It also included several pieces in
Provenc?
Cult of the Nation in France
13.
Notes to Pages 83-84 251
? (London, 1951), 108-20. An amusing catalogue of national invective in the Renaissance can be found in John Hale, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Europe (New York, 1994), 51-66. More recently, many seventeenth-century French authors copiously indulged in the delights of Hispanophobia. See for instance Franc? ois de La Mothe le Vayer, Discours de la contrarie? te? d'humeurs qui se trouve entre certains nations, et singulie`rement entre la franc? aise et l'espagnole (Paris, 1636).
14. On the use of print in the wars of the Reformation, see especially Denis Pallier, Recherches sur l'imprimerie a` Paris pendant la Ligue, 1585-1594 (Geneva 1975); R. W. Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propa- ganda for the German Reformation (Cambridge, 1981). See also David A. Bell, "Unmasking a King: The Political Uses of Popular Literature under the French Catholic League, 1588-89," Sixteenth-Century Journal, 20 (1989), 371-86.
15. This assertion is based on holdings of the French Bibliothe`que Nationale, in my own survey of the number of publications that qualify as wartime propa- ganda--including plays and poems as well as pamphlets--and on material cited in Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme. On wartime propaganda in the War of the Spanish Succession, see Joseph Klaits, Printed Propaganda un- der Louis XIV: Absolute Monarchy and Public Opinion (Princeton, 1976). On the Seven Years War, in addition to the fundamental work of Dziembowski, see also Nicholas Rowe, "Romans and Carthaginians in the Eighteenth Cen- tury: Imperial Ideology and National Identity in Britain and France during the Seven Years' War," Ph. D. diss. , Boston College (1997); Charles Gevaert Salas, "Punic Wars in France and Britain," Ph. D. diss. , Claremont Graduate School (1996); and Brenner, L'histoire nationale (see Ch. 2, n. 61), esp. 243-6N6otes to Pag. es 83-84
16. Journal encyclope? dique par une socie? te? de gens de lettres, 1756, VI, Sept. 15, 78.
17. According to Moreau, Mes souvenirs (see Ch. 2, n. 22), I, 59-63.
18. As an indication of the diffusion of the works, see the lengthy and favorable
reviews of Moreau's Me? moire in Me? moires de Tre? voux, 1756, II, 1734-90, and of his Observateur hollandois, ou deuxie`me lettre in Journal encyclope? dique, 1756, V, July 1, 12-22. The British replied to the second in the pamphlet L'Observateur observe? (n. p. , [1756]), which the Journal encyclope? dique men- tioned as well (12). Lengthy and favorable reviews of Thomas's Jumonville in- cluded Me? moires de Tre? voux, 1759, II, 1116-33, and Journal encyclope? dique 1759, IV, pt. III, 123-40; Journal des Savants, June 1759, 429-31.
19. See the Recueil ge? ne? ral des pie`ces, chansons et fe^tes, and the discussion in Rowe, "Romans and Carthaginians," 10-63.
20. For instance, Voltaire's Le Poe`me sur la bataille de Fontenoy (Amsterdam, 1748). The only text I have found of a violence remotely close to those of the Seven Years' War is Peze? d'Anglincourt's Ode a` la France (Paris, 1744), which
252 Notes to Pages 84-87
? calls on Louis XV to "cut off the ferocious heads of a Cohort of Brigands," but then almost immedieately checks itself: "What am I saying? Where is my mind wandering? LOUIS, magnanimous victor, don't grant this barbarous desire" (6-7).
21. Lefebvre de Beauvray, Adresse, 9; Coulange, Ode, 3; Conside? rations sur les diffe? rends des couronnes de la Grande-Bretagne et de France, touchant l'Acadie et autres parties de l'Ame? rique septentrionale (Frankfurt, 1756), 23.
22. On this comparison, see above all Rowe, "Romans and Carthaginians," 64-97, and Salas, "Punic Wars," 287-314. One play, entitled Asdrubal, took the other tack, comparing France to a virtuous Carthage and England to an expansion- ary, grasping Rome. See Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme, 411.
23. Moreau, L'Observateur hollandois, ou deuxie`me lettre, 37, and cinquie`me lettre, 4.
24. Moreau, Cinquie`me lettre, 40.
25. "Quod genus hoc hominum? Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem / Permittit
patria? " Aeneid I, 539-40.
