after remaining there for a time, he returned to
Pliny tells us that Pythagoras had for a pupil his Athens.
Pliny tells us that Pythagoras had for a pupil his Athens.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Now, in the case
attained to incorporeal existence (Arist. de An. i. of Pythagoras, one of his most celebrated works
2, 3 ; Herod. ii. 123 ; Diog. Laërt. viii. 31 ; Lo- was the statue of the Olympic victor Astylus of
beck, Aglaoph. p. 893. What we find in Plato, Croton, who conquered in the single and double
Phaedr. p. 248, b. , and in Pindar, Thren. fr. 4, foot. race in three successive Olympiads, and on
Olymp. ii. 68, is probably in the main Pythagorean). the last two of these occasions he caused himself to
As regards the fruits of this system of training or be proclaimed as a Syracusan, in order to gratify
belief, it is interesting to remark, that wherever Hiero. (Paus. vi. 13. 1. ) Now, supposing (ag
we have notices of distinguished Pythagoreans, we is datural) that this was during the time that
usually hear of them as men of great uprightness, Hiero was king (B. C. 478—467, Ol. 75. 3—78.
conscientiousness, and self-restraint, and as capable 2), the last victory of Astylus must have been
of devoted and enduring friendship. (See ARCHY. either in OL 77, or 01. 78 ; or, even if we admit
TAS; CLEINIAS ; DAMON ; PHINTIAS. ]
that Hiero was not yet king, and place the last
For some account of the very extensive literature victory of Astylus in 01. 75 (Müller, Dorier,
connected with Pythagoras, &c. , the reader is re- Chron. tab. ), the earliest date at which we should
ferred to Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. pp. 750—804. be compelled to place Pythagoras would be about
The best of the modern authorities have been al- B. C. 480, and, comparing this with Pliny's date,
ready repeatedly referred to.
we should have B. C. 480–430 as the time during
Besides a Samian pugilist of the name of Py- which he flourished. This result agrees very well
thagoras, who gained a victory in Ol. 48, and who with the indications furnished by his other statues of
has been frequently identified with the philosopher, Olympic victors, by his contest with Myron, and by
Fabricius (1. c. p. 776, &c. ) enumerates about the statements respecting the character of his art.
twenty more individuals of the same name, who According to Diogenes Laërtius (viii. 47), Py.
are, however, not worth inserting. (C. P. M. ] thagoras was the first who paid special attention
PYTHAGORAS (liveayópas), artists. 1. Of to order and proportion in his art ; and Pliny
Rhegium, one of the most celebrated statuaries of states that he was the first who expressed with
Greece. Pausanias, who calls him “ excellent in care and accuracy the muscles and veins and hair
the plastic art, if any other was 80,” gives the (Plin. l. c. $ 4). Hence it would seem that he was
following as his artistic genealogy (vi. 4. § 2. the chief representative of that school of improved
6. 4) -
development in statuary, which preceded the
Syadras and Chartas of Sparta
schools of perfect art which were established at
Athens and at Argos respectively by Pheidias and
Eucheirus of Corinth.
Polycleitus ; and that, while Ageladas was pre-
1
paring the way for this perfection of art in Greece
Clearchus of Rhegium.
Proper, another school was growing up in Magna
Graecia, which attained to its highest fame in
Pythagoras of Rhegium.
Pythagoras ; who, in his statues of athletes, prac-
tised those very principles of art, as applied to the
His precise date is difficult to fix. In Pliny's list human figure, which Polycleitus brought to per-
he is placed at Ol. 87 (B. C. 432) with Ageladas, fection; and who lived long enough to gain a vic-
Callon, Polycletus, Myron, Scopas, and others. tory over one of the most celebrated masters of the
(H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) How little dependence is to new Attic school, namely Myron.
be placed on Pliny's chronological groups of artists, The most important works of Pythagoras, as
we have had occasion more than once to notice, has just been intimated, appear to have been his
and the very names now mentioned furnish a suf- statues of athletes. Unfortunately, the passage in
.
VOL. III,
8S
## p. 626 (#642) ############################################
626
PYTHANGELUS.
