13), on the
Aristotle, to Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus and power of law (tepl Ouvénews vouou a', ib.
Aristotle, to Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus and power of law (tepl Ouvénews vouou a', ib.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
ii.
1
Cic. Tusen
## p. 1291 (#1307) ##########################################
1
ce
res
XENOCRATES.
XENOCRATES.
1291
that either Plutarch or the author of the epigram a moral earnestness, which compelled esteem and
has made a mistake respecting the country of trust even from the Athenians of his own age (Diog.
Xenocles. For this reason we must not overlook Laërt. iv. 7; Cic. ad Att. i. 16; Plut. da Adulal.
the possibility, suggested by Jacobs (Animadv. in el Amic. discr. p. 71, e). Yet eren he experienced
Anth. Graec. vol. i. pt. p. 240), that the river the fickleness of popular favour, and being too
and bridge and mysteries referred to in the epigram poor to pay the protection-money (uetolkov), is
may have been in Rhodes and not in Attica. said to have been saved only by the courage of
2. A maker of fictile vases, three or four of the orator Lycurgus (Plut Flamin. c. 12, X. Orat.
whose works, in an antique and beautiful style, Vilae, 7; but compare Phocion, c. 29), or even to
are preserved in different collections (Mus. Blacas, have been bought by Demetrius Phalereus, and then
pl. xix. pp. 55—60 ; Cab. Durand, No. 65, pp. emancipated. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 14. ) He became
24–26 ; Bulletin. Archeol. 1840, p. 128 ; Ger-president of the Academy even before the death
hard, Griech. t. Etrusk. Trinkschal. d. Köniyl. of Speusippus, who was bowed down by sickness,
Mus. in Berlin, pl. in and Neuerworbene untik. and occupied that post for twenty-five years. (Id.
Denkmäler, No. 1662, p. 26). There is another vase iv. 14, comp. 3. )
by the same maker in the Pinacothek at Munich, If we consider that Aristotle and Theophrastus
which is remarkable for not being painted : it has wrote upon the doctrines of Xenocrates (Diog.
simply the artist's name inscribed upon it, on a (Laërt. v. 25, 47), that men like Panactius and
yellow band, in the following manner :-
Cicero entertained a high regard for him (Cic. de
Fin. iv. 28, Acad. i. 4), we must not dream of
+ SENOKVES ETOIESEN.
being able, even in any degree, to estimate com-
(R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 62, 63, 2d pletely and accurately his mind or the philoso-
ed. )
[P. S. ] phical direction which it took. How he strove to
XENOCRATES (Eevoxpatns), historical. 1. make himself master of the knowledge of his age,
Brother of Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum. He and to establish his own fundamental doctrines or
was victor in the chariot race at the Pythian games those of Plato, by applying them to particular cases,
in B. C. 494. His son Thrasybulus seems to have we see by the titles of his treatises, bare as they
acted as charioteer on the occasion. Pindar's sixth have come down to us. With a more comprehen-
Pythian ode is addressed to him on the occasion. sive work on Dialectic (της περί το διαλέγεσθαι
2. A Theban Boeotarch, a contemporary of Epa-apayuateias Betala 18') there were connected se-
minondas. _Before the battle of Leuctra, at the parate treatises on science, on scientificnese (Trep
request of Epaminondas, he sent to Lebadea for the mothuns a', repl&TIO TOUOO Úvns a'), on divisions
shield of Aristomenes, which the oracle of Tropho- (Saipéders n'), on genera and species (Tepl yevwv
nius had directed them to procure, and suspended kal cidwr a'), on ideas (Tepl idewr), on the opposite
it so as to be visible to the Lacedaemonians, most (Tepl Toù évavtiou), and others, to which probably
of whom knew it. (Paus. iv. 32. § 6, comp. ix. 13. the work on mediate thought (Tv Tepi Thy side
$ 6. )
(C. P. M. ] volay n', Diog. Laërt. iv. 13, 12; comp. Cic. Acud.
