' The two synonyms denote
the persistency of Philip's siege.
the persistency of Philip's siege.
Demosthenese - First Philippic and the Olynthiacs
raisin.
Better taken with the subse-
quent e? 'hflw/iev than with the previous ? av6,usv. 6v (=1-olfirwv
ii. ) : Part. Gen. after non, where we should expect 61.
142. sis dvdquv A0upev:? iva'yxa006neu, followed like the
latter by the Inf. 11'0in (Goodwin AMT. ? 749). 19 ? 341 fife:
1ro-r' els 6. 116. 7an 15v ducale Tl. roieiu Ty 16X".
? 16l. 144. 1'6 . . {rm-paw, 'rb duodmtveo'flm and 1rp6rr1'ew
are verbal nouns (Goodwin M T. ? 7 90) ; whereas eival. in both
clauses is the Inf. of indirect discourse (ib. 117). (Miran:
this shorter form of the Aor. Opt. is only found here in Demo-
sthenes, whereas in ? 21, and in twenty-four other passages,
the longer form ? naeie is used. The form in -a. ? is never used
in Aristophanes (Rutherford New Ph'rynichus pp. 433--42,
Kiihner 01'. Gr. 13 2 p. 74). In Demosthenes we have
{yxahe? a'aa 665a; and veae? o'rlo'ai (20 ? ? 138, 143); (pi/am only in
the spurious Or. [60] ? 34. On the other hand, the Pres. Opt.
? aln is found six times, e. g. 4min ns iii: ([13] ? ? 8, 11 and 21
? 89), and it is the form quoted here by Pollux 9 ? 139.
145. 6481. 1)": Proocm. 21 Yva mi, 1'6 barrow dwdvrwv, e? 'lri'n/uia'w
p. 6vov. wavrbs elves: used as in the proverbial lines or)
iraw'ros d116pr cl: Kbprov 5410' 6 whofis, and review ? e? pew 01"
war/16:, dhX 6. 116pr 00? 017.
146. 'roi'n-(o) sums up with emphasis the preceding phrase
16 --d1ro? alve? 10a1. elven. c-upBofihou : 8 ? 73 106 avg. -
flouhsziov-ros e? p-yov eivcu voylfi'w. The true al'gufiouhos is defined in
18 ? ? 189, 192.
The text is paraphrased in Lucian Jupiter Tragnedus 23 Ea-n p. ? v ye? p, die
6 Olimpia-016; Aquoa'Oe? wps 3M, 1'6 [Lev E-yxaM'a'm. ml pe? nwaafiar. Kai e'm-ripfia'ai
fiu'SLov Kai. roii Bouhoye? vcv 1mvro's, 1'6 5' 61m>>; 151. wapdvra. Bahia>> yevfizre-mv.
Evhfiovkeiia'm, roiiro Elappovos (in M11063; fuafioviAow
148. 01'; mils ul'rtovs K'rk. : for the sense cp. 6 ? 34, 19 ? 91,
and Thuc. iii 43, 4.
149. rots ilfld'rovs . . el'rrdv'rw; : 18 ? 7' 1017 Xe? 'yov-ros u'nrre? pou,
Prooem. 15 ? 2 and 38 ? ? 2, 3.
150. Ev dpyfi 1roneic'9(e): Herod. ix 42 e'v ddsiy 06 rozeuue? vwv
(with Stein's note on i 118, 9), Thuc. iv 5 and vii 3, '2 e? v
Mi'ywplq e? 'lroioiJi/To. '
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? ? 16? 19 FIRST 0L YNTHIAO' 143
152. , o-xomiw: Prooem. 23 p. 1434 01': pflv at I. Seiv,
11611711 17)" ? 1hav0pw1rlav 51mm, Xe? 'yew 1ra. p' 8. a'vpitlxixiv 1':in
, fiyoiipat. Cp. Kiihner ii ? 476, 3, Rehdantz Index 2 oteaOar.
u-Korrofiv'ra, if retained, may be regarded as stated generally,
though meant to refer to the speaker, whose personality comes
to the front again in iryofiaat. For tree-retkwkt, and the
general sense, ep. 4 ? 51, also Isocr. 8 ? ? 38, 39.
