No More Learning

So let the Egyptians boast of their antiquity, in the ancient times which preceded the flood. They say that they had some gods, demi-gods and shades. If the years which are recorded by the Hebrews are converted to months, the total is over 20,000 lunar years, so that there are about the same number of months as are contained in the years recorded by the Hebrews, when we count the years from the first-born man up until Mizraim. Mizraim was the patriarch of the Egyptians, and the first dynasty of the Egyptians was descended from him.

But if, even so, the number of years is found to be too large, then we must investigate the reason for this. Perhaps it happened that there were many kings in Egypt at the same time. They say that some of them were kings of Thinis, some of Memphis, some of Sais, and some of Ethiopia; and there were yet others in other places. [p137] And as it seems that these dynasties ruled each in its own (? ) nome, it is very unlikely that they ruled in succession to each other. Rather, some of them ruled in one place, and others in another place. Therefore the increase in the number of years can be explained in that way. But we will leave this matter, and proceed to the details of the chronology of the Egyptians.

After the demi-gods and spirits, they reckon that the first dynasty consisted of 8 kings. The first of these kings was Menes, who was an outstanding ruler. Starting from him, we will list the rulers of each generation. The succession of rulers was as follows.

1st Dynasty. Menes and his seven descendants:

Menes of Thinis, whom Herodotus [ 2. 4 ] calls Min, ruled for (? ) 60 years.
- He led his armies beyond the borders of his kingdom, and he was held in high esteem. He was seized by a hippopotamus.
His son Athotis ruled for 27 years.
- He built a palace in the city of Memphis. He was skilled in medicine, and wrote books about anatomy.
His son Cenchenes, 39 years
Venephes, 42 years
- In his reign there was a severe famine. He built the pyramids near Cocome.
Usaphais, 20 years
Niebais, 26 years
Semempses, 18 years
- In his reign there were many prodigies, and a great pestilence.
Ubienthis, 26 years.
In total: 252 years
2nd Dynasty. 9 kings:

Firstly, Bochus, in whose reign a chasm appeared in the ground at Bubastis, and many were killed.
Then Caechōus, in whose reign Apis and Mnevis and the goat of Mendes were honoured as gods.
[p139] Biophis, in whose reign it was decided that women too could reign as monarchs.
After him, there were three other kings, but nothing significant happened in their reigns.
In the reign of the seventh king, there is a legend that the river Nile flowed for eleven days with honey mixed in its water.
Then Sesochris [ruled] for 48 years. He is said to have been 5 cubits and 3 palms tall.
Nothing worthy of mention happened in the reign of the ninth king.
In total: 297 years
3rd Dynasty. 8 kings of Memphis:

Necherochis
- In his reign the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians, but when the moon unexpectedly grew in size, they were moved by fear and surrendered again.
Sesorthus
- He was called Asclepius by the Egyptians because of his skill in medicine. He discovered how to make buildings out of hewn stone, and also gave some attention to writing.
The other six kings achieved nothing worthy of mention.
In total: 197 years
4th Dynasty. 17 kings of Memphis, from another family:

The third king was Suphis
- He built the largest pyramid, which Herodotus [ 2. 124 ] says was built by Cheops. He was disdainful towards the gods, but later he repented and wrote the sacred book, which the Egyptians hold in the highest regard.
Nothing worthy of mention is recorded about the other kings.
In total: 448 years
5th Dynasty. 31 kings of Elephantine:

The first king was Othoēs, who was assassinated by his bodyguards.
The fourth king was Phiops, who became king at the age of six, and reigned until 100 years [old].
[Eusebius does not give a total number of years for this dynasty]
6th Dynasty.

Queen Nitocris, who was the noblest and most beautiful woman of her time, with a fair complexion. She is said to have built the third pyramid.
In total: [they ruled for] 203 years
[p141] 7th Dynasty. 5 kings of Memphis, who ruled for 75 (? ) days.

8th Dynasty. 5 kings of Memphis, who ruled for 100 years.

9th Dynasty. 4 kings of Heracleopolis, who ruled for 100 years.

The first king was Achthoēs, who was the most terrible of all the kings up to his time. He cruelly maltreated the inhabitants throughout Egypt, but later he fell into madness and was killed by a crocodile.
10th Dynasty. 19 kings of Heracleopolis, who ruled for 185 years.