PYTAEAS.
which Pliny describes his works is extremely cor- he is likely to supply the void left by the death of
rupt, but it can be pretty well corrected by the Euripides, does not even obtain an answer, except
help of Pausanias. (Respecting the correction of by a jest of Xanthias.
[P. S. ]
the text, see Sillig, Cat. Art. s. v. , and edition of PY"THEAS (Tudéas), historical. l. The son
Pliny, with Janus's supplement; and Thiersch, of Lampon, of Aegina, was a conqueror in the
Epochen, pp. 216, 217). Besides the statue of Nemcan games, and his victory is celebrated in one
Astylus already mentioned, and the pancratiast at of Pindar's odes (Nem. v). He is in all probability
Delphi by which he gained his victory over the same as the Pytheas wlio distinguished him-
Myron, he also made the statues of Leontiscus of self in the Persian wars (No. 2), since we know
Messana, an Olympic victor in wrestling (Paus. vi. that the latter had a son of the name of Lampon.
4. $2), of Protolaus of Mantineia (vi. 6. 81), of 2. Or Pythes, the son of Ischenous, of Aegina,
Euthymus, a very beautiful work of art (ib. & 2. was in one of the three Greek guard-ships sta-
8. 6), of Dromeus of Stymphalus (vi. 7. & 3. s. 10), tioned off the island of Sciathus, which were taken
of Mnaseas of Cyrene, who was known by the sur- by the Persians shortly before the battle of Ther-
name of Libys, and of his son Cratisthenes, who mopylae. Pytheas distinguished himself by his
was represented in a chariot, with a Victory by bravery in the engagement, and was in conse-
his side (vi. 13. § 4. s. 7, 18. & 1). His other quence treated by the Persians with distinguished
works, mentioned by Pliny, are, a naked figure honour. At the battle of Salamis the Sidonian
carrying apples, perhaps Hercules with the golden ship, in which he was kept as a prisoner, was
apples of the Hesperides ; a lame figure, at Syra- taken by an Aeginetan vessel, and he thus reco-
cuse, called Claudicans," the pain of whose wound vered his liberty. Lampon, the son of this Pytheas,
even the spectator seems to feel,” a description was present at the battle of Plataea, and urged
which almost certainly indicates a Philoctetes ; Pausanias, after the engagement, to avenge the
two statues of Apollo, the one slaying the serpent death of Leonidas by insulting and mutilating the
Python with his arrows, the other playing the corpse of Mardonius. (Herod. vii. 181, viii. 92,
harp, of which two statues the latter was known ix. 78 ; Paus. iii. 4. § 10. )
by the surname of Dicacus, from a story that, when 3. Or Pythes, of Abdera, the father of Nym-
Thebes was taken by Alexander, a fugitive hid his phodorus. (Herod. vii. 137. ) (NYMPHODORUS. 1
money in the bosom of the statue, and found it 4. An Athenian orator, distinguished by his
afterwards in safety. There are still other works unceasing animosity against Demosthenes.
He
of Pythagoras, mentioned by other authors, namely, was self-educated, and, on account of the harshness
a winged Perseus (Dion Chrysost. Orat. 37, vol. ii. and inelegance of his style, was not reckoned
p. 106, ed. Reiske); Europa sitting on the bull among the Attic orators by the grammarians.
(Tatian, adv. Graec. 53, p. 116, ed. Worth ; Varro, (Suidas, s. v. ; Syrian. ad Hermog. 16 ; comp.
L. L. v. 6. § 31); Eteocles and Polyneices dying Phil. Phoc. 21. ) His private character was bad.
by their mutual fratricide (ibid. 54, p. 118); and and he had no political principles, but changed
a statue of Dionysus, mentioned in an epigram by sides as often as suited his convenience or his in-
Proclus, in which, though the name of Pythagoras terest. He made no pretensions to honesty. On
does not occur, we can hardly be wrong in apply- being reproached on one occasion as a rascal, he
ing to him the epithet 'Pryſvov (Brunck, Anal. frankly admitted the charge, but urged that he
vol. ii. p. 446, No. 5 ; Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal. had been so for a shorter time than
any
of his con-
vol. ii. p. 782, No. 69).