? 17 l. 153. 4mm. Sfi : used (as often) to introduce the
speaker's own proposals, 2 ? 27. Boqo'q-rlov: here followed
by two different Datives, cp. 4 ? 32 ; Goodwin MT. ? 923.
154. rots wpdypao-w, 'the interests at stake,' i. e. those of
Olynthus and Athens combined. 'rds mikes ; the Chalcidian
towns allied with Olynthus, 9 ? 26.
158. e? re? pots: emphatic, 'a second land-force. ' cl. .
67ttywpfive-re, 'if (in the future) you neglect'; ? 12 el 7rpo-
nob/1. 600. .
159. pirates : Adj. of two terminations, as in 9 ? 69.
fipiv: Dal. incmnmodi.
? 181. 159. a! " yep x'rh. : a somewhat condensed sentence,
which may be expanded thus :--
' If you attack Philip's territory alone, he will disregard your attack,
and, after reducin 0. , march easily to the defence of his own territory.
If, again, you sen succonrs to 0. only, he will have no anxiety about his
own territory, but will keep up a close and vigilant blockade and ultimately
capture the town. '
161. wapaa-Tfio-e-rat, 'will reduce. ' Thuc. i 29 'r'hv 'E1rl-
dapvou rohzopxoiivras napao'rfia'aiflat opohiryla ('compel t0 sur-
render'), ib. 98, iv 79 'Appifiafov rapaa-rfia-aa-Qm. ('win over').
164. wpowxadeSei'ral. Kai wpovefipeta'u ink, 'will vigorously
blockade and besiege the position.
' The two synonyms denote
the persistency of Philip's siege. 5 ? 15 10? : 5' 6. 711002: e? ? -
efipeliwv 316,00: 101065621111, Aeschin. 3? 206 e? 'yKaBfipzvoc Kai e'v-
efipeliovres.
165. wepte? o-rai. implies continued and repeated success.
? 191. 169. 1repl Be? . . , 'but as to,' ? 11, [7] ? ? 14, 18; 8 ? 75.
? o~rw : repeated for emphasis, 2 ? 10.
170. xpfipafi'a): on the revenues of Athens see Boeckh Publ.
Econ. iii 0. 19. 0980': 18 ? 23 rpeafleia 1rpos ofide? va
(mide? vas Cobet and Dindorf) drsarahae? v'r/ 161's 1'ch 'Ehhfivwv,
2 ? 7,3 ? 27,4 ? 29,5 ? ? 14,17; 9 ? 34,19? 50. Insuch
passages 0666! : may be understood as the negation of a unity
consisting of many individuals, nfifie? ves as the negation of a
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 144 ' FIRST OLYNTHIAO' I ? 19
plurality forming a single unity (Funkhiinel, quoted by
Westermann).
171. [Mparwrrmd], if genuine, must be regarded as pur-
posely separated from Xpfipa'ra, and placed for additional
emphasis at the end of the sentence : 'you have a larger
military fund than any other people. ' The reference is to the
surplus of the public revenue, which, according to the old
laws, had to be used for military purposes, at any rate in the
time of war, [59] ? 4 Keheue? v'rwu . . n5>> ve? hwv, draw wohsllos '5, Ta)
wepuiv'ra xpn/La-ra 7? ]: Blair/Jo'st o'rpa-rlw'rlxd elual. These laws
were, however, neglected while Eubulus was in power (354
-338 11. 0. ) Even in the time of war the surpluses continued to
be distributed in the form of a. festival fund (flewpme? v) to meet
the cost of providing the poorer citizens with seats in the
theatre at all festivals involving dramatic entertainments.
