No More Learning

whence he sent Otanes to reduce those maritime Monum. ) Höckh shews that the sepulchre which
cities on the north coast of the Aegean, Hellespont, Dareius caused to be constructed for himself is
and Bosporus, which still remained independent. one of those in the hill called Rachmed. (Herod.
The most important conquest of Otanes, were By- i. 70–160, iv. -vi. , vii. 1-4; Ctes. Pers. 14–
zantium, Chalcedon, and the islands of Imbrus and 19, ed. Lion; Diod. ii. 5, x. 17, xi. 2, 57, 74;
Lemnos. (OTANES. ] Dareius himself then re- Justin, i. 10, ii. 3, 5, 9, 10, vii. 3. For his rela-
turned to Susa, leaving Artaphernes governor of tions to the Jews, see Ezra, iv. 5, v. l; Hagg. i. l;
Sardis.
ii. l; Zech. i. l; Joseph. Ant. xi. 3. § 1. )
These operations were succeeded by a period of 2. DAREIUS II. , was named Ocuus ( xos) be-
profound peace (about B. c. 505—501). The fore his accession, and was then surnamed NotHUS
events which interrupted it, though insignificant (Noos), from his being one of the seventeen bas-
in themselves, brought on the struggle in which tard sons of Artaxerxes I. Longimanus, who made
the Athenians first, and then the other Greeks, him satrap of Hyrcania, and gave him in marriage
repulsed the whole power of Persia. These his sister Parysatis, the daughter of Xerxes I.
events belong to the history of Greece, and to the When SOGDIANUS, another bastard son of Arta-
biographies of other men. (AristAGORAS; His- xerxes, had murdered the king, Xerxes II. , he
TIAEUS; HIFPIAS; MAKDONIUS; MILTIADES; called Ochus to his court.
Ochus promised to go,
ARTAPHERNES, &c. ; Thirlwall's Hist. of Greece, but delayed till he had collected a large army, and
ii. c. 14. ) It is a debated question whether Da- then he declared war against Sogdianus. Arba-
reius was accidentally involved in his war with rius, the commander of the royal cavalry, Arxames,
Greece by the course of erents, or whether he sim- the satrap of Egypt, and Artoxares, the satrap of
ply took advantage of the opportunity to carry out Armenia, deserted to him, and placed the diadem
a long cherished design. Herodotus took the lat- upon his head, according to Ctesias, against his
ter view, which seems to be borne out fully by the will, B. C. 424–423. Sogdianus gave himself up
invasion of Scythia, the reduction of Thrace, and to Ochus, and was put to death. Ochus now
ment.


## p. 943 (#963) ############################################

DAREIUS.
943
DARES.
:
ansumed the name of Dareius. He was completely sor to the crown, and permitted to wear the up-
under the power of three eunuchs, Artoxares, right tiara, by his father, towards the close of his
Artibarxan's, and Athous, and of his wife, Pary- life, in order to settle a dispute respecting the suic-
satis, by whom, before his accession, he had two cession which had arisen between Dareius and his
children, a daughter Amistris, and a son Arsaces, younger brother Ochus. Dareius was then fifty
who succeeded him by the name of Artaxerxes (11. years old. It was customary on such occasions
Mnemon). After his accession, Parysatis bore for the king to make his successor-elect a present
him a son, Cyrus (CYRUS THE YOUNGER), and a of anything he chose to ask. Dareius asked for
daughter, Ariosta. lle had other children, all of Aspasia, a favourite concubine of his father's.
