No More Learning

Sixteen years have elapsed since Lanier's
taking-off; and he is now seen more clearly
every day to be the most important native
singer the Southern United States has pro-
duced, and one of the most distinctive and
lovely of American singers wherever born.
Enthusiastic admirers and followers he has
always attracted to him; now the general
opinion begins to swing round to what
seemed to many, a little time ago, the ex-
travagant encomium of partiality and preju-
dice.
SIDNEY LANIER
The circumstances of Sidney Lanier's
life furnish a pathetically tragic setting to his pure-souled, beautiful
work. A Georgian, he was born at Macon, February 30, 1842; his
father was a well-known lawyer of that city. The family on the
male side was of Huguenot French descent; on the maternal side the
stock was Scotch. Sidney was educated at Oglethorpe College in his
native State. The war found him on the Confederate side; and while
a prisoner he consoled his spirit with his beloved flute and wrote
fugitive verses, - early pledges of the twin master passions of Lanier's
whole life, literature and music. It was while immured thus that
he and Father Tabb, the Maryland poet-priest, struck up the friend-
ship which the latter has commemorated in more than one loving
song. Lanier's constitution was delicate; and the exposures and hard-
ships of war developed the seeds of the consumption which he fought
heroically through young manhood and into middle life, and finally



## p. 8892 (#520) ###########################################

8892
SIDNEY LANIER
succumbed to. Some years of experimental occupation followed upon
the war experience: he was successively clerk, teacher, and lawyer,
taking up the legal profession at the earnest instigation of his father,
who could not realize that Lanier's vocation was so different from his
own. The letter which the son wrote from Baltimore, taking the
decisive step that made him a literary man and musician for better
or worse, is impressive and revelatory of his character:-
«I have given your last letter the fullest and most careful consideration.
After doing so, I feel sure that Macon is not the place for me. If you could
taste the delicious crystalline air and the champagne breeze that I've just been
rushing about in, I am equally sure that in point of climate you would agree
with me that my chance of life is ten times as great here as in Macon. Then
as to business. Why should I — nay, how can I – settle myself down to be a
third-rate struggling lawyer for the balance of my little life, as long as there
is a certainty almost absolute that I can do some other thing so much better?
My dear father, think how for twenty years, through poverty, through
pain, through weariness, through sickness, through the uncongenial atmosphere
of a farcical college and of a bare army, and then of an exacting business
life,- through all of the discouragement of being wholly unacquainted with
literary people and literary ways,– I say, think how, in spite of all these
depressing circumstances and of a thousand more which I could enumerate,
these two figures of music and of poetry have kept in my heart so that I
could not banish them. Does it not seem to you as to me, that I begin to
have the right to enroll myself among the devotees of these two sublime arts,
after having followed them so long and so humbly, and through so much
bitterness ? »
One can well believe that with a man like Lanier, such a choice
had in it the solemnity of a consecration. His ideal of Art in the
broad sense—whether literary or other — was so lofty that a dedica-
tion of himself to the service was the most serious of acts. Nor,
through whatever of set-back, stress, and failure, did he for a moment
swerve from that ideal; he held himself as a very priest of Beauty,
dignifying at once himself and his calling.
Lanier's literary career began with the publishing of a novel,
(Tiger Lilies) (1867), a book founded on his war experiences, and not
a success: fiction was not his natural medium of expression. There
is luxuriant unpruned imagination in the story, however, and it is
evident that a poet in his first ferment of fancy is hiding there.
Meanwhile Lanier was sending his poems to the magazines and get-
ting them back again, the proverbial editor on the lookout for bud-
ding genius proving mostly chimerical. Gradually a critic here and
there became aware of his worth. Corn. ' one of his finely repre-
sentative pieces, appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in 1875, and at-
tracted attention which led to his being employed to write the words
for a cantata by Dudley Buck, performed at the Centennial Exhibition


## p. 8893 (#521) ###########################################

SIDNEY LANIER
8893
in the next year. The Centennial year, too, marks the appearance of
the first edition of his poems,-a volume containing tentative imma-
ture verse, though promising much to one of critical foresight. The
Independent and the Century also opened their doors to the South-
ern singer. But these chance contributions to periodicals— birds of
passage finding a lodgment as it might hap — were grotesquely in-
adequate for the support of a man with a family; — for so far back as
1867, the year his first book was published, he had married Miss Mary
H. Day, also of Macon,- a woman who in all the gracious ministries
of heart and home and spirit was his leal mate. Hence was he
forced to do hack-work; a sorry spectacle of Pegasus in harness. He
could only use his pen between hemorrhages; and the slender finan-
cial resources thus heavily taxed would have utterly failed had it not
been for the kind ministries of brother and father. Lanier made a
guide-book on Florida, as unlike the customary manual as an Arabian
blood mare is unlike a dray-horse. He edited Froissart for boys, -a
more congenial task; and did youth the same service with respect to
King Arthur, the Mabinogion,' and Bishop Percy. Brave, beautiful
books they are; for the full-mouthed old words and the bygone deeds
of chivalry both appealed to the poet-editor. Then in 1879 came what
looked like brighter fortune: he was appointed lecturer on English
literature at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, to which city he
had gone in 1873 to take the position of first flute in the Peabody
Orchestra. It must be remembered that to the end music and poetry
were the beacon stars in Lanier's overcast, uncertain skies.
Now a
modest yearly income at least was assured, — for the first time in his
experience.
The alleviation was but brief; for two years later, in the
mountains of North Carolina, whither he had wearily gone to make one
more struggle for breath, Sidney Lanier's noble soul was loosened
from its frail tenement of flesh, and, his wife beside him, he fell on
sleep :-
« From the contagion of the world's slow stain
He is secure. »
But that final span of time enabled him to prosecute with diligence
and system his favorite studies in the old English literature, and to
leave two critical volumes of great value and individuality. (The
Science of English Verse,' published in 1880, is an elaborate and
unique analysis of the technical structure and underlying principles
of the native metric, developing a new and most interesting theory:
that the time quality obtains in English poetry as in music; this
thesis being aptly illustrated from the sister art. "The English Novel
and the Principles of its Development,' which appeared three years
later, in 1883, is made up of lectures delivered at Johns Hopkins, at


