"
Fragments
of this work are found
such a proceeding.
such a proceeding.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
G.
R.
§ 14, 1, a.
, ib.
§ 14, 5, c.
) Zachariae
Anthocus, Nomius, and Argaeus sons of Cyrene. indeed does not expressly say that there were two,
(Comp. ARISTAEUS. ) There are two other mythi- but, unless he thinks so, his mode of statement is
cal personages of the name of Cyrene. (Hygin. calculated to mislead. The early Cyrillus is re-
Fab. 14 ; Apollod. ii. 5. $ 8. ) (L. S. ] ferred to (if Zachariae properly expresses his
CYRI'ADES stands first in the list of the meaning) in Bas. i. pp. 563, 646 (ed. Heimbach),
thirty tyrants enumerated by Trebellius Pollio in both of which passages he is designated by the
[AUREOLUS), from whose brief, indistinct, and honourable title Heros. In the passage, p. 646,
apparently inaccurate narrative we gather that, Heros Patricius, who was a contemporary of Jus-
after having roubed his father, whose old age he tinian, seems (as quoted by the Scholiast) to call
had embittered by dissipation and rice, he tied to Cyrillus “ the general schoolmaster of the world ;"
the Persians, stiniulated Sapor to invade the Ro- but the meaning is ambiguous, and the high-flown
man provinces, and, having assumed the purple compliments to Cyrillus may be the Scholiast's
together with the title of Augustus, was slain by own. It is the later Cyrillus (if Zachariae ex-
his own followers after a short career of cruelty presses what he intends) who, in Bas, i. p. 789
and crime. Gibbon thinks fit to assume that these (ed. lleimbach), cites Stephanus, his contemporary
## p. 917 (#937) ############################################
CYRILLUS.
917
CYRILLUS.
and brother-commentator. We do not agree with part of his life was passed amid agitating scenes,
Zachariae in this hypothesis of two Cyrilli; and it resulting from this persevering opposition. In
is to be observed, that in Bus. i. p. 646 (cd. lleim- consequence of an epistle written by Cyril to the
bach) the supposed earlier Cyrillus of Zachariae is bgyptian monks which had been carried to Con-
treated as the author of a commentary on the title stantinople, Nestorius and his friends were naturally
de Puctis. )
offended. When Ciril understood how much
In Bus. iii. pr. 50, 51 (ed. Fabrot. ), Cyrillus is Nestorins had been hurt by this letter, he wrote
represented as quoting a constitution of Alexius to him in justifcation of his conduct, and in ex-
Comnenus (A. D. 1081—1118), and, in Bas. V. p. planation of his faith, to which Nestorius replied
431 and vii. p. 89, mention is made of the artition in a calm and dignified tone. Cyril's answer
of Cyrillus, which is supposed by Assemani and repeats the admonitions of his first letter, expounds
Pohl to mean his edition of the Basilica. llence anew his doctrine of the union of natures in Christ,
Assemani (Bill. Jur. Orient. ii. 20, p. 40+) comes and defends it against the consequences deduced
to the conclusion, that Cyrillus was posterior to in his opponent's letter. Nestorius was after-
Alexius; and Pohl (aul Suares. Notit. Busil
. p. 69, wards induced by Lampon, a presbyter of the
n. o) thinks, that there were two jurists of the Alexandrian church, to write a short letier to Cyril
name, one of whom was posterior to Alexins. In breathing the true Christian spirit.
the passages of early jurists which are appended as In the mean time the Alexandrine prelate was
notes to the text of the Basilica, interpolations and endeavouring to lessen the iniluence of his op-
alterations were often made, in order to accommo- ponent by statements addressed to the emperor,
date them to a later state of the law; and the ap- and also to the princesses Pulcheria, Arcadia, and
parent anachronisms thus produced occasion consi- Marinia ; unt Theodosius was not disposed to look
derable difficulty in the legal biography of the upon him with a friendly ere because of such
lower empire. (Heimbach, de Basil. Oriy. p. 31. ) epistles; for he feared that the prelate aimed at
The fragments of Graeco-Roman jurists append exciting disagreement and discord in the imperial
ed by way of commentary to the 8th book of the household. Cyril also wrote to Celestine, bishop
Basilica were first published by Ruhnken from a of Rome, informing him of the heresy of Nestorius,
manuscript at Leyden in the 3rd and 5th volumes and asking his co-operation against it. The Ro-
of Meermann's Thesaurus. Among them are fre- man bishop had previously received some account
quent extracts from Cyrillus.
of the controversy from Nestorius ; though, from
In the Glossue Nomicae, of which Labbé made ignorance of Greek, he had not been able to read
a collection that was published after his death the letters and discourses of the Constantinopolitan
(Paris, 1679, London, 1817), are Glossaries which prelate. In consequence of Cyril's staiement,
have been commonly attributed to Philoxenus and Celestine held a council at Rome, and passed a
Cyrillus. Reiz (ad Theoph. p. 1246) thinks it not decrce, that Nestorius should be deposed in ten
improbable that these Glossaries were either edited days unless he recanted. The execution of this
by Philoxenus and Cyrillus, or extracted by others decree was entrusted to Cyril. The Roman pre-
from their interpretations, but that they certainly late also sent several letters through Cyril, one of
liave been interpolated and altered by later hands. which, a circular letter to the Eastern patriarchs
llaubold ( Inst. Jur. Rom. priv. p. 159, n. k. ) sees and bishops, Cyril forwarded with additional
no sufficient reason for attributing to Cyrillus the letters from himself. This circular was afterwards
Glossary that passes under his name. (J. T. G. ] sent by John of Antioch to Nestorius. Soon
CYRILLUS (Kúpiados), ST. , was a native of after (A. D. 430), he assembled a synod at Alex-
ALEXANDRIA, and nephew of Theophilus, bishop of andria, and set forth the truth in opposition to
the same place. The year of his birth is not known. Nestorius's tenets in twelve heads or anathemas,
After having been a presbyter of the church at A letter was also drawn up addressed to Nestorius,
Alexandria, he succeeded to the episcopal chair another to the officers and members of the church
on the death of Theophilus, A. D. 412. To this at Constantinople, inciting them to oppose their
office he was no sooner elevated than he gave full patriarch, and a third to the monks. With these
scope to those dispositions and desires that guided anathemas he sent four bishops as legates to Nes-
him through an unquiet life. Unbounded ambi- torius, requiring of him to subscribe them if he
tion and vindictiveness, jealousy of opponents, ill-wished to remain in the communion of the Catholic
directed cunning, apparent zeal for the truth, and church and retain his see. Celestine's letter, which
an arrogant desire to lord it over the churches, he had kept back till now, was also despatched.