whom died early, except his fourth son, Oxendras. Artaxerxes left the matter to the lady's choice,
(Ctes. 49, ed. Lion. ) Plutarch, quoting Ctesias and she preferred Dareius, at which the king was
for his authority, calls the four sons of Dareius so enraged, that he broke the solemn promisc, and
and Parysatis, Arsicas (afterwards Artaxerxes), devoted Aspasia to the service of Artemis. The
Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. (Artar. I. ) resentment of Dareius against his father, and his
The weakness of Dareius's government was jealousy of his brother were inflamed by Tiribazıs,
soon shewn by repeated insurrections. First his who had received a somewhat similar injury from
brother Arsites revolted, with Artyphius, the son Artaxerxes; and the prince formed a conspiracy,
of Megabyzus. Their Greek mercenaries, in whom with several of his bastard brothers, against liis
their strengh consisted, were bought off by the father's life, which was detected, and Dareius was
royal general Artasyras, and they themselves were put to death. (Plut. Artar. 26-29; Justin, x.
taken prisoners by treachery, and, at the instiga- 1, 2. )
(P. S. )
tion of Parysatis, they were put to death by fire. DARES (A ápms), was, according to the Iliad (v.
The rebellion of Pisuthnes had precisely a similar 9), a priest of Hephaestus at Troy. There existed in
result. (B. c. 414. ) [TISSAPHERNEs. ) A plot of antiquity an Iliad or an account of the destruction
Artoxares, the chief eunuch, was crushed in the of Troy, which was believed to be more ancient
bud; but a more formidable and lasting danger than the Homeric poems, and in fact to be the
soon shewed itself in the rebellion of Egypt under work of Dares, the priest of Hephaestus. (Ptolen.
Amyrtaeus, who in B. C. 414 expelled the Persians Hephaest. 1; Eustath. ad Hom. Od. xi. 521. )
from Egypt, and reigned there six years, and at Both these writers state, on the authority of Anti-
whose death (B. C. 408) Dareius was obliged to pater of Acanthus, that Dares advised Hector not
recognise his son Pausiris as his successor ; for at to kill Patroclus, and Eustathins adds, that Dares,
the same time the Medes revolted : they were, after deserting to the Greeks, was killed by Odys-
however, soon subdued. Dareius died in the year seus, which event must have taken place after the
405–404 B. C. , and was succeeded by his eldest fall of Troy, since Dares could not otherwise hare
son Artaxerxes I]. The length of his reign is written an account of the destruction of the city.
differently stated : it was really 19 years. Res. In the time of Aelian (V. H. xi. 2; comp. Isidor.
pecting his relations to Greece, see Creus, LY- Orig, i. 41) the Iliad of Dares, which he calls
SANDER, TISSAPHERNES. (Ctes. Pers. 44-56; 1 Ppiryía 'Iniás, was still known to exist; he too
Diod. xii. 71, xiii. 36, 70, 108; Xen. Hell. i. 2. mentions the belief that it was more ancient than
$ 19, i. 1. $ 8, Anab. i. 1. $1; Nehem. xii. 22. ) Homer, and Isidorus states that it was written on
3. DAREIUS III. , named CODOMANNUS before palm-leaves. But no part or fragment of this an-
his accession, was the son of Arsames, the son of cient Iliad has come down to us, and it is there-
Ostanes, a brother of Artaxerxes II. His mother fore not easy to form a definite opinion upon the
Sisygambis was the daughter of Artaxerxes. In question. It is, however, of some interesi to us,
a war against the Cadusii he killed a powerful on account of a Latin work on the destruction of
warrior in single combat, and was rewarded by the Troy, which has been handed down to us, and
king, Artaxerxes Ochus, with the satrapy of Ar- pretends to be a Latin translation of the ancient
menia. He was raised to the throne by Bagoas, work of Dares. It bears the title “ Daretis Phry-
after the murder of Arses (B. c. 336), in which gii de Excidio Trojae Historia. " It is written in
some accused him of a share ; but this accusation prose, consists of 44 chapters, and is preceded by
is inconsistent with the universal testimony borne a letter purporting to be addressed by Corn. Nepos
to the mildness and excellence of his character, by to Sallustius Crispus. The writer states, that
which he was as much distinguished as by his during his residence at Athens he there met with
personal beauty. He rid himself of Bagoas, whom a MS. of the ancient Iliad of Dares, written by
he punished for all his crimes by compelling him the author himself, and that on perusing it, he
to drink poison.