## p. 8894 (#522) ###########################################

8894
SIDNEY LANIER
a time when Lanier was obliged to sit down while speaking, so weak
was he.
The book is the most philosophic treatment of the develop-
ment of our fiction that has been written, seizing upon the central
fact of the steady growth of the idea of personality in the novel from
Greek days to the present time. It was not until 1884, several years
after his death, that his poems were collected finally into a volume,
with an admirable introductory essay upon the man and his work
by Dr. William Hayes Ward. With this book Lanier came into his
own of praise and love.
Lanier's characteristics as a poet - and despite his achievements
in prose, it is as a poet he must be considered primarily - are such
as to separate him from other American makers of literature. In the
first place, his work has the glow and color of the South, - an exuber-
ance of imagination and a rhythmic sweep which awaken a kind of
exultant delight in the sensitive reader. A consummate artist, Lanier
showed himself a pioneer in the handling of words and metres: his
richness of rhymes and alliterations, his marvelous feeling for tone-
color, fellow him with an English poet like Swinburne. He opened
new possibilities of metrical and stanzaic arrangements, and there-
with revealed new powers of word-use and combination in modern
English poetry; drawing on the treasures of the older word-hoard
which his study, taste, and instinct suggested. He certainly broad-
ened in this way the technic of verse, and on this side of his art
was truly remarkable. He was too that rare thing, a song-writer.
His Song of the Chattahoochee,' (A Song of the Future,' (A Song of
Love,' An Evening Song,' and others, are not only to be read but
set to music; they are felt to be songs in the full and literal sense.
The fact that he was a trained musician, a maker in the neighbor
art, qualified him peculiarly in this respect. The musician helped the
poet, the poet enriched the maker of music.
Looking to the essential traits that are to technic as the completed
structure to the scaffolding that makes it possible, Lanier was a man
of fine culture, much read, assimilative, strong of thought, endowed
with sane imagination. He did not take petty conceits or stale and
attenuated ideas and deck them out in the fine garments of art: he
had the modern zest for fact, and was abreast of the times in his
conceptions. - often an intellectual forerunner. On the problems of
State, religion, society, science, art, and literature, his words were
deep and wise; and his work reveals him as an advanced thinker on
the vital themes of his century. And along with this marked breadth
and independency of thought went a profound ethical earnestness,
having in it a subtle spirituality that above all else makes this poet
distinctive and precious. In his own lovely phrase, reversing the
wonted words, he believed in the holiness of beauty»: he perceived
(


## p. 8895 (#523) ###########################################

SIDNEY LANIER
8895
that beauty is but one phase of that Triune power, the True, the
Good, and the Beautiful, divinely interplaying into each other, never
to be dissevered without violence to each and all. Lanier applied
the Platonic philosophy to art, and it had for him perfect credence,
absolute allegiance.
These gifts and powers, then, - technical mastery, original thought,
and spiritual perception and fervor,- are to be recognized in his best
poems. In the shorter, simpler lyrics, notice how the characteristic
qualities shine out. How full of the broad spirit of worship is the
(Ballad of Trees and the Master'; how valiantly soul rises above
the failing flesh in “The Stirrup Cup'! What a knightly devotion to
womanhood is expressed in My Springs,' as high a strain as was
ever sung to wife! What a hymning of the ideal relation of word
and deed is heard in the melodious measures of Life and Song'!
And when we turn to the larger, more broadly conceived pieces, what
a stanch Americanism blows like a sea-wind through the remarkable
(Psalm of the West'; with what exaltation yet fearless fraternity the
Christ is glorified in that noble poem, “The Crystal'; and what a les-
son on the mean, sordid standards of trade is preached in 'The Sym-
phony,'— that wonderful creation, which under the allegory of music,
is vital with high suggestions for every aspiring soul. Nor must that
side of the work in which Nature is limned and worshiped be passed
by; for it includes some of the most unforgettable things. Lanier's
attitude towards Nature was that of a passionate lover; a pantheist
who felt God in everything. Clover,' From the Flats, Tampa
Robins,' Corn,' The Bee,' (The Dove,' are poems of this class, and
such as have come from no other American singer. They express his
loving observation of the picturesque phenomena of his own and other
Southern States. They transmute Nature in an ideality which fills
the air with voices not of earth, and makes the very grass whisper
immortal words.
The culmination of Lanier's art and thought and spiritual force is
found in the Hymns of the Marshes); two of which, (Sunrise' and
“The Marshes of Glynn,' are magnificently imaginative organ-chants
of a dying man, never so strong of soul as when his body hung by
a tenuous thread to life. The finest of this great series, a majestic
swan-song, was written when Lanier lay so weak that he could not
lift hand to mouth. And the marvel of it is, that poetry never was
made through which pulsed and surged a more puissant vitality.
a
These Marsh Hymns) stand among the major productions of modern
poetry.
It may be granted that Sidney Lanier in the full tide of plethoric
utterance sometimes sacrificed lucidity. His teeming fancy was now
and then in surplusage, and ran into the arabesque; though this is
(


## p. 8896 (#524) ###########################################

8896
SIDNEY LANIER
not true of his latest work. It is possible, again, that he pushed to
an extreme his theory of the close inter-relations of music and verse,
claiming for the latter not only lyric but symphonic powers,
- a view
illustrated to a degree in his Centennial Ode with its verbal orches-
tration. Poetry is a human product, and subject to human limitations.
Had Lanier lived longer, had he had a freer opportunity, doubtless
his literary bequest would have been richer and more completely
expressive of himself. But as it is, in quality and in accomplishment
Sidney Lanier takes his place as an American poet of distinction.
He is one of those rare illustrations of the union, in a son of genius,
of high character and artistic production in harmony therewith; a
spectacle feeding the heart with tender thoughts and pure ideals:-
“His song was only living aloud,
His work, a singing with his hand. ”
Richard Burton
A BALLAD OF TREES AND THE MASTER
From (Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
INTO
NTO the woods my Master went,
Clean forspent, forspent.
Into the woods my Master came,
Forspent with love and shame.
But the olives they were not blind to him,
The little gray leaves were kind to him;
The thorn-tree had a mind to him
When into the woods he came.
Out of the woods my Master went,
And he was well content.
Out of the woods my Master came,
Content with death and shame.
When Death and Shame would woo him last,
From under the trees they drew him last;
'Twas on a tree they slew him — last,
When out of the woods he came.


