Nevertheless, he did not succeed in
completely
clearing up the complication of problems which inhere in the word " freedom.
Windelband - History of Philosophy
Susemihl, Qeiehichte der griechUcken Litteratur in der Alezandrinerteit (2 vols.
, Leips.
1891).
P. 216. Line 26. To the lit, add : —
H. v. A num. Dion von Pruta (Leips. 1898), pp. 4-114.
P. 216. Line 16 from foot. To the notice of Galen, add : —
He was frequently referred to as philosophical authority in the humanistio literature of the Renaissance. His creatine. De plariti* Hipporratit rl Platonit, has been edited bv J. Muller (Leips. 1874), the Prolrepticut, by G. Kaibel (Leips.
IMM), the oVa-yJ^j) 8iaX«T. «i), by C. Kalbfleisch (Leips. 1896). J. Muller has discussed the wtpl iwottiittt.
P. 217. Line . J. Add: —
Of the new Berlin ed. of 1'hilo, by L. Cohn and P. Wendland, Vols. L and IL have appeared (1898-1897).
P. 217. Line 14. To the lit on Justin Martyr, add: — H. Veil (Stranburg,
687
688
Appendix.
P. 217. Line 20 from foot To the notice of Tertullian, add : —
: He was a partisan whose hot-beaded fanaticism did not shrink from any par* dozical consequence.
P. 217. Line 3 from foot To the notice of Clement, add : —
With iron will and tireless activity he united the peaceful and conciliatory spirit of scientific culture, with which he sought to exercise an influence in the passionate ecclesiastical controversies of his time.
P. 218. Line 15. To the notice of Plotinus, add : —
A fine, noble nature, in whom the deep inwardising and spiritualising of life, which was the most valuable result of ancient civilisation, found its best embodi ment
P. 218. Line 29. Add: —
Porphyry's Zlfayuyii tit t4i Kar-riyopiat was usually known in the Middle Ages by the title de quinque vocibu*.
P. 224. Line 3. Add a footnote : —
Similarly in the Epistle to the Hebrews, the relation of Jesus to the angels is set forth in the manner in which it is presented by Philo.
P. 284. Line 3 from foot of text, add : —
This transition is also connected with the fact that in the Chris tian view the activity of consciousness just described was considered less from the theoretical than from the practical standpoint The freedom of the will is here the central conception. The Oriental Church fathers in part stood nearer the intellectual ism of the Hel lenistic philosophy, or at least made concessions to it; on the other hand, among the western teachers of the Church who were in closer touch with Rome the will was most strongly emphasised in both psychology and theology. Among the latter the tendency is domi nant to regard the spiritual or immaterial principle as passive and determined by its object in so far as it is knowledge, but as active and determining in so far as it is will.
P. 238. After line 6, insert the following paragraph : —
In this connection the conception of the infinite underwent a transformation which gave it a radically different value (cf. Jon. Cohn, Geschichte des Unendlichkeitsproblems, Leips. 1896). The mind of the Greeks, directed as it was upon measure and definite limita tion, had originally looked upon the infinite as the incomplete and
it was only with reluctance that when considering the infinitude of space and time metaphysics had allowed itself to ascribe the infinite second subordinate kind of reality, as was done by the Pythagoreans, the Atomists, and Plato — aside from the isolated case of Anaximander, whose influence lay in another direction. Now, infinitude had become the only predicate which
imperfect;
to*
a
Appendix. 689
could be ascribed to the highest reality or to the deity, as over against the finite things of the world. Even the "negative" theology could permit this expression. The name "infinite " must be appjied to the divine power which in the Stoic and Neo-Pythagorean phi losophy of nature was regarded as the essence pervading and informing the world with its workings ; to the One from which Neo-Platonism regarded worthy of the world's forms as flowing forth; to the creative divine will which, according to Christian teaching, had called forth the world from nothing, and thus shown its freedom from all limitation ; and finally to this supreme person ality himself in contrast with finite persons. Thus through this final development of ancient philosophy the conception of the in finite became the constituent mark of the highest metaphysical
reality; it belongs not only to the universe as extended in space, but also to the inmost essence of things, and, above all, to the deity. This latter fusion became so fixed and sure that to-day it appears entirely a matter of course in the sphere of thought, as well as in that of feeling, to conceive of the supreme being as the Infinite, in contrast with all finite things and relations.