Any proposal to apply the festival fund to military purposes
was fraught with peril to the proposer (3 ? 12). Accordingly,
instead of saying bluntly, 'this fund you squander on your
own amusements,' Demosthenes continues, 'this fund you
receive in such a form as you please. ' He then dispassionately
presents them with two alternatives : 'if you pay this fund to
your troops, you will require no further supply; if not, you
will require a further supply ; indeed, you will have no supply
at all. ' It will be observed that Demosthenes avoids all direct
mention of the Hewpme? v. In the Third Olynthiac, ? 11, he
attacks the question with far greater boldness. On the
Oewpme? v see Boeckh Publ. Econ. ii c. 13, Scho'mann Ant. of
Greece pp. 438 f Engl. ed. , Gilbert Gk. C'onst. Ant. i 272--42:
245 f Engl. ed. , art. by Mr. FTRichards in Smith's Diet. of
Ant. ed. 3, and especially Grote, latter part of c. 88 viii
98-103, and Helm iii c. 15 n. 5.
' Delendum puto a'rpwriu'rmd, nondum enim orator cr'rpa'rtw'rlkli haee
esse dicit, sed tantum affirmat universe pccuniae copiam esse (cf. 14 $25);
ea nunc populum alio modo uti fruique' (Manvm). 'Miror unde perin-
eptum et cum loci sententia pugnans (rrpa-nw'rma' irrepscrit: magis etium
miror quo pacto Editores id ferre tamdiu et concoquere potuerint. Erant
enim Atheniensibus illo tempore eprtkli, non erant irrpmnmnmi. Cautis-
sime et formidolose Demosthenes eivibus auctnr est ut Bewpuw'. quae essent
("pa-nu>>an faciant: ei ne? v 06v rail-re. 7on o'rparevons'voiq dwodu'm's'rs (id est
nliis verbis al 7191a. :r-rparlwnxd. woir'lrre're), 055m; 13va wpomSei mipov.
Sentit autem in quanta pericqu versetur et statim addit: n' adv; [iv 11:
siwoi] 01': ypaidmrs 1min" clmu arpanw'rixa' ; p. 15. Ai' 05x Eymye' (COBET, followed
by Weil and Rosenberg).
Mr. LWhibley, writing to me in Nov. 1896, observes that ' it is a neral
assumption that under the administration of Eubulus "the surplus nds "
of Athens were spent in theoric distributions; but no one explains exactly
what these surplus funds were. The statements in the Orators (e. g. Dem.
3 ? 88 mi; mpmmn'aic mi; 01401, [59] ? 4) are generally vague; Aesehin.
8 5 251 To wepie? v-ra. veinu'pevos, and Aristot. Pol. 1320 a 89 1'6. wepuivr
vinovaw, do not refer to any particqu date or policy; and the accounts
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? 19 FIRST 0L YNTHIAC' 145
of the scholiasts are confused and exaggerated (e. g. ? 5 of Arg. to OZ. 1
anBS 1rdv'ra. rd. 81"]. 60'10. xpfipa-ra. Steve'pov'ro). The modern idea Of a
surplus is the yearly balance of revenue over expenditure; but there is
no trace of any yearly budget at Athens, nor evidence of any actual dis-
tribution of a surplus. At all times there were the ordinary expenses to
be met, the yearly charges for the necessary outlay on the peace administra-
tion, the maintenance of the defences of Attica, and (in case of war) the
expenses of war. Besides this, there was at all times a certain expenditure
on public amusements. The amount so spent must have been only a
question of degree. The general consensus of ancient authorities seems
to justify the belief that Eubulus did increase the extent and amount
of these public distributions; at the same time, there is ample evidence
that he did not stint the other branches of the administration. He was
opposed to an aggressive war-policy; but, during a great part of his tenure
of office, Athens was at war, and expeditious were sent to Thermopylae
(352 13. 0. ) and Euboea; the fleet was kept up, new triremes, dockyards and
arsenals were built (19 ? 89, Dinarch. 1 ? 96, CIA. ii 795", Philochorus
Frag. 135), and, in particular, works of peace, such as the repair of roads
and the supply of water, were promoted (3 ? 29). It would even appear
that surplus funds were allowed to accumulate (19 ? 89 xprjnofl' My
nepte'o'nv Kat nepte'a'rat 81d Thu eipfivnv). SO that, however considerable
the theoric distributions may have been, Eubulus did not starve the needs
of the state, but confessedly spent large sums on public works, whether
for peace or for war. But we have no means of judging what proportion
was set aside for theoric purposes. Boeckh Publ. Econ. bk. ii c. 13 assumes
"a yearly expenditure of 25 to 30 t, which in good times may have been two
or three times as much. " An expenditure of even 100t would not have
been a very heavy charge; and the saving would not have enabled the
Athenians to prosecute a very vigorous war-policy.