## p. 8897 (#525) ###########################################

SIDNEY LANIER
8897
SONG OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE
From (Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
OUT
UT of the hills of Habersham,
Down the valleys of Hall,
I hurry amain to reach the plain,
Run the rapid and leap the fall,
Split at the rock and together again,
Accept my bed, or narrow or wide,
And flee from folly on every side,
With a lover's pain to attain the plain
Far from the hills of Habersham,
Far from the valleys of Hall.
All down the hills of Habersham,
All through the valleys of Hall,
The rushes cried, Abide, abide,
The willful water-weeds held me thrall,
The laving laurel turned my tide,
The ferns and the fondling grass said Stay,
The dewberry dipped for to work delay,
And the little reeds sighed, Abide, abide,
Here in the hills of Habersham,
Here in the valleys of Hall.
High o'er the hills of Habersham,
Veiling the valleys of Hall,
The hickory told me manifold
Fair tales of shade; the poplar tall
Wrought me her shadowy self to hold;
The chestnut, the oak, the walnut, the pine,
O'erleaning, with fickering meaning and sign,
Said, Pass not, so cold, these manifold
Deep shades of the hills of Habersham,
These glades in the valleys of Hall.
And oft in the hills of Habersham,
And oft in the valleys of Hall,
The white quartz shone, and the smooth brook-stone
Did bar me of passage with friendly brawl;
And many a luminous jewel alone -
Crystal clear or acloud with mist,
Ruby, garnet, and amethyst -
Made lures with the lights of streaming stone
XV-557


## p. 8898 (#526) ###########################################

8898
SIDNEY LANIER
In the clefts of the hills of Habersham,
In the beds of the valleys of Hall.
But oh, not the hills of Habersham,
And oh, not the valleys of Hall
Avail: I am fain for to water the plain.
Downward the voices of duty call —
Downward, to toil and be mixed with the main ;
The dry fields burn, and the mills are to turn,
And a myriad flowers inortally yearn,
And the lordly main from beyond the plain
Calls o'er the hills of Habersham,
Calls through the valleys of Hall.
TAMPA ROBINS
From Poems of Sidney Lanier. Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
T**
He robin laughed in the orange-tree ::
“Ho, windy North, a fig for thee;
While breasts are red and wings are bold
And green trees wave us globes of gold,
Time's scythe shall reap but bliss for me,-
Sunlight, song, and the orange-tree.
“Burn, golden globes in leafy sky,
My orange-planets: crimson I
Will shine and shoot among the spheres
(Blithe meteor that no mortal fears),
And thrid the heavenly orange-tree
With orbits bright of minstrelsy.
“If that I hate wild winter's spite,–
The gibbet trees, the world in white,
The sky but gray wind over a grave, –
Why should I ache, the season's slave?
I'll sing from the top of the orange-tree,
Gramercy, winter's tyranny.
“I'll south with the sun, and keep my clime;
My wing is king of the summer-time;
My breast to the sun his torch shall hold;
And I'll call down through the green and gold,
Time, take thy scythe, reap bliss for me;
Bestir thee under the orange-tree. ”


## p. 8899 (#527) ###########################################

SIDNEY LANIER
8899
EVENING SONG
From (Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
L
OOK off, dear Love, across the sallow sands,
And mark yon meeting of the sun and sea;
How long they kiss in sight of all the lands:
Ah! longer, longer, we.
Now in the sea's red vintage inelts the sun,
As Egypt's pearl dissolved in rosy wine,
And Cleopatra night drinks all. 'Tis done:
Love, lay thine hand in mine.
Come forth, sweet stars, and comfort heaven's heart;
Glimmer, ye waves, round else unlighted sands.
O night! divorce our sun and sky apart-
Never our lips, our hands.
LIFE AND SONG
I
From Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
F LIFE were caught by a clarionet,
And a wild heart, throbbing in the reed,
Should thrill its joy, and trill its fret,
And utter its heart in every deed,
Then would this breathing clarionet
Type what the poet fain would be;
For none o' the singers ever yet
Has wholly lived his minstrelsy,
Or clearly sung his true, true thought,
Or utterly bodied forth his life,
Or out of life and song has wrought
The perfect one of man and wife;
Or lived and sung, that Life and Song
Might each express the other's all,
Careless if life or art were long
Since both were one, to stand or fall:
So that the wonder struck the crowd,
Who shouted it about the land:
His song was only living aloud,
His work, a singing with his hand !


## p. 8900 (#528) ###########################################

8900
SIDNEY LANIER
FROM THE MARSHES OF GLYNN)
In Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
0"
H, what is abroad in the marsh and the terminal sea ?
Somehow my soul seems suddenly free
From the weighing of fate and the sad discussion of sin,
By the length and the breadth and the sweep of the marshes of
Glynn.
Ye marshes, how candid and simple and nothing-withholding and
free
Ye publish yourselves to the sky and offer yourselves to the sea!
Tolerant plains, that suffer the sea and the rains and the sun,
Ye spread and span like the catholic man who hath mightily won
God out of knowledge, and good out of infinite pain,
And sight out of blindness, and purity out of a stain.
As the marsh-hen secretly builds on the watery sod,
Behold I will build me a nest on the greatness of God;
I will fly in the greatness of God as the marsh-hen flies
In the freedom that fills all the space 'twixt the marsh and the skies:
By so many roots as the marsh-grass sends in the sod
I will heartily lay me a-hold on the greatness of God:
Oh, like to the greatness of God is the greatness within
The range of the marshes, the liberal marshes of Glynn.
And the sea lends large, as the marsh; lo, out of his plenty the sea
Pours fast; full soon the time of the flood-tide must be:
Look how the grace of the sea doth go
About and about through the intricate channels that flow
Here and there,
Everywhere,
Till his waters have flooded the uttermost creeks and the low-lying
lanes,
And the marsh is meshed with a million veins,
That like as with rosy and silvery essences flow
In the rose-and-silver evening glow.
Farewell, my lord Sun!
The creeks overflow; a thousand rivulets run
'Twixt the roots of the sod; the blades of the marsh-grass stir:
Passeth a hurrying sound of wings that westward whirr;
Passeth, and all is still; and the currents cease to run:
And the sea and the marsh are one.


## p. 8901 (#529) ###########################################

SIDNEY LANIER
8901
How still the plains of the waters be!
The tide is in his ecstasy.
The tide is at his highest height;
And it is night.
And now from the Vast of the Lord will the waters of sleep
Roll in on the souls of men;
But who will reveal to our waking ken
The forms that swim and the shapes that creep
Under the waters of sleep?
And I would I could know what swimmeth below when the tide
comes in
On the length and the breadth of the marvelous marshes of Glynn.
FROM THE FLATS
From (Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyrighted 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
W"
HAT heart-ache - ne'er a hill!
Inexorable, vapid, vague and chill
The drear sand-levels drain my spirit low.
With one poor word they tell me all they know;
Whereat their stupid tongues, to tease my pain,
Do drawl it o'er again and o'er again.
They hurt my heart with griefs I cannot name:
Always the same, the same.
Nature hath no surprise;
No ambuscade of beauty 'gainst mine eyes
From brake or lurking dell or deep defile;
No humors, frolic forms -- this mile, that mile;
No rich reserves or happy-valley hopes
Beyond the bend of roads, the distant slopes.
Her fancy fails, her wild is all run tame:
Ever the same, the same.
Oh, might I through these tears
But glimpse some hill my Georgia high uprears
Where white the quartz and pink the pebble shine,
The hickory heavenward strives, the muscadine
Swings o'er the slope, the oak's far-falling shade
Darkens the dogwood in the bottom glade,
And down the hollow from a ferny nook
Lull sings a little brook!