P. 256. Line 11. To the phrase "drama of universal history" affix the following footnote : —
Thin expression has in this connection, as we see, a broader meaning, and one which conforms much more to the meaning of the words, than in its ordi nary use.
P. 2fi3. To the literature of the period, add : —
B. Hauresu. . Vnffrvs H ExtrniUi de quelqne* ManuMcript* dr In Bibliothiqut XnUonnU. 0 vols. , Paris, 181)0-189'! ; H. Denifle and K. Chatelain, Chartnla- rium Univrtitnti* ParMetuis. 2 vols, Paris, 181)0-1894 ; H. Denifle and Fr. Ehrie, Areh. f. LiU. u. Kirth. Gesch. d. Mittelalttn, 1886 ff.
P. 273. Line 13. To the notice of Augustine, add : —
His youth was In part wild and irregular. His father, Patricius, belonged to the old religion ; his mother, Monica, to Christianity. To a deeply passionate nature he joiued not only dialectical skill and keen intelligence, but also pliil- oaophtcal subtlety and a wide intellectual and spiritual vision, which was narrowed only at the last by ecclesiastical partisanship. He was made bishop 881.
P. 274. Line 19.
»• Krragena " is given as first form of the name, with " Erigena " and " Jeru- gena" as variant*.
P. 274. Line 17, from foot, add : —
Recently his authorship has been doubted and the work assigned to a Bern- bard Silvestris (also Bern hard of Tours).
P. 274. Line 14, from foot, add : —
Cf. A. Clerral, U$ £eolt$ dt Chartrtt an Xofen-Uge (Cbartrea, 1896).
690
Appendix.
P. 275. Line 5. To the notice of Abelard, add : —
The dialectical virtuosoship to which he owed his success and his fame de ceived both him and his time as to the slightuess of his knowledge. On the other hand, the freer and bolder convictions which he had gained in the ethical and religious field by the keenness of his intellect could not overcome the coun ter-tendency of his age, because they did not find sufficient support in his vain and weak personality. In addition to the ed. in two vols, of his work, Cousin has edited also Outrage* inidits (Paris, 1836). Cf. S. M. Deutsch, P. A. tin krititeher Theolog. den 12 Jahrhunderts (Leips. 1883); A. Hausrath, Peter Abalard (Leips. 1893).
P. 313. Line 25. To the lit. on the Amalricans, add : —
Cf. the Treatise against the Amalricans, ed. by CI. Baumker (Jahrb. f. Philos. u. spec. Theol. , VII. , Paderborn, 1893).
P. 313. Line 15 from foot. To the lit. on Albert, add : —
V. Hertling, A. M. Beitrage zu seiner Wurdigung (C81n, 1880).
P. 316. To the general lit. add : —
[T. J. de Boer, Qeseh. d. Philos. in Islam (Stuttgart, 1901). ]
P. 317. Add to third par. : —
Cf. T. de Boer, Die Widerspruehe d. Philosophie nach Algazalli und ihr An gleieh durch Ibn Boschd (Strassburg, 1894).
P. 320. Line 11, add : —
But the " natural " man finds that even among a highly developed people the pure teaching of the natural religion meets in most cases only misunderstanding and disfavour. He turns back to his isola tion with the one friend whom he has gained (cf. Pocock's ed. pp. 192 ff. ).
P. 330. Line 3 from foot. To " Scotus," affix the reference : —
Cf. H. Siebeck, Die Willenslehre bei Duns Scotus u. seinen Xachfolgern, Zeitsehrf. Philos. Vol. 112, pp. 179 «.
P. 331. Line 9 from foot, add: —
It was a great service on the part of Buridan that, in order to grasp the problem more exactly, he sought to state the question once more in purely psychological terms. He sought to do justice to the arguments on each side, and made it his purpose to develop the conception of ethical freedom, in which indifferentism should lose the element of arbitrary caprice, and determinism should lost the character of natural necessity.
