No More Learning

with their scourges. It is certain that his bodily (Dion Cass. lxxvii. lxxviii. ; Herodian. iv. ; Spar-
health became seriously affected, and his intellects tian. Vit. Caracall. ; Aurel. Vict. Epit. xxi. , Cues.
evidently deranged. He was tormented by fearful xxi. ; Eutrop. xxi. ; Gruter, Corp. Inscr. pp. cxci.
risions, and the spectres of his father and the cclxvii
. ccc. Mlxxxv. ; Gibbon, chap. vi. ; Joh. P.
murdered Geta stood by him, in the dead of night, Mahneri, Comm. de Marc. Aur. Antonino Consti-
with swords pointed to his bosom. Believing him- tution. de Civitate Universo Orbi Romanae data,
self spell-bound by the incantations of his foes, he Hall. 1772, quoted by Wenck; comp. Milman's
had recourse to strange rites in order to evoke the Gibbon, vol. i. p. 281. ) A coin of Caracalla's,
spirits of the dead, that from them he might seek which has been accidentally omitted here, is given
a remedy for his tortures; but it was said that under his brother GETA.
(W. R. )
none would answer to his call except the kindred CARACTACUS (or, as Dion Cassius calls him,
soul of Commodus. At last, he sought the aid of Kapátakos or Katapúkatos), was a king of the
the gods, whom he importuned by day and night British tribe of the Silures, and by various pros-
with prayers and many victims; but no deity perous enterprises had raised himself above all the
would vouchsafe a word of comfort to the fraticide. Other British chiefs. He appears to have been a
While in this excited and unhappy condition, most formidable enemy of the Romans. When
he demanded in marriage the daughter of Artaba- they made their last attack upon him, he trans-
nus, the Parthian king; but the negotiation having | ferred the war into the country of the Ordovices,