temporaries who took part in public affairs. (Aelian,
There are still extant various medals, gems, and V. H. xiv. 28. ) Suidas relates (s. v. ) that having
bas-reliefs, on which there is a figure of Philoc- been imprisoned on account of a debt, probably a fine
tetes, which some antiquaries believe to be after incurred in a law-suit (dia 004 nua), he made his
the type of the statue by Pythagoras, but the escape from prison and fied to Macedonia, and that
matter is quite uncertain.
after remaining there for a time, he returned to
Pliny tells us that Pythagoras had for a pupil his Athens. The statement that he was unable to pay
sister's son, Sostratus (l. c. $ 5).
his debts is confirmed by the account of the author
2. Of Samos, a statuary, whom Pliny (l. c. $5) of the Letters which go under the name of Demo-
expressly distinguishes from the former, to whom, sthenes (Ep. 3. p. 1481, ed. Reiske), where it is re-
however, he says, the Samian bore a remarkable lated that Pytheas had acquired such a large fortune
personal likeness. He was at first a painter, and by dishonest means that he could at that time pay
was celebrated as the maker of seven naked five talents with more ease than five drachmas for-
statues, and one of an old man, which, in Pliny's merly. We learn from the same authority that he
time, stood near the temple of Fortune, which obtained the highest honours at Athens, and was in
Catulus had erected out of the spoils of the Cimbri. particular entrusted with the distinguished duty of
(This is the meaning of Pliny's expression, hujusce offering the sacrifices at Delphi for the Athenians.
die. ) There is no indication of bis date, unless He was accused by Deinarchus of Sevia (Dionys.
we were to accept the opinion of Sillig, already Deinarch. ; Harpocrat. s. v. dupwv ypaoń ; Steph.
noticed, that Pliny's date of Ol. 87 ought to be re- Byz. s. v. Aly. vai), probably on account of his long
ferred to this artist rather than to Pythagoras of residence at Macedonia. Of the part that he took
Rhegium.
[P. S. ) in political affairs only two or three facts are re-
PYTHA'NGELUS (Ivodygedos), an Athe- corded. He opposed the honours which the Athe-
nian tragic poet at the close of the fifth century nians proposed to confer upon Alexander (Plut.
B. C. , who is only known by one passage in Pracc. gerend. Reip. p. 604, b, An Seni ger. resp.
Aristophanes (Ran. 87), which is, however, quite p. 784, c), but he afterwards espoused the interests
enough to show the sort of estimation in which he of the Macedonian party. He accused Demosthenes
was held.
Aristophanes places him at the very of having received bribes from Harpalus. (Dem.
foot of the anti-climax of tragedians who were Ep. loc. ; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 846, c; Phot.
still living, and the question of Hercules, whether | Bibl. Cod. 265 ; Dionys. Isacus, 4. ) In the Lanian
## p. 627 (#643) ############################################
PYTHEAS.
627
PYTHEAS.
war, B. c. 322, he joined Antipater (Plut. Dem. / west of the inhabited world was a promontory of the
27), and had thus the satisfaction of surviving his Ostidamnii, called Calbion, and that islands lay to
great enemy Demosthenes. His hostility to De the west of it, the furthest of which named
mosthenes is frequently mentioned by the ancient Uxisama was a three days' sail (Strab. i. p. 64).
writers, who have preserved many of his jests Strabo treats all this as the pure invention of
against the great orator. He is said to have been Pythcas. 2. He further related that he visited
the author of the well-known saying, that the ora- Britain, and travelled over the whole of the island
tions of Demosthenes smelt of the lamp. (Aelian, as far as it was accessible ; and he said that it was
V. H. vii. 7; Plut. Dem. 8; comp. Athen. ii. p. 40,000 stadia in circumference. As to Thule and
44, f. ) The titles of two of the orations of Pytheas those distant parts he stated that there was neither
are preserved by Harpocration, Npos Triy évbertiv earth, sea, nor air, but a sort of mixture of all
απολογία (s. ο. άγραφίου), and Κατ' 'Αδείμαντος | these, like to the mollusca, in which the earth and
(s. v. Ožvovuía). Two short extracts from bis ora- the sea and every thing else are suspended, and
tions are given in Latin by Rutilius Lupus (i. 11, which could not be penetrated either by land or by
14). (Comp. Ruhnken, ad Rutil. Lup. i. Il ; sea. The substance like the mollusca Pytheas
Westermann, Geschichte der Griech. Bereitsamkeit, had seen himself, but the other part of the account
§ 54. )
he gave from hearsay (Polyb. ap. Strab. ii p. 104).
