A Greek sophist, a native of Assyria, is years old, was left in Persis, of which country his
mentioned by Philostratus (Tit.
mentioned by Philostratus (Tit.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
Lit.
ii.
p.
Aetna winter and summer. A Naiad (her name 316, ed. London, 1698. )
[L. S. ]
is different in different writers, Echenais, Xenea, DAPHNUS (Aáovos), a physician of Ephesus,
Nomia, or Lyce,-Parthen. Erot. 29 ; Schol. ad who is introduced by Athenaeus in his Deipnoso-
Theocrit. i. 65, vii. 73; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. riii. phistae (i. p. 1) as a contemporary of Galen in the
68; Phylarg. ad Virg. Eclog. v. 20) fell in love second century after Christ. (W. A. G. )
with him, and made him promise never to form a DAPYX (ASTUS), the chief of a tribe of the
connexion with any other maiden, adding the Getae. When Crassus was in Thrace, B. C. 29,
threat that he should become blind if he violated Roles, another chief of the Getae, was at war with
For a time the handsome Daphnis re- Dapyx, and called in the assistance of Crassus.
sisted all the numerous temptations to which he Dapyx was defeated, and obliged to take refuge in
was exposed, but at last he forgot himself
, having a stronghold, where he was besieged. A Greek,
been made intoxicated by a princess. The Naiad who in the place, betrayed it to Crassus, and
accordingly punished him with blindness, or, as as soon as the Getae perceived the treachery, they
others relate, changed him into a stone. Previous killed one another, that they might not fall into
to this time he had composed bucolic poetry, and the hands of the Romans. Dapyx too ended his
with it delighted Artemis during the chase. Ac- life on that day. (Dion Cass. li. 26. ) [L. S. ]
cording to others, Stesichorus made the fate of DA'RDANUS (Aápdavos), a son of Zeus and
Daphnis the theme of his bucolic poetry, which Electra, the daughter of Atlas. He was the bro-
was the earliest of its kind. After having become ther of Jasus, Jasius, Jason, or Jasion, Aetion and
blind, he invoked his father to help him. The Harmonia, and his native place in the various tri-
à
TE
his row.
## p. 940 (#960) ############################################
940
DARDANUS
DAREIUS.
T:-
ditions is Arcadia, Crete, Troas, or Italy. (Serv. DARDANUS (Aápôaros), the fourth in de-
ad Virg. Aen. iii. 167. ) Dardanus is the mythi- scent froin Aesculapius, the son of Sostratus 1. ,
cal ancestor of the Trojans, and through them of and the father of Crisamis 1. , who lived probably
thic Romans. It is necessary to distinguish be in the cleventh century B. c. (lo. Tzetzes, Chil.
tween the earlier (reek legends and the later ones vii. Ilisi. 155, in fabric. Bibl. Grurc. vol. xii. p.
which we meet with in the poetry of Italy. Ac-080, ed. vet. )
(W. A. G. )
cording to the former, he was married to Chryse, the DAREIUS O: DARI'US (Aapeie's, Aaperaios,
daughter of Palas, in Arcadia, who bore him two Ctes. , Heb. 299 7. 7, 1. c. Daryavesh), the name of
sons, Idacus and Deimas. These sons ruled for
lime over the kingdom of Atlas in Arcadia, but then several kings of Persia. Like such names in
they separated on account of a great flood, and the general, it is no doubt a significant title. Hero-
calamities resulting from it. Deimas reinained in dotus (vi. 98) says that it means op eins ; but the
Arcadia, while Idaeus emigrated with his father, meaning of this Greek word is doubtful. Some
Dardanus. They first arrived in Samothrace, take it to be a form fülıricated by Herodotus him-
which was henceforth called Dardania, and after self, for jegías or pnktup, from the root ever (110),
having established a colony therc, they went to meaning the person who uchicves great things; but
Phrygia. Here Dardanus received a tract of land it is more probably derived from eipryw (restrain),
froni king Teucrus, on which he built the town of in the sense of the ruler. In modern Persian
Dardanus. At his marriage with Chryse, she had Dara or Durab means lord, which approaches very
brought him as a dowry the palladia and sacra of near to the form seen in the Persepolitan inscrip-
the great gods, whose worship she had learned, and tion, Darcush or Daryush (where the sh is no
which worship Dardanus introduced into Samothrace, doubt an adjective termination), as well as to the
though without making the people acquainted with Hebrew form. Precisely the same result is ob-
the names of the gods. Servius (ad Aen. viii. 285) tained from a passage of Strabo (xvi. p. 785), who
states, that he also instituted the Salii in Samo mentions, among the changes which names suffer
thrace. When he went to Phrygia he took the in passing from one language to another, that
images of the gods with him; and when, after saperos is a corruption of Aapeinhans, or, as Salma-
forming the plan of founding a town, he consulted sius has corrected it, of Aapiaúns, that is Daryuv.
the oracle, he was told, among other things, that This view also explains the form Aaperaios used
the town should remain invincible as long as the by Ctesias. The introduction of the y sound after
sacred dowry of his wife should be preserved in the in these forms is explained by Grotefend.
the country under the protection of Athena. After some writers have fancied that Herodotus, in say-
the death of Dardanus those palladia (others men- ing that Aapeios means épteins, and that Eépens
tion only one palladium) were carried to Troy by means áprios, was influenced in the choice of his
his descendants. When Chryse died, Dardanus words by their resemblance to the names ; and
married Bateia, the daughter of Teucrus, or Arisbe they add, as if it were a matter of course, the
of Crete, by whom he became the father of Erich simple fact, which contradicts their notion, that
thonius and Idaea (Hom. Il. xx. 215, &c. ; A pol- the order of correspondence must be inverted.
