She wrote independently : (Me-
moirs of a Hungarian Lady' (2 vols.
moirs of a Hungarian Lady' (2 vols.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
She
is a resident of South Framingham, Mass. , but
was formerly of Brooklyn, N. Y. Her works
are: Poems) ( 1866 ); (A Russian Journey)
( 1872 ); (The Song of the Ancient People )
(1892).
Proctor, Richard Anthony. A distinguished
English astronomer and writer on scientific sub-
jects; born at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; died at
New York, Sept. 12, 1888. He wrote a great
many popular expositions of science; his great-
est work, 'Old and New Astronomy,' not quite
completed at his death, was carried to com-
pletion by another hand and published in
parts.
Propertius, Sextus (prō-per's hius). The
great Roman elegiac poet; born at Assisium,
about 50 B. C. ; died about 15 B. C. His poems
consist of four books)); the subjects are either
amatory, or political and social, or historical
and antiquarian. *
Prosper of Aquitaine. A Gallic poet of the
first half of the fifth century. He wrote a hex-
ameter poem of about a thousand lines against
the Pelagian heresy, Against the Ungrateful. ?
He was a correspondent of St. Augustine, and
after that Father's death wrote (Responsions
for Augustine.
Proth, Mario (prot). A French writer;
born at Sin, 1832. After having finished his
studies at Metz, he went to Paris, where he
always showed himself a stanch Republican
and violent opponent of the Empire. After
the revolution of 1870, he was selected to put
in order and publish the curious Papers and
Correspondence of the Imperial Family) found
in the Tuileries. Among his own works are :
(To Young People : How to do Battle) (1861);
(Love Letters of Mirabeau, Preceded by a
Study of Mirabeau) (1863); (A Silhouette of the
Revolution (1864); (The Vagabonds) (1864).
Proudfit, David Law. ["Peleg Arkwright. ”]
An American verse-writer; born in Newburg,
N. Y. , Oct. 27, 1842; died in 1897. His writings
have received popular favor. In book-form they
are : Love among the Gamins,' poems (1877);
and Mask and Domino (1888).
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (prö-dôn'). A
French social economist; born at Besançon,
July 15, 1809; died at Passy, Jan. 19, 1865. In
his early years he was a compositor and after-
ward proof-reader in a printing-office; and in
that situation acquired a knowledge of Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, also of Catholic and patris.
tic theology. He wrote: (An Essay toward
a General Grammar) (1837); (What Is Prop-
erty ? ) (1840), answering the question in the
words already used by Brissot, Property is
robbery”; (System of Economic Contradictions,
or Philosophy of Misery) (2 vols. , 1846), to
which Karl Marx replied with «The Misery
of Philosophy); Justice in the Revolution and
in the Church,' a violent attack on all existing
institutions of Church and State (1858).
Prout, Father. See O'Mahony, Francis.
Provancher, Léon (pro-van-shā'). A Cana-
dian priest and naturalist; born in Becancour,
P. Q. , March 10, 1820. In 1869 he retired from
the ministry, and devoted himself to literary
work and the study of natural history. He
established Le Naturalist Canadien in 1868,
and received the degree of D. Sc. in 1880. His
publications include: (Elementary Treatise on
Botany) (1858); Canadian Plant Life) (1865);
(From Quebec to Jerusalem (1882); and 'Short
History of Canada) (1887).
Proyart, Liévain Bonaventure (Abbé)
(prwä. yär'). A French religious writer and
historian; born at Artois, 1748; died at Arras,
1808. He took orders, and emigrated at the
period of the Revolution, against which some
of his writings were directed. Among his
works are: (The Virtuous Pupil, a small book
which has become a classic (1772); a Life of
the Dauphin, Father of Louis XV? (1778); (His-
tory of Stanislaus I. , King of Poland” (1782);
(The Life and Crimes of Robespierre, Sur-
named the Tyrant' (1795); and various others
on historical themes.
Prudden, Theophile Mitchell. An Ameri-
can physician and bacteriologist; born at Mid-
dlebury, Conn. , July 7, 1849. He is professor
of pathology in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York. His works include:
(Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and His-
tology) (1885), with F. Delafield ; (Story of the
Bacteria) (1889); Dust and its Dangers !
(1891); “Water and Ice) (1891).
Prudentius, Aurelius Publius Clemens
(prö-den'shi-us). A Christian poet; born in
Spain, about 350 A. D. ; died about 410. He
wrote: (Hymns for Days and Seasons); (Apo-
theosis,' 1085 hexameter verses on the divinity
of Jesus Christ; (Hamartigenia,' the origin of
sin ; (Psychomachia,' virtue and vice contend-
ing for man's soul; Against Symmachus);
(The Martyrs' Crowns); (Diptychs,' comprising
forty-nine hexameter tetrastichs on Scriptural
events and personages.
## p. 443 (#459) ############################################
PRUDHOMME – PÜCKLER-MUSKAU
443
>
Prudhomme, René François Armand Sully.
See Sully-Prudhomme.
Pruszakowa, Séverine Zochowska (prö-sä-
kõ'vä). A Polish woman of letters; born
about 1830. She received an excellent educa-
tion, and has acquired a style of almost classic
purity. She has published both historical and
poetical works, among them: (Tales of Our
Times) (1853); Poetic Tales) (1855); “Eliza-
beth Druzbacka, a poem (1855); a “History of
Hungary) (1863); (Sebastian Klouswieg,' one
of her finest poetical compositions; and a
(View of the Literature of the Peoples of the
Middle Ages, Particularly the Slavs and Ger-
mans) (1856).
Prutz, Hans (pröts). A German historical
writer, son of Robert Eduard; born at Jena,
May 20, 1843. He became professor of history
in the University of Königsberg in 1870. He
wrote: Henry the Lion (1865); (Kaiser Fred-
erick I. (3 vols. , 1871-74); Phænicia : Geo-
graphical Sketches and Historical Studies)
(1876); “The Possessions of the German Order
in the Holy Land? (1877); "Secret Teaching
and Secret Laws of the Templars) (1879);
(Culture-History of the Crusades) (1883); De-
velopment and Fall of the Order of Knights
Templar(1888).
Prutz, Robert Eduard.
A German poet
and historian of literature; born at Stettin,
May 30, 1816; died there, June 21, 1872. His
principal works are: (The Rhine) (1840);
i Poems, a collection of his lyrics, in great
part erotic (1841); a comedy, (The Political
Lying-in Chamber) (1843); several historical
dramas, as Charles of Bourbon, (Maurice of
Saxe, Eric, the Peasants' King); "Lectures
on the History of the German Theatre) (1847);
"Contemporary German Literature (1847);
(Men and Books: Biographical Contributions
to the History of German Literature in the
18th Century) (1862).
Przezdziecki, Alexander (pzhes-jēts’kē). A
Polish miscellaneous writer and historian; born
in Podolia, 1814; died in Cracow, 1871. He
studied in Berlin; and possessing a large for
tune, traveled in all parts of Europe for mate-
rial relating to the history of his country. He
wrote French as easily as his mother tongue.
Among his works are: (Halzka d’Ostrog, a
historical drama (1841); (The Capitalist,' a com-
edy (1841); "Hedwig,' a historical drama (1844);
(Sources for the History of Poland) (1843-44);
Monuments of the Art of the Middle Ages at
the Time of the Renaissance of Poland (1853-
62); “Dom Sebastian of Portugal,' a comedy.
Psalmanazar, George (säl-män-ä-tsär). A
noted impostor; born probably in Languedoc,
about 1679; died at London, May 3, 1763. He
pretended to be a native of Formosa, and in
that character traveled through Germany and
the Low Countries. At Sluys he made the ac-
quaintance of a Scotch parson, who brought
to England and introduced hir to the
bishop of London. He published a fictitious
(Historical and Geographical Description of
Formosa) (1704), inventing an alphabet and
a lingo professing to represent the Formosan
tongue; Dialogue between a Japanese and a
Formosan (1707); An Inquiry into the Objec-
tions against George Psalmanazar of Formosa,
with George Psalmanazar's Answer, both in-
quiry and answer doubtless written by the im-
postor; (Essays on Scriptural Subjects) (1753).
Psellus, Michael Constantine (sellus). A
Byzantine writer on miscellaneous subjects;
born at Constantinople, 1020; died about 1110.