Codomannus had not, however, was so much delighted, that he forth with trans-
the qualities nor the power to oppose the impetu- lated it into Latin. This letter, however, is a
ous career of the Macedonian king. (ALEXANDER | manifest forgery. No ancient writer mentions
III. ] The Persian empire ended with his death, such a work of Corn. Nepos, and the language of
in B. c. 330. (Diod. xvii. 5, &c. ; Justin, x. 3, and the treatise is full of barbarisms, such as no person
the writers of the history of Alexander. ) [P. S. ] of education at the time of Nepos could have been
DAREIUS (Aapeios), the eldest son of Xerxes guilty of. The name of Corn. Nepos does not
I. , was put to death by his brother Artaxerxes, 10 occur in connexion with this alleged translation
whom Artabanus and Spamitres accused him of previous to the 14th century. These circumstances
the murder of Xerxes, which they had themselves have led some critics to believe, that the Latin
committed. (B. C. 465. ) The story is told, with work bearing the name of Dares is an abridgment
some unimportant variations, by the following of the Latin epic of Josephus Iscanus (Joseph of
writers. (Ctes. Pers. 29, ed. Lion; Diod. xi. 69; Exeter, who lived in the 12th century), and there
Justin. iii. 1. )
[P. S. ) are indeed several expressions in the two works
DAREIUS (Aapelos), the eldest son of Arta which would seem to favour the opinion, that the
Xerxes II. Mnemon, was designated as succes- | author of the one borrowed from the other; but


## p. 944 (#964) ############################################

944
DATAMES.
DATIS.
It was
the differences and discrepancies in the statements son of Camiesares by a Scythian mother. llis
of the two works are so great, that they alone father being satrap of Cilicia under Artaxerxes
are sufficient to overthrow the hypothesis. Dede- 11. (Mnemon), and high in the farour of that
rich, the last editor, is inclined to think that the monarch, Datames became one of the king's body-
author of our work was a real Roman of the 5th, guard; and having in this capacity distinguished
6th, or 7th century. The work itself is evidently himself in the war against the Cadusii
, was ap-
the production of a person of little education and pointed to succeed his father (who had fallen in
of bad taste : it seems to consist of a number of that war) in the government of his province.
extracts made from several writers, and put toge Here he distinguished himself both by his military
ther without any judgment; there is scarcely any- abilities and his zeal in the service of the king;
thing in the work that is striking or novel. But, and reduced to subjection two satraps who had
notwithstanding all this, the work was very popu- revolted from Artaxerxes, Thyus, governor of
lar in the 15th and 16th centuries, like everything Paplı lagonia, and Aspis of Cataonia. He was in
else referring to the war of Troy. Hence several consequence entrusted by the Persian king with
editions and translations were made of it.
the chief command of a force designed for the re-
then and is still usually printed together with the covery of Egypt; but the machinations of his
work of Dictys Cretensis.