lod. iii. 12. $ 1, &c. , 15. § 3; Dionys. i. 61, (Bähr, Annot. ad loc. ) The matter is fully dis-
&c. ; Lycophr. 1302; Eustath. ad Il. p. 1204 ; cussed in Grotefend's Beilage zu Heeren's Ideen
Conon. Narr. 21; Strab. vii. p. 33); Paus. vii
. 4. (Asiatic Researches, vol. ii. Append. ii. )
$ 3, 19. $ 3; Diod. iv. 49 ; Serv. ad Aen. i. 32. ) 1. DAREIUS I. , the eldest son of Hystaspes
According to the Italian traditions, Dardanus (Gustasp), was one of the seven Persian chiefs who
was the son of Corythus, an Etruscan prince of destroyed the usurper Smerdis, after whose death
Corythus (Cortona), or of Zeus by the wife of Dareius obtained the throne. He was a member
Corvthus. (Serv. ad Aen. ix. 10, vii. 207. ) In a of the royal family of the Achaemenidae (Herod.
battle with the Aborigines, Dardanus lost his hel- i. 209), in a branch collateral to that of Cyrus.
met (Kópus); and although he was already beaten, The meaning of the genealogy given by Xerxes
he led his troops to a fresh attack, in order to re- | (Herod. vii. il) seems to be this:
cover his helmet. He gained the victory, and
Achaemenes.
called the place where this happened Corythus.
He afterwards emigrated with his brother Jasius
Teïspes.
from Etruria. Dardanus went to Phrygia, where
he founded the Dardanian kingdom, and Jasius
went to Samothrace, after they had previously
Cambyses.
Ariaramnes.
divided the Penates between themselves. (Serv.
ad Aen. iii. 15, 167, 170, vii. 207, 210. )
There
Cyrus.
Arsames.
are four other mythical personages of the name of
Dardanus. (Hom. Il. xx. 459 ; Eustath. ad Il.
Hystaspes.
pp. 380, 1697; Paus. viii. 24. § 2. ) [L. S. ]
DARDANUS (Aápsavos). 1. A Stoic philo-
Atossa – Dareius.
sopher and contemporary of Antiochus of Ascalon Cambyses. Smerdis.
(about B. c. 110), who was at the head of the
Xerxes.
Stoic school at Athens together with Mnesarchus.
(Cic. Acad. ii. 22; Zumpt, Ceber den Bestand der When Cyrus undertook his expedition against the
Philos. Schulen in Athen, p. 80. )
Massagetae, Dareius, who was then about twenty
2.
A Greek sophist, a native of Assyria, is years old, was left in Persis, of which country his
mentioned by Philostratus (Tit. Soph. ii. 4) as the father Hystaspes was satrap. The night after the
teacher of Antiochus of Aegre, according to which passage of the Araxes, Cyrus dreamt that he saw
he must have lived in the second century after Dareius with wings on his shoulders, the one of
Christ.
[L. S. ] which overshadowed Asia and the other Europe.
## p. 941 (#961) ############################################
DAREIUS.
241
DAREIUS.
Inferring that Darcius had formed a conspiracy | which he paid to his revenues, and from his love of
against him, Cyrus sent back Il ystaspes into Persis money, Dareius was called by the Persians kános.
to watch his son. (llerod. i. 209, 210. ) Dareius (iii. 89, 117. ). A detailed account of his satrapics
attended Cambyses to Egypt as one of his body and revenues is given by llerodotus. (iii. 90, &c. )
guard. (Herod. iii. 139 ; Syloson. ) After the llis ordinary residence was at Susa, which he
detection of the imposture of the Magian, Dareius greatly improved. (Aclian, N. A. i. 59 ; Plin. II. X.
went to Susa just at the time when the conspiracy vi. 27. s. 31. )
against the usurper was formed, and he was asso- The seven months of the reign of Smerdis had
ciated with the six other conspirators, who, by his produced much confusion throughout the whole
advice, resolved to act without delay. (SMERDIS. ) empire. His remission of all taxes for three years,
The discussions among the Persian chiefs, which f it be true, must have caused Darcius some
ensued upon the death of the Magian, ended in trouble in reimposing them. It cannot be doubted
favour of the monarchical form of government, that the governors of the provinces would scize the
which was advocated by Dareius, and Dareius opportunity to assume a sort of independencc. llc
himself was chosen to ihe kingdom by a sign, have an example in the conduct of Oroctas, the
which had been agreed on by the conspirators, and governor of Sardis, who, in addition to his cruel
which Dareius, with the aid of his groom Oebares, and treacherous murder of Polycrates and other
contrived to obtain for himself, B. c. 521. This ac- acts of tyranny, put to death a noble Persian,
count, instead of being a fiction, is quite in ac-Mitrobates, the governor of Dascylium in Bithynia,
cordance with the spirit of the Persian religion. with his son, and killed a roval messenger whom
(Heeren's Asiatic Researches, ii. p. 350; comp. Dareius sent to rebuke him. Dareius was pre-
Tac. Germ. 10. )
vented from marching against Oroetas in person,
The usurpation of Smerdis seems to have been on account of his recent accession to the throne
an attempt on the part of the Medes to regain and the power of the offender; but one of his
their supremacy.