11th Dynasty. 16 kings of Diospolis, who ruled for 43 years.

After them, Ammenemes reigned for 16 years.
At this point, Manetho finishes his first book, which contains 192 kings who reigned in total for 2,300 years [and 75 days].

From the second book of Manetho:

12th Dynasty. 7 kings of Diospolis:

Firstly, Sesonchosis the son of Ammenemes, for 46 years
Ammanemes, for 38 years
- He was killed by his own eunuchs.
Sesostris, for 48 years
- He is said to have been 4 cubits, 3 palms and 2 digits tall. He conquered the whole of Asia in nine years, as well as Europe as far as Thrace. Everywhere he erected monuments to show his control over the nations; he depicted men's genitals on the columns for brave nations, and women's genitals for cowardly nations. Therefore the Egyptians gave him the first place of honour after Osiris.
Lamares, for 8 years
- He built the labyrinth in the Arsinoite [nome], as his own tomb.
[p143] His successors ruled for 42 years.
In total: they ruled for 245 years
13th Dynasty. 60 kings of Diospolis, who ruled for 453 years.

14th Dynasty. 76 kings of Xois, who ruled for 484 years.

15th Dynasty. [? 17] kings of Diospolis, who ruled for 250 years.

16th Dynasty. 5 kings of Thebes, who ruled for 190 years.

17th Dynasty. Shepherds. Phoenician brothers and foreign kings, who captured Memphis:

Firstly, Saites, for 19 years
- The Saite nome was named after him. They established a city in the Sethroite nome, and from there they advanced and conquered the Egyptians.
Secondly, Bnon, for 40 years
Archles, for 30 years
Apophis, for 14 years
In total: 103 years. Joseph seems to have (? ) lived at the time of these kings.
18th Dynasty. 14 kings of Diospolis:

Amosis, 25 years
Chebron, 13 years
Ammenophis, 21 years
Misphres, 12 years
Misphragmuthosis, 26 years
[p145] Tuthmosis, 9 years
Amenophis, 31 years
- He is the one who is thought to be Memnon, the "singing" statue.
Orus, 38 years
Achencherses, 16 years
- In his reign, Moses led the exodus of the Jews out of Egypt.
Acherres, 8 years
Cherres, 15 years
Armaïs, who was also [called] Danaus, 5 years
- After 5 years he was expelled from Egypt, and fled from his brother Aegyptus to Greece, where he captured Argos and became the king of the Argives.
Rhamesses, who was also called Aegyptus, 68 years
Amenophis, 40 years
In total: 348 years
19th Dynasty. 5 kings of Diospolis:

Sethos, 55 years
Rhampses, 66 years
Amenephthis, (? ) 40 years
Ammenemes, 26 years
Thuōris, 7 years
- Homer [ Od_4'126 ] calls him Polybus, the husband of Alcandra, and in his reign Troy was captured.
In total: 194 years
This is [the end] of the second book of Manetho, which contains (? ) 92 kings who reigned in total for 2,121 years.

From the third book of Manetho:

20th Dynasty. 12 kings of Diospolis, who ruled for 172 years.

21st Dynasty. 7 kings of Tanis:

Smendis, 26 years
Psusennes, 41 years
Nephercheres, 4 years
Amenophthis, 9 years
[p147] Osochor, 6 years
Psinaches, 9 years
Psusennes, 35 years
In total : 130 years
22nd Dynasty. 3 kings of Bubastis:

Sesonchosis, 21 years
Osorthon, 15 years
Tacelothis, 13 years
In total : 49 years
23rd Dynasty. 3 kings of Tanis:

Petubastis, 25 years
Osorthon, whom the Egyptians called Heracles, 9 years
Psammūs, 10 years
In total : 44 years
24th Dynasty. Bocchoris of Sais, 44 years. In his reign, a lamb spoke.