XENO'CRATES (Eerokpátns), the philoso- | iv. 46) also belonged. Two works by Xenocrates
pher, was a native of Chalcedon (Cic. Acond. i. 4 ; on Physics are mentioned (Tepi púoews s' - Quora
Athen. xii. p. 530, d. ; Stob. Ed. Phys. i. 3 ; xñs åkpoéoews s'. ib. 11, 13), as are also books
Suid. s. v. ; comp. Strabo, xii. p. 566, b. He is upon the gods (Tepl OfWv B', ib. 13; comp. Cic.
called a Carchedonian only through a clerical de Nat. Deor. i. 13), on the existent (Tepl Toll
error in Clem. Alex. Cohort. p. 33, and Strom. v. Ortos, ib. 12), on the One (TEPÈ Toù évós, ib. ), on
430, &c. ). According to the most probable cal- the indefinite (Tepl toù đoplotov, ib. 11), on the
culation (Diog. Laërt. iv. 14; comp. Censorin. c. 15; soul (Tepl yuxñs, ib. 13), on the affections (repl
Wynpersee, p. 6, &c. ) he was born Ol: 96. 1 TV mawr a', ib. 12), on memory (tepl urnuns,
(B. C. 396), and died Ol. 116. 3 (B. C. 314) at the ib. ), &c. In like manner, with the more general
age of 82. He is stated to have attached himself ethical treatises on happiness (Tepl evdaluovias 8,
first to Aeschines the Socratic (Athen. ix. p. 507, ib. 12), and on virtue (repl åpetîs B, ib. ) there
c), and afterwards, while still a youth, to Plato. were connected separate books on individual vir-
(Diog. Laërt. iv. 6. ) His close connection with tues, on the voluntary, &c. (ibid. ) His four books
Plato is indicated (to pass over insignificant or on royalty he had addressed to Alexander (OT0
untrustworthy stories in Diog. Laërt. &c. , see Wyn- xeia #pos ’Anégavdpov tepl Bao delas 8; comp.
persee, p. 13, &c. ) by the account that he accom- Plut. adv. Colot. p. 1126, d. ). Besides these he
panied him to Syracuse. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 6, &c. ) had written treatises on the State (tepl molitelas
After the death of Plato be betook himself, with d', Diog. Laërt. iv. 12; TOMlTikós a', ib.
13), on the
Aristotle, to Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus and power of law (tepl Ouvénews vouou a', ib. 12),
Assus (Strab. xii. p. 610), and, after his return to &c. , as well as upon geometry, arithmetic, and
Athens, was repeatedly sent on embassies to Philip astrology (ib. 13, 14).
of Macedonia, and at a later time to Antipater Xenocrates appears to have made a still more
(Ol. 114. 3), during the Lamian war. (Diog. Laërt. definite division between the three departments of
iv. 8, 9, ib. Interp. ) The want of quick apprehension philosophy, for the purpose of the scientific treat-
and natural grace (Diog. Laërt. iv. 6 ; Plut. Conj. ment of them, than Speusippus (Sext. Emp. adv.
Praec. p. 141) he compensated by persevering and Muth. vii. 16), but at the same time to have aban-
thorough-going industry (Diog. Laërt. iv. 6, 11; doned Plato's heuristic (euplotinń) method of con-
comp. Plut. de recta Rat. aud. p. 47, e), pure bene- ducting through doubts (atropiai), and to have
volence (Diog. Laërt. iv. 10; Aelian, V. H. xii. 3), adopted in its stead a mode of bringing forward
purity of morals (Diog. Laërt. iv. 7 ; Plut. Comp. his doctrines in which they were developed dogº
Cimon. c. Lucullo, c. 1 ; Cic. de Off. i. 30 ; Valer. matically (Sext. Einp. Hypotyp. i. ? ; comp. Cic.
Max. ii. 10), unselfishness (Diog. Laërt. iv. 8, &c; Acad. i. 4; Diog. Laërt. iv. 11, 16). Xenocrates
Cic. Tusa v. 32 ; see Menag. on Diog. Laërt. ), and also seized more sharply and distinctly the sepa-
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1:18 refera
rodomised win
adr. (niet,
(ad' Szé 1+
Dewi di sempre
## p. 1292 (#1308) ##########################################
1292
XENOCRATES.