He wore the title "prince of philosophers,”
conferred on him by the emperors. Among his
writings are : (Paraphrase of Aristotle on Inter-
pretation) (1503); (A Work Distributed to the
Four Mathematical Sciences, Arithmetic, Mu-
sic, Geometry, and Astronomy) (printed 1532);
(Synopsis of the Laws, in iambic verse (1544);
(Dialogue about the Action of Demons); Of
the Virtues of [precious] Stones.
Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemæus of Alex-
andria. The most celebrated of ancient as-
tronomers, believed to have been a native of
Ptolemais in the Thebaid; he lived in the first
half of the second century of our era. His
great astronomical treatise was entitled (Mathe.
matical Arrangement, and by the Arabian phi-
losophers (Almagest) (al magiste, “the great-
est”); it gives an exposition of the system of
the universe, the interrelations and revolutions
of the heavenly bodies, as understood in
Ptolemy's time. He also wrote treatises on
(Geography, (Trigonometry, (Chronology,
(Optics, and other subjects pertaining to mathe-
matical and physical science. The Ptolemaic
System” was the accepted and ruling astro-
nomical authority down to Copernicus's time,
and his work on geography was the chief au-
thority up to the time of the great discoveries
of the 15th century. His system of map ori-
entation (north at the top and east at the right)
is still the universal one.
Publilius Syrus (pub-lil-yus si'rus). A Latin
writer of farces; first century B. C. He was
a native of Syria (“Syrus," the Syrian), and
was brought to Rome a slave. He made tours
of the provincial cities of Italy, acting in his
own farces, and everywhere received with great
popular favor. All that remains of his works
is a collection of (Sentences,' maxims in iam-
bic and trochaic verse : of these verses about
700 have come down to us.
Pucitelli, Virgile (pö-ché-tel'ē). An Italian
poet, who died in Warsaw, 1669. He left his
country to attach himself to the court of
Wadislas IV. , King of Poland, who made him
his secretary, and sent him on various diplo-
matic missions. He received the title of Poet
for the King, and composed for him several
plays, among them : Andromeda! (1634); (St.
Cecilia,' a musical drama; (The Rape of
Helen' (1648); etc.
Pückler-Muskau, Hermann Ludwig Hein-
rich, Fürst von (pük'ler-mös'kou). A German
a
## p. 444 (#460) ############################################
PUDLOWSKI - PURCHAS
444
writer of books of travel; born at Muskau,
Silesia, Oct. 30, 1785; died near Kottbus, Feb.
4, 1871. He wrote: Letters of a Dead Man)
(4 vols. , 1830–31), containing outspoken judg.
ments on England and other countries visited
by him; (Hintson Landscape Gardening
(1834); «Tutti Frutti: From the Papers of the
Deceased' (5 vols. , 1834); “Semilasso's Penulti.
mate Tour of the World: Europe) (3 vols. ,
1835); (Semilasso in Africa) (5 vols. , 1836);
(The Precursor) (1838); (From Mehemed Ali's
Realm? (3 vols. , 1844); "The Return Journey)
(3 vols. , 1846-48).
Pudlowski, Melchior (pöd-lov'ske). A Polish
poet, who died about 1588. He studied at the
University of Cracow, and afterwards became
secretary of King Sigismund Augustus, being
noted as a defender of the Catholic religion
against the Protestants. His most noted writ-
ings are: Lamentation and Admonition of
the Polish Republic) (1561); (Dido to Æneas);
An Oration for the Republic and for Religion
to the Magistrates of Poland' (1562); and (A
Book of Trifles; That Is, Comic Poems) (1586).
Puech, Jean Louis Scipio (püch). A Pro-
vençal poet; born at Aix, 1624; died there,
1688. He took orders, and occupied success-
ively various positions in the Church. He
cultivated poetry with much success, showing
great talent for versification, a jovial spirit, and
a leaning towards satire, many of his verses
being full of ingenious and sometimes stinging
allusions to events of the times. The most re-
markable of his Provençal poems is one called
(The Bohemians'; and in French he published:
( The Burning Chamber); Madeline Dying
in the Desert); (Christ on the Cross); etc.
Pufendorf, Samuel von (pöf'en-dorf). An il-
lustrious German publicist; born near Chemnitz
in Saxony, Jan. 8, 1632; died at Berlin, Oct.
26, 1694. His tractate (Elements of Universal
Jurisprudence) (1660) won him the office of
professor of Roman law in Heidelberg Univer-
sity. Among his principal works are : "On the
State of the German Empire) (1667); (On
the Law of Nature and the Law of Nations)
(1672); «The Duty of the Man and the Citizen)
(1673); Relation of the Christian Religion to
Civil Life) (1687); History of Charles Gusta-
vus) (1688); “Divine Fecial Law) (1095), - i. e. ,
the divine basis of the laws of war and peace.
Pugh, Eliza Lofton. (“Arria. ”] An Amer-
ican novelist; born in Bayou Lafourche, La. ,
1841. She is the author of (Not a Hero) (1867),
and 'In a Crucible) (1871).
Puisieux, Madeleine d'Arsant (pwe-syė'). A
French woman of letters; born at Paris, 1720;
died in the same city, 1798. She had an easy
and agreeable style, but lacked warmth and
imagination. Her chief works are: Advice
to a Friend? (1749-50); "Characters! (1750–55);
(Zamor and Almanzine) (1755); (Alzarac; or,
The Necessity of Being Inconstant (1762); ( The
History of Mademoiselle de Terville) (1768);
etc.
Pujoulx, Jean Baptiste (pü-zhö'). A French
writer; born at St. Macaire, 1762; died at Paris,
1821. He composed many plays for the theatre,
but devoted the last years of his life to the
study of natural history and other sciences.
Among his works are the comedies (The Ca.
prices of Proserpine) (1784); 'The Family Sup-
per) (1788); “Amelia; or, the Convent' (1791).
He wrote also (The New-Rich' ( 1708); (Paris
at the End of the Eighteenth Century) (1800);
and several works on mineralogy, botany, etc.
Pulci, Luca (pöl'chē). An Italian poet,
brother of Luigi; born at Florence, 1431 ; died
1470. He wrote: (The Dryad of Love); (Ci.
riffo Calvaneo); (Stanzas for Lorenzo de' Med-
ici’s Tourney); and under the title (Epistles,'
an imitation of Ovid's Heroides.
Pulci, Luigi. An Italian poet, friend of
Lorenzo de' Medici; born at Florence, Dec. 3,
1432 ; died 1487 (? ). His greatest work is the
romantic epic Morgante Maggiore) (first
printed 1481). He wrote also some stories. *
Pulgar, Fernando de (pul’gär). A Spanish
prose-writer of the latter part of the 15th cen-
tury. He wrote a 'Chronicle of the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella; Notable Men of Cas-
tile); a commentary on the ancient Couplets
of Mingo Revulgo.
Pullè, Count Giulio. See Castelvecchio.
Pullè, Count Leopoldo. See Castelnovo.
Pulszky, Franz Aurel (pul'skē). A Hun-
garian miscellaneous writer; born at Eperies
(Sáros), Sept. 17, 1814. After completing his
academic studies, he traveled in Germany, It-
aly, France, and England. He wrote : Journal
of a Hungarian Traveler in Great Britain)
(1837); with his wife, White, Red, and Black)
(3 vols. , 1852), an account of Kossuth's tour
in the United States; also a historical novel,
(The Jacobins in Hungary) (2 vols. , 1851); (My
Time and my Life) (4 vols. , 1879-82); (The
Age of Copper in Hungary) (1884).
Pulszky, Therese. A Hungarian prose-
writer, wife of Franz Aurel; born at Vienna,
1815. She accompanied her husband on Kos-
suth's American tour; see his name for their
joint work.
She wrote independently : (Me-
moirs of a Hungarian Lady' (2 vols. , 1850);
(Tales and Traditions of Hungary) (2 vols. ,
1851).
Pumpelly, Raphael (pum-pel'li). An emi-
nent American geologist and author; born at
Oswego, N. Y. , Sept. 8, 1837. In his early life
he conducted explorations for the governments
of Japan and China; was professor at Harvard
for several years; and from 1879 to 1892 geolo-
gist in charge of the Archæan division of the
United States Geological Survey. His chief
works are: (Geological Researches in China,
Mongolia, and Japan (1867); (Across America
and Asia) (1870); Mining Industries of the
United States) (1886).