The conspirators against him courtiers, named Bagaeus, effected the death of
were noble Persians, and in all probability the Oroetas by gaining orer his body-guard of 1000
chiefs of Persian tribes. Their discussion about Persians. In consequence of this event the Greek
the form of government to be adopted is evidently physician Democedes fell into the hands of Dareius,
related by Herodotus according io Greek rather and cured him of a sprained ankle, and was estab-
than Oriental notions. The proposition to share lished at his court - a most important event in the
the supreme power among themselves seems to be history of the world, for Democedes used his in-
what Herodotus means by an aristocracy, and this fuence with Atossa to persuade Dareius to attack
scheme may be traced in the privileges for which Greece. (DEMOCEDES. ) Dareius sent him, with
the conspirators afterwards stipulated with Dareius, fifteen noble Persians, to examine the coasts of
but it is very difficult to conceive in what sense a Greece, of which they made a sort of map. De
democracy could have been proposed. At all mocedes escaped from his companions, who, after
events, the accession of Dareius confirmed both the a great variety of adventures, got back safe to
supremacy of the Persians, and the monarchical Dareius. (Herod. iii. 135—138. )
form of government. The other conspirators stipu- The great struggle between the despotism of
lated for free admission to the king at all times, Asia and the freedom of Europe was now be-
with one exception, and for the selection of his ginning. The successive rulers of Western Asia
wives from their families. A dispute soon arose had long desired to extend their doininion across
respecting the exercise of the former privilege be- the Aegean into Greece; but both Croesus and
tween the royal servants and Intaphernes, one of Cyrus had been prevented from making the at-
the seven ; and Dareius, thinking, from the con- tempt, the former by the growth of the Persian
duct of Intaphernes, that a conspiracy had been power, the latter by his wars in Central Asia.
formed against himself, put him to death with all Dareius, who already, as seen in the dream of
his male relations except two. (Herod. iii. 118, Cyrus, overshadowed Asia with one wing, now
119. ) He benceforth enjoyed undisputed posses- began to spread the other over Europe. He
sion of his throne; but we find the seren em- attacked Samos under the pretext of restoring
ployed in distant governments and expeditions. Sylosox, but his further designs in that quarter
It was in the reign of Dareius that the consoli- were interrupted by the revolt of the Babylonians,
dation of the Persian empire was effected, so far at who had profited by the period of confusion which
least as it ever was; for in truth it never possessed followed the death of Cambyses to make every
a sure principle of cohesion. Cyrus and Cambyses preparation for rebellion. After a siege of twenty
had been engaged in continual wars, and their months, Babylon was taken by a stratagem of
conquests bad added to the Persian empire the ZOPYRU's, and was severely punished for its revolt,
whole of Asia (up to India and Scythia), except probably about B. c. 516.
Arabia. (Herod. ii. 88. ) After strengthening The reduction of Babylon was soon followed by
himself by alliances with the royal house, from Dareius's invasion of Scythia (about B. 6. 513, or
which he iook three wives, namely, the two daugh- 508 according to Wesseling and Clinton). The
ters of Cyrus, Atossa and Artystone, and Parmys, cause of this expedition is very obscure. llerodo-
the daughter of Cyrus's son Smerdis, and with the tus (iv. 1, 83) attributes it to the desire of Dareius
chief of the seven, Otanes, whose daughter Phae- to take vengeance on the Scythians for their invn-
dime he married, and after erecting a monument sion of Media in the time of CYAXARES,--for too
to celebrate his acquisition of the kingdom, he be remote a cause, though very probably used as a
gan to set in order the affairs of his vast empire, pretext. Ctesias says, that on the occasion of a
which he divided into twenty satrapies, assigning predatory incursion into Scythia by the satrap of
to each its amount of tribute. Persis proper was Cappadocia, the Scythian king had sent a letter of
exempted from all taxes, except those which it had denance to Dareius, and that this provoked him to
forinerly been used to pay. From the attention the war. The only rational motives which ca.
## p. 942 (#962) ############################################
942
DAREIUS.
DAREIUS.
3
now be assigned are the desire of curbing tribes some minor circumstances. The period of peace
which had been, and might be again, dangerous to which preceded the war was, no doubt, simply a
the empire, especially during the projected invasion matter of necessity, after the wars of the carly
of Greece; and perhaps too of laying open the way part of the reign, and especially after the Scythian
to Greece by the conquest of Thrace. The details disaster. Even Thirlwall, who takes the other
of the expedition also are difficult to trace. Da- view (p. 191), attributes clsewhere an aggressive
reius crossed the Thracian Bosporus by a bridge policy to Darcius (p. 199). So great, however,
of boats, the work of MANDROCLES, a Samian en- was Dareius's ignorance of the strength of the free
ginecr, and commemorated his passage by setting states of Greece, that the force sent to subdue them
up two pillars, on which the names of the tribes was quite inconsiderable when compared with the
composing his army were recorded in Greek and army which marched to the invasion of Scythia.
Assyrian letters. Thence he marched through The battle of Marathon convinced him of his error,
Thrace to the delta of the Danube, where he found but still left him the idea that Greece must be
a bridge of boats already formed by his feet, which casily crushed by a greater armament. lle there-
had been sent round in the mean time to the mouth fore called out the whole force of his empire; but,
of the river. This bridge he would have broken after three years of preparation, his attention was
up after the passage of his army; but by the ad called off by the rebellion of Egypt, and the dis-
vice of Coes, the commander of the forces of Myti- pute between his sons for the succession (ARIA-
lene, he lefi it guarded by the Greeks, many of BIGNES; XERXES] ; and the decision of this dis-
whom served in his fleet, under their tyrants, with pute was very soon followed by his death, B. C.