XENOCRATES.
the diri
Jemainin
divisible
(Sareps
from the
unity, I
called t
vidual
-
virtue
diferen
and atti
ciliatior
like Spt
primal
rate to
Thena 1
to have
first in
ence to
activity
of thin
Beerns
cessors
to the
from b
ber as
and ec
necess
in the
rate a
1
in so
mation and connection of the different modes of extending beyond it. He appears to have called
cognition and comprchension, than did Speusippus. it in the highest sense the individual soul, in a
He referred science (dmiothun) to that essence derivative sense a sell-moving number, that is, the
which is the object of pure thought, and is not first number endowed with motion. To this world-
included in the phenomenal world ; sensuous per- soul Zeus, or the world-spirin, has entrusted in
ception (alo onois) to that which passes into the what degree and in what extent, we do not learn
world of phenomena ; conception (86£a) to that - dominion over that which is liable to motion
essence which is at once the object of sensuous and change. The divine power of the world-soul
perception, and, mathematically, of pure reason is then again represented, in the different spheres
the essence of heaven or the stars ; so that he con. of the universe, as infusing soul into the planets,
ceived of 86ţa in a higher sense, and endeavoured, sun, and moon, - in a purer form, in the shape of
more decidedly than Plato, to exhibit mathematics Olympic gods. As a sublunary daemonical power
as mediating between knowledge and sensuous (as Here, Poseidon, Demeter), it dwells in the
perception (Sext. Emp. adv. Muth. vii. 147, &c. ; elements, and these daemonical natures, midway
comp. Boëth. in Aristoi. de Interp. p. 297). All three between gods and men, are related to them as the
modes of apprehension partake of truth ; but in isosceles triangle is to the equilateral and the
what manner scientific perception (&TIOTTI LOVIKT alo- scalene (Stob. c. ; Plut, de Orac. defect. p. 416, c. ;
Onois) did so, we unfortunately do not learn. Even Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 13). The divine world-soul
here Xenocrates's preference for syinbolic modes of which reigns over the whole domain of sublunary
sensualising or denoting appears : he connected the changes he appears to have designated as the last
above three stages of knowledge with the three Zeus, the last divine activity. It is not till we get
Parcae, Atropos, Lachesis, and Clotho. It is the to the sphere of the separate daemonical powers of
more to be regretted that we know nothing further nature that the opposition between good and evil
about the mode in which Xenocrates carried out begins (Stob. Ed. Phys. p. 62), and the daemonical
his dialectic, as it is probable that what was pe- power is appeased by means of a stubbornness
culiar to the Aristotelian logic did not remain which it finds there congenial to it; the good
unnoticed in it, for it can hardly be doubted that daemonical power makes happy those in whom it
the division of the existent into the absolutely takes up its abode, the bad ruins them ; for eudae.
existent, and the relatively existent (td kað aúto monia is the indwelling of a good daemon, the
Kad to após Ti, Simpl. in Arist. Categ. iii. f. 6, b; opposite the indwelling of a bad one (Plut. de Isid.