Purchas, Samuel (per-chạs). An English
compiler of books of travel and exploration;
## p. 445 (#461) ############################################
PUSEY – PUTNAM
445
(
born at Thaxted, in Essex, 1577; died 1626 – in
poverty, and, it is believed, in a debtor's prison.
His works are: Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Re-
lations of the World and the Religions Observed
in all Ages) (1613; much enlarged in the 4th
ed. 1626); (Purchas his Pilgrim or Microcosmus,
or the Historie of Man: Relating the Wonders
of his Generation, Varieties in his Degeneration,
and Necessity of his Regeneration' (1619);
(Purchas his Pilgrimes: or Relation of the
World in Sea Voyages and Land Travels, by
Englishmen and Others) (4 vols. , 1625),--a
continuation of Hakluyt, and partly founded
on papers left by him.
Pusey, Caleb (pū-zy). An American Qua-
ker colonist; born in Berkshire, England, about
1650; died in Chester County, Pa. , Feb. 25, 1727.
He came with Penn's company to America in
1682, erected the first mills in the province,
held many high places in civil affairs, and was
a noted controversialist writer of his day. He
published a great number of pamphlets and
articles in defense of his creed, among them :
"A Serious and Seasonable Warning,' etc. (1675);
(A Modest Account from Pennsylvania of the
Principal Differences in Point of Doctrine be-
tween George Keith and those of the People
called Quakers) ( 1096 ); (Satan's Harbingers
Encountered,' etc. (1700).
Pusey, Edward Bouverie. An English theo.
logical writer, a leader of the Anglo-Catholic
(Tractarian) party in the Established Church ;
born near Oxford, 1800; died Sept. 16, 1882.
He was associated with Newman and others
in the British Critic, (Tracts for the Times,'
etc. ; and his conspicuousness from his social
position (nephew of one earl and grandson of
another, professor and canon of Christ Church),
wealth, and munificent charities, caused the
Oxford Movement to be known as Puseyism,”
though he was not its initiator and did not at
first sympathize with it. He published: (An
Historical Enquiry into the Probable Causes
of the Rational Character Lately Predominant
in the Theology of Germany) (1825); (The
Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Penitent)
(1843), a sermon which resulted in his suspen-
sion for three years; two sermons on "The En-
tire Absolution of the Penitent) (1846), equally
revolutionary; other sermons on (The Rule of
Faith as Maintained by the Fathers,' etc. (1861),
and on (The Presence of Christ in the Holy
Eucharist) (1853). Of his larger works the
most important are : (The Doctrine of the
Real Presence) (1855); (The Real Presence of
the Body and Blood of Christ the Doctrine of
the English Church) (1857); (An Eirenicon.
Pushkin, Alexander Sergéevich (pushʼkin).
A great Russian poet and romancer; born at
Moscow, 1799; died 1837. Among his princi-
pal works are: “The Prisoner of the Cauca-
sus) (1821); (The Fountain of Bakhchisaraj'
(1822); (The Robber Brothers) (1822); (The
Gipsies) (1824); (Count Nulin, a comic epos;
(Poltava) (1829), an epic poem; Journey to
Erzerum during the Campaign of 1829' (1836);
(The Little House in Kolomna, a poetical
narrative ; the dramas (The Avaricious Knight,
(Mozart and Salieri,' and (The Stony Guest);
(The Banquet during the Plague); his mas-
terpiece (Evgeny Onyegin) (1833), a romance
in verse after the manner of Byron's (Don
Juan); and the historical novels (The Captain's
Daughter) (1831), Dubrovsky, History of
Pugachev's Revolt' (1834). *
Putlitz, Gustav Heinrich Gans, Edler Herr
von und zu (pöt'lits). A German poet and
novelist; born at Retzien, Prussia, March 20,
1821 ; died there, Sept. 9, 1890. He began his
literary career by writing a number of little
comedies dealing with high social life, all in a
vein of lively humor; among them are: “The
Heart Forgotten); (Watering-Places); (Fam-
ily Quarrels. He wrote also some exquisite
short tales,-(What the Forest Tells,! (Forget-
me-not, Arabesques); Don John of Austria,
a tragedy (1863), and numerous other plays;
also a series of novels,--( The Alpine Bride)
(1870), 'Sparks 'Neath the Ashes) (1871), “The
Nightingale) (1872); and My Home: Recol-
lections of Childhood and Youth' (1885).
Putnam, Eleanor. See Bates.
Putnam, George Haven. An American pub-
lisher and author, son of George P. ; born in
London, April 2, 1844. He entered the pub-
lishing business in 1866, and is at the head
of the firm of G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
His works include: (International Copyright'
(1879); Authors and Publishers) (1883); Au-
thors and their Public in Ancient Times )
(1893); (Books and their Makers during the
Middle Ages) (1896).
Putnam, George Palmer. An American
publisher and author; born in Brunswick, Me. ,
Feb. 7, 1814; died in New York, Dec. 20,
1872. In 1848 he established the publishing-
house now conducted under the name of G. P.
Putnam's Sons; and also founded Putnam's
Magazine, which was subsequently merged
with Scribner's Monthly. His works include:
(The Tourist in Europe) (1838); (American
Facts) (1845); (The World's Progress) (1850);
(Ten Years of the World's Progress'; etc.
Putnam, Mrs. Mary (Lowell). An Ameri-
can historical and miscellaneous writer, sister of
J. R. Lowell; born in Boston, Dec. 3, 1810. In
1832 she married Samuel R. Putnam, a mer-
chant of Boston. Besides a translation from
the Swedish, and numerous magazine articles,
she published: (History of the Constitution of
Hungary) (1850); (Records of an Obscure Man)
(1861); and two dramatic poems on the subject
of slavery, entitled (The Tragedy of Errors)
and (The Tragedy of Success) (1862).
Putnam, Mrs. Sarah A. Brock. An Amer.
ican novelist and writer; born at Madison
Court-House, Va. , about 1845. In 1883 she mar-
ried the Rev. Richard Putnam, of New York.
Her works include: Richmond during the
War' (1867); "The Southern Amaranth' (1869);
(Kenneth, My King) (1872); “Myra,' a novel.
(
## p. 446 (#462) ############################################
446
PUYMAIGRE-PYTHAGORAS
Puymaigre, Théodore Joseph Boudet (pwe.
māgr). A French poet and miscellaneous
writer; born at Metz, 1816. Among his works
are : Jeanne Darc,' a dramatic poem (1843);
(Dante Alighieri) (1845); Lost Hours, a
collection of poems (1866); (The Prediction,'
in verse (1870); (The Literary Court of Don
Juan II. of Castile) (1894); etc.
Puységur, Armand, Marie Jaques (pwe-sé-
gür'). A French soldier and writer; born at
Paris, 1751; died at Buzancy, 1825. He entered
the artillery service and distinguished himself,
afterwards also espousing the cause of the
Revolution. His chief fame, however, rests
upon the fact of his having been a disciple of
the famous Mesmer. His chief writings are:
Memoirs Touching the History and Establish-
ment of Animal Magnetism (1784); (Animal
Magnetism, Considered in its Relations with
Various Branches of General Physics) (1804-7);
(Truths Travel; Sooner or Later They Arrive)
(1814). He has also written some plays, among
them “The Day of Dupes) (1789) and (The
Benevolent Judge) (1799).
Puzynin, Gabrielle Gunther (pzhe'nin). A
Polish woman of letters ; born in Lithuania
about 1820. She has written poetry and novels
remarkable for moral tendencies and elegant
simplicity of style. Among them are: In the
Name of God' (1843); (Further in the World
(1845); Lithuanian Children (1847); Collec-
tion of Poems Old and New) (1859); etc.
Pyat, Félix (pyä). A French dramatist and
politician; born at Vierzon, 1810; died 1889.
An extreme radical agitator, his activity and
personal hazard extending from the revolution
of 1848 to the Communard insurrection of 1871,
his part in the latter obliged him to fly the coun-
try, and in 1873 he was sentenced to death by
the Council of War. During his exile he wrote
many inflammatory political pamphlets. His
plays also are of political and social tendencies ;
they are vigorous, and while somewhat sensa-
tional, show real originality. Among them are:
(A Revolution of Other Times; or, The Romans
at Home); (The Brigand and the Philosopher);
(Ango); Arabella,' a drama (1838); (Cedric
the Norwegian); Diogenes) (1846); (The Rag.
