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order. On another occasion he sent for the priests, Mummius brought the above-mentioned group of
and informed them that the religious establishment the Muses from Thespiae to Rome; and Cleomenes
was too expensive, and must be reduced; they must therefore have lived previously to B. c. 146,
handed over to him the treasures of the temples; the date of the destruction of Corinth. The beau-
and he then left them undisturbed. Alexander tiful statue of Venus is evidently an imitation of
was informed of these proceedings, but found it the Cnidian statue of Praxiteles; and Müller's
convenient to take no notice of them; but after his opinion is very probable, that Cleomenes tried to
return to Babylon (B. C. 323) he wrote to Cleo-revive at Athens the style of this great artist.
menes, commanding him to erect at Alexandria a Our artist would, according to this supposition,
splendid monument to Hephaestion, and promised have lived between B. c. 363 (the age of Praxiteles)
that, if this work were zealously performed, he and B. c. 146.
would overlook his misconduct.
Now, there is another Cleomenes, the author of
In the distribution of Alexander's empire, after a much admired but rather lifeless statue in the
his death, Cleomenes was left in Egypt as hyparch Louvre, which commonly bears the name of Ger-
under Ptolemy, who put him to death on the sus manicus, though without the slightest foundation.
picion of his favouring Perdiccas. The effect, if It represents a Roman orator, with the right hand
not also a cause, of this act was, that Ptolemy lifted, and, as the attribute of a turtle at the foot
came into possession of the treasures of Cleomenes, shews, in the habit of Mercury. There the artist
which amounted to 8000 talents. (Arrian, Anal, calls himself
iii. 5, vü. 23; Arrian, ap. Phot. Cod. 92, p. 69, a. 37,
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ
ed. Bekker ; Dexippus, ap. Phot. Cod. 82, p. 64, a.
ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ
34; Justin. xiii. 4. § 11; Q. Curt. iv. 33. § 5;
ΑΘΗΝΑΙΟΣΕ
Pseud-Aristot. Oecon. ii. 34, 40; Dem. c. Drio
ΠΟΙΗΣΕΝ.
nysiod. p. 1258 ; Paus. i. 6. & 3; Diod. xviii. 14; He was therefore distinct from the son of Apollo
Droysen, Geschichte Alex. pp. 216, 580, Nachfolg. dorus, but probably his son ; for the name of Cleo-
pp. 41, 128. )
[P. S. ] menes is so very rare at Athens, that we can
CLEO'MENES, literary. 1. A rhapsodist, hardly suppose another Cleoinenes to have been
who recited the kabapuol of Empedocles at the his father; and nothing was more common with
Olympic games. (Athen. xiv. p. 620, d. )
ancient artists than that the son followed the
2. Of Rhegium, a dithyrambic poet, censured father's profession. But it is quite improbable
by Chionides (Athen. xiv. p. 638, e. ), and by that an Athenian sculptor should have made the
Aristophanes, according to the Scholiast. (Nubes, statue of a Roman in the form of a god before the
332, 333. ) He seems to have been an erotic wars against Macedonia bad brought the Roman
writer, since Epicrates mentions him in connexion armies into Greece. The younger Cleomenes must
with Sappho, Meletus, and Lamynthius. (Athen. therefore have exercised his art subsequently to
xiv. p. 605, e. ) The allusions of other comedians B. C. 200, probably subsequently to the battle of
to him fix his date the latter part of the fifth Cynoscephalae. We may therefore place the father
century B. C. One of his poems was entitled about E. c. 220.
Meleager. (Athen. ix. p. 402, a. )
Another work is also inscribed with the name
3. A cynic philosopher, the disciple of Metrocles, of Cleomenes, namely, a basso-relievo at Floreuce,
wrote a work on education (Naidaywy kós), which of very good workmanship, with the story of
is quoted by Diogenes Laërtius (vi. 75, 95). Alceste, bearing the inscription ΚΛΕΟΜΕΝΗΣ
1. A commentator on Homer, and Hesiod. | ENOIEI. But we are not able to decide whether
(Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 129. ) Perhaps he was it is to be referred to the father, or to the son, or
the same as the philosopher.
[P. S. ) to a third and more recent artist, whose name is
CLEOʻMENES (KAeouévns), the name of a published by Raoul-Rochette. (Monumens inédits


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CLEON.
797
CLEON.
