Boissonade) --
According
to Pausanias (9, 27),
Pamphus composed hymns for the Lycomeda:, a fam-
F.
Pamphus composed hymns for the Lycomeda:, a fam-
F.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Spanheim, ad Calltm.
, H.
in
Lav. Pall. , 39. )
Palladius, I. a sophist, a native of Methone, who
lived in the time of Constantino the Great. He wrote
Dissertations or Declamatory Essays, and also a work
on the Roman festivals. (Photius, cod. . 132, vol. 1,
p. 97, ed. Bekker. -- SehSU, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 6, p.
312. )--II. An eastern prelate and ecclesiastical writer,
a native of Galatia, born about A. D. 368, and made
bishop of Hellcnopolis in Hithynia. He was ordain-
ed by Chrysoslom, to whose party he attached him-
self, and, on the banishment of Chrysostom, fell un-
der persecution, and, being obliged to withdraw from
hia see, retired to Italy, and took refuge at Rome.
Some time after, venturing to return to the East, he
was banished to Syene. Having regained his liberty,
he resigned the see of Hellcnopolis, and was appoint-
ed to the bishopric of Alexandrea. He is thought to
have died A. D. 431. He wrote the " I. ausiac History"
? ? about the year 421, which contains the lives of per-
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? PAL
PAL
What he states respecting the mode of preserving
fruits, &c, is taken from the Greek Geoponica, of
which he appears to have possessed a much more com-
plete copy than the abridgment which has come down
to us. --Of the fourteen books of his-work, the first
contains a general introduction; each of the twelve
following bears the name of one of the months of the
year, and treats of the labours proper to each season;
the fourteenth book is a poem, in elegiac measure, on
the grafting of trees. The style of Palladius is in-
correct and full of neologisms. In his poems he dis-
plays some talent by the variety which lie introduces
in describing the operation of grafting as suitable to
different kinds of trees. He is often, however, ob-
? cure, and too figurative. --Critics have not been able
to agree as to the period when this writer lived; some
placing him at the beginning of the second century,
others at the end of the fourth. Some suppose him to
be the same with tho relative of whom the poet Rutil-
ius speaks in his Itinerary (I, 20S), while others very
justly remark, in opposition to this, that the last-men-
tioned writer was a young Gaul, sent by his father to
the capita! of the empire, to study law there, whereas
Palladius had possessions in Italy and Sardinia: they
add, that the name of Palladius does not occur among
those of the prefects and other high magistrates du-
ring the first half of the fifth century, while the title
of Vir illustris, which the manuscripts give to our au-
thor, indicate that he was invested with some high
official dignity. Wemsdorff has attempted another
mode of ascertaining the age of Palladius. The four-
teenth book of his work being dedicated to a certain
Pasiphilis, he has endeavoured to discover the period
when this latter individual lived, whom Palladius styles
a wise man, and whose fidelity he praises {ornalus
fidti). Ammianus Marcellinus (29, 1), in speaking of
the conspiracy against Valens, which was discovered
in 371, relates, that the proconsul Eutropius, who was
among the accused, was saved by tho courage of the
philosopher Pasiphilus, from whom the torture could
wring no confession. These circumstances harmonize
in some degree, according to Wemsdorff, with the ep-
ithets bestowed by Palladius on his friend; and if this
is the same Pasiphilus who, in 395, was rector of a
province, as appears from a law of the Theodosian
tode 'L. 8. --Cod. Theod. , I. 2, tit. 1), we may sup-
pose that the fourteenth book of Palladius, where no
allusion is made to this official rank, was written be-
tween 371 and 395. {Scholl, Hitt. Lit. Rom, vol. 3,
p. 243, scqq. )
Pallanteum, an ancient town of Italy, in the vi-
cinity of Keate, in the territory of the Sabines. It
was said, in tradition, to have been founded by the
Arcadian Pclasgi united with the Aborigines. (Dion.
Hal. , 1, 14. ) From it, according to some, the Pala-
tine Mount at Rome is said to have derived its name.
{Varro, L. L. , 4. ) Holstcnius {ad Steph. Byz. , s. v. )
thinks it must have occupied the site of Palazzo, on
the hill called Fontt di Rieti. The real name of this
place was Palacium, as appears from a rare coin pub-
lished by Sestini from the Museo Fontana. {Classes
Gen. sea Mon. Vet. , p. 12. --Cramer's Ancient Italy,
vol. 1, p. 317. )
Pallantias, I. a name of Aurora, as being related
to the giant Pallas, whose cousin she was. Pallas was
son of Creiis {tov Kpeiov), Aurora was daughter of
Hyperion, and Hyperion and Creiis were brothers, off-
? ? spring of Ccelus and Terra. {Hesiod, Theog. , 134,
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? PALMYRA.
PALMYRA
Greeks was the "Tadmor in the wilderness" boilt
by Solomon: from which two things may be inferred;
first, that this monarch extended bis arms and his ter-
ritory thus far; and, secondly, that he must have had
tome adequate object for so doing, and for maintain-
ing an establishment and erecting a city, at incredible
pains and expense, on a spot so remote from the habita-
ble parts of his kingdom. The circumstance of Palmy-
ra's being situated in an oasis, sheltered by hills to the
wist and northwest, and supplied with wholesome wa-
fer, and also on a line leading from the coast of Syria
to the regions of Mesopotamia, Persia, and India,
must have pointed it out, in very early times, to the
caravans, as a convenient halling-place in the midst of
the desert. The Phoenicians, in all probability, were
acquainted with it at an early period, and may have
suggested to Solomon, with whom the King of Tyre
was in alliance, the idea of establishing an emporium
here. We read in the second book of Chronicles (8,
4), that Solomon "built Tadmor in the wilderness,
and all the store-cities which he built in Hamath. "
Hamath was a town and territory extending along the
banks of the Orontcs, and bordering on the Syrian
desert. After this, we read no more of Tadmor in
the Scriptures; but John of Antioch, probably from
some tradition, says that it was destroyed by Nebu-
chadnezzar. The first notice which we have of it in
Roman history is at the commencement of the wars
with the Parthians, when we find it mentioned as a
rich and powerful city, and permitted to maintain a
state of independence and neutrality between the con-
tending parties in this struggle. Marc Antony, indeed,
attempted to plunder it, but the inhabitants removed
their most valuable effects over the Euphrates, and de-
fended the passage of the river by their archers. The
? iretence he made use of, to give such conduct a colour
of justice, was, that they did not preserve a strict neu-
trality; but Appian says his real motive was to en-
rich his troops with the plunder of the Palmyrencs.