Picker of Paris,' a tragedy (1849); (Tiberius';
etc.
Pyle, Howard. An American illustrator and
author; born at Wilmington, Del. , March 5,
1853. For many years he has been an illus-
trator for Harper's periodicals, and recently
has become popular as a writer, chiefly of
juvenile literature. His works include: (Within
the Capes) (1885), a novel ; (Pepper and Salt)
(1887); (Otto of the Silver Hand (1888); (Buc-
caneers and Marooners of America' (1891);
Jack Ballister's Fortunes.
Pynchon, William. A noted American col.
onist; born in Springfield, England, about 1590;
died in Wraysbury, England, Oct. 29, 1662. He
emigrated to New England with Winthrop, and
founded the town of Springfield, Mass. In
1650 he published (The Meritorious Price of
Our Redemption, opposing the Calvinistic view
of atonement. The book was denounced as
heretical, and the author was compelled to
return to England to avoid persecution. His
other works are: The Jewes Synagogue' (1652);
(How the First Sabbath was Ordained' (1654).
Pypers, Peter (pe'pers). A Dutch poet and
dramatic writer; born at Amersfoort, 1749; died
1805. To escape entering the Church as his
family wished, he fled to Amsterdam and en-
tered the employ of a merchant; but devoted
his leisure to writing poetry and plays, most
of them translated or imitated from the French.
Among them are: Lansus and Lydia, a tra-
gedy (1777); Beverly,' a drama (1781); (The
Widow of Malabar,' a tragedy (1786); (Stephen,
the First Christian Martyr' (1790); “Jephtha,' a
tragedy (1794); "Iphigenia, a tragedy (1801).
He also published various collections of poems.
Pypin, Alexander Nikolajevich (pip'in ).
A Russian historian of literature ; born at Sar-
atov, 1833. He wrote: (Sketch of the Literary
History of the Ancient Russian Tales and
Wonder-Stories) (1859); (History of the Slavic
Literatures) (1865); “Characteristics of Literary
Opinion, 1820-50) (1874); (History of Russian
Ethnography) (1890-92).
Pyra, Immanuel Jakob (pir'rä). A German
poet; born at Kottbus, July 25, 1715; died at
Berlin, July 14, 1744. He wrote: (Temple of
True Poesy) (1737); (Friendship Songs of
Thyrsis (Pyra) and Damon (Lange). '
Pyrrho (pir'ro). A Greek philosopher; born
at Elis about 360 B. C. , and supposed to have
lived to the age of 90. In his earlier years he
accompanied Alexander the Great on his expe-
dition to India. He is usually looked upon as
the founder of the older School of Skeptics,
doubting the existence of anything like posi-
tive knowledge. He passed much of his life
in solitude, showing a stoical firmness of mind
in all danger or pain. His countrymen made
him high priest. He left nothing in writing,
being known only through the works of others.
Pythagoras (pi-thag')-ras). A celebrated
Greek philosopher; born at Samos, about 582
B. C. ; died about 500. His history is involved
in obscurity; but he is believed to have visited
Egypt and been inducted into the mysteries
and sciences of the priests in the temples there.
He founded a society and school, or an exoteric
and esoteric community of disciples, at Cro-
tona in Magna Græcia. The societaires took
control of the political State of Crotona, and
governed it more or less in accordance with the
principles of the master's philosophy; but the
democracy rose against them, and after an
existence of 100 years, or probably much less,
the organization was broken up and the Pyth-
agoreans dispersed. No authentic writing of
Pythagoras exists. He seems to have materially
developed mathematical science; he certainly
did much to develop the science of government
and of conduct.
## p. 447 (#463) ############################################
QUANDT – QUESNĖ
447
Q
Quandt, Johann Gottlob von (kwänt). A
German writer on art; born at Leipsic, April 9,
1787; died June 18, 1859. He wrote: (History
of Copperplate Engraving) (1826); Letters
from Italy) (1830); (Observations and Fancies
Regarding Man, Nature, and Art, during a Tour
in Southern France) (1846); and a similar work
on Spain (1850).
Quarles, Francis. An English sacred poet;
born in Rumford, Essex, in 1592; died Septem-
ber 1644. He was educated at Cambridge, and
studied for a lawyer. He received several ap-
pointments from the Crown, and finally held
the position of city chronologer. His leading
works were : Emblems Divine and Moral)
(1635); (Argalus and Parthenia) (1621); and the
(Enchiridion (1640) in prose. Frequent fine
expressions redeem much commonplace.
Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de (kätr-
fäzh'). A French naturalist; born at Berthe-
zème (Gard), Feb. 10, 1810; died Jan. 13, 1892.
He was appointed professor of anatomy and
ethnology in the Paris Museum of Natural His-
tory, 1855. Many of his works have been trans-
lated into English. Among them are: (The
Human Species? (1877); Recollections of a
Naturalist) (1854); ( The Prussian Race) (1879);
(Pygmies) (1887).
Quatremère, Étienne Marc (kätr-măr”). A
French Orientalist; born at Paris, July 12, 1782;
died Sept. 18, 1857. His father was a merchant,
while he was himself a lifelong student. He
was successively employed in the Imperial
Library, in the chair of Greek at Rouen, in
the Academy of Inscriptions, in the Collège de
France as professor of Hebrew and Aramaic,
and in the School of Living Oriental Languages
as professor of Persian. He produced many
learned works, among which are: Investiga-
tions into the Language and Literature of
Egypt) (1808); (Memoir upon the Nabateans)
(the Nabathites of the Bible] (1835); together
with numerous valuable translations. He left
also much lexicographic material.
Quatremère de Quincy, Chrysostome (kätr-
mår de kan'sē). A French archæologist and
writer on art; born at Paris, Oct. 28, 1755; died
there, Dec. 8, 1849. Among his writings are :
Dictionary of Architecture ) (3 vols. , 1786-1828);
(Olympian Jupiter; or, The Ancient Art of
Sculpture ) (1814); "Life and Works of Raphael)
(1824); (Ancient Monuments and Works of Art
Restored) (2 vols. , 1826-28); (Lives of the Most
Famous Architects) (3 vols. , 1830); Canova
and his Works) (1834).
Queiroz, José Maria Eça de (kā-ē-rõs'). A
Portuguese novelist; born in Povoa de Varzim,
Nov. 25, 1845. He studied jurisprudence in
Coimbra, was editor of a paper, traveled to
the Orient, and became consul successively to
Havana, Bristol, and Paris, where he went in
1889. He is a naturalist of Zola's school, and
introduced this style into Portugal. He is the
author of (The Crime of Father Amaro) (1874);
(The Mandarin); (The Dragon's Teeth); etc.
Quenstedt, Friedrich August (kwen'stet).
A German mineralogist and geologist; born at
Eisleben, July 9, 1809; died Dec. 21, 1889, at
Tübingen, where he was professor in the uni.
versity. Among his works are : (Epochs of
Nature) (1861), « Then and Now) (1856), popu.
lar expositions of geology.
Quental, Anthero de (ken'täl). A distin.
guished Portuguese lyric poet; born at Ponta-
Delgada in the island of San Miguel, one of
the Azores, April 18, 1842; died there, Sept.
II, 1891. While yet a student in the University
of Coimbra, he wrote a little volume of (Son-
nets) (1861), which showed a rare command
of poetical form; it was followed by Modern
Odes) (1865); Romantic Springtides' (1871);
and another volume of (Sonnets) (1881). He
wrote also (Considerations on the Philosophy
of Portuguese Literary History) (1872), and
(General Tendencies of Philosophy in the Sec-
ond Half of the 19th Century' (1892).
Quesnay, François (kā-nā'). A French phy-
sician and economist; born near Paris, June 4,
1694 ; died Dec. 16, 1774. He was the founder
the school of economists called Physiocrats,
and very influential on Adam Smith and all
modern political economy. His theory was
that all value is derived from the products of
land, which should therefore bear all taxation,
but also receive all State encouragement. He
published several medical works, in addition
to his more famous ones (chiefly short articles)
on political economy. Among, the latter the
leading one is the “Tableau Economique.
is a resident of South Framingham, Mass. , but
was formerly of Brooklyn, N. Y. Her works
are: Poems) ( 1866 ); (A Russian Journey)
( 1872 ); (The Song of the Ancient People )
(1892).