constituted the character of this vehement patriarch. But Nestorius refused to retract, and answered
His restless and turbulent spirit, bent on self- the anathemas by twelve anti-anathemas. In
aggrandisement, presents an unfavourable portrait consequence of these mutual excommunications and
to the impartial historian. Immediately after his recriminatory letters, the emperor Theodosius the
elevation, he entered with rigour on the duties Second was induced to summon a general council
supposed to devolve on the prelate of so important at Ephesus, commonly reckoned the third oecume-
a city. He banished from it the Jews, who are nical council, which was held A. D. 431. To this
said to have been attempting violence towards the council Cyril and many bishops subservient to his
Christians, threw down their synagogue and plun- views repaired. The pious Isidore in vain re-
dered it, quarrelled with Orestes, and set himself monstrated with the fiery. Alexandrine prelate.
to oppose heretics and heathens on every side. Nestorius was accompanied by two imperial
According to Socrates, he also shut up the churches ministers of state, one of whom had the command
of the Novatians, took away all their sacred vessels of soldiers to protect the council. Cyril presided,
and ornaments, and deprived Theopemptus, their and urged on the business with impatient haste.
bishop, of all he bad. (Histor. Eccles. vii. 7. ) Nestorius and the imperial commissioners re-
But his efforts were chiefly directed against Nes- quested that the proceedings might be delayed till
torius, bishop of Constantinople; and the greater the arrival of John of Antioch and the other
## p. 918 (#938) ############################################
918
CYRILLUS.
CYRILLUS.
3
eastern bishops, and likewise of the Italian and | μένος και εις ιδιάζουσαν ιδέαν εκβεβιασμένος και
Sicilian members; but no delay was allowed. ioy hea vueim Kad tò mét pov únepopwoa muinois,
Nestorius was condemned as a heretic. On the In his work against Julian, it is more florid than
27th of June, five days after the commencement of usual, though never rising to beauty or elegance.
the council, John of Antioch, Theodoret, and the li is generally marked by considerable obscurity
other eastern bishops, arrived. Uniting themselves and ruggedness. Cyril's extant works are the
with a considerable part of the council who were following:-
opposed to Cyril's proceedings, they held a separate Glaphyra (i. e. polished or highly-wrought com-
synod, over which John presided, and deposed mentaries) on the Pentateuch.
This work 2p
both Cyril and Memnon his associate. Both, peared at Paris in Liitin, 1605; and was afterwards
however, were soon after restored by the emperor, published in Greek and Latin by A. Schott,
while Nestorius was compelled to return to his Antwerp, 1618.
cloister at Antioch. The emperor, though at first Concerning adoration and worship in spirit and
opposed to Cyril, was afterwards wrought upon by | in truth, in 17 books.
various representations, and by the intrigues of the Commentaries on Isaiah, in 5 books.
monks, many of whom were bribed by the Alex- A Commentary on the twelve minor Prophets.
andrian prelate. Such policy procured many friends | This was separately published in Greck and Latin
at court, while Vestorius having also failen under at Ingolstadt, 1605.
the displeasure of Pulcheria, the emperor's sister, A Commentary on John, in 10 books.
was abandoned, and obliged to retire from the city A treatise (thesaurus) concerning the holy and
into exile. Having triumphed over his enemy at consubstantial Trinity.
Ephesus, Cyril returned to Egypt. But the depo- Seven dialogues concerning the holy and con-
sition of Nestorius had separated the eastern from substantial Trinity. To these a compendium of
the western churches, particularly those in Egypt. the seventh dialogue is subjoined, or a suminary of
In A. D. 432, Cyril and the eastern bishops were the arguments adduced in it.
exhorted by the emperor to enter into terms of Two dialogues, one concerning the incarnation
peace. In pursuance of such a proposal, Paul of of the only begotten, the other proving that Christ
Emesa, in the name of the Orientals, brought an is one and the Lord. These dialogues, when
exposition of the faith to Alexandria, sufficiently taken with the preceding, make the eighth and
catholic to be subscribed by Cyril. He returned ninth.
with another from Cyril, to be subscribed by the Scholia on the incarnation of the only-begotten.
Easterns. This procured peace for a little while. Far the greater part of the Greek text is wanting.
But the spirit of the Alexandrian bishop could not They exist entire only in the Latin version of
easily rest; and soon after the disputes were re- Mercator.
newed, particularly between him and Theodoret. Another brief tract on the same subject.
In such broils he continued to be involved till his A treatise concerning the right faith, addressed
death, A. D. 444.
to the emperor Theodosius. It begins with the
According to Cave, Cyril possessed piety and third chapter.
indomitable zeal for the Catholic faith. But if we Thirty paschal homilies. These were published
may judge of his piety by his conduct, he is separately at Antwerp in 1618.
scarcely entitled to this character. His learning Fourteen homilies on various topics. The last
was considerable according to the standard of the exists only in Latin.
times in which he lived. He had a certain kind Sixty-one epistles. The fourth is only in Latin.
of acuteness and ingenuity which frequently bor- Some in this collection were written by others, by
dered on the mystical; but in philosophical com- Nestorius, Acacius, John of Antioch, Celestine,
prehension and in metaphysical acumen he was very bishop of Rome, &c. , &c.
defective. Theodoret brings various accusations Five books against Nestorius, published in Greek
against him, which represent him in an unamiable and Latin at Rome, in 1608.
and even an unorthodox light. He charges bim An explanation of the twelve chapters or ana-
with holding that there was but one nature in themas.
Christ; but this seems to be only a consequence An apology for the twelve chapters, in opposi-
derived from his doctrine, just as Cyril deduced tion to the eastern bishops.
from Nestorius's writings a denial of the divine An apology for the same against Theodoret.
nature in Christ. Theodoret, howerer, brings An apology addressed to the emperor Theodosius,
another accusation against him which cannot easily written about the close of A. D. 431.
be set aside, riz. his having caused Hypatia, a noble Ten books against Julian, written A. D. 433.