Orestéide, pl. xxv. p. 130. ) The inscriptions of four The following winter unmasked his boldest ene-
statues in the collection of Wilton House are of a my. At the city Dionysia, B. c. 426, in the pre-
very doubtful description. (Visconti, Ocuvres di- sence of the numerous visitors from the subject
verses, vol. iii. p. 11; Thiersch, Epochen, p. 208, states, Aristophanes represented his “ Babylonians. ”
&c. )
(L. U. ) It attacked the plan of election by lot, and contain-
CLEOMY'TTADES (KXcourttádns). 1. The ed no doubt the first sketch of his subsequent por-
sixth of the family of the Asclepiadae, the son of trait of the Athenian democracy. Cleon, it would
Crisamis I. and the father of Theodorus I. , who appear, if not actually named, at any rate felt him-
lived probably in the tenth century B. C. (Jo. self reflected upon; and he rejoined by a legal suit
Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist. 155, in Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. against the author or his representative. The Scho-
vol. xii. p. 680, cd. vet. )
liasts speak of it as directed against his title to the
2. The tenth in descent from Aesculapius, the franchise (fevías ypaon), but it certainly also as-
son of king Crisamis II. , and the father of Theo sailed him for insulting the government in the pre-
dorus II. , who probably lived in the eighth cen- sence of its subjects. (Aristoph. Acharn. 377, 502. )
tury B. C. (Paeti Epist. ad Artat. , in Hippocr. About the same time, however, before the next
Opera, vol. iii. p. 770. )
(W. A. G. ) winter's Lenaea, Cleon himself, by means of a com-
CLEON (KAėwv), the son of Cleaenetus, shortly bination among the nobler and wealthier (the
after the death of Pericles, succeeding, it is said | 'ITTEIS), was brought to trial and condemned to
(Aristoph. Equil. 130, and Schol. ), Eucrates the flax- disgorge five talents, which he had extracted on
seller, and Lysicles the sheep-dealer, became the false pretences from some of the islanders. (Aristoph.
most trusted and popular of the people's favourites, Acharn. 6, comp. Schol. , who refers to Theopompus. )
and for about six years of the Peloponnesian war Thirlwall, surely by an oversight, places this trial
(B. C. 428—422) may be regarded as the head ofafter the representation of the Knights. (Hist. of
the party opposed to peace.
Greece, iii. p. 300. )
He belonged by birth to the middling classes, In 425 Cleon reappears in general history, still as
and was brought up to the trade of a tanner; how before the potent favourite. The occasion is the em-
long however he followed it may be doubtful; he bassy sent by Sparta with proposals for peace, after
seems early to have betaken himself to a more the commencement of the blockade of her citizens in
lucrative profession in politics. He became known the island of Sphacteria. There was considerable
at the very beginning of the war. The latter days elevation at their success prevalent among the Athe-
of Pericles were annoyed by his impertinence. nians; yet numbers were truly anxious for peace.
Hermippus, in a fragment of a comedy probably Cleon, however, well aware that peace would greatly
represented in the winter after the first invasion of curtail, if not annihilate, his power and his emolu-
Attica, speaks of the home-keeping general as tor- ments, contrived to work on his countrymen's
tured by the sting of the fierce Cleon (onxoels presumption, and insisted to the ambassadors on
alowwi Kiówvi, ap. Plut. Per. 33). And according the surrender, first of all, of the blockaded party
to Idomeneus (ibid. 35) Cleon's name was attach- with their arms, and then the restoration in ex-
ed to the accusation, to which in the miseries change for them of the losses of B. C. 445, Nisaea,
of the second year Pericles was obliged to give Pegae, Troezen, and Achaia. Such concessions it
way. Cleon at this time was, we must suppose, was beyond Sparta's power to make good ; it
a violent opponent of the policy which declined was even dangerous for her to be known to have
risking a battle ; nay, it is possible he may also so much as admitted a thought of them; and
have indulged freely in invectives against the war when the ambassadors begged in any case to have
in general.
commissioners appointed them for private discus-
In 427 the submission of the Mytileneans brings sion, he availed himself this to break off the
him more prominently before us.