25th Dynasty. 3 Ethiopian kings:

Sabacon, who captured Bocchoris and burnt him alive, ruled for 12 years
Sebichos, his son, 12 years
Taracus, 20 years
In total : 44 years
26th Dynasty. 9 kings of Sais:

Ammeres the Ethiopian, (? ) 12 years
Stephinathis, 7 years
Nechepsos, 6 years
Nechao, 8 years
Psammetichus, 44 years
Nechao II, 6 years
- He captured Jerusalem, and took king Jehoahaz back as a prisoner to Egypt.
Psammuthes (Psammetichus) II, 17 years
Vaphres, 25 years
- The remaining Jews fled to him after Jerusalem had been captured by the Assyrians.
Amosis, 42 years
In total : 167 years
27th Dynasty. 8 Persian kings:

[p149] Cambyses, in the 5th year of his reign, ruled the Egyptians for 3 years
the magi, 7 months
Dareius, 36 years
Xerxes, the son of Dareius, 21 years
Artaxerxes, 40 years
Xerxes II, 2 months
Sogdianus, 7 months
Dareius, the son of Xerxes, 19 years
In total : 120 years and 4 months
28th Dynasty. Amyrtaeus of Sais, 6 years.

29th Dynasty. 4 kings of Mendes:

Nepheretes, 6 years
Achoris, 13 years
Psammuthes, 1 year
Muthes, 1 year
Nepherites, 4 months
In total : 21 years and 4 months
30th Dynasty. 3 kings of Sebennytus:

Nectanebis, 10 years
Teōs, 2 years
Nectanebus, 8 years
In total : 20 years
31st Dynasty. 3 Persian kings:

Ochus, in the 20th year of his reign, ruled over Egypt for 6 years
Arses, the son of Ochus, 4 years
Dareius, who was killed by Alexander the Macedonian, 6 years
All of the above is contained in the third book of Manetho.

What follows will be taken from Greek writers, because the kingdom of the Egyptians came to an end at this point. But as Flavius Josephus has produced evidence from the books of Manetho, in his history of the ancestors of the Hebrews, I think that it is right to record his words, which appear in the first [book of] his Antiquity of the Jews, as follows.


[p151] Josephus, [quoting] from the books of Manetho

I shall begin with the writings of the Egyptians; not indeed of those that have written in the Egyptian language, which it is impossible for me to do. But Manetho, who was by birth an Egyptian, had some knowledge of Greek learning, as is very evident; for he wrote the history of his own country in the Greek language, by translating it, as he says himself, out of their sacred records; he also finds great fault with Herodotus for his ignorance and inaccuracy about Egyptian history. Now this Manetho, in the second book of his Egyptian History, writes concerning us in the following manner. I will set down his very words, as if I were to bring the very man himself into a court as a witness: "Tutimaeus. In his reign it happened, I know not why, that God was angry with us, and there came, unexpectedly, men of ignoble birth from the east, and they were bold enough to make an expedition into our country, and easily subdued it by force, because we did not even hazard a battle with them. So when they had overpowered our rulers, they afterwards burnt down our cities, and demolished the temples of the gods, and treated all the inhabitants in the most barbarous manner. Some of them they slew, and led their children and their wives into slavery. At length they made one of themselves king, whose name was Salitis; he also lived at Memphis, and he made both the upper and lower regions pay tribute, and left garrisons in places that were the most suitable for them. He chiefly aimed to secure the eastern parts, because he foresaw that the Assyrians, who were the most powerful people of that time, would want to seize his kingdom, and invade it. He found in the Sethroite nome a city very suitable for this purpose, on the east side of the Bubastic channel of the river, which for theological reasons was called Avaris. He rebuilt it, and made it very strong by the walls he built around it, and put in a very large garrison of two hundred and forty thousand armed men, to guard it. [p153] Salitis came there in summer time, partly to gather his corn, and pay his soldiers their wages, and partly to exercise his armed men, and thereby to intimidate foreigners. After this man had reigned nineteen years, another, whose name was Bnon, reigned for forty-four years; after him reigned another, called Apachnas, thirty-six years and seven months; after him Apophis reigned sixty-one years, and then Jannas fifty years and one month; after all these, Assis reigned for forty-nine years and two months. And these six were the first rulers among them, who were all along making war with the Egyptians, and wanted gradually to eradicate them. This whole nation was styled Hyksos, that is, 'shepherd-kings': for the first syllable hyk, according to the sacred dialect, denotes 'a king', and sos is 'a shepherd', according to the ordinary dialect; and of these is compounded Hyksos: but some say that these people were Arabians. " Now in another copy it is said that this word does not denote 'kings', but, on the contrary, denotes that the shepherds were 'captives'. For hyk, as well as hak with an aspirate, in the Egyptian language expressly denotes 'captives'; and this to me seems the more probable opinion, and more in accordance with ancient history.