## p. 609 (#629) ############################################

CARANUS.
609
CARAUSIUS.
mans.
a
And there took a position which was as favourable a lion from Olympus; whereby, it was said, the
to himself as it appeared detrimental to the Ro- king learnt that its erection had been of evil coun-
When Caractacus, in addition to this, had sel, as deepening the enmity of the conquered.
also fortified himself with artificial means, he ex- (Paus. ix. 40. )
horted bis men either to die or to conquer in the 2. Mentioned by Justin (xi. 2) as a son of Phi-
approaching battle. The Roman propraetor, P. lip and a half-brother of Alexander the Great. The
Ostorius, who saw the disadvantages under which latter suspected him of aiming at the throne, and
the Romans were labouring, would not have ven- put him to death soon after his accession, B. c. 336.
tured upon an engagement, had not the courage of 3. A Macedonian of the body called étaipı or
his soldiers and officers demanded it. The superior guards (comp. Polyb. v. 53, xxxi. 3), was one of
military skill of the Roman legions overcame all the generals sent by Alexander against Satibarzanes
the difficulties, and a splendid victory was gained: when he had a second time excited Aria to revolt.
the wife and daughters of Caractacus fell into the Caranus and his colleagues were successful, and
hands of the Romans, and his brothers surrendered. Satibarzanes was defeated and slain, in the winter
Caractncus himself sought the protection of Carti- of B. C. 330. (Arrian, Anal. iii. 25,28 ; Curt. vi. 6.
mandua, queen of the Brigantes; but she betrayed $ 20, &c. , vii. 3. § 2, Freinsheim, ad loc. , vii. 4.
him, and he was delivered up to the Romans, and $ 32, &c. ; comp. Diod. xvii. 81. ) In B. c. 329,
carried to Rome, A. D. 51, after the war in Britain Caranus was appointed, together with Androma-
had lasted for nine years, as Tacitus says. The chus and Menedemus, under the command of the
emperor Claudius wished to exhibit to the people Lycian Pharnuches, to act against Spitamenes, the
this old and formidable foe in his humiliation, and revolted satrap of Sogdiana. Their approach com-
ordered Caractacus and the members of his family, pelled him to raise the siege of Maracanda; but,
with their clients and ornaments, to be led in a in a battle which ensued, he defeated them with
sort of triumph before an assembly of the people the help of a body of Scythian cavalry, and forced
and an array of soldiers. The emperor himself was them to fall back on the river Polytimetus, the
present. The relatives of Caractacus walked by wooded banks of which promised shelter. The
bis side cast down with grief, and entreated the rashness however or cowardice of Caranus led him
mercy of the Romans; Caractacus alone did nei-
to attempt the passage of the river with the cavalry
ther of these things, and when he approached the under his command, and the rest of the troops
seat of the emperor, he stopped and addressed him plunging in after him in haste and disorder, they
in so noble a manner, that Claudius pardoned him were all destroyed by the enemy. (Arr. Anab. iv.
and his friends. They appear, however, not to 3, 5; comp. Curt. vii. 6. & 24, 7. $ 31, &c. ) [E. E. )
have returned to Britain, but to have spent the CARAU'SIUS, M. AURELIUS VALE-
remainder of their life in Italy. (Tac. Ann. xii. RIUS. Maximianus Herculius having equipped
33-38 Hist. iii. 45; Dion Cass. lx. 20. ) [L. S. ] a naval force at Boulogne for the purpose of re-
CARA'NUS (Kápavos or Kapavós). 1. A He- pressing the outrages of the Franks, who cruising
racleid of the family of the Temenidae, and accord- from place to place in their light sloops were de-
ing to some accounts, the founder of the Argive rastating the coasts of Holland, Gaul, and Spain,
dynasty in Macedonia, about the middle probably gave the command of the armament to a certain
of the eighth century B. C. , since he was brother to Carausius, a man of humble extraction, born in Me-
Pheidon, the Argive tyrant. The legend tells, napia, a district between the Scheldt and Meuse,
that he led into Macedonia a large force of Greeks, who had been bred a pilot and had distinguished
and, following a flock of goats, entered the town of himself as a soldier in the war against the Bagaudae.
Edessa in the midst of a heavy storm of rain and Carausius was by no means deficient in zeal and
a thick mist, unobserved by the inhabitants. Re-energy, but after a time his peculiar tactics and
membering the oracle which had desired him “to rapidly increasing wealth gave rise to a suspicion,
seek an empire by the guidance of goats,” he fixed probably not ill founded, that he permitted the
here the seat of government, and named the place pirates to commit their ravages unmolested, and
Aegae in commemoration of the miracle. Herodo then watching for their return, seized the ships
tus gives a different tradition of the origin of the laden with plunder and appropriated to his own
dynasty, and his account seems to bave been adopt- use the greater portion of the spoils thus captured.
ed by Thucydides, who speaks of Archelaus I. as Herculius accordingly gave orders for his death,
the ninth king, and therefore does not reckon Cara- but the execution of this mandate was anticipated
nus and the other two who come before Perdiccas I. by the vigilance of the intended victim, who having
in the lists of Dexippus and Eusebius. Müller crossed the channel with the fleet, which was de-
thinks that the two traditions are substantially the voted to his interests, and having succeeded in
same, the one in Herodotus being the rude native gaining over the troops quartered in Britain, estab-
legend, while the other, of which Caranus is the lished himself in that island and assumed the title
hero, was the Argive story; and he further sug- of Augustus. His subsequent measures were
gests that Kápavos is perhaps only another form of characterised by the greatest vigour and prudence.
Kolpavos. (Diod. Fragm. ix. p. 637, ed. Wess. ; A number of new galleys was constructed with all
Plut. Alex. 2; Just. vii. 1, xxxiii. 2; Clinton, Fast. speed, alliances were formed with various barbarous
ii. p. 221; Müller, Dor. i. 7. & 15, App. i. § 15, tribes, who were carefully disciplined as sailors, and
and the authorities there referred to; Herod. viii. the usurper soon became master of all the western
137-139; Thuc. ii. 100. ) Pausanias, in mention- seas. After several ineffectual attempts to break
ing that the Macedonians never erected trophies his power, Diocletian and Maximianus found it
when victorious, records the national tradition by necessary to acknowledge him as their colleague in
which they accounted for it, and which related, the empire, an event commemorated by a medal
that a trophy set up by Caranus, in accordance bearing as a device three busts with appropriate
with Argive custom, for a victory over his neigh-embleins and the legend CARAVsIvs. ET. FRATRES.
bour Cisseus, was thrown down and destroyed by | svi. , while on the reverse we read the words pas.
2 н