orders to break it up if he did not return within 485, after a reign of 36 years, according to Hero-
sixty days. The sixty days elapsed, and Multi dotus (comp. Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 313), or 31,
Ades, the tyrant of the Thracian Chersonese, en- according to Ctesias.
deavoured to prevail on his fellow officers to take There are two other events in the reign of Da-
Dareius at his word, and thus to cut off his retreat; reius which deserve notice : namely, the expedition
but Histiaeus, the tyrant of Miletus, pointed out against Libya, at the time of the Scythian expedi-
the probability that, if so serious a blow were inflicted tion (Herod. iv. 145—205), and the voyage of
on the Persian power, they, the tyrants, who were Scylax of Caryanda down the Indus, which led to
protected by Persia, must fall. The bridge was the discovery and subjugation of certain Indian
therefore preserved, but a feint was made of de tribes, whose position is uncertain (iv. 44). Dia
stroying it, in order to deceive the Scythians, who dorus (i. 33, 58, 95) mentions some particulars of
were thus rendered less active in the pursuit of his relations to Egypt, from which it appears that
Dareius. The king was now in full retreat, his he devoted much attention to public works and
expedition haring entirely failed, through the im- legislative reforms in that as well as in the other
possibility of bringing the Scythians to an engage parts of his empire.
If we are to believe Herodotus, he had The children of Dareius were, by the daughter
penetrated far into the interior of Russia, and yet of Gobryas, whom he had married before he came
he had not been much distressed for provisions ; to the throne, Artabazanes and two others; by
and he recrossed the Danube with so large an Atossa, Xerxes, Hystaspes, Achaemenes, and Ma-
army, that he detached a force of eighty thousand sistes; by Artystone, Arsames and Gobryas; by
men for the conquest of Thrace, under Megabazus, Parmys, Ariomardas; and by Phrataguna, the
who subdued that country and Paeonia, and re- daughter of his brother Artanes, Abrocome and
ceived the symbols of submission, earth and water, Hyperanthe. Diodorus mentions a daughter,
from Amynias, the king of Macedonia. Dareius Mandane. The inscriptions at Persepolis in which
re-entered Asia by the Hellespont, which he cross his name appears are fully described by Grote-
ed at Sestos, and staid for some time at Sardis, fend (Beilage) and Höckh. (Vet. Med. et Pers.
whence he sent Otanes to reduce those maritime Monum. ) Höckh shews that the sepulchre which
cities on the north coast of the Aegean, Hellespont, Dareius caused to be constructed for himself is
and Bosporus, which still remained independent. one of those in the hill called Rachmed. (Herod.
The most important conquest of Otanes, were By- i. 70–160, iv. -vi. , vii. 1-4; Ctes. Pers. 14–
zantium, Chalcedon, and the islands of Imbrus and 19, ed. Lion; Diod. ii. 5, x. 17, xi. 2, 57, 74;
Lemnos. (OTANES. ] Dareius himself then re- Justin, i. 10, ii. 3, 5, 9, 10, vii. 3. For his rela-
turned to Susa, leaving Artaphernes governor of tions to the Jews, see Ezra, iv. 5, v. l; Hagg. i. l;
Sardis.
ii. l; Zech. i. l; Joseph. Ant. xi. 3. § 1. )
These operations were succeeded by a period of 2. DAREIUS II. , was named Ocuus ( xos) be-
profound peace (about B. c. 505—501). The fore his accession, and was then surnamed NotHUS
events which interrupted it, though insignificant (Noos), from his being one of the seventeen bas-
in themselves, brought on the struggle in which tard sons of Artaxerxes I. Longimanus, who made
the Athenians first, and then the other Greeks, him satrap of Hyrcania, and gave him in marriage
repulsed the whole power of Persia. These his sister Parysatis, the daughter of Xerxes I.
events belong to the history of Greece, and to the When SOGDIANUS, another bastard son of Arta-
biographies of other men. (AristAGORAS; His- xerxes, had murdered the king, Xerxes II. , he
TIAEUS; HIFPIAS; MAKDONIUS; MILTIADES; called Ochus to his court.
Ochus promised to go,
ARTAPHERNES, &c. ; Thirlwall's Hist. of Greece, but delayed till he had collected a large army, and
ii. c. 14. ) It is a debated question whether Da- then he declared war against Sogdianus. Arba-
reius was accidentally involved in his war with rius, the commander of the royal cavalry, Arxames,
Greece by the course of erents, or whether he sim- the satrap of Egypt, and Artoxares, the satrap of
ply took advantage of the opportunity to carry out Armenia, deserted to him, and placed the diadem
a long cherished design. Herodotus took the lat- upon his head, according to Ctesias, against his
ter view, which seems to be borne out fully by the will, B. C. 424–423. Sogdianus gave himself up
invasion of Scythia, the reduction of Thrace, and to Ochus, and was put to death. Ochus now
ment.
## p. 943 (#963) ############################################
DAREIUS.
943
DARES.
:
ansumed the name of Dareius. He was completely sor to the crown, and permitted to wear the up-
under the power of three eunuchs, Artoxares, right tiara, by his father, towards the close of his
Artibarxan's, and Athous, and of his wife, Pary- life, in order to settle a dispute respecting the suic-
satis, by whom, before his accession, he had two cession which had arisen between Dareius and his
children, a daughter Amistris, and a son Arsaces, younger brother Ochus. Dareius was then fifty
who succeeded him by the name of Artaxerxes (11. years old. It was customary on such occasions
Mnemon). After his accession, Parysatis bore for the king to make his successor-elect a present
him a son, Cyrus (CYRUS THE YOUNGER), and a of anything he chose to ask. Dareius asked for
daughter, Ariosta. lle had other children, all of Aspasia, a favourite concubine of his father's.