Schol. in Arist. p. 47), attributed to Xenocrates, et Os. p. 360, d. , 361, a. , de Orac. defect. p. 419, a. ;
was opposed to the Aristotelian table of categories. Arist. Top. ii. 2; Stob. Serm. civ. 24). How
We know from Plutarch (de Animae procreat. Xenocrates endeavoured to establish and connect
6 Tim. p. 1012, d. , 1013, e. ) that Xenocrates, if scientifically these assumptions, which appear to be
he did not explain the Platonic construction of taken chiefly from his books on the nature of the
the world-soul as Crantor after him did, yet gods (Cic. l. c. ), we do not leam, and can only
conceived of it in a peculiar manner, so that discover the one fundamental idea at the basis of
one branch of interpretation of the Timaeus con- them, that all grades of existence are penetrated by
Dected itself with him; and further (Arist. de divine power, and that this grows less and less
Caelo, i. 10. p. 279, b. , 32, Metaph. xiv. 4; Schol. energetic in proportion as it descends to the perish-
in Arist. p. 488, b. &c. , 827, b. ) we learn that he able and individual. Hence also he appears to have
stood at the head of those who, regarding the uni- maintained that as far as consciousness extends, so
verse as un-originated and imperishable, looked far also extends an intuition of that all-ruling divine
upon the chronic succession in the Platonic theory power, of which he represented even irrational ani-
as a form in which to denote the relations of mals as partaking (Clem. Alex. Strom. v. 590). But
conceptual succession. Plutarch unfortunately pre neither the thick nor the thin (TTUKVDV kal javov),
supposed, as known, that of which only a few to the different combinations of which he appears
obscure traces have been preserved, and contented to have endeavoured to refer the various grades of
himself with bringing forward the well-known as- material existence, were regarded by him as in
sumption of the Chalcedonian, that the soul is a themselves partaking of soul (Plut. de Fac. in orbe
self-moving number (l. c. ; comp. Arist. de Anima, i. lunae, p. 943, f. ); doubtless because he referred
2, 4, Anal. Post. ii. 4, i6. Interp. ). Probably we them immediately to the divine activity, and was
should connect with this the statement that Xeno- far from attempting to reconcile the duality of the
crates called unity and duality (uovás and duás) principia, or to resolve them into an original unity.
deities, and characterised the former as the first Hence too he was for proving the incorporeality of
male existence, ruling in heaven, as father and the soul by the fact that it is not nourished as the
Zeus, as uneven number and spirit ; the latter as body is (Nemesius, p. 3), Ant. ). But what more
female, as the mother of the gods, and as the soul precise conception he formed of the material prin-
of the universe which reigns over the mutable world cipium, the twofold infinite, or the undefined
under heaven (Stob. Ed. Phys. i. 62), or, as others duality, or which of the different modes of ex-
have it, that he named the Zeus who ever remains pression attributed by Aristotle to the Platonists
like himself, governing in the sphere of the immu- | (Metaph. N, 1. p. 1087, b. , p. 1088.
Cic. Tusen
## p. 1291 (#1307) ##########################################
1
ce
res
XENOCRATES.
XENOCRATES.
1291
that either Plutarch or the author of the epigram a moral earnestness, which compelled esteem and
has made a mistake respecting the country of trust even from the Athenians of his own age (Diog.
Xenocles. For this reason we must not overlook Laërt. iv. 7; Cic. ad Att. i. 16; Plut. da Adulal.
the possibility, suggested by Jacobs (Animadv. in el Amic. discr. p. 71, e). Yet eren he experienced
Anth. Graec. vol. i. pt. p. 240), that the river the fickleness of popular favour, and being too
and bridge and mysteries referred to in the epigram poor to pay the protection-money (uetolkov), is
may have been in Rhodes and not in Attica. said to have been saved only by the courage of
2. A maker of fictile vases, three or four of the orator Lycurgus (Plut Flamin. c. 12, X. Orat.
whose works, in an antique and beautiful style, Vilae, 7; but compare Phocion, c. 29), or even to
are preserved in different collections (Mus. Blacas, have been bought by Demetrius Phalereus, and then
pl. xix. pp. 55—60 ; Cab. Durand, No. 65, pp. emancipated. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 14. ) He became
24–26 ; Bulletin. Archeol. 1840, p. 128 ; Ger-president of the Academy even before the death
hard, Griech. t. Etrusk. Trinkschal. d. Köniyl. of Speusippus, who was bowed down by sickness,
Mus. in Berlin, pl. in and Neuerworbene untik. and occupied that post for twenty-five years. (Id.