Nevertheless, he did not succeed in completely clearing up the complication of problems which inhere in the word " freedom. "
P. 333. Foot-note on word " synteresis," add : —
Cf. , however, recently, H. 8iebeck in Arch. f. Gesch. d. Philos. , X. 630 ft
P. 339. FooUnote 1. For " and the pseudo," read : — " and perhaps the pseudo. "
Appendix. 691
P. 342. Line 24. Affix to " Occam," the reference: —
Cf. R. Siebeck, Occam'* Erkenntnisslehre in ihrer historischer Slellung {Arch. f. Gueh. d. Philos. , X. 317 fl. ).
P. 348. To the lit, add : —
W. Windelband, Geschichle d. neueren Philosophie, 2d ed. Vols. I. II. 1899 ; H. II off ding. History of Modern Philosophy (Eng. tr. by B. Meyer, Load, and N. Y. 1900) ; K. Lasswite, Geschichle der Atomistik vom Mittelalter bit Newton.
2 vol*. , Hamburg, 1889-1890 [W. Graham, English Political Philosophy from Hoboes to Maine, Load, and N. Y. 1900].
P. 352. To the lit, add: —
W. Dilthey, Auffassang und Analyse des Menschen in 15 and 16 Jahr. {Arch, f. Gesch. d. Philos. , IV. , V. ).
P. 356. Line 5, add: —
H. Maier, M. als Philosoph (Areh. f. Gesch. d. PMos. , X. , XL).
P. 356. Line 22, from foot, insert : —
The unsettled character of his life was in part due to his own character. He combined a proud flight of Imaginative thought and an enthusiastic devotion to the new truth — especially to the Copernican system — for which he had to suffer, with unbridled passionateneas, ambitious boastfulness and keen pleasure in agitation. On his Italian and Latin writings, cf. recently, F. Tocco (Florence,
188V, and Naples, 1891) ; cf. also Dom Berti, G. B. , sua Vita e sua Dottrine (Rome, 1889).
P. 357. Line 3. To the notice of Campanella, add : —
In him, too, we find learning, boldness of thought, and desire of Innovation mingled with pedantry, fancifulness, superstition, and limitation. Cf. Chr. Sigwart, KUine Schriften, I. (Freib. 1889).
P. 362. Line 1. After " also," insert : —
Popular Stoicism had a considerable number of adherents among the Renaissance writers on account of its moral and religious doc trines, which were independent of positive religion.
P 367. Note 1. Add : —
Indeed, the humanistic reaction favoured Stoicism directly as against the more medieval Neo-1'latonism.
P. 378. To the lit, add : —
W. Dilthey, Das natiirliche System der GeistesulssenschafUn in 11 Jahrh (Arek. f. Gesch. d. Philos^ V. , VI. , VII. ).
P. 379. Last line. To the notice of Galileo, add : —
His quiet, unimpaasioned advocacy of the investigation of nature, which had been newly achieved and given its conception*! formulation by himself, could not shield him from the attacks of the Inquisition. He purchased peace and the right to further investigation, which was all that he cared for, by extreme sub jection. Cf. C. Prantl, Galileo und Kepler als Logiker (Munich, 1876).
P. 380. Line 9. To lit on I. Newton, add : —
V R. Rosenberger, /. JV. und seine physikalischen PrincipUn (Leip*. 1896).
692
Appendix.
P. 380. Line 18. To the lit. add : —
E. Macb, Die Meehanik in ihrer Entwicklung (Leips. 1883). H. Hertz, Di> Principien der Meehanik, Introd. , pp. 1-47 (Leips. 1894).
P. 380. To the notice of Bacon, add : —
The unfavourable aspects of bis personal character, which had their origin in political rivalry, fall into the background in comparison with the insight which tilled his life, that man's power, and especially his power over nature, lies only in scientific knowledge. In a grandiloquent fashion, which was in conformity with the custom of his time, he proclaimed it as the task of science to place nature with all her forces at the service of man and of 'the best development of social life.