Proctor, Richard Anthony. A distinguished
English astronomer and writer on scientific sub-
jects; born at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; died at
New York, Sept. 12, 1888. He wrote a great
many popular expositions of science; his great-
est work, 'Old and New Astronomy,' not quite
completed at his death, was carried to com-
pletion by another hand and published in
parts.
Propertius, Sextus (prō-per's hius). The
great Roman elegiac poet; born at Assisium,
about 50 B. C. ; died about 15 B. C. His poems
consist of four books)); the subjects are either
amatory, or political and social, or historical
and antiquarian. *
Prosper of Aquitaine. A Gallic poet of the
first half of the fifth century. He wrote a hex-
ameter poem of about a thousand lines against
the Pelagian heresy, Against the Ungrateful. ?
He was a correspondent of St. Augustine, and
after that Father's death wrote (Responsions
for Augustine.
Proth, Mario (prot). A French writer;
born at Sin, 1832. After having finished his
studies at Metz, he went to Paris, where he
always showed himself a stanch Republican
and violent opponent of the Empire. After
the revolution of 1870, he was selected to put
in order and publish the curious Papers and
Correspondence of the Imperial Family) found
in the Tuileries. Among his own works are :
(To Young People : How to do Battle) (1861);
(Love Letters of Mirabeau, Preceded by a
Study of Mirabeau) (1863); (A Silhouette of the
Revolution (1864); (The Vagabonds) (1864).
Proudfit, David Law. ["Peleg Arkwright. ”]
An American verse-writer; born in Newburg,
N. Y. , Oct. 27, 1842; died in 1897. His writings
have received popular favor. In book-form they
are : Love among the Gamins,' poems (1877);
and Mask and Domino (1888).
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (prö-dôn'). A
French social economist; born at Besançon,
July 15, 1809; died at Passy, Jan. 19, 1865. In
his early years he was a compositor and after-
ward proof-reader in a printing-office; and in
that situation acquired a knowledge of Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, also of Catholic and patris.
tic theology. He wrote: (An Essay toward
a General Grammar) (1837); (What Is Prop-
erty ? ) (1840), answering the question in the
words already used by Brissot, Property is
robbery”; (System of Economic Contradictions,
or Philosophy of Misery) (2 vols. , 1846), to
which Karl Marx replied with «The Misery
of Philosophy); Justice in the Revolution and
in the Church,' a violent attack on all existing
institutions of Church and State (1858).
Prout, Father. See O'Mahony, Francis.
Provancher, Léon (pro-van-shā'). A Cana-
dian priest and naturalist; born in Becancour,
P. Q. , March 10, 1820. In 1869 he retired from
the ministry, and devoted himself to literary
work and the study of natural history. He
established Le Naturalist Canadien in 1868,
and received the degree of D. Sc. in 1880. His
publications include: (Elementary Treatise on
Botany) (1858); Canadian Plant Life) (1865);
(From Quebec to Jerusalem (1882); and 'Short
History of Canada) (1887).
Proyart, Liévain Bonaventure (Abbé)
(prwä. yär'). A French religious writer and
historian; born at Artois, 1748; died at Arras,
1808. He took orders, and emigrated at the
period of the Revolution, against which some
of his writings were directed. Among his
works are: (The Virtuous Pupil, a small book
which has become a classic (1772); a Life of
the Dauphin, Father of Louis XV? (1778); (His-
tory of Stanislaus I. , King of Poland” (1782);
(The Life and Crimes of Robespierre, Sur-
named the Tyrant' (1795); and various others
on historical themes.
Prudden, Theophile Mitchell. An Ameri-
can physician and bacteriologist; born at Mid-
dlebury, Conn. , July 7, 1849. He is professor
of pathology in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York. His works include:
(Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and His-
tology) (1885), with F. Delafield ; (Story of the
Bacteria) (1889); Dust and its Dangers !
(1891); “Water and Ice) (1891).
Prudentius, Aurelius Publius Clemens
(prö-den'shi-us). A Christian poet; born in
Spain, about 350 A. D. ; died about 410. He
wrote: (Hymns for Days and Seasons); (Apo-
theosis,' 1085 hexameter verses on the divinity
of Jesus Christ; (Hamartigenia,' the origin of
sin ; (Psychomachia,' virtue and vice contend-
ing for man's soul; Against Symmachus);
(The Martyrs' Crowns); (Diptychs,' comprising
forty-nine hexameter tetrastichs on Scriptural
events and personages.
## p. 443 (#459) ############################################
PRUDHOMME – PÜCKLER-MUSKAU
443
>
Prudhomme, René François Armand Sully.
See Sully-Prudhomme.
Pruszakowa, Séverine Zochowska (prö-sä-
kõ'vä). A Polish woman of letters; born
about 1830. She received an excellent educa-
tion, and has acquired a style of almost classic
purity. She has published both historical and
poetical works, among them: (Tales of Our
Times) (1853); Poetic Tales) (1855); “Eliza-
beth Druzbacka, a poem (1855); a “History of
Hungary) (1863); (Sebastian Klouswieg,' one
of her finest poetical compositions; and a
(View of the Literature of the Peoples of the
Middle Ages, Particularly the Slavs and Ger-
mans) (1856).
Prutz, Hans (pröts). A German historical
writer, son of Robert Eduard; born at Jena,
May 20, 1843. He became professor of history
in the University of Königsberg in 1870. He
wrote: Henry the Lion (1865); (Kaiser Fred-
erick I. (3 vols. , 1871-74); Phænicia : Geo-
graphical Sketches and Historical Studies)
(1876); “The Possessions of the German Order
in the Holy Land? (1877); "Secret Teaching
and Secret Laws of the Templars) (1879);
(Culture-History of the Crusades) (1883); De-
velopment and Fall of the Order of Knights
Templar(1888).
Prutz, Robert Eduard.
A German poet
and historian of literature; born at Stettin,
May 30, 1816; died there, June 21, 1872. His
principal works are: (The Rhine) (1840);
i Poems, a collection of his lyrics, in great
part erotic (1841); a comedy, (The Political
Lying-in Chamber) (1843); several historical
dramas, as Charles of Bourbon, (Maurice of
Saxe, Eric, the Peasants' King); "Lectures
on the History of the German Theatre) (1847);
"Contemporary German Literature (1847);
(Men and Books: Biographical Contributions
to the History of German Literature in the
18th Century) (1862).
Przezdziecki, Alexander (pzhes-jēts’kē). A
Polish miscellaneous writer and historian; born
in Podolia, 1814; died in Cracow, 1871. He
studied in Berlin; and possessing a large for
tune, traveled in all parts of Europe for mate-
rial relating to the history of his country. He
wrote French as easily as his mother tongue.
Among his works are: (Halzka d’Ostrog, a
historical drama (1841); (The Capitalist,' a com-
edy (1841); "Hedwig,' a historical drama (1844);
(Sources for the History of Poland) (1843-44);
Monuments of the Art of the Middle Ages at
the Time of the Renaissance of Poland (1853-
62); “Dom Sebastian of Portugal,' a comedy.
Psalmanazar, George (säl-män-ä-tsär). A
noted impostor; born probably in Languedoc,
about 1679; died at London, May 3, 1763. He
pretended to be a native of Formosa, and in
that character traveled through Germany and
the Low Countries. At Sluys he made the ac-
quaintance of a Scotch parson, who brought
to England and introduced hir to the
bishop of London. He published a fictitious
(Historical and Geographical Description of
Formosa) (1704), inventing an alphabet and
a lingo professing to represent the Formosan
tongue; Dialogue between a Japanese and a
Formosan (1707); An Inquiry into the Objec-
tions against George Psalmanazar of Formosa,
with George Psalmanazar's Answer, both in-
quiry and answer doubtless written by the im-
postor; (Essays on Scriptural Subjects) (1753).
Psellus, Michael Constantine (sellus). A
Byzantine writer on miscellaneous subjects;
born at Constantinople, 1020; died about 1110.