"These people, whom we have before named kings, and called shepherds also, and their descendants," as he says, "kept control of Egypt for five hundred and eleven years. " After this, he says, "The kings of Thebais and the other parts of Egypt rebelled against the shepherds, and a terrible and long war was fought between them. A king, whose name was Misphragmuthosis, subdued the shepherds, and after driving them out of the other parts of Egypt, he shut them up in a place [p155] that contained ten thousand arourai; this place was named Avaris. " Manetho adds, "The shepherds built a large and strong wall round all this place, in order to keep all their possessions and their prey within a place of strength, but Thummosis the son of Misphragmuthosis made an attempt to take them by force and by siege, surrounding them with an army of four hundred and eighty thousand men. But, despairing of taking the place by siege, he came to an agreement with them, that they should leave Egypt, and go, without suffering any harm, wherever they chose; and, after this agreement was made, they went away with all their families and possessions, not fewer in number than two hundred and forty thousand, and travelled out of Egypt, through the wilderness, towards Syria. But as they were in fear of the Assyrians, who were then the rulers of Asia, they built a city in that country which is now called Judaea; the city was large enough to contain this great number of men, and they called it Jerusalem. " Now Manetho, in another book of his, says that this nation, thus called 'shepherds', were also called 'captives', in the sacred books of his country. And this account of his is true; for feeding of sheep was the employment of our forefathers in the most ancient ages, and as they led such a wandering life in feeding sheep, they were called 'shepherds'. Nor was it without reason that they were called 'captives' by the Egyptians, since one of our ancestors, Joseph, told the king of Egypt that he was a captive, and afterwards brought his brothers into Egypt with the king's permission. But as for these matters, I shall give a more detailed account of them elsewhere.

But now I shall produce the Egyptians as witnesses to the antiquity of our nation. I shall therefore bring in Manetho again, and what he writes about the sequence of dates. He says: "When this people or shepherds left Egypt and went to Jerusalem, Tethmosis the king of Egypt, who drove them out, reigned for another twenty-five years and four months, and then he died; [p157] after him his son Chebron took the kingdom for thirteen years; after whom came Amenophis, for twenty years and seven months; then came his sister Amesses, for twenty-one years and nine months; then came her son Mephres, for twelve years and nine months; after him was Mephramuthosis, for twenty-five years and ten months; after him was Thmosis, for nine years and eight months; after him came Amenophis, for thirty years and ten months; after him came Orus, for thirty-six years and five months; then came his daughter Acenchres, for twelve years and one month; then was her brother Rathotis, for nine years; then came his son Acencheres, for twelve years and five months; then came another Acencheres, for twelve years and three months; after him Armais, for four years and one month; after him was Ramesses, for one year and four months; after him came Armesses Miamūn, for sixty-six years and two months; after him Amenophis, for nineteen years and six months; after him came Sethosis, also called Ramesses, who had an army of cavalry, and a strong navy. This king appointed his brother, Armais, to be his deputy over Egypt. He also gave him all the other authority of a king, except that he instructed him, that he should not wear the diadem, nor do any harm to the queen, the mother of his children, and that he should not meddle with the other concubines of the king. Then he made an expedition against Cyprus, and Phoenicia, and besides against the Assyrians and the Medes. He subdued them all, some by his arms, some without fighting, and some by the terror of his great army; and being puffed up by the great successes he had had, he went on still more boldly, and overthrew the cities and countries that lay in the east. But after some considerable time, Armais, who was left in Egypt, recklessly did all those very things, which his brother had forbidden him to do. He used violence against the queen, and continued to make use of the rest of the concubines, without sparing any of them. At the persuasion of his friends he put on the diadem, and set up in opposition to his brother. But then the chief of the priests in Egypt wrote letters to Sethosis, and informed him of all that had happened, and how his brother had set up in opposition to him. Sethosis therefore returned back to Pelusium immediately, and recovered his kingdom again. " The country was called Egypt from his name; for Manetho says, that Sethosis was himself called Aegyptus, [p159] and his brother Armais was called Danaus.