Alexandrian lady addicted to the study of philo- A treatise against the Anthropomorphites.
sophy, to be torn to pieces by the populace. Cave, A treatise upon the Trinity.
who is partial to Cyril, does not deny the fact, Of his lost works mention is made by Liberatus
though he thinks it incredible and inconsistent of " Three books against excerpts of Diodorus and
with Cyril's character to assert that he sanctioned Theodorus.
" Fragments of this work are found
such a proceeding. (Suidas, s. v. “Tratia. ) in the Acts of Synods. (5 Collat. 5. ) Gennadius
As an interpreter of Scripture, Cyril belongs to says, that he wrote a treatise concerning the ter-
the allegorising school, and therefore his exegetical mination of the Synagogue, and concerning the
works are of no value. In a literary view also, faith against heretics. Ephrem of Antioch speaks
liis writings are almost worthless. They develop of a treatise on impassibility and another upon
the characteristic tendency of the Egyptian mind, suffering. Eustratius of Constantinople cites a
its proneness to mysticism rather than to clear and fragment from Cyril's oration against those who
accurate conceptions in regard to points requiring say that we should not offer up petitions for such
to be distinguished. His style is thus characterised as have slept in the faith. Nineteen homilies on
by Photius (Cod. 49): ó ôè dóyos autą TETTUIN- Jeremiah were edited in Greek and Latin by Cor-
## p. 919 (#939) ############################################
CYRILLUS.
919
CYRILLUS.
:
derius, at Antwerp, 1648, 8vo. , under the name of ! people, who were delighted with his discourses.
Cyril; but it has been ascertained that they belong The larger council to which he appealed was held
to Origen, with the exception of the lasi, which at Seleuccia, consisting of more than 160 bishops.
was written by Clement of Alexandria. A liturgy | Before it Acacius was summoned by Cyril to ap-
inscribed to Cyril, translated from Arabic into pear, but he refused. The latter was restored by
Latin by Victor Scialac, was published at Augs- the council. But his persevering adversary in-
burg, 1604, 4to. Cyril's works were published in flamed the mind of the emperor against him, and
Latin by George of Trebizond at Basel in 1546, in conformity with the wish of A cacius a synud
4 volumes ; by Gentianus Hervetus at Paris, 1573, was summoned at Constantinople ; Cyril was agur.
1605, 2 vols. They were published in Greek and deposed and sent into banishment in 360. At this
Latin by Aubert, six volumes, Paris, 1638, fol. council former charges were raked up against him,
This is the best edition. (Socrates, Histor. and new ones added by Acacius. On the death
Eccles. vii. 17, 13, 15; Fabric. Biblioth. Gruec. of Constantius, Cyril was recalled from exile, and
vol. viii. ; Pagi in Baronius's Annal. an. 412; restored a second time to his episcopate in 362.
Basnage, Annal. 412, n. 12; Du Pin, Billio In the year 363, when attempts were made by
thèque des Auteurs Eccles. vol. iv. ; Tillemont, Julian to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem, he is
Mémoires, vol. xiv. ; Cave, llistor. Literar. vol. i. , said to have predicted, from a comparison of the
Oxford, 1740; Lardner, Works, vol. iii. , quarto prophecies in Daniel and the New Testament, that
edition, London, 1815; Walch, Historie der Kel- the enterprise would be defeated. Under Jovian
zercien, vol. v. , and Historie der Kirchensammlung, and in the beginning of Valens's reign, he lived in
p. 275, &c. ; Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, vol. the quiet possession of his office. On the death of
xviii. ; Neander, Allgem. Kirchengeschichte, vol. ii. Acacius, he appointed Philumenus over the church
part 3; Murdock's Mosheim, vol. i. ; Gieseler, at Caesareia ; but the Eutychians deposed the
Text Book of Eccles. Hist. , translated by Cunning- newly chosen bishop, and substituted one Cyril in
ham, vol. i. ; Guerike, Handbuch der Kirchenges his place. The bishop of Jerusalem, however, de-
chichte, fünfte Auflage, vol. i. Specimens of Cyril's posed him who had been elevated by the Euty-
method of interpretation are given in Davidson's chian party, and set over the Caesarean church
Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 145, &c. ) [S. D. ] Gelasius, his sister's son. Soon after, by order of
CYRILLUS (Kúpimos), ST. , bishop of JERU- Valens, Cyril was banished a third time from Je-
SALEM, was probably born at Jerusalem, a. D. 315. rusalem, in 367. On the emperor's death, he
He was ordained deacon by Macarius in the church returned to his native place, and reassumed the
of his native place, about 334 or 335; and, by functions of his office the third time, 378. Under
Maximus, who succeeded Macarius, he was elected Theodosius he continued in the undisturbed pos.
presbyter, 345. When Maximus died, he was session of the episcopal chair till his death. He
chosen to fill the episcopal chair, 351, in the reign seems, however, to have incurred the displeasure
of Constantins. It was about the commencement of his own church, rent and disfigured as it was
of his episcopate, on the 7th of May, 35), about with schisms, heresies, and moral corruption.