He wore the title "prince of philosophers,”
conferred on him by the emperors. Among his
writings are : (Paraphrase of Aristotle on Inter-
pretation) (1503); (A Work Distributed to the
Four Mathematical Sciences, Arithmetic, Mu-
sic, Geometry, and Astronomy) (printed 1532);
(Synopsis of the Laws, in iambic verse (1544);
(Dialogue about the Action of Demons); Of
the Virtues of [precious] Stones.
Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemæus of Alex-
andria. The most celebrated of ancient as-
tronomers, believed to have been a native of
Ptolemais in the Thebaid; he lived in the first
half of the second century of our era. His
great astronomical treatise was entitled (Mathe.
matical Arrangement, and by the Arabian phi-
losophers (Almagest) (al magiste, “the great-
est”); it gives an exposition of the system of
the universe, the interrelations and revolutions
of the heavenly bodies, as understood in
Ptolemy's time. He also wrote treatises on
(Geography, (Trigonometry, (Chronology,
(Optics, and other subjects pertaining to mathe-
matical and physical science. The Ptolemaic
System” was the accepted and ruling astro-
nomical authority down to Copernicus's time,
and his work on geography was the chief au-
thority up to the time of the great discoveries
of the 15th century. His system of map ori-
entation (north at the top and east at the right)
is still the universal one.
Publilius Syrus (pub-lil-yus si'rus). A Latin
writer of farces; first century B. C. He was
a native of Syria (“Syrus," the Syrian), and
was brought to Rome a slave. He made tours
of the provincial cities of Italy, acting in his
own farces, and everywhere received with great
popular favor. All that remains of his works
is a collection of (Sentences,' maxims in iam-
bic and trochaic verse : of these verses about
700 have come down to us.
Pucitelli, Virgile (pö-ché-tel'ē). An Italian
poet, who died in Warsaw, 1669. He left his
country to attach himself to the court of
Wadislas IV. , King of Poland, who made him
his secretary, and sent him on various diplo-
matic missions. He received the title of Poet
for the King, and composed for him several
plays, among them : Andromeda! (1634); (St.
Cecilia,' a musical drama; (The Rape of
Helen' (1648); etc.
Pückler-Muskau, Hermann Ludwig Hein-
rich, Fürst von (pük'ler-mös'kou). A German
a
## p. 444 (#460) ############################################
PUDLOWSKI - PURCHAS
444
writer of books of travel; born at Muskau,
Silesia, Oct. 30, 1785; died near Kottbus, Feb.
4, 1871. He wrote: Letters of a Dead Man)
(4 vols. , 1830–31), containing outspoken judg.
ments on England and other countries visited
by him; (Hintson Landscape Gardening
(1834); «Tutti Frutti: From the Papers of the
Deceased' (5 vols. , 1834); “Semilasso's Penulti.
mate Tour of the World: Europe) (3 vols. ,
1835); (Semilasso in Africa) (5 vols. , 1836);
(The Precursor) (1838); (From Mehemed Ali's
Realm? (3 vols. , 1844); "The Return Journey)
(3 vols. , 1846-48).
Pudlowski, Melchior (pöd-lov'ske). A Polish
poet, who died about 1588. He studied at the
University of Cracow, and afterwards became
secretary of King Sigismund Augustus, being
noted as a defender of the Catholic religion
against the Protestants. His most noted writ-
ings are: Lamentation and Admonition of
the Polish Republic) (1561); (Dido to Æneas);
An Oration for the Republic and for Religion
to the Magistrates of Poland' (1562); and (A
Book of Trifles; That Is, Comic Poems) (1586).
Puech, Jean Louis Scipio (püch). A Pro-
vençal poet; born at Aix, 1624; died there,
1688. He took orders, and occupied success-
ively various positions in the Church. He
cultivated poetry with much success, showing
great talent for versification, a jovial spirit, and
a leaning towards satire, many of his verses
being full of ingenious and sometimes stinging
allusions to events of the times. The most re-
markable of his Provençal poems is one called
(The Bohemians'; and in French he published:
( The Burning Chamber); Madeline Dying
in the Desert); (Christ on the Cross); etc.
Pufendorf, Samuel von (pöf'en-dorf). An il-
lustrious German publicist; born near Chemnitz
in Saxony, Jan. 8, 1632; died at Berlin, Oct.
26, 1694. His tractate (Elements of Universal
Jurisprudence) (1660) won him the office of
professor of Roman law in Heidelberg Univer-
sity. Among his principal works are : "On the
State of the German Empire) (1667); (On
the Law of Nature and the Law of Nations)
(1672); «The Duty of the Man and the Citizen)
(1673); Relation of the Christian Religion to
Civil Life) (1687); History of Charles Gusta-
vus) (1688); “Divine Fecial Law) (1095), - i. e. ,
the divine basis of the laws of war and peace.
Pugh, Eliza Lofton. (“Arria. ”] An Amer-
ican novelist; born in Bayou Lafourche, La. ,
1841. She is the author of (Not a Hero) (1867),
and 'In a Crucible) (1871).
Puisieux, Madeleine d'Arsant (pwe-syė'). A
French woman of letters; born at Paris, 1720;
died in the same city, 1798. She had an easy
and agreeable style, but lacked warmth and
imagination. Her chief works are: Advice
to a Friend? (1749-50); "Characters! (1750–55);
(Zamor and Almanzine) (1755); (Alzarac; or,
The Necessity of Being Inconstant (1762); ( The
History of Mademoiselle de Terville) (1768);
etc.
Pujoulx, Jean Baptiste (pü-zhö'). A French
writer; born at St. Macaire, 1762; died at Paris,
1821. He composed many plays for the theatre,
but devoted the last years of his life to the
study of natural history and other sciences.
Among his works are the comedies (The Ca.
prices of Proserpine) (1784); 'The Family Sup-
per) (1788); “Amelia; or, the Convent' (1791).
He wrote also (The New-Rich' ( 1708); (Paris
at the End of the Eighteenth Century) (1800);
and several works on mineralogy, botany, etc.
Pulci, Luca (pöl'chē). An Italian poet,
brother of Luigi; born at Florence, 1431 ; died
1470. He wrote: (The Dryad of Love); (Ci.
riffo Calvaneo); (Stanzas for Lorenzo de' Med-
ici’s Tourney); and under the title (Epistles,'
an imitation of Ovid's Heroides.
Pulci, Luigi. An Italian poet, friend of
Lorenzo de' Medici; born at Florence, Dec. 3,
1432 ; died 1487 (? ). His greatest work is the
romantic epic Morgante Maggiore) (first
printed 1481). He wrote also some stories. *
Pulgar, Fernando de (pul’gär). A Spanish
prose-writer of the latter part of the 15th cen-
tury. He wrote a 'Chronicle of the reign of
Ferdinand and Isabella; Notable Men of Cas-
tile); a commentary on the ancient Couplets
of Mingo Revulgo.
Pullè, Count Giulio. See Castelvecchio.
Pullè, Count Leopoldo. See Castelnovo.
Pulszky, Franz Aurel (pul'skē). A Hun-
garian miscellaneous writer; born at Eperies
(Sáros), Sept. 17, 1814. After completing his
academic studies, he traveled in Germany, It-
aly, France, and England. He wrote : Journal
of a Hungarian Traveler in Great Britain)
(1837); with his wife, White, Red, and Black)
(3 vols. , 1852), an account of Kossuth's tour
in the United States; also a historical novel,
(The Jacobins in Hungary) (2 vols. , 1851); (My
Time and my Life) (4 vols. , 1879-82); (The
Age of Copper in Hungary) (1884).
Pulszky, Therese. A Hungarian prose-
writer, wife of Franz Aurel; born at Vienna,
1815. She accompanied her husband on Kos-
suth's American tour; see his name for their
joint work.
She wrote independently : (Me-
moirs of a Hungarian Lady' (2 vols. , 1850);
(Tales and Traditions of Hungary) (2 vols. ,
1851).
Pumpelly, Raphael (pum-pel'li). An emi-
nent American geologist and author; born at
Oswego, N. Y. , Sept. 8, 1837. In his early life
he conducted explorations for the governments
of Japan and China; was professor at Harvard
for several years; and from 1879 to 1892 geolo-
gist in charge of the Archæan division of the
United States Geological Survey. His chief
works are: (Geological Researches in China,
Mongolia, and Japan (1867); (Across America
and Asia) (1870); Mining Industries of the
United States) (1886).