26. Me? moires de Tre? voux, 1759, II, 1118. It also noted, in the poem, "un contraste
frappant de la simplicite? & de la droiture des Sauvages avec la perfidie des
Anglois" (1132).
27. Lebrun, Ode Nationale, in Oeuvres, 403.
28. Se? ran de la Tour, 187-91, 250. The book attracted sufficient attention to war-
rant a nine-page review in the Journal encyclope? dique, 1757, III, pt. II, 81-89.
29. For instance, Lefebvre de Beauvray, Adresse, 12: "De l'affreuse Discorde
agitant le flambeau, / Fais de ton Isle entie`re un immense Tombeau. "
30. Audibert, in Recueil, 49.
NotestoPages384-871. L'Albionide,oul'Anglaisde? masque? :Poe? mehe? roi? -comique(Aix,1759),80.
32. Lefebvre de Beauvray, 8.
33. Lesuire, Les sauvages de l'Europe (see Ch. 1, n. 94). As noted above, the book
was reprinted in Paris in 1780 under the title Les amants franc? ois a` Londres, and translated as The Savages of Europe (London, 1764). Despite the English translation, there is no indication that Lesuire did not intend his criticisms seriously. As Grieder demonstrates in Anglomania (see Intro. , n. 55), 33-63, the novel obeyed the conventions of contemporary satirical Anglophobia. Furthermore, Lesuire himself felt obliged to tone down his criticisms in the 1780 version.
34. Lesuire, 18-19.
35. On this terminology, see Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man: The
American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (Cambridge, 1982), 15-26; Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France, c. 1500-c. 1800 (New Haven, 1995); Olive Patricia Dickason, The Myth of the Savage and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in
Notes to Pages 87-88 253
? the Americas (Calgary, 1984), esp. 61-94; Miche`le Duchet, Anthropologie et
histoire au sie`cle des lumie`res (Paris, 1973, repr. 1995), 217.
36. My thanks to Ste? phane Pujol for this observation.
37. See notably the politique pamphlets, La fleur de lys, qui est un discours d'un
Franc? ois retenu dans Paris (n. p. , 1590), and Exhortation d'aucuns Parisiens,
n'agueres eslargis de la Bastille de Paris, au peuple Franc? ois (n. p. , 1592).
38. Barthe? le? my-Franc? ois-Joseph Mouffle d'Angerville, Vie prive? e de Louis XV, ou principaux e? ve? nements, particularite? s et anecdotes de son re`gne (London,
1785), III, 84-85, quoted in Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme, 106-7.
39. Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme, while paying close attention to the ministry's efforts, occasionally errs somewhat in this direction (e. g. 491-96).
40. On Moreau's activities, see Moreau, Mes souvenirs, I, 57-63, and Dziembowski, "Les de? buts d'un publiciste" (see Ch. 1, n. 98); also Gembicki, Histoire et politique (see Ch. 2, n. 22). The papers taken from Washington were published as [Moreau], Me? moire, and translated into English as A Memorial, Containing a Summary View of Facts, with Their Authorities, in Answer to the Observations Sent by the English Ministry to the Courts of Europe (Paris, 1757Not)es to Pag. es 87-88
41. Se? ran de la Tour, x, says he based much of his account on Moreau's Pre? cis. Compare Thomas, Jumonville, iii-xx, with L'Observateur hollandois, ou seconde lettre, 20-35. Thomas's epigraph from the Aeneid was quoted in Moreau's Observateur hollandois, ou cinquie`me lettre, 32. Also compare Moreau's Observateur hollandois, ou deuxie`me lettre, 37 ("Imputerai-je donc a` toute la Nation angloise des forfaits qui ont fait honneur a` des Peuples que les Europe? ens traitent de Barbares? ") with Lebrun, Ode nationale, 403 ("Au Hu- ron qu'il de? daigne, et qu'il nomme barbare / Il apprend des Forfaits"), and the Observateur hollandois, ou cinquie`me lettre, 42 ("Chez les Franc? ois, au contraire, la Patrie n'est point une idole pour laquelle on se passionne"), with Conside? rations sur les diffe? rends, 23 ("La Patrie est l'Idole, a` laquelle les Anglois sacrifient tous les sentiments . . . "). This last piece may well be by
Moreau himself, although it has never actually been attributed to him.