5. Boeotarch of Thebes, was, next to Critolaus, Pytheas made Thule a six days' sail from Britain ;
the chief instigator of the Achaeans to undertake he said that the day and the night were each six
the fatal war against the Romans, which destroyed months long in Thule (Strab. i. p. 63 ; Plin. H. N.
for ever the liberties of Greece. He was put to ii. 77). 3. He spoke of a people called Guttones,
death by Metellus at the beginning of B. c. 146. bordering upon Germany, and dwelling upon a
(Polyb. xl. 1, 3; Paus. vii. 14. $ 6, vii. 15. § 10. ) gulf of the sea called Mentonomon, in a space of
PY/THEAS (Tludéas), of Massilia, in Gaul, a 6000 stadia. He added that at the distance of a
celebrated Greek navigator, who sailed to the day's sail there was an island named Abalus, to
western and northern parts of Europe, and wrote which amber was brought by the waves in spring ;
a work containing the results of his discoveries. We that the inhabitants used it instead of firewood,
know nothing of his personal history, with the ex- and sold it to the neighbouring Teutoni. Timaeus
ception of the statement of Polybius that he was a gave credit to this account, but called the island
poor man (ap. Strab. ii. p. 104). The time at which Basilia (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 11. )
he lived cannot be determined with accuracy. The credibility of the statements of Pytheas was
Bougainville (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. vol. xix differently estimated by the ancient writers. Era-
p. 143) maintained that he lived before Aristotle, tosthenes and Hipparchus refer to them as worthy
but the passage on which he relied (Arist. Met. of belief ; but other writers, especially Polybius
ii. 5. ) is not sufficient to warrant this conclusion and Strabo, regard them as of no value at all. Po-
Vossius (de Historicis Graecis, p. 125, ed. Wester-lybius says that it is incredible that a private man,
mann) places him in the time of Ptolemy Philadel- and one who was also poor, could have undertaken
phus, but this is certainly too late a date. As he such long voyages and journeys (ap. Strab. ii. p.
is quoted by Dicaearchus, a pupil of Aristotle (Strab. 104); and Strabo, on more than one occasion, calls
ii. p. 104) and by Timaeus (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. him a great liar, and regards his statements as
11), he probably lived in the time of Alexander mere fables, only deserving to be classed with those
the Great, or shortly afterwards.
of Euhemerus and Antiphanes (Strab. i. p. 63, ii.
The works of Pytheas are frequently referred to p. 102, iii. pp. 148, 157, 158). Most modern writers,
by the ancient writers. One appears to have borne however, have been disposed to set more value
the title Περί του Ωκεανού (έν τοις περί του | upon the narrative of Pytheas. In reply to the ob-
'Nceavoû, Geminus, Elem. Astron. in Petav. Ura- jection of Polybius it has been urged that he may
nol. p. 22), and the other to have been called a have been sent on a voyage of discovery by the
TIeplanovs (Marcianus, in Geogr. Min. vol. i. p. Massilians, at the public expence, in order to become
63, ed. Husdon), or as it is termed by the Scho acquainted with the country from which the Car-
liast on Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 761), rís nepíodos. thaginians procured amber. There seems no reason
That he gave an account of the north-western to doubt that he did go on a voyage to the northern
coasts of Europe is evident from Strabo, who refers parts of Europe ; but the reasons for his undertak-
to his statements respecting Iberia, Gaul, and other ing it must be left in uncertainty. It would appear
countries (Strab. i. p. 64, ii. p. 75, iii. p. 158, iv. from the extracts which have been preserved from
p.