This is Manetho's account. And it is clear from the number of years allocated by him to this interval, if they are all added together, that these shepherds, as they are here called, were no other than our forefathers, who were delivered out of Egypt, and came from there to inhabit this country, three hundred and ninety-three years before Danaus came to Argos; although the Argives look upon Danaus as their most ancient king. Manetho, therefore, provides evidence from the Egyptians records for two points which are of the greatest consequence to our purpose. In the first place, that we came out of another country into Egypt; and secondly, that our departure from Egypt was so ancient in time as to have preceded the siege of Troy by almost a thousand years. As to those things which Manetho adds, not from the Egyptian records, but, as he confesses himself, from some stories of an uncertain origin, I will disprove them later in detail, and shall demonstrate that they are no better than incredible fables.

That is what Josephus says in the book which we referred to. He [? Manetho] describes the kings of the Egyptians from the beginning until the end, up until one of the kings that they appointed, called Nectanebus. I have already mentioned Nectanebus earlier on, at the appropriate point in the list of kings. After Nectanebus, Ochus the king of the Persians gained control of Egypt, and ruled over it for 6 years. After him, his son Arses [was king] for 4 years. After him, Dareius [was king] for 6 years. Then Alexander the Macedonian killed Dareius the Persian, and ruled over both the Asians and the Egyptians. Alexander founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt in the sixth year of his reign. After the death of Alexander, his empire was divided between many different rulers, and the Ptolemaei became kings of Egypt and Alexandria. The dates of these kings are as follows.

The kings of Egypt and the city of Alexandria after the death of Alexander of Macedonia, from the writings of Porphyrius:

Alexander of Macedonia died in the 114th Olympiad [324 B. C. ], after reigning for a total of 12 years. He was succeeded by Aridaeus, also called Philippus, who was a brother of Alexander, but by a different mother; for he was the son of Philippus and Philinna of Larissa. Aridaeus ruled for 7 years, before he was killed in Macedonia by Polysperchon the son of Antipater.

[p161] A year after Philippus became king, Ptolemy the son of Arsinoe and Lagus was sent to be satrap of Egypt. He was satrap for 17 years, and then he was king for 23 years; so altogether he ruled for 40 years, until his death. However, while still alive he abdicated in favour of his son Ptolemy, called Philadelphus, and he lived for a further two years after his son had taken over as king; so we reckon the reign of this first Ptolemy, called Soter, to be 38 rather than 40 years long.

He was succeeded by his son Ptolemy, who as we said was called Philadelphus. The son reigned for two years while his father was still alive, and then for a further 36 years after his death, so that we reckon the length of his reign to be 38 years, the same as for his father.

After him, the third Ptolemy, called Euergetes, reigned for 25 years.

After him, the fourth Ptolemy, called Philopator, reigned for 17 years.

After him, the fifth Ptolemy, called Epiphanes, reigned for 24 years.

This Ptolemy had two sons, the elder called Philometor and the younger called the second Euergetes, who ruled after him for a combined total of 64 years. We have counted their years together, because they were constantly fighting against each other and alternately gained and lost control of the kingdom, which makes it difficult to calculate their years separately.

Philometor first ruled on his own for 11 years; but when Antiochus invaded Egypt and removed him from the throne, the inhabitants of Alexandria put the younger brother in charge. Then they forced Antiochus out of Egypt, and freed Philometor. They called that the 12th year of Philometor, and the first year of Euergetes. After that the two kings ruled jointly until the 17th year, but from the 18th year onwards Philometor ruled on his own.

At that time the elder brother, who had been deposed by the younger brother, was restored by the Romans.
[p163] So he ruled in Egypt, and made his brother ruler of Libya instead, and after that Philometor ruled as sole king of Egypt for 18 years. When he died in Syria, which was also under his control, Euergetes was called back from Cyrene and proclaimed king. Euergetes counted his years from the time when he first became king, so that he seems to have reigned for 25 [29? ] years after his brother's death, but officially he reigned for 54 years. The 36th year of Philometor should have been called the first year of his reign, but instead he ordered it to be written as the 25th year of his reign. So the combined length of both their reigns is 64 years, 35 years under Philometor and the rest under Euergetes; but to split it up into separate reigns would lead to confusion.

Ptolemy the second Euergetes had two sons by Cleopatra, the elder called Ptolemy Soter and the younger called Ptolemy Alexander. The elder son was appointed by his mother to reign first; she thought he would obey her, so favoured him for a time. But in the tenth year of his reign he murdered his parents' friends, and was deposed by his mother because of his cruelty, and fled to Cyprus.