in the time of Pliny it was the intermediate emporium
of the trade with the East, a city of merchants and
factors, who carried on traffic with the Parthians on
:! . ie one hand, and the Romans on the other. The
produce of India found its way to the Roman world
through Palmyra. Pliny has very happily collected in
a few lines the most striking circumstances with re-
gard to this place, except that he takes no notice of
the buildings. "Palmyra is remarkable for situation,
a rich soil and pleasant streams; it is surrounded on
all sides by a vast sandy desert, which totally separates
it from the rest of the world, and has preserved its in-
dependence between the two great empires of Rome
and Parthia, whose first care when at war is to engage
it in their interest. " Palmyra afterward became alli-
ed to the empire as a free state, and was greatly fa-
voured by Hadrian and the Antonincs, under whom it
attained its greatest splendour. We find, from the in-
scriptions, that the Palmyrencs joined Alexander Scv-
erus in his expedition against the Persians. We do
not meet with the mention of the city again until
the reign of Gallienus, when it makes a principal fig-
ure in the history of those times, and in a few years
experienced the greatest vicissitudes of good and bad
fortune. After attaining to a widely-extended nway
siider Odenatus and his queen Zenobia, who survived
him, it fell at length, together with the latter, under
the power of Aurelian. (Vid. Odenatus, and Zeno-
? ? bia. ) A revolt, on his departure, compelled him to
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? PAM
PAH
l*icm as hardly repaying the toils and expense or the
journey, it must be recollected that he was already
satiated with the wonders of Egypt. Yet, taken as a
tout ensemble, he admits that they are more remarka-
ble by reason of their extent (being nearly a mile and
i half in length), than any which he had met with;
V*y have the advantage, too, of being less encumber-
ed with modern fabrics than almost any ancient ruins.
Exclusive of the Arab village of Tadmor, which oc-
cupies the peristyle court of the Temple of the Sun,
and the Turkish burying-place, there are no obstruc-
tions whatever to the antiquities. The temple itself
u disfigured, indeed, by modern works, but it is still
a most majestic object. The natives firmly believe,
Mr. Wood informs us, that the existing ruins were the
works of King Solomon. "All these mighty things,"
say they, "Solyman Ebn Daoud (Solomon the son of
David) did by the assistance of spirits. " King Solo-
Dion :j the Merlin of the East, and to the genii in his
service the Persians as well as the Arabs ascribe all
the magnificent remains of ancient art. From the
dates in the inscriptions, in which the era of Seleucus
is observed, with the Macedonian names of the months,
it appears that none of the existing monuments are
earlier than the birth of Christ; nor is there any in-
scription so late as the destruction of the city by
Aurelian, except one in Latin, which mentions Dio-
clesian. "As to the age of those ruinoua heaps,"
says Mr. Wood, "which belonged evidently to build-
ings of greater antiquity than those which are yet
partly standing, it is difficult even to guess; but if
we are allowed to form a judgment by comparing their
state with that of the monument of Iamblichus at Pal-
myra, we must conclude them extremely old; for
that building, erected 1750 years ago" (Mr. Wood
published! in 1753), " is the most perfect piece of an-
tiquity I ever saw. " (MansforaVs Scripture Gazet-
teer, p. 451, scqq. -- Modern Traveller, part 5, p. 10,
Pamisos, I. a river of Thessaly, now the Fanari,
falling into the Peneus to the east of Tricca. (He-
rod , 7, 132 )--II. Major, a river of Messenia, falling
into the Sinus Messcniacus at its head. It is now
the Pimatza. (Walpole, vol. 2, p. 3S. ) Pausanias
affirms, that the waters of this river were remarkably
pure, and abounded with various kinds of fish. He
adds, that it was navigable for ten stadia from the sea
(4, 34. --Compare Polyb. , 16, 16). --III. A torrent of
Messenia, falling into the Sinus Messeniacus near
Leuctrum, and forming part of the ancient boundary
oetween Laconia and Messenia. (Strab. , 361. )
Pamphila, a Grecian female, whom Photius makes
a native of Egypt, but who, according to Suidas, Dio-
genes Laertius (1, 24), and others, was born at Epi-
daurus in Argolis. She wrote several works, the con-
tents of which were chiefly historical. One of these
was entitled 'Entro/ial loroptuv (Historical Abridg-
ments). Another, which Photius has made known to
us, bore the name of ZvuuLKra ioropina vrouvTJfiara
(Historical Miscellany). It was a species of note or
? nemorandum book, in which this female regularly in-
serted, every day, whatever she heard most deserving
of being remembered, in the conversations between her
Husband Socratidas and the literary friends who visited
his house, and also whatever she had met with wor-
thy of being recorded, in the course of her historical
reading. She was united to Socratidas for thirteen
years, during all which time the compilation was being
? ? formed. The work, however, was without any syste-
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? PA M
<<pc>>k in Che highest terms of his piety and benevo-
lence :>>rorne states, that Pamphilus composed an
apology for Origen before Eusebius; but, at a later
)eriod, having discovered that the work which he had
taken for Pamphilus's was only the first book of Eu-
? cbius's apology for Origen, he denieil that Pamphilus
? 'rote anything except short letters to his friends.