attained to incorporeal existence (Arist. de An. i. of Pythagoras, one of his most celebrated works
2, 3 ; Herod. ii. 123 ; Diog. Laërt. viii. 31 ; Lo- was the statue of the Olympic victor Astylus of
beck, Aglaoph. p. 893. What we find in Plato, Croton, who conquered in the single and double
Phaedr. p. 248, b. , and in Pindar, Thren. fr. 4, foot. race in three successive Olympiads, and on
Olymp. ii. 68, is probably in the main Pythagorean). the last two of these occasions he caused himself to
As regards the fruits of this system of training or be proclaimed as a Syracusan, in order to gratify
belief, it is interesting to remark, that wherever Hiero. (Paus. vi. 13. 1. ) Now, supposing (ag
we have notices of distinguished Pythagoreans, we is datural) that this was during the time that
usually hear of them as men of great uprightness, Hiero was king (B. C. 478—467, Ol. 75. 3—78.
conscientiousness, and self-restraint, and as capable 2), the last victory of Astylus must have been
of devoted and enduring friendship. (See ARCHY. either in OL 77, or 01. 78 ; or, even if we admit
TAS; CLEINIAS ; DAMON ; PHINTIAS. ]
that Hiero was not yet king, and place the last
For some account of the very extensive literature victory of Astylus in 01. 75 (Müller, Dorier,
connected with Pythagoras, &c. , the reader is re- Chron. tab. ), the earliest date at which we should
ferred to Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. pp. 750—804. be compelled to place Pythagoras would be about
The best of the modern authorities have been al- B. C. 480, and, comparing this with Pliny's date,
ready repeatedly referred to.
we should have B. C. 480–430 as the time during
Besides a Samian pugilist of the name of Py- which he flourished. This result agrees very well
thagoras, who gained a victory in Ol. 48, and who with the indications furnished by his other statues of
has been frequently identified with the philosopher, Olympic victors, by his contest with Myron, and by
Fabricius (1. c. p. 776, &c. ) enumerates about the statements respecting the character of his art.
twenty more individuals of the same name, who According to Diogenes Laërtius (viii. 47), Py.
are, however, not worth inserting. (C. P. M. ] thagoras was the first who paid special attention
PYTHAGORAS (liveayópas), artists. 1. Of to order and proportion in his art ; and Pliny
Rhegium, one of the most celebrated statuaries of states that he was the first who expressed with
Greece. Pausanias, who calls him “ excellent in care and accuracy the muscles and veins and hair
the plastic art, if any other was 80,” gives the (Plin. l. c. $ 4). Hence it would seem that he was
following as his artistic genealogy (vi. 4. § 2. the chief representative of that school of improved
6. 4) -
development in statuary, which preceded the
Syadras and Chartas of Sparta
schools of perfect art which were established at
Athens and at Argos respectively by Pheidias and
Eucheirus of Corinth.
Polycleitus ; and that, while Ageladas was pre-
1
paring the way for this perfection of art in Greece
Clearchus of Rhegium.
Proper, another school was growing up in Magna
Graecia, which attained to its highest fame in
Pythagoras of Rhegium.
Pythagoras ; who, in his statues of athletes, prac-
tised those very principles of art, as applied to the
His precise date is difficult to fix. In Pliny's list human figure, which Polycleitus brought to per-
he is placed at Ol. 87 (B. C. 432) with Ageladas, fection; and who lived long enough to gain a vic-
Callon, Polycletus, Myron, Scopas, and others. tory over one of the most celebrated masters of the
(H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) How little dependence is to new Attic school, namely Myron.
be placed on Pliny's chronological groups of artists, The most important works of Pythagoras, as
we have had occasion more than once to notice, has just been intimated, appear to have been his
and the very names now mentioned furnish a suf- statues of athletes. Unfortunately, the passage in
.
VOL. III,
8S
## p. 626 (#642) ############################################
626
PYTHANGELUS.
PYTAEAS.
which Pliny describes his works is extremely cor- he is likely to supply the void left by the death of
rupt, but it can be pretty well corrected by the Euripides, does not even obtain an answer, except
help of Pausanias. (Respecting the correction of by a jest of Xanthias.