He was now negotiation by loud outcries against what he pro-
established fairly as demagogue. (Ta onuu tapd fessed to regard as evidence of double-dealing and
TOÀv v Ty TnTe TiếavoTaTos, Thục. iii. 36. ) The oligarchical caballing. (Thuc. iv. 21, 22. )
deliberations on the use to be made of the uncon- A short time however shewed the unsoundness
ditional surrender of these revolted allies ended in of his policy. Winter was approaching, the blockade
the adoption of his motion, — that the adult males daily growing more difficult, and escape daily
should be put to death, the women and children easier; and there seemed no prospect of securing
sold for slaves. The morrow, however, brought a the prize. Popular feeling now began to run
cooler mind; and in the assembly held for recon- strongly against him, who had induced the rejec-
sideration it was, after a long debate, rescinded. tion of those safe offers. Cleon, with the true
The speeches which on this second occasion Thu- demagogue's tact of catching the feeling of the
cydides ascribes to Cleon and his opponent give us people, talked of the false reports with which a
doubtless no grounds for any opinion on either as democracy let people deceive it, and when ap-
a speaker, but at the same time considerable ac- pointed himself to a board of commissioners for
quaintance with his own view of Cleon's position inquiry on the spot, shifted his ground and began
and character. We see plainly the effort to keep to urge the expediency rather of sending a force to
up a reputation as the straightforward energetic decide it at once, adding, that if he had been ge-
counsellor; the attempt by rude bullying to hide neral, he would have done it before. Nicias, at
from the people his slavery to them; the unscru- whom the scoff was directed, took advantage of a
pulous use of calumny to excite prejudice against rising feeling in that direction among the people,
all rival advisers. The people were only shewing and replied by begging him to be under no res-
(what he himself had long seen) their incapacity traint, but to take any forces he pleased and make
for governing, by giving way to a sentimental the attempt. What follows is highly character-
unbusinesslike compassion : as for the orators who istic. Cleon, not having a thought that the timid
excited it, they were, likely enough, paid for their Nicias was really venturing so unprecedented a
trouble. " (Thuc. iii. 36--19. )
step, professed his acquiescence, but on finding the


## p. 798 (#818) ############################################

798
CLEON.
CLEON.
“ The
matter treated as serious, began to be disconcerted | last worthily filled by Demosthenes. How far we
and back out. But it was intolerable to spoil the must call Cleon the creature and how far the cause of
joke by letting him off, and the people insisted that the vices and evils of his time of course is hard to
he should abide by luis word. And he at last re- say; no doubt he was partly both. lle is said (Plut.
covered his self-possession and coolly replied, that if Nicius, 8) to have first broken through the gravity
they wished it then, he would go, and would take and seemliness of the Athenian assembly by a
merely the Lemnians and Imbrians then in the loud and violent tone and coarse gesticulation, rear-
city, and bring them back the Spartans dead or ing open his dress, slapping his thigh, and running
alive within twenty days. And indeed, says Thu- about while speaking. It is to this probably, and
cydides, wild as the proceeding appeared, soberer not to any want of pure Athenian blood, that the
minds were ready to pay the price of a considera- title Paphlagonian (Naqlayáv, from madláčw),
ble failure abroad for the ruin of the demagogue at given him in the Knights, refers. His power and
home.
familiarity with the assembly are shewn in a story
Fortune, however, brought Cleon to Pylos at (Plut. Nicias, 7), that on one occasion the people
the moment when he could appropriate for his waited for him, perhaps to propose some motion,
needs the merit of an enterprise already devised, for a long time, and that he at last appeared with
and no doubt entirely executed, hy Demosthenes. a garland on, and begged that they would put off
[DEMOSTHENES. ] He appears, however, not to the meeting till the morrow, “for," said he, “ to-
have been without shrewdness either in the selec- day I have no time: I am entertaining some
tion of his troops or his coadjutor, and it is at guests, and have just sacrificed,”—a request which
least some small credit that he did not mar his the assembly took as a good joke, and were good-
good luck.
In any case he brought back his humoured enough to accede to.
prisoners within his time, among them 120 Spar- Compare ARISTOPHANES. The passages in the
ians of the highest blood. (Thuc. iv. 27—39. ) At other plays, besides the Knights and Wasps and
this, the crowning point of his fortunes, Aristo- those quoted from the Acharnians, are, Nubes, 549,
phanes dealt hiin his severest blow. In the next | 580; Ranae, 569–577.
[A. H C. )
winter's Lenaea, B. c. 424, appeared
CLEON (Kéwv), literary. 1. Of CURIUM, the
Knights,” in which Cleon figures as an actual author of a poem on the expedition of the Argo-
dramatis persona, and, in default of an artificer nauts ('Aprovautixá), from which Apollonius Rho-
bold enough to make the mask, was represented by dius took many parts of his poem. (Schol. in
the poet himself with his face smeared with wine Apoll. Rhod. i. 77, 587, 624. )
lees. The play is simply one satire on his venality, 2. Of HALICARNASSUS, a rhetorician, lived at
rapacity, ignorance, violence, and cowardice; and the end of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th
was at least successful so far as to receive the first century B. C. (Plut. Lys. 25. )
prize. It treats of hin, however, chiefly as the 3. A MAGNESIAN, appears to have been a phi-
leader in the Ecclesia ; the Wasps, in B. c. 422, si losopber, from the quotation which Pausanias
milarly displays him as the grand patron of the makes from him. (x. 4. 4. )
abuses of the courts of justice. He is said to have 4. A SICILIAN, one of the literary Greeks in
originated the increase of the dicast's stipend from the train of Alexander the Great, who, according
one to three obols (See Böckh, Publ. Econ. of Athens, to Curtius, corrupted the profession of good arts
bk. ii. 15), and in general he professed to be the by their evil manners. At the banquet, at which
unhired advocate of the poor, and their protector the proposal was made to adore Alexander (B. C.
and enricher by his judicial attacks on the rich. 327), Cleon introduced the subject. (Curt. vii. 5.