Purchas, Samuel (per-chạs). An English
compiler of books of travel and exploration;
## p. 445 (#461) ############################################
PUSEY – PUTNAM
445
(
born at Thaxted, in Essex, 1577; died 1626 – in
poverty, and, it is believed, in a debtor's prison.
His works are: Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Re-
lations of the World and the Religions Observed
in all Ages) (1613; much enlarged in the 4th
ed. 1626); (Purchas his Pilgrim or Microcosmus,
or the Historie of Man: Relating the Wonders
of his Generation, Varieties in his Degeneration,
and Necessity of his Regeneration' (1619);
(Purchas his Pilgrimes: or Relation of the
World in Sea Voyages and Land Travels, by
Englishmen and Others) (4 vols. , 1625),--a
continuation of Hakluyt, and partly founded
on papers left by him.
Pusey, Caleb (pū-zy). An American Qua-
ker colonist; born in Berkshire, England, about
1650; died in Chester County, Pa. , Feb. 25, 1727.
He came with Penn's company to America in
1682, erected the first mills in the province,
held many high places in civil affairs, and was
a noted controversialist writer of his day. He
published a great number of pamphlets and
articles in defense of his creed, among them :
"A Serious and Seasonable Warning,' etc. (1675);
(A Modest Account from Pennsylvania of the
Principal Differences in Point of Doctrine be-
tween George Keith and those of the People
called Quakers) ( 1096 ); (Satan's Harbingers
Encountered,' etc. (1700).
Pusey, Edward Bouverie. An English theo.
logical writer, a leader of the Anglo-Catholic
(Tractarian) party in the Established Church ;
born near Oxford, 1800; died Sept. 16, 1882.
He was associated with Newman and others
in the British Critic, (Tracts for the Times,'
etc. ; and his conspicuousness from his social
position (nephew of one earl and grandson of
another, professor and canon of Christ Church),
wealth, and munificent charities, caused the
Oxford Movement to be known as Puseyism,”
though he was not its initiator and did not at
first sympathize with it. He published: (An
Historical Enquiry into the Probable Causes
of the Rational Character Lately Predominant
in the Theology of Germany) (1825); (The
Holy Eucharist a Comfort to the Penitent)
(1843), a sermon which resulted in his suspen-
sion for three years; two sermons on "The En-
tire Absolution of the Penitent) (1846), equally
revolutionary; other sermons on (The Rule of
Faith as Maintained by the Fathers,' etc. (1861),
and on (The Presence of Christ in the Holy
Eucharist) (1853). Of his larger works the
most important are : (The Doctrine of the
Real Presence) (1855); (The Real Presence of
the Body and Blood of Christ the Doctrine of
the English Church) (1857); (An Eirenicon.
Pushkin, Alexander Sergéevich (pushʼkin).
A great Russian poet and romancer; born at
Moscow, 1799; died 1837. Among his princi-
pal works are: “The Prisoner of the Cauca-
sus) (1821); (The Fountain of Bakhchisaraj'
(1822); (The Robber Brothers) (1822); (The
Gipsies) (1824); (Count Nulin, a comic epos;
(Poltava) (1829), an epic poem; Journey to
Erzerum during the Campaign of 1829' (1836);
(The Little House in Kolomna, a poetical
narrative ; the dramas (The Avaricious Knight,
(Mozart and Salieri,' and (The Stony Guest);
(The Banquet during the Plague); his mas-
terpiece (Evgeny Onyegin) (1833), a romance
in verse after the manner of Byron's (Don
Juan); and the historical novels (The Captain's
Daughter) (1831), Dubrovsky, History of
Pugachev's Revolt' (1834). *
Putlitz, Gustav Heinrich Gans, Edler Herr
von und zu (pöt'lits). A German poet and
novelist; born at Retzien, Prussia, March 20,
1821 ; died there, Sept. 9, 1890. He began his
literary career by writing a number of little
comedies dealing with high social life, all in a
vein of lively humor; among them are: “The
Heart Forgotten); (Watering-Places); (Fam-
ily Quarrels. He wrote also some exquisite
short tales,-(What the Forest Tells,! (Forget-
me-not, Arabesques); Don John of Austria,
a tragedy (1863), and numerous other plays;
also a series of novels,--( The Alpine Bride)
(1870), 'Sparks 'Neath the Ashes) (1871), “The
Nightingale) (1872); and My Home: Recol-
lections of Childhood and Youth' (1885).
Putnam, Eleanor. See Bates.
Putnam, George Haven. An American pub-
lisher and author, son of George P. ; born in
London, April 2, 1844. He entered the pub-
lishing business in 1866, and is at the head
of the firm of G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
His works include: (International Copyright'
(1879); Authors and Publishers) (1883); Au-
thors and their Public in Ancient Times )
(1893); (Books and their Makers during the
Middle Ages) (1896).
Putnam, George Palmer. An American
publisher and author; born in Brunswick, Me. ,
Feb. 7, 1814; died in New York, Dec. 20,
1872. In 1848 he established the publishing-
house now conducted under the name of G. P.
Putnam's Sons; and also founded Putnam's
Magazine, which was subsequently merged
with Scribner's Monthly. His works include:
(The Tourist in Europe) (1838); (American
Facts) (1845); (The World's Progress) (1850);
(Ten Years of the World's Progress'; etc.
Putnam, Mrs. Mary (Lowell). An Ameri-
can historical and miscellaneous writer, sister of
J. R. Lowell; born in Boston, Dec. 3, 1810. In
1832 she married Samuel R. Putnam, a mer-
chant of Boston. Besides a translation from
the Swedish, and numerous magazine articles,
she published: (History of the Constitution of
Hungary) (1850); (Records of an Obscure Man)
(1861); and two dramatic poems on the subject
of slavery, entitled (The Tragedy of Errors)
and (The Tragedy of Success) (1862).
Putnam, Mrs. Sarah A. Brock. An Amer.
ican novelist and writer; born at Madison
Court-House, Va. , about 1845. In 1883 she mar-
ried the Rev. Richard Putnam, of New York.
Her works include: Richmond during the
War' (1867); "The Southern Amaranth' (1869);
(Kenneth, My King) (1872); “Myra,' a novel.
(
## p. 446 (#462) ############################################
446
PUYMAIGRE-PYTHAGORAS
Puymaigre, Théodore Joseph Boudet (pwe.
māgr). A French poet and miscellaneous
writer; born at Metz, 1816. Among his works
are : Jeanne Darc,' a dramatic poem (1843);
(Dante Alighieri) (1845); Lost Hours, a
collection of poems (1866); (The Prediction,'
in verse (1870); (The Literary Court of Don
Juan II. of Castile) (1894); etc.
Puységur, Armand, Marie Jaques (pwe-sé-
gür'). A French soldier and writer; born at
Paris, 1751; died at Buzancy, 1825. He entered
the artillery service and distinguished himself,
afterwards also espousing the cause of the
Revolution. His chief fame, however, rests
upon the fact of his having been a disciple of
the famous Mesmer. His chief writings are:
Memoirs Touching the History and Establish-
ment of Animal Magnetism (1784); (Animal
Magnetism, Considered in its Relations with
Various Branches of General Physics) (1804-7);
(Truths Travel; Sooner or Later They Arrive)
(1814). He has also written some plays, among
them “The Day of Dupes) (1789) and (The
Benevolent Judge) (1799).
Puzynin, Gabrielle Gunther (pzhe'nin). A
Polish woman of letters ; born in Lithuania
about 1820. She has written poetry and novels
remarkable for moral tendencies and elegant
simplicity of style. Among them are: In the
Name of God' (1843); (Further in the World
(1845); Lithuanian Children (1847); Collec-
tion of Poems Old and New) (1859); etc.
Pyat, Félix (pyä). A French dramatist and
politician; born at Vierzon, 1810; died 1889.
An extreme radical agitator, his activity and
personal hazard extending from the revolution
of 1848 to the Communard insurrection of 1871,
his part in the latter obliged him to fly the coun-
try, and in 1873 he was sentenced to death by
the Council of War. During his exile he wrote
many inflammatory political pamphlets. His
plays also are of political and social tendencies ;
they are vigorous, and while somewhat sensa-
tional, show real originality. Among them are:
(A Revolution of Other Times; or, The Romans
at Home); (The Brigand and the Philosopher);
(Ango); Arabella,' a drama (1838); (Cedric
the Norwegian); Diogenes) (1846); (The Rag.