[P. S. ]
the text, see Sillig, Cat. Art. s. v. , and edition of PY"THEAS (Tudéas), historical. l. The son
Pliny, with Janus's supplement; and Thiersch, of Lampon, of Aegina, was a conqueror in the
Epochen, pp. 216, 217). Besides the statue of Nemcan games, and his victory is celebrated in one
Astylus already mentioned, and the pancratiast at of Pindar's odes (Nem. v). He is in all probability
Delphi by which he gained his victory over the same as the Pytheas wlio distinguished him-
Myron, he also made the statues of Leontiscus of self in the Persian wars (No. 2), since we know
Messana, an Olympic victor in wrestling (Paus. vi. that the latter had a son of the name of Lampon.
4. $2), of Protolaus of Mantineia (vi. 6. 81), of 2. Or Pythes, the son of Ischenous, of Aegina,
Euthymus, a very beautiful work of art (ib. & 2. was in one of the three Greek guard-ships sta-
8. 6), of Dromeus of Stymphalus (vi. 7. & 3. s. 10), tioned off the island of Sciathus, which were taken
of Mnaseas of Cyrene, who was known by the sur- by the Persians shortly before the battle of Ther-
name of Libys, and of his son Cratisthenes, who mopylae. Pytheas distinguished himself by his
was represented in a chariot, with a Victory by bravery in the engagement, and was in conse-
his side (vi. 13. § 4. s. 7, 18. & 1). His other quence treated by the Persians with distinguished
works, mentioned by Pliny, are, a naked figure honour. At the battle of Salamis the Sidonian
carrying apples, perhaps Hercules with the golden ship, in which he was kept as a prisoner, was
apples of the Hesperides ; a lame figure, at Syra- taken by an Aeginetan vessel, and he thus reco-
cuse, called Claudicans," the pain of whose wound vered his liberty. Lampon, the son of this Pytheas,
even the spectator seems to feel,” a description was present at the battle of Plataea, and urged
which almost certainly indicates a Philoctetes ; Pausanias, after the engagement, to avenge the
two statues of Apollo, the one slaying the serpent death of Leonidas by insulting and mutilating the
Python with his arrows, the other playing the corpse of Mardonius. (Herod. vii. 181, viii. 92,
harp, of which two statues the latter was known ix. 78 ; Paus. iii. 4. § 10. )
by the surname of Dicacus, from a story that, when 3. Or Pythes, of Abdera, the father of Nym-
Thebes was taken by Alexander, a fugitive hid his phodorus. (Herod. vii. 137. ) (NYMPHODORUS. 1
money in the bosom of the statue, and found it 4. An Athenian orator, distinguished by his
afterwards in safety. There are still other works unceasing animosity against Demosthenes.
He
of Pythagoras, mentioned by other authors, namely, was self-educated, and, on account of the harshness
a winged Perseus (Dion Chrysost. Orat. 37, vol. ii. and inelegance of his style, was not reckoned
p. 106, ed. Reiske); Europa sitting on the bull among the Attic orators by the grammarians.
(Tatian, adv. Graec. 53, p. 116, ed. Worth ; Varro, (Suidas, s. v. ; Syrian. ad Hermog. 16 ; comp.
L. L. v. 6. § 31); Eteocles and Polyneices dying Phil. Phoc. 21. ) His private character was bad.
by their mutual fratricide (ibid. 54, p. 118); and and he had no political principles, but changed
a statue of Dionysus, mentioned in an epigram by sides as often as suited his convenience or his in-
Proclus, in which, though the name of Pythagoras terest. He made no pretensions to honesty. On
does not occur, we can hardly be wrong in apply- being reproached on one occasion as a rascal, he
ing to him the epithet 'Pryſvov (Brunck, Anal. frankly admitted the charge, but urged that he
vol. ii. p. 446, No. 5 ; Jacobs, Append. Anth. Pal. had been so for a shorter time than
any
of his con-
vol. ii. p. 782, No. 69).