## p. 8902 (#530) ###########################################

8902
SIDNEY LANIER
A SONG OF THE FUTURE
SAT.
From (Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
AIL fast, sail fast,
Ark of my hopes, Ark of my dreams;
Sweep lordly o'er the drowned Past,
Fly glittering through the sun's strange beams;
Sail fast, sail fast.
Breaths of new buds from off some drying lea
With news about the Future scent the sea;
My brain is beating like the heart of Haste;
I'll loose me a bird upon this Present waste:
Go, trembling song,
And stay not long; oh, stay not long:
Thou’rt only a gray and sober dove,
But thine eye is faith and thy wing is love.
THE STIRRUP CUP
From “Poems of Sidney Lanier. ) Copyright 1884 and 1891, by Mary D. Lanier,
and published by Charles Scribner's Sons
D
EATH, thou’rt a cordial old and rare:
Look how compounded, with what care!
Time got his wrinkles reaping thee
Sweet herbs from all antiquity.
David to thy distillage went,
Keats, and Gotama excellent,
Omar Khayyam, and Chaucer bright,
And Shakespeare for a king-delight.
Then, Time, let not a drop be spilt;
Hand me the cup whene'er thou wilt:
'Tis thy rich stirrup cup to me;
I'll drink it down right smilingly.


## p. 8903 (#531) ###########################################

8903
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
BY M. M. RAMSEY
.
ica. »
HE Río Bravo del Norte, better known to English-speaking
readers as the Rio Grande, serves as a dividing line between
what may be termed “Saxon America” and “Latin Amer-
The latter, and now quite familiar, designation might more
aptly take the form Celtiberian America; since the European portion
of its population belongs mainly to the same race that has occupied
the Iberian peninsula from the dawn of history,- a people allied to
and similar to the great Celtic race that has been for untold ages
pushed by men of other mold ever towards the western sea and the
setting sun.
The Carthaginians, the Romans, the Goths, and the Moors became
successively masters of the Iberian soil, while the great body of the
people remained substantially the same in all their inherent charac-
teristics. The spirit of clanship, always a prominent organic feature
among the Celts, and productive of numerous petty principalities, was
the primal cause of the present dialectic divergences, which are so
great as to render the common forms of speech of many of the prov-
inces of Spain mutually unintelligible to their respective inhabitants.
Before the discovery of America the majority of these clans had
become united into what was to be known as the Kingdom of Spain;
while the people inhabiting a strip of territory along the western
coast maintained a separate independence under the crown of Portu-
gal. The modern distinction between Spanish and Portuguese, which
has been perpetuated upon South-American soil, is therefore a purely
political one: no marked geographical features distinguish their terri-
torial boundaries; the Portuguese language is so close to one of the
Spanish dialects that a Gallician can be understood more readily in
Lisbon than in Madrid; and the mental temperament, the tastes and
emotions, the modes of thought, - in short, all that is individual as
distinguished from what is superficial and acquired, — will be found
identical among the people of both nations.
Between these Iberian Celts, or Celtiberians, and the Teutonic
race, German, Saxon, Scandinavian, — there are marked contrasts
which have an important bearing upon the subject under investi-
gation. The Celt is vivacious, imaginative, impulsive, with strong,
even violent emotions,-a being to love or fear; the Teuton counts


## p. 8904 (#532) ###########################################

8904
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
the cost, relies more upon facts than fancies, and is not so much to
be loved or feared as to be trusted. The Celt loyal and devout,
prone to reverence God, saint, or secular chief, and will bear a great
weight of law or ceremonial; the Teuton is fond of individual free-
dom, and hates all trammels. Each is brave in his way; but while
the Celt would fight for glory or mere love of fighting, the Teuton
would rather not fight at all unless something were to be accom-
plished.
The Roman dominion in the peninsula lasted about six hundred
and twenty years, and the Gothic kingdom two hundred and ninety-
three; and during these nine centuries the inhabitants had become
Romanized, Latinized, and Christianized, - indeed, intensely orthodox.
In the Moorish invasion they were confronted by a people alien in
race, language, and religion, - abhorred as infidels and polygamists;
and with some intervals of relaxation, there followed seven hundred
and eighty years of a war of races, in which each felt that religion
was the principal point of dispute. At length the Christian succeeded
in expelling the Moors and the Jews and establishing the Inquisition;
and thenceforth, where his hand could reach, no form of unbelief or
misbelief should be tolerated. That long “holy war” furrowed the
face of early Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin-American literature with
lines of thought to be found nowhere else on the globe; and the
effect has not yet entirely passed away. *
Shut off from the rest of the world by the mountain wall of the
Pyrenees, absorbed in religious wars and purgations and distant con-
quests, Spain and Portugal gave little heed to the change that was
coming over the mind of Europe. That change was wide, deep, and
many-sided. It has sometimes been called in English “the Baconian
philosophy. ” It was turning men's minds from words and notions to
facts and things: the world was no longer to be understood by sitting
down and thinking with closed eyes, or by reading Aristotle and
Ptolemy, but by going into the light of day, observing, experiment-
ing, and above all, measuring. The little learning that existed on
the Iberian peninsula was centuries old, and was in the possession
of the ecclesiastics, -- a conservative class, opposed to every change.
The mass of the people were profoundly ignorant, knowing only their
daily labors, their favorite sports, a few prayers and formularies of
the Church, and the legends of the neighborhood. Every further
extension of intelligence was regarded with dread, as opening a way
to the “new knowledge,” to heresy and unbelief.
*
* l'ide Hubert Howe Bancroft, Historical Works; Suárez, “Historia General
de la República del Ecuador, iii. 377; García Cubas, Diccionario Histór.
Biogr. de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos,' sub voce León y García. '