The truth seems to be, that the first die books of the
"Apology for Origen" were composed by Eusebius
and Pamphilus jointly, and the sixth book by Euse-
bius alone, after the death of Pamphilus. Another
work, which Pamphilus effected in conjunction with
Eusebius, was an edition of the Septaagint, from the
text in Origen's Hexapla. This edition was gen-
erally used in the Eastern church. Montfaucon and
Fabricius have published "Contents of the Acts of
the Apostles" aa a work of Pamphilus; but this is in
all probabili'y the work of a later writer. Eusebius
wrote a " Life of Pamphilus," in three bocks, which
is now entirely lost, with the exception of a few frag-
ments, and even of these the genuineness is extremely
doubtful. We have, however, notices of him in the
"Ecclesiastical History" of Eusebius (7, 32), and in
the " De Viris Illustrious," and other works df Je-
ome. (I. aril tin's Credibility, pt. 2, c. 59 )
Pamphds, an early Athenian bard, and a disciple, as
was said, of Linus. Philostratus has preserved two
remarkable versos of his, which recall to mind the
symbol under which the Egyptians typified the Crea-
tor of the universe, or the author of animal life. The
lines are rs follows:
'/. ei. nvihare. /iiyiare iSeuf, elXvpin (oVoti
Mn'teiy T? KOX t-zrirein KOL TJfltOVeiy. ,
"Oh Jove, most glorious, most mighty of the gods,
thou that art enveloped in the dung of s\ecp, and
horses, and mules. " {Philoslr. , Heroic, c. 2, p. 98,
id.
Boissonade) -- According to Pausanias (9, 27),
Pamphus composed hymns for the Lycomeda:, a fam-
F. . ' which held by hereditary right a share in the Eleu-
>i. :ian worship of Ceres. Pamphus is also said to have
first c? :ni; the strain of lamentation at the tomb of Li-
nus. (ScltM, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 33. --Midler,
Hist Lit. Gr. , p. 85. )
PAMPHYi. iA {ha/i<pv? . ia), a province df Asia Minor,
extending along the coast of the Mediterranean from
Olbia to Ptolcma'is, and bounded on the north by Pi-
sidia. on the west by Lycia and the southwestern part
of Phrygia, and on the cast by Cilicia. Pliny (5,
26) and Mela (1, 14) make Pamphylia begin on the
coast at Phasclis, which they reckon a city of Pamphyl-
ia, but the majority of writers speak of it as a Lycian
city. Pamphylia was separated from Pisidia by Mount
Taurus, and was drained by numerous streams which
flowed from the high land of the latter country. The
eastern part of the coast is described by Captain Beau-
fort as flat, sandy, and dreary; but this remark docs
not apply to the interior of the country, which, accord-
to Mr. Fellows' account (Excursion in Asia Minor,
p. 204), is very beautiful and picturesque. The west-
ern part of the coast is surrounded by lofty mountains
which rise from the sea, and attain the greatest height
in Mount Solyma, on the eastern borders of Lycia. The
western part of the country is composed, according to
Mr. Fellows (p. 184), " for thirty or forty miles, of a
mass of incrusted or petrified vegetable matter, lying
imbosomed, as it were, in the side of the high range of
marble mountains which must originally have formed
the coast of this country. As the streams, and, in-
? ? deed, large rivers which flow from the mountains, enter
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? PAN
In loim ht combined that of man and beast, having a
red face, horned head, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs,
tail, and feet those of a goat. Honey and milk were
offered to him--This god is unnoticed by Homer and
Hesiod; but, according to one of the Homeridte, he
was the son of Mercury by an Arcadian nymph. (Horn. ,
Hymn , 19. ) So monstrous was his appearance, that
the nurse, on beholding him, fled away in affright.
Mercury, however, immediately caught him up, wrap-
ped him carefully in a hareskin, and carried him away
to Olympus: then taking his seat with Jupiter and the
other gods, he produced his babe. All the gods, es-
pecially Bacchus, were delighted with the little stran-
ger; and they named him Pan (i. e. , "All"), because
he had charmed them all ! --Others fabled that Pan
was the son of Mercury by Penelope, whose love he
gained under the form of a goat, as she was tending
in her youth the flocks of her father on Mount Taygc-
tus. (Herod. , 2, 145. --Schol. ad Thcocr. , 7, 109. --
Eulocia, 323. --Tzetxes, ad Lycophr. , 772. ) Some
even went so far as to say that he was the offspring
of the amours of Penelope with all her suitors. (Schol.
id Thcocr , 1, S. -- Eudocia, I. c. -- Serv. ad JEn. , 2,
44. ) According to Epimenides (Schol. ad Thcocr. ,
I. <? . ), Pan and Areas were the children of Jupiter and
Callisto. Aristippus made Pan the offspring of Jupij
ter and the nymph CSneis; others, again, said that he
was a child of Heaven and Earth. (Schol ad Thcocr. ,
7, 123. ) There was also a Pan said to be the son of
Jupiter and the nymph Thymbris or Hyhris, the in-
? tructer of Apollo in divination. (Apollod. , 1, 4, 1. )
--The worship of Pan seems to have been confined to
Arcadia till the time of the battle of Marathon, when
Phidippides. the courier who was sent from Athens to
Sparta to call on the Spartans for aid against the Per-
sians, declared that, as he was passing by Mount Par-
thenius, near Tegea in Arcadia, he heard the voice of
Pan calling to him, and desiring him to ask the Athe-
nians why they paid no regard to him, who was al-
ways, and still would be, friendly and willing to aid.
After the battle, the Athenians consecrated a cave to
Pan under the Acropolis, and offered him annual sac-
rifices. (Herod. , 6, 105. -- Plut. , Kit. Arist. , 11. )
Long before this time, the Grecian and Egyptian sys-
tems of religion had begun to mingle and combine.