9 o'clock, a. m. , that a great luminous cross, ex- Perplexed and uneasy, he asked assistance from
ceeding in brightness the splendour of the sun, the council of Antioch. (379. ) Accordingly, Gre-
appeared for several hours over mount Golgotha, gory of Nyssa was deputed by the council to go to
and extended as far as the mount of Olives. His Jerusalem and to pacify the church in that place.
letter to Constantius, which is preserved, gives a But the peace-maker departed without accomplish-
full account of this phenomenon. Soon after, he ing the object of his mission. Cyril was present
became involved in disputes with Acacius, the at the second general council held at Constantino-
Arian bishop of Caesareia, which embittered the ple in 381, in which he was honoured with a high
greater part of his subsequent life. The contro- eulogium. It is supposed that he attended the
versy between them arose about the rights of their council of Constantinople in 383. His death took
respective sees; but mutual recriminations concern- place in 386.
ing the faith soon followed. Acacius accused Cyril His works consist of eighteen lectures to cate-
of affirining, that the Son was like the Father in chumens (Karnyno ErS OWTIŠouévwv), and five to
regard to essence, or that he was consubstantial the newly-baptized (uvotajwylkal kat9XMOELS
with Him. During two successive years Cyril após TIÙS veopwtiotous). These were delivered
was summoned by his opponent to appear before a about the year 347, in his youth, as Jerome says,
proper tribunal, but did not obey the call. Exas- and when he was still presbyter. The first eigh-
perated no doubt by this steadfast disregard of his teen are chiefly doctrinal, consisting of an exposi-
authority, the Caesarean bishop hastily got toge- tion of the articles in the creed of the church ;
ther a council, which deposed Cyril in 358. The while the last five respect the rights of baptism,
charge against him was, that he had exposed to chrism, and the Lord's supper. These treatises
sale the treasures of the church, and in a time of have very great value in the eyes of the theologian,
famine applied the proceeds to the use of the poor. inasmuch as they present a more complete system
Among these treasures was specified a sacred gar- of theology and a more minute description of the
ment woven with golden threads and presented by rites of the church at that early period than are to
Constantine the Great, which afterwards came in-be found in any other writer of the same age. In
to the possession of an actress. The excommuni- their style and language there is nothing tiorid or
cated prelate, however, appealed to a larger coun- oratorical; the composition is plain, didactic, and
cil; and Constantius himself assented to the justice inelegant. The authenticity of these catecheses
of the appeal. After his deposition, he went to has been questioned by some, especially by Oudi-
Antioch, in which city he found the church with- nus (de Script. Eccl. Ant. vol. i. p. 459, et seq. ),
out a pastor, and thence to Tarsus. There he yet is good ground has been adduced for enter-
lived on ternis of intimacy with Sylvanus the bi- taining such doubts. It has been thought, with
shop, and frequently preached in his church to the reason, that Cyril was once a Semi-Arian, and
a
## p. 920 (#940) ############################################
920
CYRNUS.
CYRUS.
that after the Nicene creed had been generally CYRRJESTES. (ANDRONICUS CYRRIESTES. ]
adopted, he approved of and embraced its dogmas. CYRSILUS (Kupoldos). 1. An Athenian,
Epiphanius speaks in express terms of his Semi. who, on the approach of Xerxes, when the Athe-
Arianism, and even Toutiee acknowledges the fact. nians had resolved to quit their city, advised his
His coldness towards the Nicenians and his inti- countrymen to remain and submit to the foreign
macy with the Eusebians, give colour to this opinion. invader. For this cowardly advice, Cyrsilus, toge-
But he was by no means disposed to carry out ther with his wife and children, was stoned to
doctrines beyond the written word, or to wander death by the Athenians. (Dem. de Coron. p. 290;
into the regions of speculation. His published Cic. de Off: j. 11. )
writings attest his orthodoxy and firm belief in 2. Of Pharsalus, is mentioned by Strabo (xi.
the Nicene creed.
p. 530) as one of the companions of Alexander the
Among his works are also preserved a homily Great in his Asiatic expeditions, who afterwards
on the case of the paralytic man (John v. 1-16), wrote an account of the exploits of Alexander.
and a letter to the emperor Constantius, giving an Nothing further is known about him. (L. S. ]
account of the luminous cross which appeared at CYRUS THE ELDER (Kúpos ó nalalós or
Jerusalem, 351.
ó npótepos), the founder of the Persian empire.
His writings were published in Latin at Paris, | The life of this prince is one of the most important
1589, and his Catecheses in Greek at the same portions of ancient history, both on account of the
place, 1564, 8v0. ; in Greek and Latin at Cologre, magnitude of the empire which he founded, and
1564. Prevotius edited them all in Greek and because it forms the epoch at which sacred and
Latin at Paris in 1608, 410. ; and afterwards Dion profane history become connected: but it is also
Petavius at Paris, 16:22, fol. They were reprinted one of the most difficult, not only from the almost
from Prevotius's edition, at Paris in 1631, fol. , total want of contemporary historians, but also
along with the works of Synesius of Cyrene. A from the fables and romances with which it was
much better edition than any of the preceding was overlaid in ancient times, and from the perverse-
that of Thomas Milles, in Greek and Latin, Ox-ness of modern writers, of the stamp of Rollin and
ford, 1703, fol. The best is that of the Benedic- Hales, who have followed the guidance, not of the
tine monk, A. A. Touttee, Paris, 1720, fol. The laws of historical evidence, but of their own
preface contains a very elaborate dissertation on notions of the right interpretation of Scripture.
the life and writings of Cyril. (See Touttee's Herodotus, within a century after the time of
preface ; Care's Historia Literaria, vol. i. pp. 211, Cyrus, found his history embellished by those of
212, Oxford, 1740; Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, the Persians who wished to make it more imposing
vol. xii. p. 313, &c. ; Theodoret, Ilistor. Eccle- (oi Boulbuevou oeuvoûv tà nepi Kúpov), and had to
siast. libb. ii. and v. ; Tillemont, Eccles. Mem. vol. make his choice between four different stories, out
viii. ; Guerike, Hundbuch der Kirchenyeschichte, of which he professes to have selected the account
vol. i. pp. 344, 345, note 3, fünfte Aufiuge; Mur- given by those who wished to tell the truth (Tòv
dock's Alosheim, rol. i. p. 241, note 16. ) (S. D. ] eóvta néyev nízov, i. 95). Nevertheless his nar-
CYRILLUS (Kúpiados), of SCYTHOPOLIS, a rative is evidently founded to some extent on
Palestine monk, belonging to the sixth century. In fabulous tales. The authorities of Ctesias, even
the sixteenth year of his age he made a profession the royal archives, were doubtless corrupted in a
of the monastic life in his native place. Prompted similar manner, besides the accumulation of errors
by a desire to see sacred places, he visited Jerusa- during another half century. Xenophon does not
lem, and, by the advice of his mother, put himself pretend, what some modern writers have pretended
under the care of John the Silentiary, by whom for him, that his Cyropaedeia is anything more than
he was sent to the famous monastery of Laura. an historical romance. In such a work it is always
Leontius, prefect of the monastery, received him impossible to separate the framework of true his-
into the order of the monks.