## p. 8905 (#533) ###########################################

LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
8905
We of Saxon America are apt to look complacently upon ourselves
as considerably in advance of our neighbors to the South, at least in
material prosperity. But let us consider a moment the difference of
circumstances under which we have grown up. From the discovery
of Haiti to the founding of Jamestown was one hundred and twenty-
five years; to the landing of the Pilgrims, one hundred and thirty-
eight. During those years Europe had been growing - England and
Holland quite vigorously.
Papal omnipotence had been rejected; and
already the divine right of kings and bishops was in peril. The prel-
ates had been obliged to hold a conference with the Puritans, instead
of burning them. The priority of Spain and Portugal was therefore
a disadvantage: they reached the Western Hemisphere in their intel-
lectual infancy; England in her rough, growing youth.
The American possessions of Spain and Portugal were practically
twice as remote as those of England. A royal edict took seventeen
months to travel from Madrid to Lima;* and history has not recorded
the speed of private packages. The English colonists kept close to
the eastern edge of the continent, and to navigable waters; the
most important settlements in Latin America were far inland, and
could communicate with the outer world only by means of pack-mules.
The maritime districts of the tropical regions were scarcely habit-
able by Europeans; and when the colonists moved into the interior,
it was to be shaken by earthquakes and scared by the blaze of volca-
noes. +
The English settlements were private enterprises, undertaken to
find roomy homes for the development of liberty, manhood, and
womanhood; whereas the colonization of Latin America was a national
project, and all who set out for the New World were under royal
patronage and control. Their prime object was to find gold and
honors for a needy monarch and equally needy adventurers, and gew-
gaws for court ladies. John Smith, indeed, informs us that the Eng-
lish were not without their craze for gold; but fortunately they found
little to encourage it. As the quest for gold was the chief motive
with the Spaniards, they clustered around the old seats of aboriginal
civilization, — the plateau of Mexico, Cundinamarca, Quito, and Lima.
Subsequently communities of Europeans were established at Caracas,
Santiago de Chile, the mouth of the Plata, and at various points along
the Brazilian coast; but these did not attain prominence as literary
centres until far into the eighteenth century. In the mean time, the
intervening portions of the continent were pathless expanses of prairie
* Suárez, Historia General de la República del Ecuador,' iv. 412.
+ In the middle of the seventeenth century there were, within fifty years,
five destructive earthquakes, followed by famines. - Miguel Lobo, Historia
General de las Antiguas Colonias Hispano-Americanas. '


## p. 8906 (#534) ###########################################

8906
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
and forest traversed by mighty rivers and lofty mountain ranges.
This isolation was extremely unfavorable to progress. *
We have already referred to the causes which made the Latin-
American colonist of those ages what Mr. Carlyle might have called
“a religious animal”; and in the matter of acquiring and settling the
new continent, the Church naturally took an active part. In addition
to the bishops and the parochial clergy, whose duty was to provide
for the spiritual needs of the European settlers, large numbers of the
monastic orders were assigned to the conversion of the natives. By
far the most important of these religious bodies was the Society of
Jesus, whose members are popularly known as Jesuits. They were the
latest in making their appearance; but their great business ability
enabled them to outstrip all the rest. They were able, by persuasion
or force, to command all the Indian labor they needed: and they
established great cattle ranches and sheep farms, together with mills,
workshops, warehouses, and routes of trade. Paraguay became in
effect a Jesuit State, until its prosperity raised combinations hostile
to the order.
Although these missionary monks undoubtedly exploited the Indian
to the benefit of their own treasuries, there is yet just reason to honor
their memories. Their influence was peaceful, industrial, civilizing up
to a limit. To preserve that limit uncrossed, the Inquisition was intro-
duced in 1569. It had not only the oversight of faith and morals, but
also the control of education and of the admission of books into the
country.
Such instruction as the “Holy Office was willing to sanction was
with scarcely an exception imparted by members of the monastic
orders. The frailes in their monasteries taught gratuitously reading
and the prayers of the Church; but these slender advantages were
available only in the towns. Boys might also be taught writing and
the four operations of arithmetic. As to the girls, they were taught
by the nuns reading, prayers, and the use of the needle; a few added
music and painting. It was shrewdly objected that if they should
learn to write, they might correspond with their lovers and lead to
no end of complications. Aristides Rojas, the Venezuelan historian,
has related how the first municipal school was established in Caracas.
It was twenty-four years after the founding of the city, and it required
a mission to Spain and two years of lobbying to obtain the royal
* A recent Chilean writer, José Bernardo Suárez, complaining of this mu-
tual isolation, remarks: “In Chile we know more about what is going on in
France than we do about occurrences in Venezuela or Ecuador. The several
governments ought to take concerted action to put an end to this state of
affairs, which is highly prejudicial, etc. -- Rasgos Biográficos de Mujeres
Célebres de América, page 51.


## p. 8907 (#535) ###########################################

LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
8907
permission to have a school at all; and its field of usefulness was at
first limited to Spanish grammar and rhetoric. *
Books could be imported only on permits, obtainable with diffi-
culty, after close scrutiny and long delay. An equally strict surveil-
lance was exercised over colonial literary productions: each volume
of each edition had to be registered separately, after donating twenty
copies to the legal and regal authorities; and the publisher had not
even the privilege of fixing the price.
THE COLONIAL PERIOD
It was in such arid and sulphurous soil as has been described
that Latin-American literature had to germinate. The first cultivators
had to overcome difficulties unknown to those of happier countries;
and it is with a feeling of wonder mixed with reverence that we
realize how patiently and successfully they did overcome them.
Learning made its first appearance-
where alone it could — among
the monks. Several lines of research were open to them without
hindrance; and others could occasionally be indulged in surrepti-
tiously.
As their special mission was to convert the Indians, they might
study Indian languages, customs, and antiquities; and it is to the
diligence of these men that ethnologists owe nearly all that is known
of the ancient civilizations of Mexico, Peru, and Cundinamarca. Bot-
any and vegetable pharmacy afforded another appropriate field; and
the various colonial governments fitted out at different times as many
as five botanical expeditions. The students of the mathematics found
exercise in geodetic surveys; and a knowledge of mechanics was
essential in the working of the mines.
Clavijero furnishes a long list of those who had made translations
into the native tongues. All with one or two exceptions belonged to
the monastic orders; and their studies embraced fifteen languages.
Humboldt himself saw dictionaries and grammars of fourteen. Que-
sada says that printing was introduced into Mexico in 1535, and into
Lima in 1538; † and that the first books printed in America were for
the use of the Indians. In the remainder of the century there were
written or printed eighty-two books for the religious instruction of
the aborigines in Mexico, and fifty for learning the native languages.
* Aristides Rojas, Orígenes Venezolanos,' i. 308.
+ See (Recopilación de las Indias,' Lib. i. , Tit. xxiv.
† Ernesto Quesada, Discours Prononcé au Congrès International des
Américanistes, Séance du 24 Septembre, 1879, à Bruxelles,' pages 17-20.
$ Ático Selvas Zenén, (Episodios Históricos de América) (Paris, 1891),
pages 106-117.