Aetna winter and summer. A Naiad (her name 316, ed. London, 1698. )
[L. S. ]
is different in different writers, Echenais, Xenea, DAPHNUS (Aáovos), a physician of Ephesus,
Nomia, or Lyce,-Parthen. Erot. 29 ; Schol. ad who is introduced by Athenaeus in his Deipnoso-
Theocrit. i. 65, vii. 73; Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. riii. phistae (i. p. 1) as a contemporary of Galen in the
68; Phylarg. ad Virg. Eclog. v. 20) fell in love second century after Christ. (W. A. G. )
with him, and made him promise never to form a DAPYX (ASTUS), the chief of a tribe of the
connexion with any other maiden, adding the Getae. When Crassus was in Thrace, B. C. 29,
threat that he should become blind if he violated Roles, another chief of the Getae, was at war with
For a time the handsome Daphnis re- Dapyx, and called in the assistance of Crassus.
sisted all the numerous temptations to which he Dapyx was defeated, and obliged to take refuge in
was exposed, but at last he forgot himself
, having a stronghold, where he was besieged. A Greek,
been made intoxicated by a princess. The Naiad who in the place, betrayed it to Crassus, and
accordingly punished him with blindness, or, as as soon as the Getae perceived the treachery, they
others relate, changed him into a stone. Previous killed one another, that they might not fall into
to this time he had composed bucolic poetry, and the hands of the Romans. Dapyx too ended his
with it delighted Artemis during the chase. Ac- life on that day. (Dion Cass. li. 26. ) [L. S. ]
cording to others, Stesichorus made the fate of DA'RDANUS (Aápdavos), a son of Zeus and
Daphnis the theme of his bucolic poetry, which Electra, the daughter of Atlas. He was the bro-
was the earliest of its kind. After having become ther of Jasus, Jasius, Jason, or Jasion, Aetion and
blind, he invoked his father to help him. The Harmonia, and his native place in the various tri-
à
TE
his row.
## p. 940 (#960) ############################################
940
DARDANUS
DAREIUS.
T:-
ditions is Arcadia, Crete, Troas, or Italy. (Serv. DARDANUS (Aápôaros), the fourth in de-
ad Virg. Aen. iii. 167. ) Dardanus is the mythi- scent froin Aesculapius, the son of Sostratus 1. ,
cal ancestor of the Trojans, and through them of and the father of Crisamis 1. , who lived probably
thic Romans. It is necessary to distinguish be in the cleventh century B. c. (lo. Tzetzes, Chil.
tween the earlier (reek legends and the later ones vii. Ilisi. 155, in fabric. Bibl. Grurc. vol. xii. p.
which we meet with in the poetry of Italy. Ac-080, ed. vet. )
(W. A. G. )
cording to the former, he was married to Chryse, the DAREIUS O: DARI'US (Aapeie's, Aaperaios,
daughter of Palas, in Arcadia, who bore him two Ctes. , Heb. 299 7. 7, 1. c. Daryavesh), the name of
sons, Idacus and Deimas. These sons ruled for
lime over the kingdom of Atlas in Arcadia, but then several kings of Persia. Like such names in
they separated on account of a great flood, and the general, it is no doubt a significant title. Hero-
calamities resulting from it. Deimas reinained in dotus (vi. 98) says that it means op eins ; but the
Arcadia, while Idaeus emigrated with his father, meaning of this Greek word is doubtful. Some
Dardanus. They first arrived in Samothrace, take it to be a form fülıricated by Herodotus him-
which was henceforth called Dardania, and after self, for jegías or pnktup, from the root ever (110),
having established a colony therc, they went to meaning the person who uchicves great things; but
Phrygia. Here Dardanus received a tract of land it is more probably derived from eipryw (restrain),
froni king Teucrus, on which he built the town of in the sense of the ruler. In modern Persian
Dardanus. At his marriage with Chryse, she had Dara or Durab means lord, which approaches very
brought him as a dowry the palladia and sacra of near to the form seen in the Persepolitan inscrip-
the great gods, whose worship she had learned, and tion, Darcush or Daryush (where the sh is no
which worship Dardanus introduced into Samothrace, doubt an adjective termination), as well as to the
though without making the people acquainted with Hebrew form. Precisely the same result is ob-
the names of the gods. Servius (ad Aen. viii. 285) tained from a passage of Strabo (xvi. p. 785), who
states, that he also instituted the Salii in Samo mentions, among the changes which names suffer
thrace. When he went to Phrygia he took the in passing from one language to another, that
images of the gods with him; and when, after saperos is a corruption of Aapeinhans, or, as Salma-
forming the plan of founding a town, he consulted sius has corrected it, of Aapiaúns, that is Daryuv.
the oracle, he was told, among other things, that This view also explains the form Aaperaios used
the town should remain invincible as long as the by Ctesias. The introduction of the y sound after
sacred dowry of his wife should be preserved in the in these forms is explained by Grotefend.
the country under the protection of Athena. After some writers have fancied that Herodotus, in say-
the death of Dardanus those palladia (others men- ing that Aapeios means épteins, and that Eépens
tion only one palladium) were carried to Troy by means áprios, was influenced in the choice of his
his descendants. When Chryse died, Dardanus words by their resemblance to the names ; and
married Bateia, the daughter of Teucrus, or Arisbe they add, as if it were a matter of course, the
of Crete, by whom he became the father of Erich simple fact, which contradicts their notion, that
thonius and Idaea (Hom. Il. xx. 215, &c. ; A pol- the order of correspondence must be inverted.