P. 380. To the notice of Descartes, add : —
A complete edition of his works is appearing under the auspices of the Paris Academy. The main characteristics of his nature are found in the passion for knowledge, which turns aside from all outer goods of life, in his zeal for self- instruction, in bis struggle against self-delusion, in his abhorrence of all public appearance and of the conflicts connected therewith, in the calm pre-eminence of the purely intellectual life, and in the complete earnestness which springs from sincerity.
P. 381: To the notice of Spinoza, add: —
In proud independence, he satisfied his modest needs by his earnings from the polishing of optical glasses. Untroubled by the hatred and opposition of the world, and not embittered by the untrustworthiness of the few who called them selves his friends, he lived a life of thought and disinterested intellectual labour, and found his compensation for the transitory joys of the world, which he despised, in the clearness of knowledge, in the intelligent comprehension of human motives, and in the devoted contemplation of the mysteries of the divine nature. [J. Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Sp. 's, Leips. 1899; v. d. Linde, & Sp. Bibliographie, Gravenhage,
1871. ]
P. 381. Line 24. To the lit. on Pascal, add : —
G. Droz (Paris, 1886).
P. 381. Line 36. To the lit. on Geulincx, add : —
J. P. N. Land, Am. Oeulincx und seine Philosophie (The Hague, 1896).
P. 413. To the foot-note, add : —
Descartes' conception of these perturbations reminds us in many ways of Stoicism, which was brought to him by the whole humanistic literature of his time. Just on this account the modern philosopher fell into the same difficul ties respecting theodicy and freedom of the will which had vexed the Stoa. Cf. above, § 10. His ethics was likewise related to that of the Stoics.
P. 425. Under § 32. As lit. on this topic : —
T. H. Green, Principles of Political Obligation, Wks. , Vol. II. , and sepa rately, 1896 ; D. G. Ritchie, Natural liiyhls, Lond. and N. Y. 1896 ; J. H. Tufts and H. B. Thompson, The Individual and his Relation to Society as re flected in British Ethics (Chicago, 1898).
P.
P. 216. Line 26. To the lit, add : —
H. v. A num. Dion von Pruta (Leips. 1898), pp. 4-114.
P. 216. Line 16 from foot. To the notice of Galen, add : —
He was frequently referred to as philosophical authority in the humanistio literature of the Renaissance. His creatine. De plariti* Hipporratit rl Platonit, has been edited bv J. Muller (Leips. 1874), the Prolrepticut, by G. Kaibel (Leips.
IMM), the oVa-yJ^j) 8iaX«T. «i), by C. Kalbfleisch (Leips. 1896). J. Muller has discussed the wtpl iwottiittt.
P. 217. Line . J. Add: —
Of the new Berlin ed. of 1'hilo, by L. Cohn and P. Wendland, Vols. L and IL have appeared (1898-1897).
P. 217. Line 14. To the lit on Justin Martyr, add: — H. Veil (Stranburg,
687
688
Appendix.
P. 217. Line 20 from foot To the notice of Tertullian, add : —
: He was a partisan whose hot-beaded fanaticism did not shrink from any par* dozical consequence.
P. 217. Line 3 from foot To the notice of Clement, add : —
With iron will and tireless activity he united the peaceful and conciliatory spirit of scientific culture, with which he sought to exercise an influence in the passionate ecclesiastical controversies of his time.
P. 218. Line 15. To the notice of Plotinus, add : —
A fine, noble nature, in whom the deep inwardising and spiritualising of life, which was the most valuable result of ancient civilisation, found its best embodi ment
P. 218. Line 29. Add: —
Porphyry's Zlfayuyii tit t4i Kar-riyopiat was usually known in the Middle Ages by the title de quinque vocibu*.
P. 224. Line 3. Add a footnote : —
Similarly in the Epistle to the Hebrews, the relation of Jesus to the angels is set forth in the manner in which it is presented by Philo.