## p. 8908 (#536) ###########################################

8908
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
In time higher schools, colleges, and universities were established
in the principal colonies. - the instructors being, with scarcely an
exception, ecclesiastics. The little Jesuit college of Bahia began its
dubious existence in 1543, and another and larger one was established
at Piratininga in 1554; and the roll of alumni of these two schools
contains the most prominent names of early Brazilian literature and
jurisprudence. The University of the City of Mexico opened its doors
to students in June 1553; and two years later saw the establishment
of the University of San Marcos, at Lima. In Ecuador, not to men-
tion several colleges founded in the sixteenth century, the University
of San Gregorio was opened at Quito in 1620; and the famous univer-
sity of Santo Tomás at Bogotá dates its existence from the year 1627.
The University of Chuquisaca (the modern Sucre) in Bolivia, the Uni-
versity of Córdoba in what is now the Argentine Republic, and the
College of Santa Rosa which afterwards became the University of
Caracas, were all founded in the seventeenth century.
As the good fathers had abundant leisure, they committed to writ-
ing an enormous amount of details of the matters that chiefly inter-
ested them. During the three centuries of the colonial period, no
part of the world furnished a greater amount of historical material.
The single national library of Santiago de Chile contains a catalogued
collection of 2,740 manuscripts by the Jesuits alone. The material
is indeed somewhat monotonous; and a larger space is devoted to
monastic and episcopal interests, and to miraculous manifestations of
the Virgin and her pictures, than accords with our northern tastes.
In reading these old authors, one is often reminded of the wide dif-
ference between the sixteenth or seventeenth century and some parts of
the world in the nineteenth; as when Antonio de León Pinela, scholar
and poet, historiographer of the Indies, authorized by royal order to
lay three continents and the isles of the ocean under contribution
for light and knowledge, seriously discusses the gravity of the sin of
drinking chocolate on fast days.
Foremost upon the long roll of early chroniclers stands the princely
name of Ixtlilxóchit1, the descendant of the ancient chiefs of Texcoco.
Three of the family acquired literary reputations; but the one here
meant bore the Christian appellation of Fernando de Alva. His vast
knowledge of native languages, songs, traditions, and pictographs pro-
cured him employment as interpreter to the viceroy; and about the
beginning of the seventeenth century that ruler employed him to
write in Spanish a history of his race. No one was equally qualified.
His style alone has earned for him, from Europeans, the titles of the
Cicero and the Livy of Anáhuac. His industry and his opportunities
were equally great. He was personally acquainted with all the Indian
sages - — some over a hundred years old — who had seen the empire of


## p. 8909 (#537) ###########################################

LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
8909
Motecuhzoma at the height of its glory. His work, in thirteen books,
began with the oldest traditions, and came down to his own time.
The thirteenth book, dealing with the Spanish conquest, was printed
separately in Mexico in 1829; but the whole is now accessible to the
general reader in the French translation of Ternaux Compans. * Car-
los de Sigüenza y Góngora (1645-1700) acquired a high reputation for
writing a similar history from the materials furnished by Ixtlilxóchitl.
Although far from being the only native work of importance, that of
the Indian prince is the most interesting product of the aboriginal
mind. The translator, in his preface, names thirteen other natives
who attempted history. The most successful of these was Tezozo-
moc, who wrote (about 1598) a minute and circumstantial history of
the Aztec nation from its original starting-place. As he and Ixtlilxó-
chitl were not of the same nation, they had their partialities, and do
not always agree with each other or with the Spanish chroniclers;
but the art of ascertaining and telling the truth was then in its
infancy,— nearly as much in the Old World as in the New.
Of the many writers belonging to the monastic orders who made
valuable contributions to Indian ethnology and early colonial history,
none is more widely known than Francisco Bernardino Sahagún, who
went to Mexico as a young man in 1529 and died there in 1590, after
spending sixty-one years in teaching the Indians. He acquired such
facility in using the native tongues that he wrote his great work,
(Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España,' in one of them. I
It is a fine tribute to his human sympathies and his justice to a
fallen race, that his contemporaries accused him of paganism. In
the latter part of the eighteenth century, Francisco Xavier Clavijero
(1721-93), a Jesuit and a native of Vera Cruz, spent many years as a
missionary among the Indians, acquiring an extensive knowledge of
their languages, customs, and traditions. Upon the suppression of the
Jesuits he was compelled to leave his country, and he took refuge in
Italy, where he wrote in Italian his great work (Storia Antica del
Messico) (4 vols. , 1780–83). S Although the work is not free from the
inaccuracy that belongs to almost everything written in that age and
from materials so uncertain, it has been the great storehouse of infor-
mation regarding the ancient inhabitants of Mexico.
No American historian of his time surpassed the Brazilian Sebas-
tião Rocha Pitta (1660-1738), a graduate of the ancient Jesuit college
* Histoire des Chichémécas,' 2 vols. , Paris, 1840.
+ The work of Tezozomoc has also been translated into French by Ternaux
Compans, Paris, 1853.
His history has been incorporated in Lord Kingsborough's monumental
work on Mexico.
$ An English translation in two quarto volumes was made by C. Cullen in
1787.


## p. 8910 (#538) ###########################################

8910
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
of Bahia. His great work “Historia da America Portugueza desde o
seu Descobrimento Até o Anno 1724' is the outcome of great labor
and fidelity, involving the special study of the native languages and
the examination of the archives of several European nations. It is
true that the author sometimes failed, as did most of his contempo-
raries, in distinguishing history from legend.
Not a few of the early historical productions were in verse; but
these were usually commemorative of some particular event. One
of the most extensive of these rhyming chronicles was that entitled
Elegías de Varones Ilustres,' written by Juan de Castellanos, one of
the original conquistadores of Venezuela.
Numerous epics, half history half romance, were written in Latin
America about the episodes of the conquest. Of these the Arauco
Domado) is one of the earliest and most famous. Of all the native
American races, the Araucans of Chile possessed in the highest degree
those qualities that make up the ideal of manhood, - bodily strength
and activity, intelligence, honorable truthfulness, indomitable courage,
and love of independence. The Incas had never been able to subdue
them; and they resisted the Spaniards with varying results 186 years,
when in 1732 their independence south of the Bio-Bio River was
acknowledged by treaty. During one of the periods of Spanish suc-
cess, when Santiago and Valdivia were founded, Diego Hurtado de
Mendoza led a party to the conquest of Chiloe in 1558. Among his
followers was a young poet, Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, who began
by the nightly camp-fires to write a narrative of the war. Being
afterwards banished for supposed complicity in some attempt at re-
volt, he returned to Spain and lived in great poverty; but completed
his poem “La Araucana,' which has been praised as one of the truly
great epics of the world. The scenery of that distant country be-
tween the Andes and the ocean, varied by earthquake shocks and
volcanic fires, the trained valor of the Spaniards, the heroic courage
of the natives, the hand-to-hand battles where the Indian women
fought by the side of their husbands, all furnished abundant fresh
material which the poet presented in colors vivid and deep. A recol-
lection of his own treatment may have contributed to his making the
Araucan the nobler combatant. It was to remedy this defect, and to
render what he thought justice to the Spanish commander, that the
Peruvian poet Pedro de Oña recast the epic and produced the shorter
and inferior (Arauco Domado, in which the European is entirely vic-
torious. It is to be regretted that from the fact of their living and
writing in Spain, Ercilla y Zúñiga, together with Garcilaso de la
Vega, the descendant of the Incas, cannot be reckoned among Amer-
ican authors.
Another famous epic dealing with episodes of the conquest is the
Lima Fundada,' composed by the Peruvian poet Pedro de Peralta y