Denkmäler, No. 1662, p. 26). There is another vase iv. 14, comp. 3. )
by the same maker in the Pinacothek at Munich, If we consider that Aristotle and Theophrastus
which is remarkable for not being painted : it has wrote upon the doctrines of Xenocrates (Diog.
simply the artist's name inscribed upon it, on a (Laërt. v. 25, 47), that men like Panactius and
yellow band, in the following manner :-
Cicero entertained a high regard for him (Cic. de
Fin. iv. 28, Acad. i. 4), we must not dream of
+ SENOKVES ETOIESEN.
being able, even in any degree, to estimate com-
(R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, pp. 62, 63, 2d pletely and accurately his mind or the philoso-
ed. )
[P. S. ] phical direction which it took. How he strove to
XENOCRATES (Eevoxpatns), historical. 1. make himself master of the knowledge of his age,
Brother of Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum. He and to establish his own fundamental doctrines or
was victor in the chariot race at the Pythian games those of Plato, by applying them to particular cases,
in B. C. 494. His son Thrasybulus seems to have we see by the titles of his treatises, bare as they
acted as charioteer on the occasion. Pindar's sixth have come down to us. With a more comprehen-
Pythian ode is addressed to him on the occasion. sive work on Dialectic (της περί το διαλέγεσθαι
2. A Theban Boeotarch, a contemporary of Epa-apayuateias Betala 18') there were connected se-
minondas. _Before the battle of Leuctra, at the parate treatises on science, on scientificnese (Trep
request of Epaminondas, he sent to Lebadea for the mothuns a', repl&TIO TOUOO Úvns a'), on divisions
shield of Aristomenes, which the oracle of Tropho- (Saipéders n'), on genera and species (Tepl yevwv
nius had directed them to procure, and suspended kal cidwr a'), on ideas (Tepl idewr), on the opposite
it so as to be visible to the Lacedaemonians, most (Tepl Toù évavtiou), and others, to which probably
of whom knew it. (Paus. iv. 32. § 6, comp. ix. 13. the work on mediate thought (Tv Tepi Thy side
$ 6. )
(C. P. M. ] volay n', Diog. Laërt. iv. 13, 12; comp. Cic. Acud.
XENO'CRATES (Eerokpátns), the philoso- | iv. 46) also belonged. Two works by Xenocrates
pher, was a native of Chalcedon (Cic. Acond. i. 4 ; on Physics are mentioned (Tepi púoews s' - Quora
Athen. xii. p. 530, d. ; Stob. Ed. Phys. i. 3 ; xñs åkpoéoews s'. ib. 11, 13), as are also books
Suid. s. v. ; comp. Strabo, xii. p. 566, b. He is upon the gods (Tepl OfWv B', ib. 13; comp. Cic.
called a Carchedonian only through a clerical de Nat. Deor. i. 13), on the existent (Tepl Toll
error in Clem. Alex. Cohort. p. 33, and Strom. v. Ortos, ib. 12), on the One (TEPÈ Toù évós, ib. ), on
430, &c. ). According to the most probable cal- the indefinite (Tepl toù đoplotov, ib. 11), on the
culation (Diog. Laërt. iv. 14; comp. Censorin. c. 15; soul (Tepl yuxñs, ib. 13), on the affections (repl
Wynpersee, p. 6, &c. ) he was born Ol: 96. 1 TV mawr a', ib. 12), on memory (tepl urnuns,
(B. C. 396), and died Ol. 116. 3 (B. C. 314) at the ib. ), &c. In like manner, with the more general
age of 82. He is stated to have attached himself ethical treatises on happiness (Tepl evdaluovias 8,
first to Aeschines the Socratic (Athen. ix. p. 507, ib. 12), and on virtue (repl åpetîs B, ib. ) there
c), and afterwards, while still a youth, to Plato. were connected separate books on individual vir-
(Diog. Laërt. iv. 6. ) His close connection with tues, on the voluntary, &c. (ibid. ) His four books
Plato is indicated (to pass over insignificant or on royalty he had addressed to Alexander (OT0
untrustworthy stories in Diog. Laërt. &c. , see Wyn- xeia #pos ’Anégavdpov tepl Bao delas 8; comp.
persee, p. 13, &c. ) by the account that he accom- Plut. adv. Colot. p. 1126, d. ). Besides these he
panied him to Syracuse. (Diog. Laërt. iv. 6, &c. ) had written treatises on the State (tepl molitelas
After the death of Plato be betook himself, with d', Diog. Laërt. iv. 12; TOMlTikós a', ib.
