberty of the several states there
public affairs, caring for nothing but a life of case (sec Diod. xx. 37 ; Plut. Dem. 15), and the name
and luxury. He died about B. c. 236, and was Leonidas may be intended for Cleonidas. But
succeeded by his son, Cleomenes III. (Plut. the whole statement in Suidas is singularly con-
Agis, 3, 7, 10-12, 16-21, Cleom. 1-3; Paus. fused.
[E. E. ]
iji. 6; Clinton, F. 11. vol. ii. p. 217 ; Droysen, LEO'NIDAS or LEOʻNIDES, literary. 1. Of
IIcllenismus, vol. ii. pp. 295, 296, 384, &c. , Tarentum, the author of upwards of a hundred epi-
415. )
(E. E. ) grams in the Doric dialect. llis epigrams formied a
LEOʻNIDAS or LEONIDES (1ewvlõas, de part of the Gurland of Meleager. In Brunck's Ana-
wvlons), historical. 1. A general of the Byzantines, lecta, some of the epigrams ascribed to Leonidas of
who, when the citizens, during a siege of their Tarentum belong properly to Leonidas of Alexandria;
town, flocked to the taverns instead of manning and on the other hand, some, which are found in
the walls, established a number of wine-shops on other parts of the Anthology, should be restored to
the ramparts themselves, and so kept his men, with Leonidas of Tarentum. Jacobs (Anth. Graec. vol.
some difficulty, at their posts (Ael. V. H. iii. 14 ; xiii. pp. 909, 910) points out the necessary cor-
Athen. X. p. 442, c. ). He may have been the same rections ; and Meineke (Delect. Poet. Anth. Graec,
Leonides whom Athenaeus mentions as a writer on pp. 24–52) has re-edited and re-arranged the
fishing (Athen. i. p. 13, c. ).
epigrams of this writer, the number of which he
2. A noble youth, a citizen of Heracleia on the makes 108. The epigrams are chiefly inscriptions
Pontus, was one of those who put to death the for dedicatory offerings and works of art, and,
tyrant Clearchus, B. C. 353. He is also called though not of a very high order of poetry, are
Leon. [Leon, No. 1, p. 741, b. ]
usually pleasing, ingenious, and in good taste.
3. A kinsman of Olympias, the mother of Alex Bernhardy not unhappily characterises them as
ander the Great, was entrusted with the main being “in a sharp lapidary style” (Grundriss. d.
superintendence of Alexander's education in his Griech. Litt. vol. ii.
p. 1055).
All that we know
earlier years, apparently before he became the of the poet's date is collected from his epigrams,
pupil of Aristotle. Leonidas was a man of austere and the indications are not very certain. He seems,
character, and trained the young prince in hardy however, to have lived in the time of Pyrrhus
and self-denying habits. Thus, he would even ex- (Jacobs, l. c. ). From one of the epigrams ascribed
amine the chests which contained his pupil's bed- to him (No. 100, Br. and Jac. , No. 98, Meineke),
ding and clothes, to see whether Olympias had and which may either have been written after his
placed any thing there that might minister to lux- death, or by himself for his own epitaph, we learn
ury. There were two excellent cooks (said Alex- that he was born at Tarentum, and after many
ander afterwards) with which Leonidas had fur- wanderings during which the Muses were his
nished him,-a night's march to season his breakfast, chief solace, he died and was buried at a distance
and a scanty breakfast to season his dinner. On from his native land.
one occasion, when Alexander at a sacrifice was 2. Of Alexandria, was born, as he informs us
throwing large quantities of incense on the fire, (Ep. 8), on the banks of the Nile, whence he went
“ be more sparing of it,” said Leonidas, “ till you to Rome (Ep. 27), and there taught grammar for
have conquered the country where it grows. " a long time without attracting any notice, but ulti-
Alexander sent him afterwards from Asia 600 mately he became very popular, and obtained the
talents' weight of incense and myrrh, “that he patronage of the imperial family. His epigrams show
might no longer be penurious” (so ran the message) that he flourished under Nero, and probably down
“ in his offerings to the gods. ” (Plut. Alex. 22, to the reign of Vespasian. In the Greek Antho-
25, Reg. et Imp. Apoph. Alex. 4, 9. ) It may be logy, forty-three epigrams are ascribed to him, but
questioned whether the rough discipline of Leonidas some of these belong to Leonidas of Tarentum.
was not carried further than was altogether beneficial | The epigrams of Leonidas of Alexandria are of a
to Alexander's character (see Plut. Aler. 7 ; Thirl- very low order of merit. Several of them are dis-
wall's Greece, vol. vi. p. 90, note 3).
tinguished by the petty conceit of having an equal
4. A general of Antigonus, who, in B. c. 320, number of letters in each distich ; these are called
repressed by a skilful stratagem the revolt of 3000 lobynpa em cypaullata. (Jacobs, Anth. Graec. vol.
xiii. pp. 908—909 ; Meineke, Prolusio ad utrius-
* It is erroneously stated, in Vol. I. p. 691, that que Leonidae Curmina, Lips. 1791; Fabric. Biu.
his daughter Cheilonis accompanied him thither. Graec. vol. iv. pp. 479-480. )
See Plut. Agis, 17.
3. Of Byzantium, the son of Metrodorus, who


## p. 753 (#769) ############################################

LFONNATUS.
753
LEONNATUS.
wrote a work, 'AllEUTIKÓ (Ath. i. p. 13, c. ) which keeping watch over Alexander's tent at the time of
is often quoted by Aelian (N. A. ji. 6, 50, iii. 10, the conspiracy of the pages ; and even venturing to
xii. 42).
excite his resentment by ridiculing the Persian
4. A Stoic philosopher of Rhodes (Strab. xiv. p. custom of prostration. (Curt. vi.