The first edition ap- enemies at the Persian court, and the risks to
peared at Cologne, in 1470; the first in which which he was in consequence exposed, induced
care was bestowed upon the text, is that of J. him to change his plan, and throw off his allegiance
Mercerus. (Paris, 1618, and Amsterdam, 1631, to the king. He withdrew with the troops under
12 mo. ) The subsequent editions give the text of his command into Cappadocia, and made common
Mercerus, such as those of Anne Dacier (Paris, canse with the other satraps who had revolted
1680, and Amsterdam, 1702, 4 to. ), V. Obrecht from Persia. Artabazus, one of the generals that
(Strassb. 1691, 8vo. ), and others. The best and remained faithful to the king, advanced against
most recent edition is that of A. Dederich (Bonn, him from Pisidia, but was entirely deitated. The
1837, 8vo. ), who has appended it to his edition great reputation that Datames had acquired in-
Dictys, and premised an interesting dissertation duced Artaxerxes to direct his utmost exertions to
upon Dares and the work bearing his name. [L. S. ] effect his subjection, but Autophradates, who was
DA'SIUS. 1. Of Brundusium, was commander sent against bim with a large army, was obliged to
of the garrison at Clastidium in B. C. 218, and retreat with heavy loss. Datames, however,
being bribed by Hannibal, he surrendered the place though constantly victorious against open foes,
to him, whereby the Carthaginians, who were en- ultimately fell a victim to treachery, and, after
camped on the Trebia, obtained plentiful stores of evading numerous plots that had been formed
provisions. (Liv. xxi. 48. )
against his life, was assassinated at a conference
2. Of Salapia. He and Blattius were the by Mithridates, the son of Ariobarzanes, who had
leading men at Salapia, and he favoured Han- gained his confidence by assuining the appearance
nibal, while Blattius advocated the interests of of hostility to the king. (Corn. Nep. Datames ;
Rome, at least as much as he could do in secret. Diod. xv. 91; Polyaen. vii. 21, 29. $ 1. )
But as Blattius could effect nothing without Da- Datames appears to have obtained the highest
sius, he at length endeavoured to persuade him to reputation in his day for courage and ability in
espouse the part of the Romans. But Dasius, un- war, which caused his fame to extend even among
willing to support his rival, informed Hannibal of the Greeks, though he did not come into personal
the schemes of Blattius. Both were then sum- collision with them. Cornelius Nepos (10 whose
moned by Hannibal. Blattius, when he appeared biographical sketch we owe the only connected
before the Carthaginian general, accused Dasius of narrative of his life) calls him the bravest and
treachery; and Hannibal, who had not much con- most able of all barbarian generals, except Hamil-
fidence in either of them, dismissed them both. car and Hannibal; but there is much confusion in
However, Blattius carried out his design, and Sa- the accounts transmitted to us, and it is difficult
lapia with its Punic garrison was surrendered to to assign the anecdotes of him recorded by Polyae-
the Romans. Dasius was killed in the massacre nus to their proper place in his history. The
which ensued. This happened in B. c. 210. (Liv. chronology of the events related by Nepos is also
xxvi. 38; Appian, Annib. 45, &c. ) (L. S. ] very obscure; but according to that author and
DA'SIUS, ALTI'NIUS, of Arpi. When P. Diodorus it would appear that Datames must have
Sempronius and Q. Fabius, in B. c. 213, had taken died before Artaxerxes, probably B. c. 362. Clin-
up their positions in Lucania and Apulia against ton is, however, of opinion that a much longer
Hannibal, Dasius went at night time into the camp interval elapsed between his revolt and his death
of Fabius, and offered to deliver up Arpi into his (Clinton, F. H. rol. iii. p. 422, not. ) [E. H. B. ]
hands, if the cousul would give him an appropriate DATAPHERNES (Aataqépvns), a Persian in
reward. Fabius consulted with his other officers, the confidence of Bessus, and one of those who
and, as Dasius had on a former occasion betrayed betrayed him to Alexander, B. C. 329. He joined
the Romans, as he now proposed to betray Hanni. Spitamenes, satrap of Sogdiana, in his revolt
, and,
bal, it was resolved that for the present he should when their cause became desperate, took refuge
be kept in custody till the end of the war. In the among the Dahae, who, on hearing of the death of
mean time, his absence had created considerable Spitamenes, delivered him up in chains to Alexan-
uneasiness at Arfi, and a report of his treachery der. (Arr. Anab. iii. 29, 30, iv. 1, &c. ; Diod.
reached Hannibal, who is said to have availed xvii. 83 ; Curt. vii. 5, 6, &c. , viii. 3; Freinsh. ad
himself of the opportunity to confiscate the pro- loc. )
[E. E. ]
perty of the traitor, and also to order his mother DATIS (A0. 718), a Mede, who, together with
and her children to be buried alive. (Liv. xxiv. Artaphernes, had the command of the forces which
[L. S. ] were sent by Darcius Hystaspis against Eretria
DA'TAJES (Aatáun), a Carian by birth, the and Athens, and which were finally defeated at
45. )


## p. 945 (#965) ############################################

DAURISES.