' Apart from the "distribution of 115. Bear met," there are many passages
referring to the question whether funds shou d be Gewpuui 0r arpanwrmd :--
[59]-? 4, 19 ? 291, 3 ? ? 11, 19 and the text; also schol. on Aeschin. 3 ? 24
rd. 8% xpfiua'ra. rd 0cm txd sis o'rpa'rturrtxd neraBoiAAew e? 'n-ew'e updrro: Anno-
aOe? vng (339--8 B. c. ) Tliis need not mean that funds hitherto nt on theoric
purposes were now applied to purposes of war. Comparing Philochorus
Frag. 135 1d 8e xpfina'r' e? ipn? iaavro 1ro'w-r' elvat arpanwrtno't, Annoa'ae'vovc
ypdipawog, we may conclude that both the schol. and Philochorus are
referring to all the funds of the state. Oewpme? v refers sometimes to a
particular distribution (3 ? 31, [44] ? 37), but 1'2) 0. more often means "the
theoric fund " (or treasury? ) as in the ordinary title oi. e? n't Tb 0. (cp.
quent e? 'hflw/iev than with the previous ? av6,usv. 6v (=1-olfirwv
ii. ) : Part. Gen. after non, where we should expect 61.
142. sis dvdquv A0upev:? iva'yxa006neu, followed like the
latter by the Inf. 11'0in (Goodwin AMT. ? 749). 19 ? 341 fife:
1ro-r' els 6. 116. 7an 15v ducale Tl. roieiu Ty 16X".
? 16l. 144. 1'6 . . {rm-paw, 'rb duodmtveo'flm and 1rp6rr1'ew
are verbal nouns (Goodwin M T. ? 7 90) ; whereas eival. in both
clauses is the Inf. of indirect discourse (ib. 117). (Miran:
this shorter form of the Aor. Opt. is only found here in Demo-
sthenes, whereas in ? 21, and in twenty-four other passages,
the longer form ? naeie is used. The form in -a. ? is never used
in Aristophanes (Rutherford New Ph'rynichus pp. 433--42,
Kiihner 01'. Gr. 13 2 p. 74). In Demosthenes we have
{yxahe? a'aa 665a; and veae? o'rlo'ai (20 ? ? 138, 143); (pi/am only in
the spurious Or. [60] ? 34. On the other hand, the Pres. Opt.
? aln is found six times, e. g. 4min ns iii: ([13] ? ? 8, 11 and 21
? 89), and it is the form quoted here by Pollux 9 ? 139.
145. 6481. 1)": Proocm. 21 Yva mi, 1'6 barrow dwdvrwv, e? 'lri'n/uia'w
p. 6vov. wavrbs elves: used as in the proverbial lines or)
iraw'ros d116pr cl: Kbprov 5410' 6 whofis, and review ? e? pew 01"
war/16:, dhX 6. 116pr 00? 017.