P. 284. Line 3 from foot of text, add : —
This transition is also connected with the fact that in the Chris tian view the activity of consciousness just described was considered less from the theoretical than from the practical standpoint The freedom of the will is here the central conception. The Oriental Church fathers in part stood nearer the intellectual ism of the Hel lenistic philosophy, or at least made concessions to it; on the other hand, among the western teachers of the Church who were in closer touch with Rome the will was most strongly emphasised in both psychology and theology. Among the latter the tendency is domi nant to regard the spiritual or immaterial principle as passive and determined by its object in so far as it is knowledge, but as active and determining in so far as it is will.
P. 238. After line 6, insert the following paragraph : —
In this connection the conception of the infinite underwent a transformation which gave it a radically different value (cf. Jon. Cohn, Geschichte des Unendlichkeitsproblems, Leips. 1896). The mind of the Greeks, directed as it was upon measure and definite limita tion, had originally looked upon the infinite as the incomplete and
it was only with reluctance that when considering the infinitude of space and time metaphysics had allowed itself to ascribe the infinite second subordinate kind of reality, as was done by the Pythagoreans, the Atomists, and Plato — aside from the isolated case of Anaximander, whose influence lay in another direction. Now, infinitude had become the only predicate which
imperfect;
to*
a
Appendix. 689
could be ascribed to the highest reality or to the deity, as over against the finite things of the world. Even the "negative" theology could permit this expression. The name "infinite " must be appjied to the divine power which in the Stoic and Neo-Pythagorean phi losophy of nature was regarded as the essence pervading and informing the world with its workings ; to the One from which Neo-Platonism regarded worthy of the world's forms as flowing forth; to the creative divine will which, according to Christian teaching, had called forth the world from nothing, and thus shown its freedom from all limitation ; and finally to this supreme person ality himself in contrast with finite persons. Thus through this final development of ancient philosophy the conception of the in finite became the constituent mark of the highest metaphysical
reality; it belongs not only to the universe as extended in space, but also to the inmost essence of things, and, above all, to the deity. This latter fusion became so fixed and sure that to-day it appears entirely a matter of course in the sphere of thought, as well as in that of feeling, to conceive of the supreme being as the Infinite, in contrast with all finite things and relations.
P. 256. Line 11. To the phrase "drama of universal history" affix the following footnote : —
Thin expression has in this connection, as we see, a broader meaning, and one which conforms much more to the meaning of the words, than in its ordi nary use.
P. 2fi3. To the literature of the period, add : —
B. Hauresu. . Vnffrvs H ExtrniUi de quelqne* ManuMcript* dr In Bibliothiqut XnUonnU. 0 vols. , Paris, 181)0-189'! ; H. Denifle and K. Chatelain, Chartnla- rium Univrtitnti* ParMetuis. 2 vols, Paris, 181)0-1894 ; H. Denifle and Fr. Ehrie, Areh. f. LiU. u. Kirth. Gesch. d. Mittelalttn, 1886 ff.
P. 273. Line 13. To the notice of Augustine, add : —
His youth was In part wild and irregular. His father, Patricius, belonged to the old religion ; his mother, Monica, to Christianity. To a deeply passionate nature he joiued not only dialectical skill and keen intelligence, but also pliil- oaophtcal subtlety and a wide intellectual and spiritual vision, which was narrowed only at the last by ecclesiastical partisanship. He was made bishop 881.
P. 274. Line 19.
»• Krragena " is given as first form of the name, with " Erigena " and " Jeru- gena" as variant*.
P. 274. Line 17, from foot, add : —
Recently his authorship has been doubted and the work assigned to a Bern- bard Silvestris (also Bern hard of Tours).
P. 274. Line 14, from foot, add : —
Cf. A. Clerral, U$ £eolt$ dt Chartrtt an Xofen-Uge (Cbartrea, 1896).
690
Appendix.