temporaries who took part in public affairs. (Aelian,
There are still extant various medals, gems, and V. H. xiv. 28. ) Suidas relates (s. v. ) that having
bas-reliefs, on which there is a figure of Philoc- been imprisoned on account of a debt, probably a fine
tetes, which some antiquaries believe to be after incurred in a law-suit (dia 004 nua), he made his
the type of the statue by Pythagoras, but the escape from prison and fied to Macedonia, and that
matter is quite uncertain.
after remaining there for a time, he returned to
Pliny tells us that Pythagoras had for a pupil his Athens. The statement that he was unable to pay
sister's son, Sostratus (l. c. $ 5).
his debts is confirmed by the account of the author
2. Of Samos, a statuary, whom Pliny (l. c. $5) of the Letters which go under the name of Demo-
expressly distinguishes from the former, to whom, sthenes (Ep. 3. p. 1481, ed. Reiske), where it is re-
however, he says, the Samian bore a remarkable lated that Pytheas had acquired such a large fortune
personal likeness. He was at first a painter, and by dishonest means that he could at that time pay
was celebrated as the maker of seven naked five talents with more ease than five drachmas for-
statues, and one of an old man, which, in Pliny's merly. We learn from the same authority that he
time, stood near the temple of Fortune, which obtained the highest honours at Athens, and was in
Catulus had erected out of the spoils of the Cimbri. particular entrusted with the distinguished duty of
(This is the meaning of Pliny's expression, hujusce offering the sacrifices at Delphi for the Athenians.
die. ) There is no indication of bis date, unless He was accused by Deinarchus of Sevia (Dionys.
we were to accept the opinion of Sillig, already Deinarch. ; Harpocrat. s. v. dupwv ypaoń ; Steph.
noticed, that Pliny's date of Ol. 87 ought to be re- Byz. s. v. Aly. vai), probably on account of his long
ferred to this artist rather than to Pythagoras of residence at Macedonia. Of the part that he took
Rhegium.
[P. S. ) in political affairs only two or three facts are re-
PYTHA'NGELUS (Ivodygedos), an Athe- corded. He opposed the honours which the Athe-
nian tragic poet at the close of the fifth century nians proposed to confer upon Alexander (Plut.
B. C. , who is only known by one passage in Pracc. gerend. Reip. p. 604, b, An Seni ger. resp.
Aristophanes (Ran. 87), which is, however, quite p. 784, c), but he afterwards espoused the interests
enough to show the sort of estimation in which he of the Macedonian party. He accused Demosthenes
was held.
Aristophanes places him at the very of having received bribes from Harpalus. (Dem.
foot of the anti-climax of tragedians who were Ep. loc. ; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. p. 846, c; Phot.
still living, and the question of Hercules, whether | Bibl. Cod. 265 ; Dionys. Isacus, 4. ) In the Lanian
## p. 627 (#643) ############################################
PYTHEAS.
627
PYTHEAS.
war, B. c. 322, he joined Antipater (Plut. Dem. / west of the inhabited world was a promontory of the
27), and had thus the satisfaction of surviving his Ostidamnii, called Calbion, and that islands lay to
great enemy Demosthenes. His hostility to De the west of it, the furthest of which named
mosthenes is frequently mentioned by the ancient Uxisama was a three days' sail (Strab. i. p. 64).
writers, who have preserved many of his jests Strabo treats all this as the pure invention of
against the great orator. He is said to have been Pythcas. 2. He further related that he visited
the author of the well-known saying, that the ora- Britain, and travelled over the whole of the island
tions of Demosthenes smelt of the lamp. (Aelian, as far as it was accessible ; and he said that it was
V. H. vii. 7; Plut. Dem. 8; comp. Athen. ii. p. 40,000 stadia in circumference. As to Thule and
44, f. ) The titles of two of the orations of Pytheas those distant parts he stated that there was neither
are preserved by Harpocration, Npos Triy évbertiv earth, sea, nor air, but a sort of mixture of all
απολογία (s. ο. άγραφίου), and Κατ' 'Αδείμαντος | these, like to the mollusca, in which the earth and
(s. v. Ožvovuía). Two short extracts from bis ora- the sea and every thing else are suspended, and
tions are given in Latin by Rutilius Lupus (i. 11, which could not be penetrated either by land or by
14). (Comp. Ruhnken, ad Rutil. Lup. i. Il ; sea. The substance like the mollusca Pytheas
Westermann, Geschichte der Griech. Bereitsamkeit, had seen himself, but the other part of the account
§ 54. )
he gave from hearsay (Polyb. ap. Strab. ii p. 104).