945
DECEBALUS.
pp. 206,
Marathon in B. c. 490. (Herod. vi. 94, &c. ) who had just joined in the Ionian rerolt, and de-
[ARTSTHERNES, No. 2. ) When the armament feated them in two battles ; but shortly afterwards
was on its way to Greece through the Aegean sein, Daurises fell into an ambush, and was killed, with
the Delians fcd in alarm from their island to a great number of the Persians. (Herod. v. 116
Tenos; but Datis re-assured them, professing that - 121. )
[P. S. )
his own feclings, as well as the commands of the DAVID), of Nerken, a learned Armenian philo-
king, would lead him to spare and respect the sopher and a commentator on Plato and Aristotle,
birthplace of the two gods. " The obvious expla- was a relation of the Armenian historian, Moses of
nation of this conduct, as arising from a notion of Chorene, and lived at the end of the fifth and the
the correspondence of Apollo and Artemis with beginning of the sixth century after Christ. He
the sun and moon, is rejected by Müller in favour studied at Athens under Syrianus, the preceptor of
of a far less probable hypothesis. (Blerod. vi. 97; Proclus, and was one of those later philosophers
Müller, Doriji. 5. & 6, 6. S 10; Thirlwall's Greece, who made it their chief aim to harmonize the
rol. ii, p. 231; Spanheim, ad Callim. Hymn. in Del. Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy. Of the life
255. ) “The religious reverence of Datis is further and writings of David much important information
illustrated by the anecdote of his restoring the is given by C. Fr. Neumann, Alémoire sur la l'ie
statue of Apollo which some Phoenicians in his et les Ouvrages de Darid, Paris, 1829; comp. Berlin.
army had stolen from Delium in Boeotia. (Ilerod. Jahrl. für wissensch. Kritik. 1829, p. 797, dc.
ri. 118; Paus. x. 28; Suid. s. t'. Satis. ) His David wrote several philosophical works in the
two sons, Armamithres and Tithaeus, commanded Armenian and Greek languages, and translated
the cavalry of Xerxes in his expedition against some of the writings of Aristotle into the Arme-
Greece. (Herod. vii. 88. ) He admired the Greck nian. His commentaries on the Categories of Aris-
language, and tried hard to speak it ; failing in totle and likewise on the Isagoge of Porphyry,
wbich, he thereby at any rate unwittingly enriched which are still extant, are not without some merit,
it with a new word - Aariouós. (Suid. I. c. ; and are principally of importance for the informa-
Arist. Pax, 289; Schol. ad loc. ) (E. E. ] tion which they contain respecting the history of
DATIS (Aatis) is mentioned by the Ravenna literature. (Stahr, Aristotelia, vol. i.
Scholiast on Aristophanes (Run. 86) as one of the 207, ii. pp. 63, 68, 69, 197. ) Whether he was
four sons of Carcinus the elder (see p. 612], alive when the philosophers were exiled from
though other authorities speak only of three. That Athens by the emperor Justinian, and returned
there were four is also distinctly stated by the into Asia in consequence of their expulsion, is un-
comic poet Pherecrates. (Ap. Schol. ad Arist. Vesp. certain. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. iii. pp. 209, 485, v.
1509. ) By the Scholiast on the Peuce (289), Datis p. 738. ) His commentaries were translated into
is again mentioned as a tragic poet, and the Scholiast Arabic and Hebrew, and manuscripts of such
on the Wasps (1502) tells us that only one, viz. translations are still extant. (Buhle's Aristot. vol.
Xenocles, was a poet, while the other three were i. p. 298 ; Neumann in the Nouveau Journal
choral dancers. From these considerations, Meineke Asiatique, vol. i. ) There is another commentator
has conjectured with much probability that Datis i on Aristotle, of the same name, but a different
was only a nickname for Xenocles, expressive of person, namely, David the Jew. (Jourdain,
imputed barbarism of style, datiduos. (Meineke, Recherches sur l'Age et l'Orimine des Traductions
Hist.