Anthocus, Nomius, and Argaeus sons of Cyrene. indeed does not expressly say that there were two,
(Comp. ARISTAEUS. ) There are two other mythi- but, unless he thinks so, his mode of statement is
cal personages of the name of Cyrene. (Hygin. calculated to mislead. The early Cyrillus is re-
Fab. 14 ; Apollod. ii. 5. $ 8. ) (L. S. ] ferred to (if Zachariae properly expresses his
CYRI'ADES stands first in the list of the meaning) in Bas. i. pp. 563, 646 (ed. Heimbach),
thirty tyrants enumerated by Trebellius Pollio in both of which passages he is designated by the
[AUREOLUS), from whose brief, indistinct, and honourable title Heros. In the passage, p. 646,
apparently inaccurate narrative we gather that, Heros Patricius, who was a contemporary of Jus-
after having roubed his father, whose old age he tinian, seems (as quoted by the Scholiast) to call
had embittered by dissipation and rice, he tied to Cyrillus “ the general schoolmaster of the world ;"
the Persians, stiniulated Sapor to invade the Ro- but the meaning is ambiguous, and the high-flown
man provinces, and, having assumed the purple compliments to Cyrillus may be the Scholiast's
together with the title of Augustus, was slain by own. It is the later Cyrillus (if Zachariae ex-
his own followers after a short career of cruelty presses what he intends) who, in Bas, i. p. 789
and crime. Gibbon thinks fit to assume that these (ed. lleimbach), cites Stephanus, his contemporary
## p. 917 (#937) ############################################
CYRILLUS.
917
CYRILLUS.
and brother-commentator. We do not agree with part of his life was passed amid agitating scenes,
Zachariae in this hypothesis of two Cyrilli; and it resulting from this persevering opposition. In
is to be observed, that in Bus. i. p. 646 (cd. lleim- consequence of an epistle written by Cyril to the
bach) the supposed earlier Cyrillus of Zachariae is bgyptian monks which had been carried to Con-
treated as the author of a commentary on the title stantinople, Nestorius and his friends were naturally
de Puctis. )
offended. When Ciril understood how much
In Bus. iii. pr. 50, 51 (ed. Fabrot. ), Cyrillus is Nestorins had been hurt by this letter, he wrote
represented as quoting a constitution of Alexius to him in justifcation of his conduct, and in ex-
Comnenus (A. D. 1081—1118), and, in Bas. V. p. planation of his faith, to which Nestorius replied
431 and vii. p. 89, mention is made of the artition in a calm and dignified tone. Cyril's answer
of Cyrillus, which is supposed by Assemani and repeats the admonitions of his first letter, expounds
Pohl to mean his edition of the Basilica. llence anew his doctrine of the union of natures in Christ,
Assemani (Bill. Jur. Orient. ii. 20, p. 40+) comes and defends it against the consequences deduced
to the conclusion, that Cyrillus was posterior to in his opponent's letter. Nestorius was after-
Alexius; and Pohl (aul Suares. Notit. Busil
. p. 69, wards induced by Lampon, a presbyter of the
n. o) thinks, that there were two jurists of the Alexandrian church, to write a short letier to Cyril
name, one of whom was posterior to Alexins. In breathing the true Christian spirit.
the passages of early jurists which are appended as In the mean time the Alexandrine prelate was
notes to the text of the Basilica, interpolations and endeavouring to lessen the iniluence of his op-
alterations were often made, in order to accommo- ponent by statements addressed to the emperor,
date them to a later state of the law; and the ap- and also to the princesses Pulcheria, Arcadia, and
parent anachronisms thus produced occasion consi- Marinia ; unt Theodosius was not disposed to look
derable difficulty in the legal biography of the upon him with a friendly ere because of such
lower empire. (Heimbach, de Basil. Oriy. p. 31. ) epistles; for he feared that the prelate aimed at
The fragments of Graeco-Roman jurists append exciting disagreement and discord in the imperial
ed by way of commentary to the 8th book of the household. Cyril also wrote to Celestine, bishop
Basilica were first published by Ruhnken from a of Rome, informing him of the heresy of Nestorius,
manuscript at Leyden in the 3rd and 5th volumes and asking his co-operation against it. The Ro-
of Meermann's Thesaurus. Among them are fre- man bishop had previously received some account
quent extracts from Cyrillus.
of the controversy from Nestorius ; though, from
In the Glossue Nomicae, of which Labbé made ignorance of Greek, he had not been able to read
a collection that was published after his death the letters and discourses of the Constantinopolitan
(Paris, 1679, London, 1817), are Glossaries which prelate. In consequence of Cyril's staiement,
have been commonly attributed to Philoxenus and Celestine held a council at Rome, and passed a
Cyrillus. Reiz (ad Theoph. p. 1246) thinks it not decrce, that Nestorius should be deposed in ten
improbable that these Glossaries were either edited days unless he recanted. The execution of this
by Philoxenus and Cyrillus, or extracted by others decree was entrusted to Cyril. The Roman pre-
from their interpretations, but that they certainly late also sent several letters through Cyril, one of
liave been interpolated and altered by later hands. which, a circular letter to the Eastern patriarchs
llaubold ( Inst. Jur. Rom. priv. p. 159, n. k. ) sees and bishops, Cyril forwarded with additional
no sufficient reason for attributing to Cyrillus the letters from himself. This circular was afterwards
Glossary that passes under his name. (J. T. G. ] sent by John of Antioch to Nestorius. Soon
CYRILLUS (Kúpiados), ST. , was a native of after (A. D. 430), he assembled a synod at Alex-
ALEXANDRIA, and nephew of Theophilus, bishop of andria, and set forth the truth in opposition to
the same place. The year of his birth is not known. Nestorius's tenets in twelve heads or anathemas,
After having been a presbyter of the church at A letter was also drawn up addressed to Nestorius,
Alexandria, he succeeded to the episcopal chair another to the officers and members of the church
on the death of Theophilus, A. D. 412. To this at Constantinople, inciting them to oppose their
office he was no sooner elevated than he gave full patriarch, and a third to the monks. With these
scope to those dispositions and desires that guided anathemas he sent four bishops as legates to Nes-
him through an unquiet life. Unbounded ambi- torius, requiring of him to subscribe them if he
tion and vindictiveness, jealousy of opponents, ill-wished to remain in the communion of the Catholic
directed cunning, apparent zeal for the truth, and church and retain his see. Celestine's letter, which
an arrogant desire to lord it over the churches, he had kept back till now, was also despatched.