P. 275. Line 5. To the notice of Abelard, add : —
The dialectical virtuosoship to which he owed his success and his fame de ceived both him and his time as to the slightuess of his knowledge. On the other hand, the freer and bolder convictions which he had gained in the ethical and religious field by the keenness of his intellect could not overcome the coun ter-tendency of his age, because they did not find sufficient support in his vain and weak personality. In addition to the ed. in two vols, of his work, Cousin has edited also Outrage* inidits (Paris, 1836). Cf. S. M. Deutsch, P. A. tin krititeher Theolog. den 12 Jahrhunderts (Leips. 1883); A. Hausrath, Peter Abalard (Leips. 1893).
P. 313. Line 25. To the lit. on the Amalricans, add : —
Cf. the Treatise against the Amalricans, ed. by CI. Baumker (Jahrb. f. Philos. u. spec. Theol. , VII. , Paderborn, 1893).
P. 313. Line 15 from foot. To the lit. on Albert, add : —
V. Hertling, A. M. Beitrage zu seiner Wurdigung (C81n, 1880).
P. 316. To the general lit. add : —
[T. J. de Boer, Qeseh. d. Philos. in Islam (Stuttgart, 1901). ]
P. 317. Add to third par. : —
Cf. T. de Boer, Die Widerspruehe d. Philosophie nach Algazalli und ihr An gleieh durch Ibn Boschd (Strassburg, 1894).
P. 320. Line 11, add : —
But the " natural " man finds that even among a highly developed people the pure teaching of the natural religion meets in most cases only misunderstanding and disfavour. He turns back to his isola tion with the one friend whom he has gained (cf. Pocock's ed. pp. 192 ff. ).
P. 330. Line 3 from foot. To " Scotus," affix the reference : —
Cf. H. Siebeck, Die Willenslehre bei Duns Scotus u. seinen Xachfolgern, Zeitsehrf. Philos. Vol. 112, pp. 179 «.
P. 331. Line 9 from foot, add: —
It was a great service on the part of Buridan that, in order to grasp the problem more exactly, he sought to state the question once more in purely psychological terms. He sought to do justice to the arguments on each side, and made it his purpose to develop the conception of ethical freedom, in which indifferentism should lose the element of arbitrary caprice, and determinism should lost the character of natural necessity.
Nevertheless, he did not succeed in completely clearing up the complication of problems which inhere in the word " freedom. "
P. 333. Foot-note on word " synteresis," add : —
Cf. , however, recently, H. 8iebeck in Arch. f. Gesch. d. Philos. , X. 630 ft
P. 339. FooUnote 1. For " and the pseudo," read : — " and perhaps the pseudo. "
Appendix. 691
P. 342. Line 24. Affix to " Occam," the reference: —
Cf. R. Siebeck, Occam'* Erkenntnisslehre in ihrer historischer Slellung {Arch. f. Gueh. d. Philos. , X. 317 fl. ).
P. 348. To the lit, add : —
W. Windelband, Geschichle d. neueren Philosophie, 2d ed. Vols. I. II. 1899 ; H. II off ding. History of Modern Philosophy (Eng. tr. by B. Meyer, Load, and N. Y. 1900) ; K. Lasswite, Geschichle der Atomistik vom Mittelalter bit Newton.
2 vol*. , Hamburg, 1889-1890 [W. Graham, English Political Philosophy from Hoboes to Maine, Load, and N. Y. 1900].
P. 352. To the lit, add: —
W. Dilthey, Auffassang und Analyse des Menschen in 15 and 16 Jahr. {Arch, f. Gesch. d. Philos. , IV. , V. ).
P. 356. Line 5, add: —
H. Maier, M. als Philosoph (Areh. f. Gesch. d. PMos. , X. , XL).
P. 356. Line 22, from foot, insert : —
The unsettled character of his life was in part due to his own character. He combined a proud flight of Imaginative thought and an enthusiastic devotion to the new truth — especially to the Copernican system — for which he had to suffer, with unbridled passionateneas, ambitious boastfulness and keen pleasure in agitation. On his Italian and Latin writings, cf. recently, F. Tocco (Florence,
188V, and Naples, 1891) ; cf. also Dom Berti, G. B. , sua Vita e sua Dottrine (Rome, 1889).