## p. 8911 (#539) ###########################################

LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
8911
Barnuevo (1663–1743); a man of almost universal genius and attain-
ments, as is attested by his numerous writings upon a wide range of
subjects. A Mexican bishop, Bernardo Balbuena, who died in 1627,
left a descriptive patriotic poem of great literary worth, entitled "La
Grandeza de México”; a pastoral called 'El Siglo de Oro,' the scene
of which is laid in the New World; and “El Bernardo,' an epic in
three volumes, which is one of the most finished productions in the
language.
Along with a considerable number of local chroniclers and toler-
able versifiers, Brazil presented in the eighteenth century two epic
poets of distinction, José da Santa-Rita Durão and José Basilio da
Gama. The former is best known to the present age by his epic
"Caramurú. The hero, Diogo Alvares Correa, is a personage of act-
ual history,-a Portuguese adventurer, who with a number of others
was shipwrecked on the Brazilian coast about 1509. They were able
to save a good part of their effects, including arms and ammunition;
and by the possession of these, Alvares became a powerful chief by
the name of Caramurú (Man-of-fire), and played an important part in
the history of the early Brazilian settlements. The poet has embroi-
dered the tale with a golden thread of romance by introducing as his
heroine the beautiful Indian maiden Paraguassú, the Brazilian Poca-
hontas. Da Gama's epic, the Uruguay,' although containing some
fine descriptive passages, is not of equal merit. It is a polemic
against the Jesuits, accusing them of trying to found an ecclesiastical
empire; and fails to do justice to their civilizing influence.
No other American writer of colonial times was surrounded with
such a halo of mystery and glory as Juana Inés de Azbaje y Ramírez
(1651-94), more generally known as Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. Her
beauty, genius, and learning were alike celebrated in the most exalted
terms; and she was called by her admirers “the Tenth Muse. » She
was the one peerless star of the viceregal court of Mexico. Suddenly,
for reasons known to herself, among which may be safely surmised
one of those disappointments to which young women are so greatly
exposed, she forsook domestic ties and the splendors of a court for
the seclusion of a convent. But she could not escape from her fame;
and the highest dignitaries in Church and State sought the wisdom
that dropped from her inspired lips. Her modesty was equal to her
other virtues; and when twice elected abbess she declined the honor.
Yet with all this sanctity and austerity, whenever the vestal veil is
blown aside, the features revealed beneath are not only mortal but
distinctly feminine. Her thoughts dwelt on love, jealousy, desertion,
and disappointment; as is revealed in her drama Amor es Labe-
rinto,' based on the legend of Theseus and Ariadne. In Los Em-
peños de una Casa,' a drama of intrigue and unrequited affection,


## p. 8912 (#540) ###########################################

8912
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
she herself is evidently the heroine. Ovillejos' is a satire on a rival
beauty; and her criticism on a famous sermon has a flavor of modern
free-thinking. So too her sonnets reveal not the incloistered devotee,
but the living, susceptible woman.
As is well known, the “Golden Era” of the literature of the Iberian
peninsula, which reached its height during the lifetime of Camoens,
of Cervantes, and of Lope de Vega, was followed by a period of rapid
literary and political decadence extending well into the eighteenth
century. This condition could not fail to be reflected, after a time,
in the colonies; and the close of the seventeenth and the beginning
of the eighteenth centuries mark the centre of a period of intellectual
coma almost as profound as that existing in the mother countries.
But as the eighteenth century advances, we begin to perceive there,
just as in the Peninsula, the signs of a coming change. Numerous
traces are to be found of an early influence, on the one hand of the
Encyclopædists, and on the other of Rousseau. More important still
was the revival of interest in the physical sciences, which was par-
ticularly in evidence on the plateaus of New Granada and Mexico.
The pioneer of this movement was José Celestino Mutis, a native
of Cádiz; who came to America in 1760 along with Mesía de la Cerda,
then recently appointed viceroy of New Granada. He was made pro-
fessor of mathematics in the College of Nuestra Señora del Rosario;
and it was due to his efforts that the Observatory of Bogotá was
built, at that time the finest in the New World. He devoted forty
years to the botany of those regions, and determined the species that
yield quinine, balsam of tolu, balsam of Peru, and other valuable
products. He was also the patron and instructor of a whole genera-
tion of men whose names are honorable in the history of science. Of
those none was more famous, or more unfortunate, than Francisco José
de Caldas. He was one of the earliest scientists in America to make
and record meteorological observations; and he measured with great
accuracy the altitudes of Chimborazo and Turguragua. He accom-
panied Mutis in his botanical explorations, and in 1804 was made
director of the observatory. In 1816, when revolution was all abroad
in Spanish America, a Spanish commander, Morillo, took possession
of Bogotá. He knew the republican preferences of the professors:
and they knew their consequent fate. On bended knees Caldas
begged for a year of close confinement prior to his execution, in
order that he might finish the great botanical work that had been in
progress half a century, and the plan of which he alone understood;
but he plead to insensate ears, and he and all the savants who had
not effected their escape were butchered. *
* Lino de Pombo, Vida de Caldas, page 287.