Picker of Paris,' a tragedy (1849); (Tiberius';
etc.
Pyle, Howard. An American illustrator and
author; born at Wilmington, Del. , March 5,
1853. For many years he has been an illus-
trator for Harper's periodicals, and recently
has become popular as a writer, chiefly of
juvenile literature. His works include: (Within
the Capes) (1885), a novel ; (Pepper and Salt)
(1887); (Otto of the Silver Hand (1888); (Buc-
caneers and Marooners of America' (1891);
Jack Ballister's Fortunes.
Pynchon, William. A noted American col.
onist; born in Springfield, England, about 1590;
died in Wraysbury, England, Oct. 29, 1662. He
emigrated to New England with Winthrop, and
founded the town of Springfield, Mass. In
1650 he published (The Meritorious Price of
Our Redemption, opposing the Calvinistic view
of atonement. The book was denounced as
heretical, and the author was compelled to
return to England to avoid persecution. His
other works are: The Jewes Synagogue' (1652);
(How the First Sabbath was Ordained' (1654).
Pypers, Peter (pe'pers). A Dutch poet and
dramatic writer; born at Amersfoort, 1749; died
1805. To escape entering the Church as his
family wished, he fled to Amsterdam and en-
tered the employ of a merchant; but devoted
his leisure to writing poetry and plays, most
of them translated or imitated from the French.
Among them are: Lansus and Lydia, a tra-
gedy (1777); Beverly,' a drama (1781); (The
Widow of Malabar,' a tragedy (1786); (Stephen,
the First Christian Martyr' (1790); “Jephtha,' a
tragedy (1794); "Iphigenia, a tragedy (1801).
He also published various collections of poems.
Pypin, Alexander Nikolajevich (pip'in ).
A Russian historian of literature ; born at Sar-
atov, 1833. He wrote: (Sketch of the Literary
History of the Ancient Russian Tales and
Wonder-Stories) (1859); (History of the Slavic
Literatures) (1865); “Characteristics of Literary
Opinion, 1820-50) (1874); (History of Russian
Ethnography) (1890-92).
Pyra, Immanuel Jakob (pir'rä). A German
poet; born at Kottbus, July 25, 1715; died at
Berlin, July 14, 1744. He wrote: (Temple of
True Poesy) (1737); (Friendship Songs of
Thyrsis (Pyra) and Damon (Lange). '
Pyrrho (pir'ro). A Greek philosopher; born
at Elis about 360 B. C. , and supposed to have
lived to the age of 90. In his earlier years he
accompanied Alexander the Great on his expe-
dition to India. He is usually looked upon as
the founder of the older School of Skeptics,
doubting the existence of anything like posi-
tive knowledge. He passed much of his life
in solitude, showing a stoical firmness of mind
in all danger or pain. His countrymen made
him high priest. He left nothing in writing,
being known only through the works of others.
Pythagoras (pi-thag')-ras). A celebrated
Greek philosopher; born at Samos, about 582
B. C. ; died about 500. His history is involved
in obscurity; but he is believed to have visited
Egypt and been inducted into the mysteries
and sciences of the priests in the temples there.
He founded a society and school, or an exoteric
and esoteric community of disciples, at Cro-
tona in Magna Græcia. The societaires took
control of the political State of Crotona, and
governed it more or less in accordance with the
principles of the master's philosophy; but the
democracy rose against them, and after an
existence of 100 years, or probably much less,
the organization was broken up and the Pyth-
agoreans dispersed. No authentic writing of
Pythagoras exists. He seems to have materially
developed mathematical science; he certainly
did much to develop the science of government
and of conduct.
## p. 447 (#463) ############################################
QUANDT – QUESNĖ
447
Q
Quandt, Johann Gottlob von (kwänt). A
German writer on art; born at Leipsic, April 9,
1787; died June 18, 1859. He wrote: (History
of Copperplate Engraving) (1826); Letters
from Italy) (1830); (Observations and Fancies
Regarding Man, Nature, and Art, during a Tour
in Southern France) (1846); and a similar work
on Spain (1850).
Quarles, Francis. An English sacred poet;
born in Rumford, Essex, in 1592; died Septem-
ber 1644. He was educated at Cambridge, and
studied for a lawyer. He received several ap-
pointments from the Crown, and finally held
the position of city chronologer. His leading
works were : Emblems Divine and Moral)
(1635); (Argalus and Parthenia) (1621); and the
(Enchiridion (1640) in prose. Frequent fine
expressions redeem much commonplace.
Quatrefages, Jean Louis Armand de (kätr-
fäzh'). A French naturalist; born at Berthe-
zème (Gard), Feb. 10, 1810; died Jan. 13, 1892.
He was appointed professor of anatomy and
ethnology in the Paris Museum of Natural His-
tory, 1855. Many of his works have been trans-
lated into English. Among them are: (The
Human Species? (1877); Recollections of a
Naturalist) (1854); ( The Prussian Race) (1879);
(Pygmies) (1887).
Quatremère, Étienne Marc (kätr-măr”). A
French Orientalist; born at Paris, July 12, 1782;
died Sept. 18, 1857. His father was a merchant,
while he was himself a lifelong student. He
was successively employed in the Imperial
Library, in the chair of Greek at Rouen, in
the Academy of Inscriptions, in the Collège de
France as professor of Hebrew and Aramaic,
and in the School of Living Oriental Languages
as professor of Persian. He produced many
learned works, among which are: Investiga-
tions into the Language and Literature of
Egypt) (1808); (Memoir upon the Nabateans)
(the Nabathites of the Bible] (1835); together
with numerous valuable translations. He left
also much lexicographic material.
Quatremère de Quincy, Chrysostome (kätr-
mår de kan'sē). A French archæologist and
writer on art; born at Paris, Oct. 28, 1755; died
there, Dec. 8, 1849. Among his writings are :
Dictionary of Architecture ) (3 vols. , 1786-1828);
(Olympian Jupiter; or, The Ancient Art of
Sculpture ) (1814); "Life and Works of Raphael)
(1824); (Ancient Monuments and Works of Art
Restored) (2 vols. , 1826-28); (Lives of the Most
Famous Architects) (3 vols. , 1830); Canova
and his Works) (1834).
Queiroz, José Maria Eça de (kā-ē-rõs'). A
Portuguese novelist; born in Povoa de Varzim,
Nov. 25, 1845. He studied jurisprudence in
Coimbra, was editor of a paper, traveled to
the Orient, and became consul successively to
Havana, Bristol, and Paris, where he went in
1889. He is a naturalist of Zola's school, and
introduced this style into Portugal. He is the
author of (The Crime of Father Amaro) (1874);
(The Mandarin); (The Dragon's Teeth); etc.
Quenstedt, Friedrich August (kwen'stet).
A German mineralogist and geologist; born at
Eisleben, July 9, 1809; died Dec. 21, 1889, at
Tübingen, where he was professor in the uni.
versity. Among his works are : (Epochs of
Nature) (1861), « Then and Now) (1856), popu.
lar expositions of geology.
Quental, Anthero de (ken'täl). A distin.
guished Portuguese lyric poet; born at Ponta-
Delgada in the island of San Miguel, one of
the Azores, April 18, 1842; died there, Sept.
II, 1891. While yet a student in the University
of Coimbra, he wrote a little volume of (Son-
nets) (1861), which showed a rare command
of poetical form; it was followed by Modern
Odes) (1865); Romantic Springtides' (1871);
and another volume of (Sonnets) (1881). He
wrote also (Considerations on the Philosophy
of Portuguese Literary History) (1872), and
(General Tendencies of Philosophy in the Sec-
ond Half of the 19th Century' (1892).
Quesnay, François (kā-nā'). A French phy-
sician and economist; born near Paris, June 4,
1694 ; died Dec. 16, 1774. He was the founder
the school of economists called Physiocrats,
and very influential on Adam Smith and all
modern political economy. His theory was
that all value is derived from the products of
land, which should therefore bear all taxation,
but also receive all State encouragement. He
published several medical works, in addition
to his more famous ones (chiefly short articles)
on political economy. Among, the latter the
leading one is the “Tableau Economique.