P. 357. Line 3. To the notice of Campanella, add : —
In him, too, we find learning, boldness of thought, and desire of Innovation mingled with pedantry, fancifulness, superstition, and limitation. Cf. Chr. Sigwart, KUine Schriften, I. (Freib. 1889).
P. 362. Line 1. After " also," insert : —
Popular Stoicism had a considerable number of adherents among the Renaissance writers on account of its moral and religious doc trines, which were independent of positive religion.
P 367. Note 1. Add : —
Indeed, the humanistic reaction favoured Stoicism directly as against the more medieval Neo-1'latonism.
P. 378. To the lit, add : —
W. Dilthey, Das natiirliche System der GeistesulssenschafUn in 11 Jahrh (Arek. f. Gesch. d. Philos^ V. , VI. , VII. ).
P. 379. Last line. To the notice of Galileo, add : —
His quiet, unimpaasioned advocacy of the investigation of nature, which had been newly achieved and given its conception*! formulation by himself, could not shield him from the attacks of the Inquisition. He purchased peace and the right to further investigation, which was all that he cared for, by extreme sub jection. Cf. C. Prantl, Galileo und Kepler als Logiker (Munich, 1876).
P. 380. Line 9. To lit on I. Newton, add : —
V R. Rosenberger, /. JV. und seine physikalischen PrincipUn (Leip*. 1896).
692
Appendix.
P. 380. Line 18. To the lit. add : —
E. Macb, Die Meehanik in ihrer Entwicklung (Leips. 1883). H. Hertz, Di> Principien der Meehanik, Introd. , pp. 1-47 (Leips. 1894).
P. 380. To the notice of Bacon, add : —
The unfavourable aspects of bis personal character, which had their origin in political rivalry, fall into the background in comparison with the insight which tilled his life, that man's power, and especially his power over nature, lies only in scientific knowledge. In a grandiloquent fashion, which was in conformity with the custom of his time, he proclaimed it as the task of science to place nature with all her forces at the service of man and of 'the best development of social life.
P. 380. To the notice of Descartes, add : —
A complete edition of his works is appearing under the auspices of the Paris Academy. The main characteristics of his nature are found in the passion for knowledge, which turns aside from all outer goods of life, in his zeal for self- instruction, in bis struggle against self-delusion, in his abhorrence of all public appearance and of the conflicts connected therewith, in the calm pre-eminence of the purely intellectual life, and in the complete earnestness which springs from sincerity.
P. 381: To the notice of Spinoza, add: —
In proud independence, he satisfied his modest needs by his earnings from the polishing of optical glasses. Untroubled by the hatred and opposition of the world, and not embittered by the untrustworthiness of the few who called them selves his friends, he lived a life of thought and disinterested intellectual labour, and found his compensation for the transitory joys of the world, which he despised, in the clearness of knowledge, in the intelligent comprehension of human motives, and in the devoted contemplation of the mysteries of the divine nature. [J. Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Sp. 's, Leips. 1899; v. d. Linde, & Sp. Bibliographie, Gravenhage,
1871. ]
P. 381. Line 24. To the lit. on Pascal, add : —
G. Droz (Paris, 1886).
P. 381. Line 36. To the lit. on Geulincx, add : —
J. P. N. Land, Am. Oeulincx und seine Philosophie (The Hague, 1896).
P. 413. To the foot-note, add : —
Descartes' conception of these perturbations reminds us in many ways of Stoicism, which was brought to him by the whole humanistic literature of his time. Just on this account the modern philosopher fell into the same difficul ties respecting theodicy and freedom of the will which had vexed the Stoa. Cf. above, § 10. His ethics was likewise related to that of the Stoics.
P. 425. Under § 32. As lit. on this topic : —
T. H. Green, Principles of Political Obligation, Wks. , Vol. II. , and sepa rately, 1896 ; D. G. Ritchie, Natural liiyhls, Lond. and N. Y. 1896 ; J. H. Tufts and H. B. Thompson, The Individual and his Relation to Society as re flected in British Ethics (Chicago, 1898).
P.