42. Among the other official propagandists was Edme-Jacques Genet, who coop- erated with the anti-philosophe Palissot on yet another anti-English newspa- per. See Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme, 62-5, 177-82. On Lefebvre, see Bell, Lawyers and Citizens (see Ch. 1, n. 12), 172, 184, 192. On Thomas, see Bonnet, Naissance du Panthe? on (see Intro. , n. 43), 68; Etienne Micard, Un e? crivain acade? mique au XVIIIe sie`cle: Antoine-Le? onard Thomas (1732-1785)
(Paris, 1924), 23.
43. Recueil ge? ne? ral . . . The volume included pieces by military officers and mem-
bers of the King's bodyguard, as well as several odes by Voltaire and pieces previously published in periodicals.
It also included several pieces in Provenc? al.
254
Notes to Pages 88-90
? 44. 45. 46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Notes to Pages 88-90
51.
52. 53.
54.
55.
56.
57. 58. 59.
See Moreau, Mes souvenirs, I, 57-63.
Moreau, L'Observateur hollandois, ou deuxie`me lettre, 6.
Moreau, Mes souvenirs, I, 129; Jacob-Nicolas Moreau, Lettre sur la paix, a` M. le Comte de *** (Lyons, 1763).
These were the years of Moreau's famous anti-philosophe satire Nouveau me? moire pour servir a` l'histoire des Cacouacs (Amsterdam, 1757), of Charles Palissot's Les philosophes (Paris, 1760), and many other anti-philosophe works, not to mention a hardening of censorship of the philosophes themselves. On the connection with the war, see Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme, 119-30.
Dziembowski, esp. 298-311. For perceptions of English turbulence see Thomas, Jumonville, 5; Conside? rations sur les diffe? rends, 7; Lesuire, passim. On the importance of these perceptions in French political culture, see Baker, In- venting the French Revolution (see Intro. , n. 17), 173-85.
"Projet patriotique," in Anne? e litte? raire, 1756, VI, 43-4.
These gifts are described in Barbier, Chronique de la Re? gence (see Ch. 1, n. 96), VII, 422-4. See also Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme, 458-72.
Lettres patentes du roi, Par lesquelles le Roi, en ordonnant que sa Vaisselle sera porte? e a` l'Ho^tel des Monnoies de Paris, pour y e^tre convertie en Espe`ces, fixe le prix de celle qui y sera porte? e volontairement par les Particuliers (Versailles, 1759). In Bibliothe`que Nationale de France, F 21162, no. 111. Riley in The Seven Years' War, a study of French finances during the war, doesn't even mention these donations.
Barbier, VII, 199.
Bibliothe`que de la Socie? te? de Port-Royal, Fonds Le Paige, 543 (unpaginated), letter from Decourtoux (? ) to Le Paige. This volume of the Le Paige collection has considerable material on the "dons d'argenterie. " My thanks to Mita Choudhury for the reference.
Jean de la Chapelle, Lettres d'un Suisse, qui demeure en France, a` un Franc? ois, qui s'est retire? en Suisse, touchant l'e? stat pre? sent des affaires en Europe (n. p. , 1704). See also Klaits, Printed Propaganda, 113-70.
Klaits, 212-16; Lettre du Roy a Mr. le Marquis d'Antin du 12. Juin 1709 (Paris, 1709). The letter was written by Torcy. See also Andre? Corvisier, L'arme? e franc? aise de la fin du XVIIe` sie`cle au ministe`re de Choiseul: Le soldat, 2 vols. (Paris, 1964), I, 105.
Moreau, Mes souvenirs, II, 559; Charles-Pierre Colardeau, Le patriotisme, poe? me (Paris, 1762), 3; Le patriotisme, poe? me [anonymous 1767 poem, not by Colardeau; see Ch. 1, n. 86], 7.
De la Chapelle, Lettre d'un Suisse, "Quatrie`me lettre," E4v.
Lettre du Roy, 3.
See Etienne-Franc? ois, duc de Choiseul, Me? moire historique sur la ne? gociation
Notes to Pages 90-93 255
? de la France et de l'Angleterre depuis le 26 mars 1761 jusqu'au 20 septembre de
la me^me anne? e, avec les pie`ces justificatives (Paris, 1761).
60. "Projet patriotique," 42.