His mother summoned her younger son from Pelusium, and appointed him to be king along with her. So the younger son ruled jointly with his mother, and the country was governed in both their names; this year was called the 11th year of Cleopatra and the 8th year of Alexander, because Alexander counted his years from the 4th year of his brother's reign, which was when he started to rule over Cyprus. This state of affairs continued until the death of Cleopatra; after she died, Alexander ruled on his own, and he reigned for 18 years in all after he returned to Alexandria, though officially he reigned for 26 years. In the 19th year, after a dispute with his soldiers, he went away to collect an army to bring to Egypt against them. However they followed him, and under the leadership of a relative of the kings called Tyrrus, [p165] they defeated him in a naval battle. Alexander was forced to take refuge with his wife and daughter in Myra, a city of Lycia; from there, he crossed over to Cyprus, where he was defeated by the admiral Chaereas, and died.

After his expulsion, the inhabitants of Alexandria sent envoys to the elder brother, Ptolemy Soter, and established him as king again, when he had sailed back from Cyprus. Soter lived for another 7 years and 6 months after his return, and the whole period after the death of the brothers' father was counted in his name, which was a total of 35 years and 6 months. But if we split the period up according to the actual course of events, Ptolemy Soter ruled at two different times for a total of 17 years and 6 months, and in between the younger brother, Ptolemy Alexander, ruled for 18 years. The inhabitants of Alexandria were unable to completely delete Alexander's reign from the records, but as far as was in their power they erased all mention of it, because Alexander had assaulted them with the help of some Jews. So they do not count the years of his reign, but attribute the whole 36 years to the elder brother.

Similarly, they do not attribute the next 6 months after the death of the elder brother, which make up the complete 36 years, to Cleopatra, the daughter of the elder brother and wife of the younger brother, who took over control of the kingdom after the death of her father. Nor do they formally attribute to Alexander the 19 days in which he jointly reigned with her.

This Alexander was the son of the younger Ptolemy, who was also called Alexander, and the stepson of Cleopatra. He was staying in Rome, when he was summoned back to Alexandria because there were no men of the royal family left in Egypt. He married the aforesaid Cleopatra, and when she had willingly handed over power to him, after an interval of 19 days he murdered her. Then he himself was seized and killed by the armed men in the gymnasium, because of the foul murder which he had committed.

[p167] This Alexander was succeeded by Ptolemy, called the new Dionysus, who was the son of Ptolemy Soter and the brother of the aforesaid Cleopatra. He reigned for 29 years.

His daughter Cleopatra was the last of the dynasty of the Ptolemaei. She reigned for 22 years.

These reigns also did not follow an continuous sequence from start to finish, as laid out in the records, but each of them had some interruptions in the middle of it. In the reign of the new Dionysus, a three year period was ascribed to the rule of his daughters Cleopatra Tryphaena and Berenice, one year as a joint reign and the following two years, after the death of Cleopatra Tryphaena, as the reign of Berenice on her own. Because Ptolemy had gone off to Rome, and was spending a long time there, his daughters took over the rule of the kingdom, as if he was not going to return, and Berenice took on some men of the royal family as co-rulers. But when Ptolemy returned from Rome, he forget all affection towards his daughter, and in his anger at what she had done, he put her to death.

In the first years of Cleopatra's reign, she shared power with her elder brother Ptolemy and then with others, for the following reasons. When the new Dionysus died, he left four children, two sons called Ptolemy and daughters called Cleopatra and Arsinoe. He handed over power to the two eldest children, Ptolemy and Cleopatra, who reigned jointly for 4 years. And this state of affairs would have continued, if Ptolemy had not wanted to seize sole power for himself, in contravention of his father's orders. However he was fated to die soon afterwards, after being defeated in a naval battle by Julius Caesar, who intervened on behalf of Cleopatra.

After Ptolemy's death, Cleopatra's younger brother, who was also called Ptolemy, became joint ruler with his sister, as proposed by Caesar. The next year was called the fifth year of Cleopatra and the first year of Ptolemy, and so it continued for the following two years, [p169] until he died. He was plotted against and killed by Cleopatra, in his 4th year, which was Cleopatra's 8th year. From then onwards Cleopatra ruled on her own, up until her 15th year. However, her 16th year was also called the first year, because after the death of Lysimachus the king of Chalcis in Syria, the Roman general Marcus Antonius gave Chalcis and the surrounding regions to Cleopatra. And from then onwards for the remaining years up until the 22nd year, which was the last of Cleopatra's reign, the years were counted in the same way, so that the 22nd year was also called the 7th year.