The same year (422) saw, however, the close of $ 8. ) Neither Arrian nor Plutarch mentions him ;
his career.
Late in the summer, he went out, and Arrian (iv. 10) puts into the mouth of Anax-
after the expiration of the year's truce, to act archus the same proposal and a similar speech to
against Brasidas in Chalcidice. He seems to have that which Curtius ascribes to Cleon.
persuaded both himself and the people of his con- 5. Of SYRACUSE, a geographical writer, men-
summate ability as a general, and he took with tioned by Marcianus (Periplus, p. 63). His work,
him a magnificent army of the best troops. He repl Tôv nemévwv, is cited by Stephanus Byzan-
effected with ease the capture of Torone, and then tinus (s. v. 'Aonis).
[P. S. ]
moved towards Amphipolis, which Brasidas also CLEON (KAéwv), an oculist who must have
hastened to protect. Utterly ignorant of the art lived some time before the beginning of the Chris-
of war, he advanced with no fixed purpose, but | tian era, as he is mentioned by Celsus. (De Me-
rather to look about him, up to the walls of the dic. vi. 6. 65, 8, 11, pp. 119-121. ) Some of
city; and on finding the enemy preparing to sally, his prescriptions are also quoted by Galen (De
directed so unskilfully a precipitate retreat, that Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, iii. i, vol. xii. p.
the soldiers of one wing presented their unprotect- 636), Aëtius (Lib. Medic. ii. 2. 93, ii. 3. 15,
ed right side to the attack. The issue of the 18, 27, 107, pp. 294, 306, 309, 353), and Paulus
combat is related under Brasidas. Cleon himself Aegineta. (De Re Med. vii
. 16, p. 672. ) (W. A. G. )
fell, in an early flight, by the hand of a Myrcinian ČLEON. 1. A sculptor of Sicyon, a pupil of
targeteer. (Thục. v. 2, 3, 6–10. )
Antiphanes, who had been taught by Periclyrus, a
Cleon may be regarded as the representative of follower of the great Polycletus of Argos. (Paus.
the worst faults of the Athenian democracy, such v. 17. $ 1. ) Cleon's age is determined by two
as it came from the hands of Pericles.
While bronze statues of Zeus at Olympia executed after
Pericles lived, his intellectual and moral power was 01. 98, and another of Deinolochus, after Ol. 102.
a sufficient check, nor had the assembly as yet be- (Paus. vi. 1. & 2. ) He excelled in portrait-statues
come conscious of its own sovereignty. In later (Philosophos, Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 19, is to be taken
times the evil found itself certain alleviations; the as a general terin), of which several athletic ones
coarse and illiterate demagogues were succeeded by are mentioned by Pausanias. (vi. 3. § 4, 8. $ 3,
the line of orators, and the throne of Pericles was at 9. § 1, 10, fin. )


## p. 799 (#819) ############################################

CLEONYMUS,
CLEOPATRA.
794
p. 79. )
2. A painter. (Plin. II. N. xxxv. 40. ) (L. U. ) | the Sicilians from the tyranny of Agathocles, he
CLEONE (Kneuvn), one of the daughters of sailed up the Adriatic and made a piratical descent
Asopus, from whom the town of Cleonae in Pelo- on the country of the Veneti; but he was defeated
ponnesus was believed to have derived its name. by the Patavians and obliged to sail away. He
(Paus. ii. 15 § l; Diod. iv. 74. ) [L. S. ] then scized and garrisoned Corcyra, from which he
CLEONICA. [PAUSANIAS. )
seems to have been soon expelled by Demetrius
CLEONI'CUS (KAÓVIROS), of Naupactus in Poliorcetes. While, however, he still held it, he
Aetolia, was taken prisoner by the Achacan ad- was recalled to Italy by intelligence of the revolt
miral in a descent on the Aetolian coast, in the last of the Tarentines and others whom he had reduced :
year of the social war, B. c. 217; but, as he was a but he was beaten off from the coast, and returned
apósevos of the Achacans, he was not sold for a to Corcyra. Henceforth we hear no more of him
slave with the other prisoners, and was ultimately till B. c. 272, when he invited Pyrrhus to attempt
released without ransom. (Polyb. v. 95. ) In the the conquest of Sparta (Acrotatus; CHELIDO-
same year, and before his release, Philip V. being nis. ) (Diod. xx. 104, 105; Liv.