146. 'roi'n-(o) sums up with emphasis the preceding phrase
16 --d1ro? alve? 10a1. elven. c-upBofihou : 8 ? 73 106 avg. -
flouhsziov-ros e? p-yov eivcu voylfi'w. The true al'gufiouhos is defined in
18 ? ? 189, 192.
The text is paraphrased in Lucian Jupiter Tragnedus 23 Ea-n p. ? v ye? p, die
6 Olimpia-016; Aquoa'Oe? wps 3M, 1'6 [Lev E-yxaM'a'm. ml pe? nwaafiar. Kai e'm-ripfia'ai
fiu'SLov Kai. roii Bouhoye? vcv 1mvro's, 1'6 5' 61m>>; 151. wapdvra. Bahia>> yevfizre-mv.
Evhfiovkeiia'm, roiiro Elappovos (in M11063; fuafioviAow
148. 01'; mils ul'rtovs K'rk. : for the sense cp. 6 ? 34, 19 ? 91,
and Thuc. iii 43, 4.
149. rots ilfld'rovs . . el'rrdv'rw; : 18 ? 7' 1017 Xe? 'yov-ros u'nrre? pou,
Prooem. 15 ? 2 and 38 ? ? 2, 3.
150. Ev dpyfi 1roneic'9(e): Herod. ix 42 e'v ddsiy 06 rozeuue? vwv
(with Stein's note on i 118, 9), Thuc. iv 5 and vii 3, '2 e? v
Mi'ywplq e? 'lroioiJi/To. '
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? ? 16? 19 FIRST 0L YNTHIAO' 143
152. , o-xomiw: Prooem. 23 p. 1434 01': pflv at I. Seiv,
11611711 17)" ? 1hav0pw1rlav 51mm, Xe? 'yew 1ra. p' 8. a'vpitlxixiv 1':in
, fiyoiipat. Cp. Kiihner ii ? 476, 3, Rehdantz Index 2 oteaOar.
u-Korrofiv'ra, if retained, may be regarded as stated generally,
though meant to refer to the speaker, whose personality comes
to the front again in iryofiaat. For tree-retkwkt, and the
general sense, ep. 4 ? 51, also Isocr. 8 ? ? 38, 39.
? 17 l. 153. 4mm. Sfi : used (as often) to introduce the
speaker's own proposals, 2 ? 27. Boqo'q-rlov: here followed
by two different Datives, cp. 4 ? 32 ; Goodwin MT. ? 923.
154. rots wpdypao-w, 'the interests at stake,' i. e. those of
Olynthus and Athens combined. 'rds mikes ; the Chalcidian
towns allied with Olynthus, 9 ? 26.
158. e? re? pots: emphatic, 'a second land-force. ' cl. .
67ttywpfive-re, 'if (in the future) you neglect'; ? 12 el 7rpo-
nob/1. 600. .
159. pirates : Adj. of two terminations, as in 9 ? 69.
fipiv: Dal. incmnmodi.
? 181. 159. a! " yep x'rh. : a somewhat condensed sentence,
which may be expanded thus :--
' If you attack Philip's territory alone, he will disregard your attack,
and, after reducin 0. , march easily to the defence of his own territory.
If, again, you sen succonrs to 0. only, he will have no anxiety about his
own territory, but will keep up a close and vigilant blockade and ultimately
capture the town. '
161. wapaa-Tfio-e-rat, 'will reduce. ' Thuc. i 29 'r'hv 'E1rl-
dapvou rohzopxoiivras napao'rfia'aiflat opohiryla ('compel t0 sur-
render'), ib. 98, iv 79 'Appifiafov rapaa-rfia-aa-Qm. ('win over').
164. wpowxadeSei'ral. Kai wpovefipeta'u ink, 'will vigorously
blockade and besiege the position.
' The two synonyms denote
the persistency of Philip's siege. 5 ? 15 10? : 5' 6. 711002: e? ? -
efipeliwv 316,00: 101065621111, Aeschin. 3? 206 e? 'yKaBfipzvoc Kai e'v-
efipeliovres.