Octavius Caesar, also called Augustus, conquered Egypt in the battle of Actium, and succeeded Cleopatra as ruler of Egypt in the second year of the 184th Olympiad [43 B. C. ]. From the first year of the 111th Olympiad [336 B. C. ], when Aridaeus Philippus became king, until the second year of the 184th Olympiad [43 B. C. ], is 73 Olympiads and one additional year. So the total duration of the rule of all the kings of Alexandria, down to the death of Cleopatra, is 293 years.

So the reign-lengths of the Ptolemaei are as follows:

Alexander the Macedonian began his reign in the first year of the 111th Olympiad [336 B. C. ]. He founded the city of Alexandria in Egypt, and ruled for 12 years and 7 months. After him, the kings of the city of Alexandria and the whole of Egypt were:

Ptolemy the son of Lagus - for 40 years
Ptolemy Philadelphus - for 38 years
Ptolemy Euergetes - for 24 years
Ptolemy Philopator - for 21 years
Ptolemy Epiphanes - for 24 years
Ptolemy Philometor - for 31 years
[p171] Ptolemy the second Euergetes - for 29 years
Ptolemy Physcon, or Soter - for 17 years and 6 months
Ptolemy Alexander, after the expulsion of [Soter], his predecessor - for [10] years
Ptolemy Philadelphus, returning from exile after the expulsion of Alexander - for 8 years
Ptolemy Dionysus, called Philadelphus - for 30 years
Cleopatra the daughter of Ptolemy - for 22 years
In her reign, Gaius Julius Caesar became the first Roman emperor. The next emperor, Octavius Caesar Augustus, called Sebastos in Greek, killed Cleopatra and put an end to the dynasty of the Ptolemaei, who had ruled for 295 years.


THE GREEKS

According to the historians of their ancient times.

The kings of the Athenians
The kings of the Argives
The kings of the Sicyonians
The kings of the Lacedaemonians
The kings of the Corinthians
Who ruled the sea, and for how long
The individual Olympiads of the Greeks
The early kings of the Macedonians
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Dates of the Greeks

The Sicyonians and their kings are said to be the most ancient of the Greeks. The first king to rule Sicyon was Aegialeus, at the same time as Ninus and Belus, who are the first recorded kings of the Assyrians and of Asia. The Peloponnese was originally called Aegialeia, after this Aegialeus.

Inachus is said to have been the first king of the Argives, 235 years after the start of the Sicyonian kingdom. [p173] Cecrops, called Diphyes ("two-formed") was the first king of the Athenians, about 300 years after the start of the Argive kingdom, and 533 years after the start of the Sicyonian kingdom.

This chronicle will start with the earliest rulers, and first it will give a full list of the kings of the Sicyonians. There is considerable disagreement amongst the older writers who composed chronicles of Greek history; but, as far as possible, we will copy the accounts which are agreed by most writers.

The chronographer Castor lists the dates of the Sicyonian kings in his chronicle; and then he provides a summary of them, as follows: "We will provide a list of the kings of Sicyon, starting with Aegialeus, the first king, and ending with Zeuxippus. These kings reigned for a total of 959 years. After the kings, six priests of [Apollo] Carneius were appointed; this priesthood lasted for 33 years. Then Charidemus was appointed priest; but he could not bear the expense, and went into exile. "

That is what Castor wrote. The exact succession of the Sicyonian kings is reckoned as follows.