The goat-formed Mendcs of Egypt was now regarded
as identical with the horned and goat-footed god of the
Arcadian herdsmen (Herod. , 2, 46); and Pan was el-
evated to great dignity by priests and philosophers, be-
coming a symbol of the universe, for his name signi-
fied all. Moreover, as he dwelt in the woods, he was
called " Lord of the Hyle" ('0 rijc iXnc Kvpioc); and
as the word hyle (vf. i]), by a lucky ambiguity, signi-
fied either wood or primitive matter, this was another
ground for exalting him. It is amusing to read how
all the attributes of the Arcadian god were made to
accord with this notion. "Pan," says Servius, " is a
rustic god, formed in similitude of nature, whence he
is called Pan, i. e. . All: for he has horns, in simili-
tude of the rays of the sun and the horns of the moon;
his face is ruddy, in imitation of the ether; ho has a
spotted fawnskin upon his breast, in likeness of the
stars; his lower parts are shaggy, on account of the
trees, shrubs, and wild beasts; he has goat's feet, to
denote the stability of the earth; he has a pipe of
seven teeds, on account of the harmony of the heav-
ens, in which there are seven sounds; he has a crook,
thct is, a curved staff, on account of the year, which
? ? nuts back on itself, because he is the god of all nature.
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? P A IS
PAN A THENCE A.
After a time Panaelius returned to Athens, where he
became the leader of the Stoic school, and where he
died at a very advanced age. Posidonius, Scylax of
Halicamassus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are mention-
ed among his disciples. Panaelius was not apparently
a strict Stoic, but rather an Eclectic philosopher, who
tempered tho austerity of his sect by adopting some-
thing of the more refined style and milder principles
of P'ato and tho other earlier Academicians. (Cic. ,
ie 'Sin. , 4,88. ) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the
works of Panaetius in terms of the highest veneration,
and acknowledges that he borrowed much from them,
aays that Pansetius styled Plato "the divine," and
"the Homer of Philosophy," and only dissented from
htm en the subject of the immortality of the soul,
which he seems not i: have admitted. (Tunc.
Quasi. , 1, 32. ) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa-
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses. In a letter of consolation which Pansetius
wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero (De Fin. ,
1, 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but he
never laid it down as a principle that pain waa not an
evil. He was very temperate in his opinions, and he
often replied to difficult questions with modest hesita-
tion, saying, irzixui, " I will consider. "--None of tho
works of Panattius have come down to us; but their
titles, and a few sentences from them, are quoted by
Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, and others. He wrote a
treatise " On Duties," the substance of which Cicero
merged in his own work "De Officii*. " Panetius
wrote also a treatise " On Divination," of which Cicero
probably made use in his own work on the same sub-
Kct. He wrote likewise a work " On Tranquillity of
ind," which some suppose may have been made use
of by Plutarch in his work bearing the same title.
Cicero mentions also a treatise "On Providence,"
another "On Magistrates," and one "On Heresies,"
or sects of philosophers. His book " On Socrates,"
quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his
"Life of Ansiidcs. " made probably a part of the last-
mentioned wor'. c. Laertius and Seneca quote several
opinions of Panetius concerning ethics and metaphys-
ics, and also physics. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 178. -- Van Lyndcn, Disp. Historico-Crit. de Pa-
natio Rhodio, Lugd. Bat. , 1802. -- Chardon de la
Rochctte, Melanges, &c, vol. 1, Paris, 1812. )
Panathewea (Uavad^vaia), the greatest of the
Athenian festivals, was celebrated in honour of Miner-
va (Athena) as the guardian deity of the city. It is
raid lo have been instituted by Erichthonius, and to
have been called originally Athencea ('ASqvata), but it
obtained the name of Panathenaa in the time of The-
seus, in consequence of his uniting into one state the
different independent communities into which Attica
had been previously divided. (Pausan. , 8, 2, 1. --
Pint, Vit. Thcs. , c. 20. -- Thucyd. , 2, 15. ) There
were two Athenian festivals which had the name of
Panathena-a; one of which was called the Great Pan-
athenaa (MtyuXa TlavaBrjvaia), and the other the
Less (Mtxpa). The Great Panathenaea was celebra-
ted once every five years, wish very great magnificence,
and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece. The
Less Panathensea was celebrated every year in the
Piieus. (Harpoerat. , s. v. TlavaB. -- Plat. , Rep. , 1,
? ? 1. ) When the Greek writers speak simply of the fes-
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? PAN
FAXDORA
Do seventh volumi of the "Thesaurus" of Grono7ius
Kncycl. Vt. Knowi, vol. 17, p. 182. )
Panchaia, a fabled island in the Eastern or In-
lian Ocean, which Euhemerus pretended to have dis-
covered, and to have found in its capital, Panara, a
temple of the Triphylian Jupiter, containing a column
inscribed with the date of the births and deaths of
many of the gods. (Vid. Euhemerus. )--Virgil makes
mention of Panchaia and its "lurifera arena. "
(Ceorg. , 2, 139. ) The poet borrows the name from
Euhemerus, but evidently refers to Arabia Felix.
(Compare Heync and Von, ad loc. )
Pandarus, son of I. ycaon, and one of the chieftains
? rat fought on the side of the Trojans in the war
with the Greeks. He led the allies of Zelea from the
banks of the -? Esepus in Mvsia, and was famed for his
skill with the bow. (II, 2, 824, seqq. ) It was Pan-
darus that broke the truce between the Greeks and
Trojans by wounding Menclans. (II. , 4, 93, seqq. )
He was afterward slain by Diomede. (//. , 5, 290. ) In
3ne part of the Iliad (5, 105) he is spoken of as com-
ing from Lycia, but the Lycia there meant is uiily a
part of Troas, forming the territory around Zelea, and
inhabited by Lycian colonists. (Consult Euslatk. ad
II. , 2, 824-- Htyne, ad lac. )
Pandataria, an island in the Mare Tyrrhenum, in
the Sinus Puteolanus, on the coast of Italy. It was
the place of banishment for Julia, the daughter of Au-
gustus, and manv others.