13), on the
Aristotle, to Hermias, tyrant of Atarneus and power of law (tepl Ouvénews vouou a', ib. 12),
Assus (Strab. xii. p. 610), and, after his return to &c. , as well as upon geometry, arithmetic, and
Athens, was repeatedly sent on embassies to Philip astrology (ib. 13, 14).
of Macedonia, and at a later time to Antipater Xenocrates appears to have made a still more
(Ol. 114. 3), during the Lamian war. (Diog. Laërt. definite division between the three departments of
iv. 8, 9, ib. Interp. ) The want of quick apprehension philosophy, for the purpose of the scientific treat-
and natural grace (Diog. Laërt. iv. 6 ; Plut. Conj. ment of them, than Speusippus (Sext. Emp. adv.
Praec. p. 141) he compensated by persevering and Muth. vii. 16), but at the same time to have aban-
thorough-going industry (Diog. Laërt. iv. 6, 11; doned Plato's heuristic (euplotinń) method of con-
comp. Plut. de recta Rat. aud. p. 47, e), pure bene- ducting through doubts (atropiai), and to have
volence (Diog. Laërt. iv. 10; Aelian, V. H. xii. 3), adopted in its stead a mode of bringing forward
purity of morals (Diog. Laërt. iv. 7 ; Plut. Comp. his doctrines in which they were developed dogº
Cimon. c. Lucullo, c. 1 ; Cic. de Off. i. 30 ; Valer. matically (Sext. Einp. Hypotyp. i. ? ; comp. Cic.
Max. ii. 10), unselfishness (Diog. Laërt. iv. 8, &c; Acad. i. 4; Diog. Laërt. iv. 11, 16). Xenocrates
Cic. Tusa v. 32 ; see Menag. on Diog. Laërt. ), and also seized more sharply and distinctly the sepa-
נארון 118
cơ 4 x 2
3
embed $
1381. line
More
(2x
À ơi
: Size, 3
e pirer termes
i that the line
acred prima
ans of wa
د مهم وي مي
tself; and trans
1:18 refera
rodomised win
adr. (niet,
(ad' Szé 1+
Dewi di sempre
## p. 1292 (#1308) ##########################################
1292
XENOCRATES.
XENOCRATES.
the diri
Jemainin
divisible
(Sareps
from the
unity, I
called t
vidual
-
virtue
diferen
and atti
ciliatior
like Spt
primal
rate to
Thena 1
to have
first in
ence to
activity
of thin
Beerns
cessors
to the
from b
ber as
and ec
necess
in the
rate a
1
in so
mation and connection of the different modes of extending beyond it. He appears to have called
cognition and comprchension, than did Speusippus. it in the highest sense the individual soul, in a
He referred science (dmiothun) to that essence derivative sense a sell-moving number, that is, the
which is the object of pure thought, and is not first number endowed with motion. To this world-
included in the phenomenal world ; sensuous per- soul Zeus, or the world-spirin, has entrusted in
ception (alo onois) to that which passes into the what degree and in what extent, we do not learn
world of phenomena ; conception (86£a) to that - dominion over that which is liable to motion
essence which is at once the object of sensuous and change. The divine power of the world-soul
perception, and, mathematically, of pure reason is then again represented, in the different spheres
the essence of heaven or the stars ; so that he con. of the universe, as infusing soul into the planets,
ceived of 86ţa in a higher sense, and endeavoured, sun, and moon, - in a purer form, in the shape of
more decidedly than Plato, to exhibit mathematics Olympic gods. As a sublunary daemonical power
as mediating between knowledge and sensuous (as Here, Poseidon, Demeter), it dwells in the
perception (Sext. Emp. adv. Muth. vii. 147, &c. ; elements, and these daemonical natures, midway
comp. Boëth. in Aristoi. de Interp. p. 297). All three between gods and men, are related to them as the
modes of apprehension partake of truth ; but in isosceles triangle is to the equilateral and the
what manner scientific perception (&TIOTTI LOVIKT alo- scalene (Stob. c. ; Plut, de Orac. defect. p. 416, c. ;
Onois) did so, we unfortunately do not learn. Even Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 13). The divine world-soul
here Xenocrates's preference for syinbolic modes of which reigns over the whole domain of sublunary
sensualising or denoting appears : he connected the changes he appears to have designated as the last
above three stages of knowledge with the three Zeus, the last divine activity. It is not till we get
Parcae, Atropos, Lachesis, and Clotho. It is the to the sphere of the separate daemonical powers of
more to be regretted that we know nothing further nature that the opposition between good and evil
about the mode in which Xenocrates carried out begins (Stob. Ed. Phys. p. 62), and the daemonical
his dialectic, as it is probable that what was pe- power is appeased by means of a stubbornness
culiar to the Aristotelian logic did not remain which it finds there congenial to it; the good
unnoticed in it, for it can hardly be doubted that daemonical power makes happy those in whom it
the division of the existent into the absolutely takes up its abode, the bad ruins them ; for eudae.