## p. 8913 (#541) ###########################################

LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
8913
Meanwhile in Mexico, the astronomical observations of Velázquez y
Cárdenas, Alzate y Ramírez, and León y Gama were attracting the
attention of the French Academy and the leading astronomers of
Europe; the Botanic Garden was established; and the Royal School
of Mines and the Academy of Fine Arts were founded, — institutions
which earned the unstinted encomiums of Humboldt.
The accession of Philip V. , the grandson of Louis XIV. of France,
to the throne of Spain, was distinguished by the advent of French
influences, and the founding of academies and literary societies. The
Spanish Royal Academy and the Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences
were established in 1714, and numerous societies, formed upon French
or Italian models, sprang up in the Peninsula and the colonies,
being especially noticeable in Brazil and the regions of the Plata.
Another phase of the general intellectual revival was in progress in
Caracas, the capital and leading commercial port of Venezuela, where
foreign intercourse was spreading new and revolutionary ideas in
politics.
It is in colonial Venezuela that we first meet, on American soil,
with the Basques of the Pyrenees, a people that are the living
enigma of ethnology, without known kinship among the races of men.
Shrewd, energetic, sturdy maintainers of liberty, they came over in
great numbers in the eighteenth century, not to dig for gold, but to
clear farms and introduce the culture of cocoa, cotton, coffee, and
indigo. To them were largely due the material prosperity of Vene-
zuela and its readiness to cast off the Spanish yoke. The liberator
Simón Bolívar was a Basque, as were many of his principal followers. *
For the past hundred years the stream of Basque emigration has
been toward the region of the Plata, where they have contributed to
make the Argentine Republic a second New England: + but they are
scattered everywhere, and recognized by their industry, thrift, and
un-Castilian names, as Icazbalceta, the Mexican archæologist; Narciso
Aréstegui of Perú, author of the historical novel “El Padre Orani';
the brothers Amunátegui of Chile, authors of 'Los Precursores de la
Independencia de Chile); Anauzamendi, Arrechaveleta, Goicoerrotea,
etc.
Thus we see that many important influences were tending towards
a greater maturity of intelligence and independence of judgment in
the Latin-American colonies, and energy was gradually accumulating
for the next great advance in their national development.
* Arístides Rojas, Orígenes Venezolanos,' Tomo i. , page 125; Antonio de
Trueba, Venezuela y los Vascos,' in (La Ilustración Española y Americana,
1876.
+ Revue des Deux Mondes, 1868.
XV-558


## p. 8914 (#542) ###########################################

8914
LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
The yoke of Spain, however legitimate, had long been felt to be
heavy on the neck of her colonies; and the prostration of the Iberian
peninsula beneath the heel of Napoleon furnished an opportunity
for insurrections, which in 1810 broke out almost simultaneously in
Mexico, Venezuela, New Granada, Quito, Chile, and Buenos Ayres.
The last viceroys of Mexico and Peru departed in 1821; and the inde-
pendent empire of Brazil was proclaimed October 12th, 1822. That
date may be held to close the revolutionary period, considered as a
struggle for national independence. *
The revolutionary period, as thus defined, covered only twelve
years; and during this epoch the constant demands for action were
a check to the powers of reflection. The poet abandoned his pen to
grasp a flint-lock; and the diligent consumer of midnight oil now kept
lonely vigil as a sentry on some rugged mountain pathway. There
was neither time nor opportunity for deliberate literary composition;
yet alınost every day brought forth some event that served as ma-
terial for writers during the years to come.
Wordsworth's statement
that “poetry is the outcome of emotion reflected in tranquillity” finds
here a wider application; for these stirring scenes proved, in the calm
of later years, to be the most prolific of themes that poet or historian
could desire.
There is little permanent merit in the numerous harangues and
pamphlets that were the “trumpet-call to arms of the early Ameri-
can patriots; and the popular rhymes in which some colonial hero was
glorified, or some Peninsular leader ridiculed, lack importance except
as rough embodiments of the sentiment of the hour. It is not until
the waves of the contest begin to recede that the true literature en-
gendered by the revolution comes into evidence.
One poet of the revolution, José Joaquín Olmedo of Ecuador
(1781-1847), rises far above all others for the sublimity and classic
finish of his style, which earned for him the epithet of “the Ameri-
can Pindar”; and it is no exaggeration to say that he possessed a
magnificence of rhetoric and a power of patriotic exaltation such as
few poets besides the great Theban have exhibited. Miguel Luis
Amunátegui, the Chilean critic, says of him :-“He applies in his
writing a system of poetical tactics, as a general employs strategy.
He locates his figures, his comparisons, his thoughts, according to a
* The various so-called «revolutions » that have unhappily so often since
agitated those countries have related to the power and tenure of office of the
chief magistrate, or to the degree of union to be maintained between the
component parts of the nation, and have nothing to do with the question of
freedom from foreign domination.


## p. 8915 (#543) ###########################################

LATIN-AMERICAN LITERATURE
8915
carefully preconceived plan: he places an apostrophe here, a maxim
there; on the one hand an antithesis, on the other an exclamation; he
paves the way for a profound observation by introducing a pleasant
and flowery description; he is careful to place near the sombre por-
tions, colors of a warmer tone in order to diversify impressions; he
selects words that possess imitative harmony; he handles his ideas
and phrases as a general does his men, his horses, and his field-
pieces. " Yet the patriotic fervor of Olmedo's verse is such that the
reader sees only the perfection of the finished production, without
discerning the assemblage of its parts. Olmedo's masterpiece is his
"Canto á Junín,'* an epic ode without an equal in the Spanish lan-
guage. Some of the patriotic poems of Numa Pompilio Llona of Peru
are especially fine; and the sonnet to Bolívar by the Peruvian Adolfo
García is one of the most beautiful compositions of its kind.
The name of Andrés Bello recalls all that is ripest and best
in Latin-American scholarship, statesmanship, and patriotism. The
teacher of Bolívar, the personal friend and companion of Humboldt,
in the inception of the revolution Bello took his place by the side
of his illustrious pupil, and was by him sent on a difficult and deli-
cate mission to England. There he labored assiduously, from 1810 to
1829, to strengthen the hands of his compatriots and procure for them
the means of resistance. On the close of the revolutionary struggle
he was induced by the Chileans to make his home in their country;
where, as rector of the University of Santiago, he was universally
recognized until his death in 1865, at the ripe age of eighty-four, as
the brightest intellectual light of the southern continent. Deeply
read in the ancient and modern literatures of Europe, in national and
international affairs, his field of usefulness covered all that concerns
mankind; and every part of Chilean life felt his invigorating influ-
ence. He prepared the great civil code that became law in 1855; and
wrote treatises on international law, literary history, grammar, rhet-
oric, philology, pedagogics, and mental philosophy. To crown all, his
poetic temperament, added to his clear and comprehensive intellect,
made him one of the greatest masters of Castilian verse. His Agri-
cultura en la Zona Tórrida' is a magnificent georgic of the remote
south; and not less admired is his Oración por Todos,' — suggested
by Victor Hugo's Prière pour Tous. '
Of the revolutionary heroes who aided the cause of liberty with
the tongue and pen as well as with the sword, one of the most pro-
lific writers was Carlos María de Bustamante (1774-1848), the author
of the Mexican declaration of independence.