Lav. Pall. , 39. )
Palladius, I. a sophist, a native of Methone, who
lived in the time of Constantino the Great. He wrote
Dissertations or Declamatory Essays, and also a work
on the Roman festivals. (Photius, cod. . 132, vol. 1,
p. 97, ed. Bekker. -- SehSU, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 6, p.
312. )--II. An eastern prelate and ecclesiastical writer,
a native of Galatia, born about A. D. 368, and made
bishop of Hellcnopolis in Hithynia. He was ordain-
ed by Chrysoslom, to whose party he attached him-
self, and, on the banishment of Chrysostom, fell un-
der persecution, and, being obliged to withdraw from
hia see, retired to Italy, and took refuge at Rome.
Some time after, venturing to return to the East, he
was banished to Syene. Having regained his liberty,
he resigned the see of Hellcnopolis, and was appoint-
ed to the bishopric of Alexandrea. He is thought to
have died A. D. 431. He wrote the " I. ausiac History"
? ? about the year 421, which contains the lives of per-
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? PAL
PAL
What he states respecting the mode of preserving
fruits, &c, is taken from the Greek Geoponica, of
which he appears to have possessed a much more com-
plete copy than the abridgment which has come down
to us. --Of the fourteen books of his-work, the first
contains a general introduction; each of the twelve
following bears the name of one of the months of the
year, and treats of the labours proper to each season;
the fourteenth book is a poem, in elegiac measure, on
the grafting of trees. The style of Palladius is in-
correct and full of neologisms. In his poems he dis-
plays some talent by the variety which lie introduces
in describing the operation of grafting as suitable to
different kinds of trees. He is often, however, ob-
? cure, and too figurative. --Critics have not been able
to agree as to the period when this writer lived; some
placing him at the beginning of the second century,
others at the end of the fourth. Some suppose him to
be the same with tho relative of whom the poet Rutil-
ius speaks in his Itinerary (I, 20S), while others very
justly remark, in opposition to this, that the last-men-
tioned writer was a young Gaul, sent by his father to
the capita! of the empire, to study law there, whereas
Palladius had possessions in Italy and Sardinia: they
add, that the name of Palladius does not occur among
those of the prefects and other high magistrates du-
ring the first half of the fifth century, while the title
of Vir illustris, which the manuscripts give to our au-
thor, indicate that he was invested with some high
official dignity. Wemsdorff has attempted another
mode of ascertaining the age of Palladius. The four-
teenth book of his work being dedicated to a certain
Pasiphilis, he has endeavoured to discover the period
when this latter individual lived, whom Palladius styles
a wise man, and whose fidelity he praises {ornalus
fidti). Ammianus Marcellinus (29, 1), in speaking of
the conspiracy against Valens, which was discovered
in 371, relates, that the proconsul Eutropius, who was
among the accused, was saved by tho courage of the
philosopher Pasiphilus, from whom the torture could
wring no confession. These circumstances harmonize
in some degree, according to Wemsdorff, with the ep-
ithets bestowed by Palladius on his friend; and if this
is the same Pasiphilus who, in 395, was rector of a
province, as appears from a law of the Theodosian
tode 'L. 8. --Cod. Theod. , I. 2, tit. 1), we may sup-
pose that the fourteenth book of Palladius, where no
allusion is made to this official rank, was written be-
tween 371 and 395. {Scholl, Hitt. Lit. Rom, vol. 3,
p. 243, scqq. )
Pallanteum, an ancient town of Italy, in the vi-
cinity of Keate, in the territory of the Sabines. It
was said, in tradition, to have been founded by the
Arcadian Pclasgi united with the Aborigines. (Dion.
Hal. , 1, 14. ) From it, according to some, the Pala-
tine Mount at Rome is said to have derived its name.
{Varro, L. L. , 4. ) Holstcnius {ad Steph. Byz. , s. v. )
thinks it must have occupied the site of Palazzo, on
the hill called Fontt di Rieti. The real name of this
place was Palacium, as appears from a rare coin pub-
lished by Sestini from the Museo Fontana. {Classes
Gen. sea Mon. Vet. , p. 12. --Cramer's Ancient Italy,
vol. 1, p. 317. )
Pallantias, I. a name of Aurora, as being related
to the giant Pallas, whose cousin she was. Pallas was
son of Creiis {tov Kpeiov), Aurora was daughter of
Hyperion, and Hyperion and Creiis were brothers, off-
? ? spring of Ccelus and Terra. {Hesiod, Theog. , 134,
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? PALMYRA.
PALMYRA
Greeks was the "Tadmor in the wilderness" boilt
by Solomon: from which two things may be inferred;
first, that this monarch extended bis arms and his ter-
ritory thus far; and, secondly, that he must have had
tome adequate object for so doing, and for maintain-
ing an establishment and erecting a city, at incredible
pains and expense, on a spot so remote from the habita-
ble parts of his kingdom. The circumstance of Palmy-
ra's being situated in an oasis, sheltered by hills to the
wist and northwest, and supplied with wholesome wa-
fer, and also on a line leading from the coast of Syria
to the regions of Mesopotamia, Persia, and India,
must have pointed it out, in very early times, to the
caravans, as a convenient halling-place in the midst of
the desert. The Phoenicians, in all probability, were
acquainted with it at an early period, and may have
suggested to Solomon, with whom the King of Tyre
was in alliance, the idea of establishing an emporium
here. We read in the second book of Chronicles (8,
4), that Solomon "built Tadmor in the wilderness,
and all the store-cities which he built in Hamath. "
Hamath was a town and territory extending along the
banks of the Orontcs, and bordering on the Syrian
desert. After this, we read no more of Tadmor in
the Scriptures; but John of Antioch, probably from
some tradition, says that it was destroyed by Nebu-
chadnezzar. The first notice which we have of it in
Roman history is at the commencement of the wars
with the Parthians, when we find it mentioned as a
rich and powerful city, and permitted to maintain a
state of independence and neutrality between the con-
tending parties in this struggle. Marc Antony, indeed,
attempted to plunder it, but the inhabitants removed
their most valuable effects over the Euphrates, and de-
fended the passage of the river by their archers. The
? iretence he made use of, to give such conduct a colour
of justice, was, that they did not preserve a strict neu-
trality; but Appian says his real motive was to en-
rich his troops with the plunder of the Palmyrencs.