165. wepte? o-rai. implies continued and repeated success.
? 191. 169. 1repl Be? . . , 'but as to,' ? 11, [7] ? ? 14, 18; 8 ? 75.
? o~rw : repeated for emphasis, 2 ? 10.
170. xpfipafi'a): on the revenues of Athens see Boeckh Publ.
Econ. iii 0. 19. 0980': 18 ? 23 rpeafleia 1rpos ofide? va
(mide? vas Cobet and Dindorf) drsarahae? v'r/ 161's 1'ch 'Ehhfivwv,
2 ? 7,3 ? 27,4 ? 29,5 ? ? 14,17; 9 ? 34,19? 50. Insuch
passages 0666! : may be understood as the negation of a unity
consisting of many individuals, nfifie? ves as the negation of a
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 144 ' FIRST OLYNTHIAO' I ? 19
plurality forming a single unity (Funkhiinel, quoted by
Westermann).
171. [Mparwrrmd], if genuine, must be regarded as pur-
posely separated from Xpfipa'ra, and placed for additional
emphasis at the end of the sentence : 'you have a larger
military fund than any other people. ' The reference is to the
surplus of the public revenue, which, according to the old
laws, had to be used for military purposes, at any rate in the
time of war, [59] ? 4 Keheue? v'rwu . . n5>> ve? hwv, draw wohsllos '5, Ta)
wepuiv'ra xpn/La-ra 7? ]: Blair/Jo'st o'rpa-rlw'rlxd elual. These laws
were, however, neglected while Eubulus was in power (354
-338 11. 0. ) Even in the time of war the surpluses continued to
be distributed in the form of a. festival fund (flewpme? v) to meet
the cost of providing the poorer citizens with seats in the
theatre at all festivals involving dramatic entertainments.
Any proposal to apply the festival fund to military purposes
was fraught with peril to the proposer (3 ? 12). Accordingly,
instead of saying bluntly, 'this fund you squander on your
own amusements,' Demosthenes continues, 'this fund you
receive in such a form as you please. ' He then dispassionately
presents them with two alternatives : 'if you pay this fund to
your troops, you will require no further supply; if not, you
will require a further supply ; indeed, you will have no supply
at all. ' It will be observed that Demosthenes avoids all direct
mention of the Hewpme? v. In the Third Olynthiac, ? 11, he
attacks the question with far greater boldness. On the
Oewpme? v see Boeckh Publ. Econ. ii c. 13, Scho'mann Ant. of
Greece pp. 438 f Engl. ed. , Gilbert Gk. C'onst. Ant. i 272--42:
245 f Engl. ed. , art. by Mr. FTRichards in Smith's Diet. of
Ant. ed. 3, and especially Grote, latter part of c. 88 viii
98-103, and Helm iii c. 15 n. 5.
' Delendum puto a'rpwriu'rmd, nondum enim orator cr'rpa'rtw'rlkli haee
esse dicit, sed tantum affirmat universe pccuniae copiam esse (cf. 14 $25);
ea nunc populum alio modo uti fruique' (Manvm). 'Miror unde perin-
eptum et cum loci sententia pugnans (rrpa-nw'rma' irrepscrit: magis etium
miror quo pacto Editores id ferre tamdiu et concoquere potuerint. Erant
enim Atheniensibus illo tempore eprtkli, non erant irrpmnmnmi. Cautis-
sime et formidolose Demosthenes eivibus auctnr est ut Bewpuw'. quae essent
("pa-nu>>an faciant: ei ne? v 06v rail-re. 7on o'rparevons'voiq dwodu'm's'rs (id est
nliis verbis al 7191a. :r-rparlwnxd. woir'lrre're), 055m; 13va wpomSei mipov.