existent, and the relatively existent (td kað aúto monia is the indwelling of a good daemon, the
Kad to após Ti, Simpl. in Arist. Categ. iii. f. 6, b; opposite the indwelling of a bad one (Plut. de Isid.
Schol. in Arist. p. 47), attributed to Xenocrates, et Os. p. 360, d. , 361, a. , de Orac. defect. p. 419, a. ;
was opposed to the Aristotelian table of categories. Arist. Top. ii. 2; Stob. Serm. civ. 24). How
We know from Plutarch (de Animae procreat. Xenocrates endeavoured to establish and connect
6 Tim. p. 1012, d. , 1013, e. ) that Xenocrates, if scientifically these assumptions, which appear to be
he did not explain the Platonic construction of taken chiefly from his books on the nature of the
the world-soul as Crantor after him did, yet gods (Cic. l. c. ), we do not leam, and can only
conceived of it in a peculiar manner, so that discover the one fundamental idea at the basis of
one branch of interpretation of the Timaeus con- them, that all grades of existence are penetrated by
Dected itself with him; and further (Arist. de divine power, and that this grows less and less
Caelo, i. 10. p. 279, b. , 32, Metaph. xiv. 4; Schol. energetic in proportion as it descends to the perish-
in Arist. p. 488, b. &c. , 827, b. ) we learn that he able and individual. Hence also he appears to have
stood at the head of those who, regarding the uni- maintained that as far as consciousness extends, so
verse as un-originated and imperishable, looked far also extends an intuition of that all-ruling divine
upon the chronic succession in the Platonic theory power, of which he represented even irrational ani-
as a form in which to denote the relations of mals as partaking (Clem. Alex. Strom. v. 590). But
conceptual succession. Plutarch unfortunately pre neither the thick nor the thin (TTUKVDV kal javov),
supposed, as known, that of which only a few to the different combinations of which he appears
obscure traces have been preserved, and contented to have endeavoured to refer the various grades of
himself with bringing forward the well-known as- material existence, were regarded by him as in
sumption of the Chalcedonian, that the soul is a themselves partaking of soul (Plut. de Fac. in orbe
self-moving number (l. c. ; comp. Arist. de Anima, i. lunae, p. 943, f. ); doubtless because he referred
2, 4, Anal. Post. ii. 4, i6. Interp. ). Probably we them immediately to the divine activity, and was
should connect with this the statement that Xeno- far from attempting to reconcile the duality of the
crates called unity and duality (uovás and duás) principia, or to resolve them into an original unity.
deities, and characterised the former as the first Hence too he was for proving the incorporeality of
male existence, ruling in heaven, as father and the soul by the fact that it is not nourished as the
Zeus, as uneven number and spirit ; the latter as body is (Nemesius, p. 3), Ant. ). But what more
female, as the mother of the gods, and as the soul precise conception he formed of the material prin-
of the universe which reigns over the mutable world cipium, the twofold infinite, or the undefined
under heaven (Stob. Ed. Phys. i. 62), or, as others duality, or which of the different modes of ex-
have it, that he named the Zeus who ever remains pression attributed by Aristotle to the Platonists
like himself, governing in the sphere of the immu- | (Metaph. N, 1. p. 1087, b. , p. 1088.