in the time of Pliny it was the intermediate emporium
of the trade with the East, a city of merchants and
factors, who carried on traffic with the Parthians on
:! . ie one hand, and the Romans on the other. The
produce of India found its way to the Roman world
through Palmyra. Pliny has very happily collected in
a few lines the most striking circumstances with re-
gard to this place, except that he takes no notice of
the buildings. "Palmyra is remarkable for situation,
a rich soil and pleasant streams; it is surrounded on
all sides by a vast sandy desert, which totally separates
it from the rest of the world, and has preserved its in-
dependence between the two great empires of Rome
and Parthia, whose first care when at war is to engage
it in their interest. " Palmyra afterward became alli-
ed to the empire as a free state, and was greatly fa-
voured by Hadrian and the Antonincs, under whom it
attained its greatest splendour. We find, from the in-
scriptions, that the Palmyrencs joined Alexander Scv-
erus in his expedition against the Persians. We do
not meet with the mention of the city again until
the reign of Gallienus, when it makes a principal fig-
ure in the history of those times, and in a few years
experienced the greatest vicissitudes of good and bad
fortune. After attaining to a widely-extended nway
siider Odenatus and his queen Zenobia, who survived
him, it fell at length, together with the latter, under
the power of Aurelian. (Vid. Odenatus, and Zeno-
? ? bia. ) A revolt, on his departure, compelled him to
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? PAM
PAH
l*icm as hardly repaying the toils and expense or the
journey, it must be recollected that he was already
satiated with the wonders of Egypt. Yet, taken as a
tout ensemble, he admits that they are more remarka-
ble by reason of their extent (being nearly a mile and
i half in length), than any which he had met with;
V*y have the advantage, too, of being less encumber-
ed with modern fabrics than almost any ancient ruins.
Exclusive of the Arab village of Tadmor, which oc-
cupies the peristyle court of the Temple of the Sun,
and the Turkish burying-place, there are no obstruc-
tions whatever to the antiquities. The temple itself
u disfigured, indeed, by modern works, but it is still
a most majestic object. The natives firmly believe,
Mr. Wood informs us, that the existing ruins were the
works of King Solomon. "All these mighty things,"
say they, "Solyman Ebn Daoud (Solomon the son of
David) did by the assistance of spirits. " King Solo-
Dion :j the Merlin of the East, and to the genii in his
service the Persians as well as the Arabs ascribe all
the magnificent remains of ancient art. From the
dates in the inscriptions, in which the era of Seleucus
is observed, with the Macedonian names of the months,
it appears that none of the existing monuments are
earlier than the birth of Christ; nor is there any in-
scription so late as the destruction of the city by
Aurelian, except one in Latin, which mentions Dio-
clesian. "As to the age of those ruinoua heaps,"
says Mr. Wood, "which belonged evidently to build-
ings of greater antiquity than those which are yet
partly standing, it is difficult even to guess; but if
we are allowed to form a judgment by comparing their
state with that of the monument of Iamblichus at Pal-
myra, we must conclude them extremely old; for
that building, erected 1750 years ago" (Mr. Wood
published! in 1753), " is the most perfect piece of an-
tiquity I ever saw. " (MansforaVs Scripture Gazet-
teer, p. 451, scqq. -- Modern Traveller, part 5, p. 10,
Pamisos, I. a river of Thessaly, now the Fanari,
falling into the Peneus to the east of Tricca. (He-
rod , 7, 132 )--II. Major, a river of Messenia, falling
into the Sinus Messcniacus at its head. It is now
the Pimatza. (Walpole, vol. 2, p. 3S. ) Pausanias
affirms, that the waters of this river were remarkably
pure, and abounded with various kinds of fish. He
adds, that it was navigable for ten stadia from the sea
(4, 34. --Compare Polyb. , 16, 16). --III. A torrent of
Messenia, falling into the Sinus Messeniacus near
Leuctrum, and forming part of the ancient boundary
oetween Laconia and Messenia. (Strab. , 361. )
Pamphila, a Grecian female, whom Photius makes
a native of Egypt, but who, according to Suidas, Dio-
genes Laertius (1, 24), and others, was born at Epi-
daurus in Argolis. She wrote several works, the con-
tents of which were chiefly historical. One of these
was entitled 'Entro/ial loroptuv (Historical Abridg-
ments). Another, which Photius has made known to
us, bore the name of ZvuuLKra ioropina vrouvTJfiara
(Historical Miscellany). It was a species of note or
? nemorandum book, in which this female regularly in-
serted, every day, whatever she heard most deserving
of being remembered, in the conversations between her
Husband Socratidas and the literary friends who visited
his house, and also whatever she had met with wor-
thy of being recorded, in the course of her historical
reading. She was united to Socratidas for thirteen
years, during all which time the compilation was being
? ? formed. The work, however, was without any syste-
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? PA M
<<pc>>k in Che highest terms of his piety and benevo-
lence :>>rorne states, that Pamphilus composed an
apology for Origen before Eusebius; but, at a later
)eriod, having discovered that the work which he had
taken for Pamphilus's was only the first book of Eu-
? cbius's apology for Origen, he denieil that Pamphilus
? 'rote anything except short letters to his friends.