## p. 610 (#630) ############################################

610
CARAUSIUS.
CARBO.
HILARITAS. AVGGG.
AVGGG. , or, in some cases, LAETITIA. AVGGG. , or ir. 6–8, 12, v. 4, 11, vi. 5, 8, vii. I, viii. 25;
On a second coin we find a Genebrier, l'Ilistoire de Curousins pirourée par les
laurelled head with IMP. C. CARAVsIVS. P. F. AVG. , Vídailles, Paris, 410. 1740; Stukely, Medallic
and on the reverse JOVI. ET. HERCULI. CONS. AVG. , History of Curausius, London, 410. 1757–59, full
indicating Jovius Diocletianus and Herculius Maxi- of the most extravagant conjectures and inven-
minianus, and to a third we are indebted for the tions. )
[W. R. ]
name M.
AURELIUS Valerius, an appellation
probably borrowed from his recently adopted
brother. These transactions took place about A. D.
287, and for six years the third Augustus main-
tained his authority without dispute; but upon the
elevation of Constantius the efforts of the new
Caesar were at once directed to the recovery of
Britain. Boulogne fell after a protracted siege,
and Constantius was making active and extensive
preparations for a descent upon the opposite coast,
when Carausius was murdered by his chief officer,
Allectus. This happened in 293. Such are the
only facts known to us with regard to this remark- CARAVANTIUS, the brother of Gentius,
able man.
Of his private character and domestic king of the Illyrians, agninst whom the praetor L.
policy we are unable to speak, for the abusive Anicius Gallus was sent in B. c. 168. Caravan-
epithets applied to him so liberally by the panegy- tius fell into the hands of Gallus, and with his
rists indicate nothing except the feelings entertained brother Gentius and the rest of the royal family
at the imperial court, which could have been of no walked before the chariot of Gallus in his triumph
friendly description. " (Eutrop. ix. 21; Aurel. Vict. in the following year. (Liv. xliv. 30, 32, xlv. 43. )
Caes. xxxix. , Epit. xxxix. , who calls this emperor CARBO, the name of a plebeian family of the
Charausio ; Oros. vii. 25; Panegyr. Vet. ii. 12,/ Papiria gens.
COIN OF CARAUSIUS.
STEMMA CARBONUM.
1. C. Papirius Carbo, Pr, B. c. 168.
2. C. Papirius Carbo, 3. Cn. Papirius Carbo,
4. M. Papirius 5. P. Papirius
Cos. B. c. 120.
Cos. B. c. 113.
Carbo.
Carbo,
!
6. C. Papirius Carbo Arrina, 7. Cn. Papirius Carbo, Cos.
Trib. Pleb. B. C. 90.
B. C. 85, 84, 82.
1. C. Papirius CARBO, praetor in B. c. 168, , aristocratical party, was found one morning dead in
when he obtained the province of Sardinia ; but his bed. Among the various suspicions then afloat
he appears not to have gone into his province, as as to the cause of his death, one was that Carbo
the senate requested him to remain at Rome and had murdered him, or at least bad had a hand in
there to exercise jurisdiction in cases between the deed; and this report may not have been
citizens and peregrini. (Liv. xliv. 17, xlv. 12. )- wholly without foundation, if we consider the
2. C. Papirius CARBO, born about B. C. 164, character of Carbo. After his tribuneship, Carbo
a son of No. 1, and a contemporary and friend of continued to act as the friend and supporter of the
the Gracchi ; but though he apparently followed Gracchi. Upon the death of C. Gracchus, L.
in the footsteps of Tib. Gracchus, yet his motives Opimius, his murderer, who was consul in B. C.
widely differed from those of his noble friend, and 121, put to death a great number of the friends of
towards the end of his life he shewed how little the Gracchi: but at the expiration of his consul-
he had acted upon conviction or principle, by de ship he was accused of high treason by the tribune
serting his former friends and joining the ranks of Q. Decius, and Carbo, who was now raised to the
their enemies. After the death of Tiberius Grac-consulship himself (B. c. 120), suddenly turned
chus he was appointed his successor as triumvir round, and not only undertook the defence of Opi-
agrorum dividendorum, and shortly after, in B. C. mius, but did not scruple to say, that the murder
131, he was elected tribune of the people. During of C. Gracchus had been an act of perfect justice.
the year of his tribuneship he brought forward This inconsistency drew upon him the contempt of
two new laws: 1. That a person should be allowed both parties, so that, as Cicero says, even his re-
to be re-elected to the tribuneship as often as turn to the aristocratical party could not secure
might be thought advisable : this law, which was him their protection. The aristocracy could not
strenuously opposed by P. Cornelius Scipio Afri- forget that he was suspected of having murdered
canus the younger, was supported by C. Gracchus; Scipio, and seem to have been waiting for an op-
and 2. A lex tubeliaria, which ordained that the peoportunity to crush him. In B. c. 119 the young
ple should in future vote by ballot in the enactment orator L. Licinius Crassus brought a charge against
and repeal of laws. In his tribuneship he continued him, the exact nature of which is not known,
to hold the office of triumvir agrorum dividen- but as Carbo foresaw his condemnation, he put an
dorum. The difficulties connected with carrying end to his life by taking cantharides. Valerius
out the division of land according to the Sempro- Maximus (iii. 7. $ 6) states, that he was sent into
nian agrarian law created many disturbances at exile. Carbo was a man of great talents, and his
Rome, and Scipio Africanus, the champion of the oratorical powers are mentioned by Cicero with great