61. Thomas, Jumonville, xvi, 18.
62. [Moreau], L'Observateur hollandois, ou troisie`me lettre, 3, 4, 12.
63. [Moreau], L'Observateur hollandois, ou cinquie`me lettre . . . , 6-8.
64. See, for instance, Moreau's disquisition on patriotism in ibid. , 40-42, and the
discussion in Chapter 1 above.
65. Me? moires de Tre? voux (1756), II, 1750-1751.
66. [abbe? Le Blanc], Le patriote anglois, ou re? flexions sur les Hostilite? s que la France
reproche a` l'Angleterre (Geneva, 1756), ii. Le Blanc also wrote that "the hatred
of the name Frenchman only blinds the vile populace. "
67. Journal encyclope? dique, 1756, I, Jan. 15, 30-31.
68. This suppleness would continue. See for instance Sobry, Le mode franc? ois
(see Ch. 1, n. 63), 26-37. Sobry uses the word "nation" to describe England,
France, and Spain, but "peuple" to describe other groups of Europeans.
69. Denis Diderot, "Eloge de Richardson," in Oeuvres comple`tes (Paris, 1951),
1063. Notes to Pages 90-93
70. See, on this phenomenon, Grieder, Anglomania, and Acomb, Anglophobia (see Ch. 1, n. 96). Both draw heavily on Georges Ascoli, La Grande Bretagne
devant l'opinion franc? aise au 18e` sie`cle (Paris, 1930).
71. Quoted in Greenfeld, Nationalism (see Intro. , n. 21), 156. Among the more fa-
mous examples of tracts against Anglomania is Louis Fougeret de Montbron,
Pre? servatif (see Ch. 1, n. 96).
72. Quoted in Dziembowski, Un nouveau patriotisme, 184.
73. Among the voluminous literature on the idea of Europe, see esp. Rene?
Pomeau, L'Europe des lumie`res: Cosmopolitisme et unite? europe? enne au dix- huitie`me sie`cle (Paris, 1995 [1964]); Jean-Baptiste Duroselle, L'ide? e d'Europe dans l'histoire (Paris, 1965), 103-33; Derek Heater, The Idea of European Unity (New York, 1992), 61-90; Denis de Rougemont, The Idea of Europe, trans. Norbert Guterman (New York, 1966), 51-175. On precedents, see Denys Hay, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh, 1957).
74. Voltaire, Fontenoy, "Discours pre? liminaire," unpaginated.
75. Journal encyclope? dique, 1760, VIII, pt. II, 104. The anonymous writer also commented that "the Orientals themselves recognize the Europeans' mental
superiority. "
76. Quoted in de Rougemont, 150.
77. Rousseau, Oeuvres comple`tes (see Intro. , n. 42), III, 960. Cf. Emile (see Ch. 2,
n. 48), 593: "the original character of peoples is steadily being erased . . . As the races mix and the peoples blend, we see those national differences which once struck one at first glance, little by little disappearing. "
256 Notes to Pages 94-98
? 78. One exception: The Lettre d'un jeune homme (see Intro. , n. 70), published in the War of American Independence, said that the English custom of having women retire early from the dinner table was worthy of "Africans or Orientals" (18).
79. Duchet, 32, and more generally, 25-136; Gilbert Chinard, L'Ame? rique et le re^ve exotique dans la litte? rature franc? aise au XVIIe` et au XVIIIe` sie`cles (Paris, 1913); Geoffroy Atkinson, Les relations de voyages du XVIIe` sie`cle et l'e? volution des ide? es: Contribution a` l'e? tude de la formation de l'esprit du XVIIIe` sie`cle (Paris, 1927).
80. See also Karen Ordahl Kupperman, America in European Consciousness, 1493-1750 (Chapel Hill, 1995), 1-24.
81. See Colley, Britons, 11-54.
82. For a brief summary of these works, see Henry Vyverberg, Human Nature,
Cultural Diversity, and the French Enlightenment (New York, 1989), esp. 66-
71. The arguments about temperate climate go back to Aristotle.
83. Rivarol, L'universalite? de la langue franc? aise (Paris, 1991), 25.
84. D'Espiard, L'esprit des nations, 1753 Hague ed. (see Intro. , n. 38), II, 25.
NotestoPages894-985. Ibid. ,I,145;II,126.