The truth seems to be, that the first die books of the
"Apology for Origen" were composed by Eusebius
and Pamphilus jointly, and the sixth book by Euse-
bius alone, after the death of Pamphilus. Another
work, which Pamphilus effected in conjunction with
Eusebius, was an edition of the Septaagint, from the
text in Origen's Hexapla. This edition was gen-
erally used in the Eastern church. Montfaucon and
Fabricius have published "Contents of the Acts of
the Apostles" aa a work of Pamphilus; but this is in
all probabili'y the work of a later writer. Eusebius
wrote a " Life of Pamphilus," in three bocks, which
is now entirely lost, with the exception of a few frag-
ments, and even of these the genuineness is extremely
doubtful. We have, however, notices of him in the
"Ecclesiastical History" of Eusebius (7, 32), and in
the " De Viris Illustrious," and other works df Je-
ome. (I. aril tin's Credibility, pt. 2, c. 59 )
Pamphds, an early Athenian bard, and a disciple, as
was said, of Linus. Philostratus has preserved two
remarkable versos of his, which recall to mind the
symbol under which the Egyptians typified the Crea-
tor of the universe, or the author of animal life. The
lines are rs follows:
'/. ei. nvihare. /iiyiare iSeuf, elXvpin (oVoti
Mn'teiy T? KOX t-zrirein KOL TJfltOVeiy. ,
"Oh Jove, most glorious, most mighty of the gods,
thou that art enveloped in the dung of s\ecp, and
horses, and mules. " {Philoslr. , Heroic, c. 2, p. 98,
id.
Boissonade) -- According to Pausanias (9, 27),
Pamphus composed hymns for the Lycomeda:, a fam-
F. . ' which held by hereditary right a share in the Eleu-
>i. :ian worship of Ceres. Pamphus is also said to have
first c? :ni; the strain of lamentation at the tomb of Li-
nus. (ScltM, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 1, p. 33. --Midler,
Hist Lit. Gr. , p. 85. )
PAMPHYi. iA {ha/i<pv? . ia), a province df Asia Minor,
extending along the coast of the Mediterranean from
Olbia to Ptolcma'is, and bounded on the north by Pi-
sidia. on the west by Lycia and the southwestern part
of Phrygia, and on the cast by Cilicia. Pliny (5,
26) and Mela (1, 14) make Pamphylia begin on the
coast at Phasclis, which they reckon a city of Pamphyl-
ia, but the majority of writers speak of it as a Lycian
city. Pamphylia was separated from Pisidia by Mount
Taurus, and was drained by numerous streams which
flowed from the high land of the latter country. The
eastern part of the coast is described by Captain Beau-
fort as flat, sandy, and dreary; but this remark docs
not apply to the interior of the country, which, accord-
to Mr. Fellows' account (Excursion in Asia Minor,
p. 204), is very beautiful and picturesque. The west-
ern part of the coast is surrounded by lofty mountains
which rise from the sea, and attain the greatest height
in Mount Solyma, on the eastern borders of Lycia. The
western part of the country is composed, according to
Mr. Fellows (p. 184), " for thirty or forty miles, of a
mass of incrusted or petrified vegetable matter, lying
imbosomed, as it were, in the side of the high range of
marble mountains which must originally have formed
the coast of this country. As the streams, and, in-
? ? deed, large rivers which flow from the mountains, enter
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? PAN
In loim ht combined that of man and beast, having a
red face, horned head, his nose flat, and his legs, thighs,
tail, and feet those of a goat. Honey and milk were
offered to him--This god is unnoticed by Homer and
Hesiod; but, according to one of the Homeridte, he
was the son of Mercury by an Arcadian nymph. (Horn. ,
Hymn , 19. ) So monstrous was his appearance, that
the nurse, on beholding him, fled away in affright.
Mercury, however, immediately caught him up, wrap-
ped him carefully in a hareskin, and carried him away
to Olympus: then taking his seat with Jupiter and the
other gods, he produced his babe. All the gods, es-
pecially Bacchus, were delighted with the little stran-
ger; and they named him Pan (i. e. , "All"), because
he had charmed them all ! --Others fabled that Pan
was the son of Mercury by Penelope, whose love he
gained under the form of a goat, as she was tending
in her youth the flocks of her father on Mount Taygc-
tus. (Herod. , 2, 145. --Schol. ad Thcocr. , 7, 109. --
Eulocia, 323. --Tzetxes, ad Lycophr. , 772. ) Some
even went so far as to say that he was the offspring
of the amours of Penelope with all her suitors. (Schol.
id Thcocr , 1, S. -- Eudocia, I. c. -- Serv. ad JEn. , 2,
44. ) According to Epimenides (Schol. ad Thcocr. ,
I. <? . ), Pan and Areas were the children of Jupiter and
Callisto. Aristippus made Pan the offspring of Jupij
ter and the nymph CSneis; others, again, said that he
was a child of Heaven and Earth. (Schol ad Thcocr. ,
7, 123. ) There was also a Pan said to be the son of
Jupiter and the nymph Thymbris or Hyhris, the in-
? tructer of Apollo in divination. (Apollod. , 1, 4, 1. )
--The worship of Pan seems to have been confined to
Arcadia till the time of the battle of Marathon, when
Phidippides. the courier who was sent from Athens to
Sparta to call on the Spartans for aid against the Per-
sians, declared that, as he was passing by Mount Par-
thenius, near Tegea in Arcadia, he heard the voice of
Pan calling to him, and desiring him to ask the Athe-
nians why they paid no regard to him, who was al-
ways, and still would be, friendly and willing to aid.
After the battle, the Athenians consecrated a cave to
Pan under the Acropolis, and offered him annual sac-
rifices. (Herod. , 6, 105. -- Plut. , Kit. Arist. , 11. )
Long before this time, the Grecian and Egyptian sys-
tems of religion had begun to mingle and combine.