Sentit autem in quanta pericqu versetur et statim addit: n' adv; [iv 11:
siwoi] 01': ypaidmrs 1min" clmu arpanw'rixa' ; p. 15. Ai' 05x Eymye' (COBET, followed
by Weil and Rosenberg).
Mr. LWhibley, writing to me in Nov. 1896, observes that ' it is a neral
assumption that under the administration of Eubulus "the surplus nds "
of Athens were spent in theoric distributions; but no one explains exactly
what these surplus funds were. The statements in the Orators (e. g. Dem.
3 ? 88 mi; mpmmn'aic mi; 01401, [59] ? 4) are generally vague; Aesehin.
8 5 251 To wepie? v-ra. veinu'pevos, and Aristot. Pol. 1320 a 89 1'6. wepuivr
vinovaw, do not refer to any particqu date or policy; and the accounts
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:10 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc1. 31175009758841 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? I ? 19 FIRST 0L YNTHIAC' 145
of the scholiasts are confused and exaggerated (e. g. ? 5 of Arg. to OZ. 1
anBS 1rdv'ra. rd. 81"]. 60'10. xpfipa-ra. Steve'pov'ro). The modern idea Of a
surplus is the yearly balance of revenue over expenditure; but there is
no trace of any yearly budget at Athens, nor evidence of any actual dis-
tribution of a surplus. At all times there were the ordinary expenses to
be met, the yearly charges for the necessary outlay on the peace administra-
tion, the maintenance of the defences of Attica, and (in case of war) the
expenses of war. Besides this, there was at all times a certain expenditure
on public amusements. The amount so spent must have been only a
question of degree. The general consensus of ancient authorities seems
to justify the belief that Eubulus did increase the extent and amount
of these public distributions; at the same time, there is ample evidence
that he did not stint the other branches of the administration. He was
opposed to an aggressive war-policy; but, during a great part of his tenure
of office, Athens was at war, and expeditious were sent to Thermopylae
(352 13. 0. ) and Euboea; the fleet was kept up, new triremes, dockyards and
arsenals were built (19 ? 89, Dinarch. 1 ? 96, CIA. ii 795", Philochorus
Frag. 135), and, in particular, works of peace, such as the repair of roads
and the supply of water, were promoted (3 ? 29). It would even appear
that surplus funds were allowed to accumulate (19 ? 89 xprjnofl' My
nepte'o'nv Kat nepte'a'rat 81d Thu eipfivnv). SO that, however considerable
the theoric distributions may have been, Eubulus did not starve the needs
of the state, but confessedly spent large sums on public works, whether
for peace or for war. But we have no means of judging what proportion
was set aside for theoric purposes. Boeckh Publ. Econ. bk. ii c. 13 assumes
"a yearly expenditure of 25 to 30 t, which in good times may have been two
or three times as much. " An expenditure of even 100t would not have
been a very heavy charge; and the saving would not have enabled the
Athenians to prosecute a very vigorous war-policy.
' Apart from the "distribution of 115. Bear met," there are many passages
referring to the question whether funds shou d be Gewpuui 0r arpanwrmd :--
[59]-? 4, 19 ? 291, 3 ? ? 11, 19 and the text; also schol. on Aeschin. 3 ? 24
rd. 8% xpfiua'ra. rd 0cm txd sis o'rpa'rturrtxd neraBoiAAew e? 'n-ew'e updrro: Anno-
aOe? vng (339--8 B. c. ) Tliis need not mean that funds hitherto nt on theoric
purposes were now applied to purposes of war. Comparing Philochorus
Frag. 135 1d 8e xpfina'r' e? ipn? iaavro 1ro'w-r' elvat arpanwrtno't, Annoa'ae'vovc
ypdipawog, we may conclude that both the schol. and Philochorus are
referring to all the funds of the state. Oewpme? v refers sometimes to a
particular distribution (3 ? 31, [44] ? 37), but 1'2) 0. more often means "the
theoric fund " (or treasury? ) as in the ordinary title oi. e? n't Tb 0. (cp.