## p. 611 (#631) ############################################

CARBO.
611
CARBO.
praise, nlthough he otherwise abominates the man. Claudius Pulcher made a report to the senate about
There can be no doubt that Carbo was a per- his seditious proceedings. (Cic. De Legg. ii. 19. )
Bon of no principle, and that he attached himself to He was one of the leaders of the Marian party,
the party from which he hoped to derive most ad- and in B. C. 87, when C. Marius returned from
vantages. (Liv. Epit. 59, 61; Appian, B. C. i. Africa, he commanded one of the four armies with
18, 20 ; Vell. Pat. ii. 4 ; Cic. De Amicil. 25, De which Rome was blockaded. In B. C. 86, when
Leg. iii. 16, Ad Fam. ix. 21, De Orat. ii. 2, 25, L. Valerius Flaccus, the successor of Marins in his
39, 40, i. 10, iii. 7, 20, Brut. 27, 43, 62, Tuscul. seventh consulship, was killed in Asia, Carbo was
i. 3 ; Tacit. Orat. 34. )
chosen by Cinna for his colleague for B. C. 85.
3. CN. PAPIRIUS CARBO, a son of No. 1, was These two consuls, who felt alarmed at the reports
consul in B. c. 113, together with C. Caecilius Me- of Sulla's retum, sent persons into all parts of
tellus. He was according to Cicero (ad Fam. ix. Italy to raise money, soldiers, and provisions, for
21) the father of Cn. Papirius Carbo, who was the anticipated war, and they endeavoured to
thrice consul (No. 7), whereas this latter is called strengthen their party, especially by the new citi-
by Velleius Paterculus (ii. 26) a brother of No. 6. zens, whose rights, they said, were in danger, and
This difficulty may be solved by supposing that on whose behalf they pretended to exert them-
our Cn. Papirius Carbo and C. Papirius Carbo (No. selves. The fieet also was restored to guard the
2) were brothers, so that the word frater in Vel- coasts of Italy, and in short nothing was neglected
leins is equivalent to frater patruclis or cousin. to make a vigorous stand against Sulla. When
(Perizon. Animadv. Hist
. p. 96. ) In his consul- the latter wrote to the senate from Greece, the
ship the Cimbrians advanced from Gaul into Italy senate endeavoured to stop the proceedings of the
and Illyricum, and Carbo, who was sent against consuls until an answer from Sulla had arrived.
them, was put to flight with his whole army. He The consuls declared themselves ready to obey the
was afterwards accused by M. Antonius, we know commands of the senate, but no sooner had the
not for what reason, and put an end to his own ambassadors to Sulla quitted Rome, than Cinna
life by taking a solution of vitriol (atramentum and Carbo declared themselves consuls for the year
sutorium, Cic. ad Fam. ix. 21; Liv. Epit. 63). following, that they might not be obliged to go to
4. M. Papirius Carbo, a son of No. 1, is men- Rome to hold the comitia for the elections. Legions
tioned only by Cicero (ad Fam. ix. 21) as having upon legions were raised and transported across
fled from Sicily.
the Adriatic to oppose Sulla; but great numbers
5.