lod. iii. 12. $ 1, &c. , 15. § 3; Dionys. i. 61, (Bähr, Annot. ad loc. ) The matter is fully dis-
&c. ; Lycophr. 1302; Eustath. ad Il. p. 1204 ; cussed in Grotefend's Beilage zu Heeren's Ideen
Conon. Narr. 21; Strab. vii. p. 33); Paus. vii
. 4. (Asiatic Researches, vol. ii. Append. ii. )
$ 3, 19. $ 3; Diod. iv. 49 ; Serv. ad Aen. i. 32. ) 1. DAREIUS I. , the eldest son of Hystaspes
According to the Italian traditions, Dardanus (Gustasp), was one of the seven Persian chiefs who
was the son of Corythus, an Etruscan prince of destroyed the usurper Smerdis, after whose death
Corythus (Cortona), or of Zeus by the wife of Dareius obtained the throne. He was a member
Corvthus. (Serv. ad Aen. ix. 10, vii. 207. ) In a of the royal family of the Achaemenidae (Herod.
battle with the Aborigines, Dardanus lost his hel- i. 209), in a branch collateral to that of Cyrus.
met (Kópus); and although he was already beaten, The meaning of the genealogy given by Xerxes
he led his troops to a fresh attack, in order to re- | (Herod. vii. il) seems to be this:
cover his helmet. He gained the victory, and
Achaemenes.
called the place where this happened Corythus.
He afterwards emigrated with his brother Jasius
Teïspes.
from Etruria. Dardanus went to Phrygia, where
he founded the Dardanian kingdom, and Jasius
went to Samothrace, after they had previously
Cambyses.
Ariaramnes.
divided the Penates between themselves. (Serv.
ad Aen. iii. 15, 167, 170, vii. 207, 210. )
There
Cyrus.
Arsames.
are four other mythical personages of the name of
Dardanus. (Hom. Il. xx. 459 ; Eustath. ad Il.
Hystaspes.
pp. 380, 1697; Paus. viii. 24. § 2. ) [L. S. ]
DARDANUS (Aápsavos). 1. A Stoic philo-
Atossa – Dareius.
sopher and contemporary of Antiochus of Ascalon Cambyses. Smerdis.
(about B. c. 110), who was at the head of the
Xerxes.
Stoic school at Athens together with Mnesarchus.
(Cic. Acad. ii. 22; Zumpt, Ceber den Bestand der When Cyrus undertook his expedition against the
Philos. Schulen in Athen, p. 80. )
Massagetae, Dareius, who was then about twenty
2.
A Greek sophist, a native of Assyria, is years old, was left in Persis, of which country his
mentioned by Philostratus (Tit. Soph. ii. 4) as the father Hystaspes was satrap. The night after the
teacher of Antiochus of Aegre, according to which passage of the Araxes, Cyrus dreamt that he saw
he must have lived in the second century after Dareius with wings on his shoulders, the one of
Christ.
[L. S. ] which overshadowed Asia and the other Europe.
## p. 941 (#961) ############################################
DAREIUS.
241
DAREIUS.
Inferring that Darcius had formed a conspiracy | which he paid to his revenues, and from his love of
against him, Cyrus sent back Il ystaspes into Persis money, Dareius was called by the Persians kános.
to watch his son. (llerod. i. 209, 210. ) Dareius (iii. 89, 117. ). A detailed account of his satrapics
attended Cambyses to Egypt as one of his body and revenues is given by llerodotus. (iii. 90, &c. )
guard. (Herod. iii. 139 ; Syloson. ) After the llis ordinary residence was at Susa, which he
detection of the imposture of the Magian, Dareius greatly improved. (Aclian, N. A. i. 59 ; Plin. II. X.
went to Susa just at the time when the conspiracy vi. 27. s. 31. )
against the usurper was formed, and he was asso- The seven months of the reign of Smerdis had
ciated with the six other conspirators, who, by his produced much confusion throughout the whole
advice, resolved to act without delay. (SMERDIS. ) empire. His remission of all taxes for three years,
The discussions among the Persian chiefs, which f it be true, must have caused Darcius some
ensued upon the death of the Magian, ended in trouble in reimposing them. It cannot be doubted
favour of the monarchical form of government, that the governors of the provinces would scize the
which was advocated by Dareius, and Dareius opportunity to assume a sort of independencc. llc
himself was chosen to ihe kingdom by a sign, have an example in the conduct of Oroctas, the
which had been agreed on by the conspirators, and governor of Sardis, who, in addition to his cruel
which Dareius, with the aid of his groom Oebares, and treacherous murder of Polycrates and other
contrived to obtain for himself, B. c. 521. This ac- acts of tyranny, put to death a noble Persian,
count, instead of being a fiction, is quite in ac-Mitrobates, the governor of Dascylium in Bithynia,
cordance with the spirit of the Persian religion. with his son, and killed a roval messenger whom
(Heeren's Asiatic Researches, ii. p. 350; comp. Dareius sent to rebuke him. Dareius was pre-
Tac. Germ. 10. )
vented from marching against Oroetas in person,
The usurpation of Smerdis seems to have been on account of his recent accession to the throne
an attempt on the part of the Medes to regain and the power of the offender; but one of his
their supremacy.