constituted the character of this vehement patriarch. But Nestorius refused to retract, and answered
His restless and turbulent spirit, bent on self- the anathemas by twelve anti-anathemas. In
aggrandisement, presents an unfavourable portrait consequence of these mutual excommunications and
to the impartial historian. Immediately after his recriminatory letters, the emperor Theodosius the
elevation, he entered with rigour on the duties Second was induced to summon a general council
supposed to devolve on the prelate of so important at Ephesus, commonly reckoned the third oecume-
a city. He banished from it the Jews, who are nical council, which was held A. D. 431. To this
said to have been attempting violence towards the council Cyril and many bishops subservient to his
Christians, threw down their synagogue and plun- views repaired. The pious Isidore in vain re-
dered it, quarrelled with Orestes, and set himself monstrated with the fiery. Alexandrine prelate.
to oppose heretics and heathens on every side. Nestorius was accompanied by two imperial
According to Socrates, he also shut up the churches ministers of state, one of whom had the command
of the Novatians, took away all their sacred vessels of soldiers to protect the council. Cyril presided,
and ornaments, and deprived Theopemptus, their and urged on the business with impatient haste.
bishop, of all he bad. (Histor. Eccles. vii. 7. ) Nestorius and the imperial commissioners re-
But his efforts were chiefly directed against Nes- quested that the proceedings might be delayed till
torius, bishop of Constantinople; and the greater the arrival of John of Antioch and the other
## p. 918 (#938) ############################################
918
CYRILLUS.
CYRILLUS.
3
eastern bishops, and likewise of the Italian and | μένος και εις ιδιάζουσαν ιδέαν εκβεβιασμένος και
Sicilian members; but no delay was allowed. ioy hea vueim Kad tò mét pov únepopwoa muinois,
Nestorius was condemned as a heretic. On the In his work against Julian, it is more florid than
27th of June, five days after the commencement of usual, though never rising to beauty or elegance.
the council, John of Antioch, Theodoret, and the li is generally marked by considerable obscurity
other eastern bishops, arrived. Uniting themselves and ruggedness. Cyril's extant works are the
with a considerable part of the council who were following:-
opposed to Cyril's proceedings, they held a separate Glaphyra (i. e. polished or highly-wrought com-
synod, over which John presided, and deposed mentaries) on the Pentateuch.
This work 2p
both Cyril and Memnon his associate. Both, peared at Paris in Liitin, 1605; and was afterwards
however, were soon after restored by the emperor, published in Greek and Latin by A. Schott,
while Nestorius was compelled to return to his Antwerp, 1618.
cloister at Antioch. The emperor, though at first Concerning adoration and worship in spirit and
opposed to Cyril, was afterwards wrought upon by | in truth, in 17 books.
various representations, and by the intrigues of the Commentaries on Isaiah, in 5 books.
monks, many of whom were bribed by the Alex- A Commentary on the twelve minor Prophets.
andrian prelate. Such policy procured many friends | This was separately published in Greck and Latin
at court, while Vestorius having also failen under at Ingolstadt, 1605.
the displeasure of Pulcheria, the emperor's sister, A Commentary on John, in 10 books.
was abandoned, and obliged to retire from the city A treatise (thesaurus) concerning the holy and
into exile. Having triumphed over his enemy at consubstantial Trinity.
Ephesus, Cyril returned to Egypt. But the depo- Seven dialogues concerning the holy and con-
sition of Nestorius had separated the eastern from substantial Trinity. To these a compendium of
the western churches, particularly those in Egypt. the seventh dialogue is subjoined, or a suminary of
In A. D. 432, Cyril and the eastern bishops were the arguments adduced in it.
exhorted by the emperor to enter into terms of Two dialogues, one concerning the incarnation
peace. In pursuance of such a proposal, Paul of of the only begotten, the other proving that Christ
Emesa, in the name of the Orientals, brought an is one and the Lord. These dialogues, when
exposition of the faith to Alexandria, sufficiently taken with the preceding, make the eighth and
catholic to be subscribed by Cyril. He returned ninth.
with another from Cyril, to be subscribed by the Scholia on the incarnation of the only-begotten.
Easterns. This procured peace for a little while. Far the greater part of the Greek text is wanting.
But the spirit of the Alexandrian bishop could not They exist entire only in the Latin version of
easily rest; and soon after the disputes were re- Mercator.
newed, particularly between him and Theodoret. Another brief tract on the same subject.
In such broils he continued to be involved till his A treatise concerning the right faith, addressed
death, A. D. 444.
to the emperor Theodosius. It begins with the
According to Cave, Cyril possessed piety and third chapter.
indomitable zeal for the Catholic faith. But if we Thirty paschal homilies. These were published
may judge of his piety by his conduct, he is separately at Antwerp in 1618.
scarcely entitled to this character. His learning Fourteen homilies on various topics. The last
was considerable according to the standard of the exists only in Latin.
times in which he lived. He had a certain kind Sixty-one epistles. The fourth is only in Latin.
of acuteness and ingenuity which frequently bor- Some in this collection were written by others, by
dered on the mystical; but in philosophical com- Nestorius, Acacius, John of Antioch, Celestine,
prehension and in metaphysical acumen he was very bishop of Rome, &c. , &c.
defective. Theodoret brings various accusations Five books against Nestorius, published in Greek
against him, which represent him in an unamiable and Latin at Rome, in 1608.
and even an unorthodox light. He charges bim An explanation of the twelve chapters or ana-
with holding that there was but one nature in themas.
Christ; but this seems to be only a consequence An apology for the twelve chapters, in opposi-
derived from his doctrine, just as Cyril deduced tion to the eastern bishops.
from Nestorius's writings a denial of the divine An apology for the same against Theodoret.
nature in Christ. Theodoret, howerer, brings An apology addressed to the emperor Theodosius,
another accusation against him which cannot easily written about the close of A. D. 431.
be set aside, riz. his having caused Hypatia, a noble Ten books against Julian, written A. D. 433.