5. Boeotarch of Thebes, was, next to Critolaus, Pytheas made Thule a six days' sail from Britain ;
the chief instigator of the Achaeans to undertake he said that the day and the night were each six
the fatal war against the Romans, which destroyed months long in Thule (Strab. i. p. 63 ; Plin. H. N.
for ever the liberties of Greece. He was put to ii. 77). 3. He spoke of a people called Guttones,
death by Metellus at the beginning of B. c. 146. bordering upon Germany, and dwelling upon a
(Polyb. xl. 1, 3; Paus. vii. 14. $ 6, vii. 15. § 10. ) gulf of the sea called Mentonomon, in a space of
PY/THEAS (Tludéas), of Massilia, in Gaul, a 6000 stadia. He added that at the distance of a
celebrated Greek navigator, who sailed to the day's sail there was an island named Abalus, to
western and northern parts of Europe, and wrote which amber was brought by the waves in spring ;
a work containing the results of his discoveries. We that the inhabitants used it instead of firewood,
know nothing of his personal history, with the ex- and sold it to the neighbouring Teutoni. Timaeus
ception of the statement of Polybius that he was a gave credit to this account, but called the island
poor man (ap. Strab. ii. p. 104). The time at which Basilia (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. 11. )
he lived cannot be determined with accuracy. The credibility of the statements of Pytheas was
Bougainville (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. vol. xix differently estimated by the ancient writers. Era-
p. 143) maintained that he lived before Aristotle, tosthenes and Hipparchus refer to them as worthy
but the passage on which he relied (Arist. Met. of belief ; but other writers, especially Polybius
ii. 5. ) is not sufficient to warrant this conclusion and Strabo, regard them as of no value at all. Po-
Vossius (de Historicis Graecis, p. 125, ed. Wester-lybius says that it is incredible that a private man,
mann) places him in the time of Ptolemy Philadel- and one who was also poor, could have undertaken
phus, but this is certainly too late a date. As he such long voyages and journeys (ap. Strab. ii. p.
is quoted by Dicaearchus, a pupil of Aristotle (Strab. 104); and Strabo, on more than one occasion, calls
ii. p. 104) and by Timaeus (Plin. H. N. xxxvii. him a great liar, and regards his statements as
11), he probably lived in the time of Alexander mere fables, only deserving to be classed with those
the Great, or shortly afterwards.
of Euhemerus and Antiphanes (Strab. i. p. 63, ii.
The works of Pytheas are frequently referred to p. 102, iii. pp. 148, 157, 158). Most modern writers,
by the ancient writers. One appears to have borne however, have been disposed to set more value
the title Περί του Ωκεανού (έν τοις περί του | upon the narrative of Pytheas. In reply to the ob-
'Nceavoû, Geminus, Elem. Astron. in Petav. Ura- jection of Polybius it has been urged that he may
nol. p. 22), and the other to have been called a have been sent on a voyage of discovery by the
TIeplanovs (Marcianus, in Geogr. Min. vol. i. p. Massilians, at the public expence, in order to become
63, ed. Husdon), or as it is termed by the Scho acquainted with the country from which the Car-
liast on Apollonius Rhodius (iv. 761), rís nepíodos. thaginians procured amber. There seems no reason
That he gave an account of the north-western to doubt that he did go on a voyage to the northern
coasts of Europe is evident from Strabo, who refers parts of Europe ; but the reasons for his undertak-
to his statements respecting Iberia, Gaul, and other ing it must be left in uncertainty. It would appear
countries (Strab. i. p. 64, ii. p. 75, iii. p. 158, iv. from the extracts which have been preserved from
p.