The conspirators against him courtiers, named Bagaeus, effected the death of
were noble Persians, and in all probability the Oroetas by gaining orer his body-guard of 1000
chiefs of Persian tribes. Their discussion about Persians. In consequence of this event the Greek
the form of government to be adopted is evidently physician Democedes fell into the hands of Dareius,
related by Herodotus according io Greek rather and cured him of a sprained ankle, and was estab-
than Oriental notions. The proposition to share lished at his court - a most important event in the
the supreme power among themselves seems to be history of the world, for Democedes used his in-
what Herodotus means by an aristocracy, and this fuence with Atossa to persuade Dareius to attack
scheme may be traced in the privileges for which Greece. (DEMOCEDES. ) Dareius sent him, with
the conspirators afterwards stipulated with Dareius, fifteen noble Persians, to examine the coasts of
but it is very difficult to conceive in what sense a Greece, of which they made a sort of map. De
democracy could have been proposed. At all mocedes escaped from his companions, who, after
events, the accession of Dareius confirmed both the a great variety of adventures, got back safe to
supremacy of the Persians, and the monarchical Dareius. (Herod. iii. 135—138. )
form of government. The other conspirators stipu- The great struggle between the despotism of
lated for free admission to the king at all times, Asia and the freedom of Europe was now be-
with one exception, and for the selection of his ginning. The successive rulers of Western Asia
wives from their families. A dispute soon arose had long desired to extend their doininion across
respecting the exercise of the former privilege be- the Aegean into Greece; but both Croesus and
tween the royal servants and Intaphernes, one of Cyrus had been prevented from making the at-
the seven ; and Dareius, thinking, from the con- tempt, the former by the growth of the Persian
duct of Intaphernes, that a conspiracy had been power, the latter by his wars in Central Asia.
formed against himself, put him to death with all Dareius, who already, as seen in the dream of
his male relations except two. (Herod. iii. 118, Cyrus, overshadowed Asia with one wing, now
119. ) He benceforth enjoyed undisputed posses- began to spread the other over Europe. He
sion of his throne; but we find the seren em- attacked Samos under the pretext of restoring
ployed in distant governments and expeditions. Sylosox, but his further designs in that quarter
It was in the reign of Dareius that the consoli- were interrupted by the revolt of the Babylonians,
dation of the Persian empire was effected, so far at who had profited by the period of confusion which
least as it ever was; for in truth it never possessed followed the death of Cambyses to make every
a sure principle of cohesion. Cyrus and Cambyses preparation for rebellion. After a siege of twenty
had been engaged in continual wars, and their months, Babylon was taken by a stratagem of
conquests bad added to the Persian empire the ZOPYRU's, and was severely punished for its revolt,
whole of Asia (up to India and Scythia), except probably about B. c. 516.
Arabia. (Herod. ii. 88. ) After strengthening The reduction of Babylon was soon followed by
himself by alliances with the royal house, from Dareius's invasion of Scythia (about B. 6. 513, or
which he iook three wives, namely, the two daugh- 508 according to Wesseling and Clinton). The
ters of Cyrus, Atossa and Artystone, and Parmys, cause of this expedition is very obscure. llerodo-
the daughter of Cyrus's son Smerdis, and with the tus (iv. 1, 83) attributes it to the desire of Dareius
chief of the seven, Otanes, whose daughter Phae- to take vengeance on the Scythians for their invn-
dime he married, and after erecting a monument sion of Media in the time of CYAXARES,--for too
to celebrate his acquisition of the kingdom, he be remote a cause, though very probably used as a
gan to set in order the affairs of his vast empire, pretext. Ctesias says, that on the occasion of a
which he divided into twenty satrapies, assigning predatory incursion into Scythia by the satrap of
to each its amount of tribute. Persis proper was Cappadocia, the Scythian king had sent a letter of
exempted from all taxes, except those which it had denance to Dareius, and that this provoked him to
forinerly been used to pay. From the attention the war. The only rational motives which ca.
## p. 942 (#962) ############################################
942
DAREIUS.
DAREIUS.
3
now be assigned are the desire of curbing tribes some minor circumstances. The period of peace
which had been, and might be again, dangerous to which preceded the war was, no doubt, simply a
the empire, especially during the projected invasion matter of necessity, after the wars of the carly
of Greece; and perhaps too of laying open the way part of the reign, and especially after the Scythian
to Greece by the conquest of Thrace. The details disaster. Even Thirlwall, who takes the other
of the expedition also are difficult to trace. Da- view (p. 191), attributes clsewhere an aggressive
reius crossed the Thracian Bosporus by a bridge policy to Darcius (p. 199). So great, however,
of boats, the work of MANDROCLES, a Samian en- was Dareius's ignorance of the strength of the free
ginecr, and commemorated his passage by setting states of Greece, that the force sent to subdue them
up two pillars, on which the names of the tribes was quite inconsiderable when compared with the
composing his army were recorded in Greek and army which marched to the invasion of Scythia.
Assyrian letters. Thence he marched through The battle of Marathon convinced him of his error,
Thrace to the delta of the Danube, where he found but still left him the idea that Greece must be
a bridge of boats already formed by his feet, which casily crushed by a greater armament. lle there-
had been sent round in the mean time to the mouth fore called out the whole force of his empire; but,
of the river. This bridge he would have broken after three years of preparation, his attention was
up after the passage of his army; but by the ad called off by the rebellion of Egypt, and the dis-
vice of Coes, the commander of the forces of Myti- pute between his sons for the succession (ARIA-
lene, he lefi it guarded by the Greeks, many of BIGNES; XERXES] ; and the decision of this dis-
whom served in his fleet, under their tyrants, with pute was very soon followed by his death, B. C.
orders to break it up if he did not return within 485, after a reign of 36 years, according to Hero-
sixty days. The sixty days elapsed, and Multi dotus (comp. Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p. 313), or 31,
Ades, the tyrant of the Thracian Chersonese, en- according to Ctesias.