Alexandrian lady addicted to the study of philo- A treatise against the Anthropomorphites.
sophy, to be torn to pieces by the populace. Cave, A treatise upon the Trinity.
who is partial to Cyril, does not deny the fact, Of his lost works mention is made by Liberatus
though he thinks it incredible and inconsistent of " Three books against excerpts of Diodorus and
with Cyril's character to assert that he sanctioned Theodorus.
" Fragments of this work are found
such a proceeding. (Suidas, s. v. “Tratia. ) in the Acts of Synods. (5 Collat. 5. ) Gennadius
As an interpreter of Scripture, Cyril belongs to says, that he wrote a treatise concerning the ter-
the allegorising school, and therefore his exegetical mination of the Synagogue, and concerning the
works are of no value. In a literary view also, faith against heretics. Ephrem of Antioch speaks
liis writings are almost worthless. They develop of a treatise on impassibility and another upon
the characteristic tendency of the Egyptian mind, suffering. Eustratius of Constantinople cites a
its proneness to mysticism rather than to clear and fragment from Cyril's oration against those who
accurate conceptions in regard to points requiring say that we should not offer up petitions for such
to be distinguished. His style is thus characterised as have slept in the faith. Nineteen homilies on
by Photius (Cod. 49): ó ôè dóyos autą TETTUIN- Jeremiah were edited in Greek and Latin by Cor-
## p. 919 (#939) ############################################
CYRILLUS.
919
CYRILLUS.
:
derius, at Antwerp, 1648, 8vo. , under the name of ! people, who were delighted with his discourses.
Cyril; but it has been ascertained that they belong The larger council to which he appealed was held
to Origen, with the exception of the lasi, which at Seleuccia, consisting of more than 160 bishops.
was written by Clement of Alexandria. A liturgy | Before it Acacius was summoned by Cyril to ap-
inscribed to Cyril, translated from Arabic into pear, but he refused. The latter was restored by
Latin by Victor Scialac, was published at Augs- the council. But his persevering adversary in-
burg, 1604, 4to. Cyril's works were published in flamed the mind of the emperor against him, and
Latin by George of Trebizond at Basel in 1546, in conformity with the wish of A cacius a synud
4 volumes ; by Gentianus Hervetus at Paris, 1573, was summoned at Constantinople ; Cyril was agur.
1605, 2 vols. They were published in Greek and deposed and sent into banishment in 360. At this
Latin by Aubert, six volumes, Paris, 1638, fol. council former charges were raked up against him,
This is the best edition. (Socrates, Histor. and new ones added by Acacius. On the death
Eccles. vii. 17, 13, 15; Fabric. Biblioth. Gruec. of Constantius, Cyril was recalled from exile, and
vol. viii. ; Pagi in Baronius's Annal. an. 412; restored a second time to his episcopate in 362.
Basnage, Annal. 412, n. 12; Du Pin, Billio In the year 363, when attempts were made by
thèque des Auteurs Eccles. vol. iv. ; Tillemont, Julian to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem, he is
Mémoires, vol. xiv. ; Cave, llistor. Literar. vol. i. , said to have predicted, from a comparison of the
Oxford, 1740; Lardner, Works, vol. iii. , quarto prophecies in Daniel and the New Testament, that
edition, London, 1815; Walch, Historie der Kel- the enterprise would be defeated. Under Jovian
zercien, vol. v. , and Historie der Kirchensammlung, and in the beginning of Valens's reign, he lived in
p. 275, &c. ; Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, vol. the quiet possession of his office. On the death of
xviii. ; Neander, Allgem. Kirchengeschichte, vol. ii. Acacius, he appointed Philumenus over the church
part 3; Murdock's Mosheim, vol. i. ; Gieseler, at Caesareia ; but the Eutychians deposed the
Text Book of Eccles. Hist. , translated by Cunning- newly chosen bishop, and substituted one Cyril in
ham, vol. i. ; Guerike, Handbuch der Kirchenges his place. The bishop of Jerusalem, however, de-
chichte, fünfte Auflage, vol. i. Specimens of Cyril's posed him who had been elevated by the Euty-
method of interpretation are given in Davidson's chian party, and set over the Caesarean church
Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 145, &c. ) [S. D. ] Gelasius, his sister's son. Soon after, by order of
CYRILLUS (Kúpimos), ST. , bishop of JERU- Valens, Cyril was banished a third time from Je-
SALEM, was probably born at Jerusalem, a. D. 315. rusalem, in 367. On the emperor's death, he
He was ordained deacon by Macarius in the church returned to his native place, and reassumed the
of his native place, about 334 or 335; and, by functions of his office the third time, 378. Under
Maximus, who succeeded Macarius, he was elected Theodosius he continued in the undisturbed pos.
presbyter, 345. When Maximus died, he was session of the episcopal chair till his death. He
chosen to fill the episcopal chair, 351, in the reign seems, however, to have incurred the displeasure
of Constantins. It was about the commencement of his own church, rent and disfigured as it was
of his episcopate, on the 7th of May, 35), about with schisms, heresies, and moral corruption.
9 o'clock, a. m. , that a great luminous cross, ex- Perplexed and uneasy, he asked assistance from
ceeding in brightness the splendour of the sun, the council of Antioch. (379. ) Accordingly, Gre-
appeared for several hours over mount Golgotha, gory of Nyssa was deputed by the council to go to
and extended as far as the mount of Olives. His Jerusalem and to pacify the church in that place.
letter to Constantius, which is preserved, gives a But the peace-maker departed without accomplish-
full account of this phenomenon. Soon after, he ing the object of his mission. Cyril was present
became involved in disputes with Acacius, the at the second general council held at Constantino-
Arian bishop of Caesareia, which embittered the ple in 381, in which he was honoured with a high
greater part of his subsequent life. The contro- eulogium. It is supposed that he attended the
versy between them arose about the rights of their council of Constantinople in 383. His death took
respective sees; but mutual recriminations concern- place in 386.