The goat-formed Mendcs of Egypt was now regarded
as identical with the horned and goat-footed god of the
Arcadian herdsmen (Herod. , 2, 46); and Pan was el-
evated to great dignity by priests and philosophers, be-
coming a symbol of the universe, for his name signi-
fied all. Moreover, as he dwelt in the woods, he was
called " Lord of the Hyle" ('0 rijc iXnc Kvpioc); and
as the word hyle (vf. i]), by a lucky ambiguity, signi-
fied either wood or primitive matter, this was another
ground for exalting him. It is amusing to read how
all the attributes of the Arcadian god were made to
accord with this notion. "Pan," says Servius, " is a
rustic god, formed in similitude of nature, whence he
is called Pan, i. e. . All: for he has horns, in simili-
tude of the rays of the sun and the horns of the moon;
his face is ruddy, in imitation of the ether; ho has a
spotted fawnskin upon his breast, in likeness of the
stars; his lower parts are shaggy, on account of the
trees, shrubs, and wild beasts; he has goat's feet, to
denote the stability of the earth; he has a pipe of
seven teeds, on account of the harmony of the heav-
ens, in which there are seven sounds; he has a crook,
thct is, a curved staff, on account of the year, which
? ? nuts back on itself, because he is the god of all nature.
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? P A IS
PAN A THENCE A.
After a time Panaelius returned to Athens, where he
became the leader of the Stoic school, and where he
died at a very advanced age. Posidonius, Scylax of
Halicamassus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are mention-
ed among his disciples. Panaelius was not apparently
a strict Stoic, but rather an Eclectic philosopher, who
tempered tho austerity of his sect by adopting some-
thing of the more refined style and milder principles
of P'ato and tho other earlier Academicians. (Cic. ,
ie 'Sin. , 4,88. ) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the
works of Panaetius in terms of the highest veneration,
and acknowledges that he borrowed much from them,
aays that Pansetius styled Plato "the divine," and
"the Homer of Philosophy," and only dissented from
htm en the subject of the immortality of the soul,
which he seems not i: have admitted. (Tunc.
Quasi. , 1, 32. ) Aulus Gellius says (12, 5) that Pa-
netius rejected the principle of apathy adopted by the
later Stoics, and returned to Zeno's original meaning,
namely, that the wise man ought to know how to mas-
ter the impressions which he receives through the
senses. In a letter of consolation which Pansetius
wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero (De Fin. ,
1, 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but he
never laid it down as a principle that pain waa not an
evil. He was very temperate in his opinions, and he
often replied to difficult questions with modest hesita-
tion, saying, irzixui, " I will consider. "--None of tho
works of Panattius have come down to us; but their
titles, and a few sentences from them, are quoted by
Cicero, Diogenes Laertius, and others. He wrote a
treatise " On Duties," the substance of which Cicero
merged in his own work "De Officii*. " Panetius
wrote also a treatise " On Divination," of which Cicero
probably made use in his own work on the same sub-
Kct. He wrote likewise a work " On Tranquillity of
ind," which some suppose may have been made use
of by Plutarch in his work bearing the same title.
Cicero mentions also a treatise "On Providence,"
another "On Magistrates," and one "On Heresies,"
or sects of philosophers. His book " On Socrates,"
quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his
"Life of Ansiidcs. " made probably a part of the last-
mentioned wor'. c. Laertius and Seneca quote several
opinions of Panetius concerning ethics and metaphys-
ics, and also physics. (Encycl. Us. Knowl. , vol. 17,
p. 178. -- Van Lyndcn, Disp. Historico-Crit. de Pa-
natio Rhodio, Lugd. Bat. , 1802. -- Chardon de la
Rochctte, Melanges, &c, vol. 1, Paris, 1812. )
Panathewea (Uavad^vaia), the greatest of the
Athenian festivals, was celebrated in honour of Miner-
va (Athena) as the guardian deity of the city. It is
raid lo have been instituted by Erichthonius, and to
have been called originally Athencea ('ASqvata), but it
obtained the name of Panathenaa in the time of The-
seus, in consequence of his uniting into one state the
different independent communities into which Attica
had been previously divided. (Pausan. , 8, 2, 1. --
Pint, Vit. Thcs. , c. 20. -- Thucyd. , 2, 15. ) There
were two Athenian festivals which had the name of
Panathena-a; one of which was called the Great Pan-
athenaa (MtyuXa TlavaBrjvaia), and the other the
Less (Mtxpa). The Great Panathenaea was celebra-
ted once every five years, wish very great magnificence,
and attracted spectators from all parts of Greece. The
Less Panathensea was celebrated every year in the
Piieus. (Harpoerat. , s. v. TlavaB. -- Plat. , Rep. , 1,
? ? 1. ) When the Greek writers speak simply of the fes-
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? PAN
FAXDORA
Do seventh volumi of the "Thesaurus" of Grono7ius
Kncycl. Vt. Knowi, vol. 17, p. 182. )
Panchaia, a fabled island in the Eastern or In-
lian Ocean, which Euhemerus pretended to have dis-
covered, and to have found in its capital, Panara, a
temple of the Triphylian Jupiter, containing a column
inscribed with the date of the births and deaths of
many of the gods. (Vid. Euhemerus. )--Virgil makes
mention of Panchaia and its "lurifera arena. "
(Ceorg. , 2, 139. ) The poet borrows the name from
Euhemerus, but evidently refers to Arabia Felix.
(Compare Heync and Von, ad loc. )
Pandarus, son of I. ycaon, and one of the chieftains
? rat fought on the side of the Trojans in the war
with the Greeks. He led the allies of Zelea from the
banks of the -? Esepus in Mvsia, and was famed for his
skill with the bow. (II, 2, 824, seqq. ) It was Pan-
darus that broke the truce between the Greeks and
Trojans by wounding Menclans. (II. , 4, 93, seqq. )
He was afterward slain by Diomede. (//. , 5, 290. ) In
3ne part of the Iliad (5, 105) he is spoken of as com-
ing from Lycia, but the Lycia there meant is uiily a
part of Troas, forming the territory around Zelea, and
inhabited by Lycian colonists. (Consult Euslatk. ad
II. , 2, 824-- Htyne, ad lac. )
Pandataria, an island in the Mare Tyrrhenum, in
the Sinus Puteolanus, on the coast of Italy. It was
the place of banishment for Julia, the daughter of Au-
gustus, and manv others.