deavoured to prevail on his fellow officers to take There are two other events in the reign of Da-
Dareius at his word, and thus to cut off his retreat; reius which deserve notice : namely, the expedition
but Histiaeus, the tyrant of Miletus, pointed out against Libya, at the time of the Scythian expedi-
the probability that, if so serious a blow were inflicted tion (Herod. iv. 145—205), and the voyage of
on the Persian power, they, the tyrants, who were Scylax of Caryanda down the Indus, which led to
protected by Persia, must fall. The bridge was the discovery and subjugation of certain Indian
therefore preserved, but a feint was made of de tribes, whose position is uncertain (iv. 44). Dia
stroying it, in order to deceive the Scythians, who dorus (i. 33, 58, 95) mentions some particulars of
were thus rendered less active in the pursuit of his relations to Egypt, from which it appears that
Dareius. The king was now in full retreat, his he devoted much attention to public works and
expedition haring entirely failed, through the im- legislative reforms in that as well as in the other
possibility of bringing the Scythians to an engage parts of his empire.
If we are to believe Herodotus, he had The children of Dareius were, by the daughter
penetrated far into the interior of Russia, and yet of Gobryas, whom he had married before he came
he had not been much distressed for provisions ; to the throne, Artabazanes and two others; by
and he recrossed the Danube with so large an Atossa, Xerxes, Hystaspes, Achaemenes, and Ma-
army, that he detached a force of eighty thousand sistes; by Artystone, Arsames and Gobryas; by
men for the conquest of Thrace, under Megabazus, Parmys, Ariomardas; and by Phrataguna, the
who subdued that country and Paeonia, and re- daughter of his brother Artanes, Abrocome and
ceived the symbols of submission, earth and water, Hyperanthe. Diodorus mentions a daughter,
from Amynias, the king of Macedonia. Dareius Mandane. The inscriptions at Persepolis in which
re-entered Asia by the Hellespont, which he cross his name appears are fully described by Grote-
ed at Sestos, and staid for some time at Sardis, fend (Beilage) and Höckh. (Vet. Med. et Pers.
whence he sent Otanes to reduce those maritime Monum. ) Höckh shews that the sepulchre which
cities on the north coast of the Aegean, Hellespont, Dareius caused to be constructed for himself is
and Bosporus, which still remained independent. one of those in the hill called Rachmed. (Herod.
The most important conquest of Otanes, were By- i. 70–160, iv. -vi. , vii. 1-4; Ctes. Pers. 14–
zantium, Chalcedon, and the islands of Imbrus and 19, ed. Lion; Diod. ii. 5, x. 17, xi. 2, 57, 74;
Lemnos. (OTANES. ] Dareius himself then re- Justin, i. 10, ii. 3, 5, 9, 10, vii. 3. For his rela-
turned to Susa, leaving Artaphernes governor of tions to the Jews, see Ezra, iv. 5, v. l; Hagg. i. l;
Sardis.
ii. l; Zech. i. l; Joseph. Ant. xi. 3. § 1. )
These operations were succeeded by a period of 2. DAREIUS II. , was named Ocuus ( xos) be-
profound peace (about B. c. 505—501). The fore his accession, and was then surnamed NotHUS
events which interrupted it, though insignificant (Noos), from his being one of the seventeen bas-
in themselves, brought on the struggle in which tard sons of Artaxerxes I. Longimanus, who made
the Athenians first, and then the other Greeks, him satrap of Hyrcania, and gave him in marriage
repulsed the whole power of Persia. These his sister Parysatis, the daughter of Xerxes I.
events belong to the history of Greece, and to the When SOGDIANUS, another bastard son of Arta-
biographies of other men. (AristAGORAS; His- xerxes, had murdered the king, Xerxes II. , he
TIAEUS; HIFPIAS; MAKDONIUS; MILTIADES; called Ochus to his court.
Ochus promised to go,
ARTAPHERNES, &c. ; Thirlwall's Hist. of Greece, but delayed till he had collected a large army, and
ii. c. 14. ) It is a debated question whether Da- then he declared war against Sogdianus. Arba-
reius was accidentally involved in his war with rius, the commander of the royal cavalry, Arxames,
Greece by the course of erents, or whether he sim- the satrap of Egypt, and Artoxares, the satrap of
ply took advantage of the opportunity to carry out Armenia, deserted to him, and placed the diadem
a long cherished design. Herodotus took the lat- upon his head, according to Ctesias, against his
ter view, which seems to be borne out fully by the will, B. C. 424–423. Sogdianus gave himself up
invasion of Scythia, the reduction of Thrace, and to Ochus, and was put to death. Ochus now
ment.
## p. 943 (#963) ############################################
DAREIUS.
943
DARES.
:
ansumed the name of Dareius. He was completely sor to the crown, and permitted to wear the up-
under the power of three eunuchs, Artoxares, right tiara, by his father, towards the close of his
Artibarxan's, and Athous, and of his wife, Pary- life, in order to settle a dispute respecting the suic-
satis, by whom, before his accession, he had two cession which had arisen between Dareius and his
children, a daughter Amistris, and a son Arsaces, younger brother Ochus. Dareius was then fifty
who succeeded him by the name of Artaxerxes (11. years old. It was customary on such occasions
Mnemon). After his accession, Parysatis bore for the king to make his successor-elect a present
him a son, Cyrus (CYRUS THE YOUNGER), and a of anything he chose to ask. Dareius asked for
daughter, Ariosta. lle had other children, all of Aspasia, a favourite concubine of his father's.