ing the faith soon followed. Acacius accused Cyril His works consist of eighteen lectures to cate-
of affirining, that the Son was like the Father in chumens (Karnyno ErS OWTIŠouévwv), and five to
regard to essence, or that he was consubstantial the newly-baptized (uvotajwylkal kat9XMOELS
with Him. During two successive years Cyril após TIÙS veopwtiotous). These were delivered
was summoned by his opponent to appear before a about the year 347, in his youth, as Jerome says,
proper tribunal, but did not obey the call. Exas- and when he was still presbyter. The first eigh-
perated no doubt by this steadfast disregard of his teen are chiefly doctrinal, consisting of an exposi-
authority, the Caesarean bishop hastily got toge- tion of the articles in the creed of the church ;
ther a council, which deposed Cyril in 358. The while the last five respect the rights of baptism,
charge against him was, that he had exposed to chrism, and the Lord's supper. These treatises
sale the treasures of the church, and in a time of have very great value in the eyes of the theologian,
famine applied the proceeds to the use of the poor. inasmuch as they present a more complete system
Among these treasures was specified a sacred gar- of theology and a more minute description of the
ment woven with golden threads and presented by rites of the church at that early period than are to
Constantine the Great, which afterwards came in-be found in any other writer of the same age. In
to the possession of an actress. The excommuni- their style and language there is nothing tiorid or
cated prelate, however, appealed to a larger coun- oratorical; the composition is plain, didactic, and
cil; and Constantius himself assented to the justice inelegant. The authenticity of these catecheses
of the appeal. After his deposition, he went to has been questioned by some, especially by Oudi-
Antioch, in which city he found the church with- nus (de Script. Eccl. Ant. vol. i. p. 459, et seq. ),
out a pastor, and thence to Tarsus. There he yet is good ground has been adduced for enter-
lived on ternis of intimacy with Sylvanus the bi- taining such doubts. It has been thought, with
shop, and frequently preached in his church to the reason, that Cyril was once a Semi-Arian, and
a
## p. 920 (#940) ############################################
920
CYRNUS.
CYRUS.
that after the Nicene creed had been generally CYRRJESTES. (ANDRONICUS CYRRIESTES. ]
adopted, he approved of and embraced its dogmas. CYRSILUS (Kupoldos). 1. An Athenian,
Epiphanius speaks in express terms of his Semi. who, on the approach of Xerxes, when the Athe-
Arianism, and even Toutiee acknowledges the fact. nians had resolved to quit their city, advised his
His coldness towards the Nicenians and his inti- countrymen to remain and submit to the foreign
macy with the Eusebians, give colour to this opinion. invader. For this cowardly advice, Cyrsilus, toge-
But he was by no means disposed to carry out ther with his wife and children, was stoned to
doctrines beyond the written word, or to wander death by the Athenians. (Dem. de Coron. p. 290;
into the regions of speculation. His published Cic. de Off: j. 11. )
writings attest his orthodoxy and firm belief in 2. Of Pharsalus, is mentioned by Strabo (xi.
the Nicene creed.
p. 530) as one of the companions of Alexander the
Among his works are also preserved a homily Great in his Asiatic expeditions, who afterwards
on the case of the paralytic man (John v. 1-16), wrote an account of the exploits of Alexander.
and a letter to the emperor Constantius, giving an Nothing further is known about him. (L. S. ]
account of the luminous cross which appeared at CYRUS THE ELDER (Kúpos ó nalalós or
Jerusalem, 351.
ó npótepos), the founder of the Persian empire.
His writings were published in Latin at Paris, | The life of this prince is one of the most important
1589, and his Catecheses in Greek at the same portions of ancient history, both on account of the
place, 1564, 8v0. ; in Greek and Latin at Cologre, magnitude of the empire which he founded, and
1564. Prevotius edited them all in Greek and because it forms the epoch at which sacred and
Latin at Paris in 1608, 410. ; and afterwards Dion profane history become connected: but it is also
Petavius at Paris, 16:22, fol. They were reprinted one of the most difficult, not only from the almost
from Prevotius's edition, at Paris in 1631, fol. , total want of contemporary historians, but also
along with the works of Synesius of Cyrene. A from the fables and romances with which it was
much better edition than any of the preceding was overlaid in ancient times, and from the perverse-
that of Thomas Milles, in Greek and Latin, Ox-ness of modern writers, of the stamp of Rollin and
ford, 1703, fol. The best is that of the Benedic- Hales, who have followed the guidance, not of the
tine monk, A. A. Touttee, Paris, 1720, fol. The laws of historical evidence, but of their own
preface contains a very elaborate dissertation on notions of the right interpretation of Scripture.
the life and writings of Cyril. (See Touttee's Herodotus, within a century after the time of
preface ; Care's Historia Literaria, vol. i. pp. 211, Cyrus, found his history embellished by those of
212, Oxford, 1740; Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, the Persians who wished to make it more imposing
vol. xii. p. 313, &c. ; Theodoret, Ilistor. Eccle- (oi Boulbuevou oeuvoûv tà nepi Kúpov), and had to
siast. libb. ii. and v. ; Tillemont, Eccles. Mem. vol. make his choice between four different stories, out
viii. ; Guerike, Hundbuch der Kirchenyeschichte, of which he professes to have selected the account
vol. i. pp. 344, 345, note 3, fünfte Aufiuge; Mur- given by those who wished to tell the truth (Tòv
dock's Alosheim, rol. i. p. 241, note 16. ) (S. D. ] eóvta néyev nízov, i. 95). Nevertheless his nar-
CYRILLUS (Kúpiados), of SCYTHOPOLIS, a rative is evidently founded to some extent on
Palestine monk, belonging to the sixth century. In fabulous tales. The authorities of Ctesias, even
the sixteenth year of his age he made a profession the royal archives, were doubtless corrupted in a
of the monastic life in his native place. Prompted similar manner, besides the accumulation of errors
by a desire to see sacred places, he visited Jerusa- during another half century. Xenophon does not
lem, and, by the advice of his mother, put himself pretend, what some modern writers have pretended
under the care of John the Silentiary, by whom for him, that his Cyropaedeia is anything more than
he was sent to the famous monastery of Laura. an historical romance. In such a work it is always
Leontius, prefect of the monastery, received him impossible to separate the framework of true his-
into the order of the monks.