The kings of the Sicyonians

Aegialeus, for 52 years.
The Peloponnese was originally called Aegialeia, after this Aegialeus. He is said to have started to rule Sicyon in the 15th year of Belus, the first king of the Assyrians. According to legend, [Belus] was the son of Poseidon and Libya.
Europs, for 45 years.
He reigned at the same time as Ninus, the son of Belus.
Telchin, for 20 years.
He reigned at the same time as Semiramis.
Apis, for 25 years.
The Peloponnese was then called Apia, after this Apis.
Thelxion, for 52 years.
Aegydrus, for 34 years.
Thurimachus, for 45 years.
During his reign, Inachus became the first king of the Argives.
[p175] Leucippus, for 53 years.
Messapus, for 47 years.
During his reign Egypt was ruled by Joseph, as the Hebrews record.
Eratus, for 46 years.
Plemnaeus, for 48 years.
Orthopolis, for 63 years.
Marathonius, for 30 years.
During his reign, Cecrops Diphyes became the first king of Attica.
Marathus, for 20 years.
During his reign, Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt, as will be shown in due course.
Echyreus, for 55 years.
During his reign, Danaus became king of the Argives.
Corax, for 30 years.
Epopeus, for 35 years.
Laomedon, for 40 years.
Sicyon, for 45 years.
During his reign, the kingdom of the Argives came to an end, after lasting for 540 years.
Polybus, for 40 years.
Inachus, for 40 years.
Phaestus, for 8 years.
Adrastus, for 4 years.
Polypheides, for 31 years.
During his reign, Troy was captured.
Pelasgus, for 20 years.
During his reign, Aeneias was king of the Latins.
Zeuxippus, for 31 years.
In all, there were 26 kings of Sicyon, who reigned for 959 years. After Zeuxippus, there were no more kings, and instead there were priests of [Apollo] Carneius.

The first priest was Archelaus, for one year.
Automedon, for one year.
Theoclytus, for four years.
Euneus, for six years.
Theonomus, for nine years.
[p177] Amphigyes, for (? ) twelve years.
Lastly, Charidemus for one year. He could not bear the expense, and went into exile. He was priest (? ) 352 years before the first Olympiad [i. e. 1128 B. C. ].
The total duration of the kings and priests of the Sicyonians was 998 years.

After the rulers of the Sicyonians, it will be fitting to give a summary of the kings of the Argives, as far as can be established from the ancient histories. Castor mentions them in these words.

Castor, about the kings of the Argives:

Next we will list the kings of the Argives, starting with Inachus and ending with Sthenelus the son of Crotopus. These kings reigned for a total of 382 years, until Sthenelus was driven out by Danaus, who seized control of Argos. The descendants of Danaus ruled Argos for 162 years, ending with Eurystheus, the son of Sthenelus, the son of Perseus. After Eurystheus, the descendants of Pelops ruled Argos for (? ) 105 years, starting with Atreus, and ending with Penthilus, Tisamenus and Cometes (? ) the son of Orestes, in whose time occurred the invasion of the Heracleidae. The dates of each of the Argive kings are as follows.

The kings of the Argives

Inachus, for 50 years.
The country was called Inachia, after this Inachus. He began to rule the Argives at the time of Thurimachus, who was the seventh king of the Sicyonians.
Phoroneus, for 60 years.
In his reign, Ogygus founded Eleusis.
Apis, for 35 years.
The country was then called Apia, after this Apis. During his reign, Joseph governed the Egyptians, as recorded by the Hebrews.
Argus, the son of Zeus and Niobe, for 70 years.
The name of the country was changed to Argeia, after this Argus.
Criasus, for 54 years.
Phorbas, for 35 years.
During his reign, Cecrops Diphyes became king of the Athenians.
[p179] Triopas, for 46 years.
During his reign, Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt.
Crotopus, for 21 years.
Sthenelus, for 11 years.
In all, these kings reigned for 382 years.
Danaus drove out Sthenelus, and ruled Argos, as did his descendants after him. The succession of kings, and their dates, are as follows.
Danaus, for 50 years.
Lynceus, for 41 years.
Abas, for 23 years.
Proetus, for 17 years.
Acrisius, for 31 years.
In all, there were rulers of Argos for a period of 544 years, until the end of Danaidae.

After Acrisius, the Argives began to be ruled from Mycenae, when the descendants of Pelops took over the kingdom, in the time of Eurystheus the son of Sthenelus. Pelops was the first ruler of the Peloponnese, and he organised the Olympic games.

After Acrisius, when the Argives began to be ruled from Mycenae:

Eurystheus was king for 45 years.
Then the sons of Pelops, Atreus and Thyestes, for 65 years.
After them, Agamemnon, for 30 years. In the 18th year of his reign, Troy was captured.
Aegisthus, for 17 years.
Orestes, Tisamenus, Penthilus and Cometes for 58 years, until the return of the Heracleidae, when they conquered the Peloponnese. From the return of the Heracleidae until the migration of the Ionians, there are (? ) 60 years. From the migration of the Ionians until the first Olympiad [776 B. C. ], there are 267 years.
Next it will be fitting to provide a list of the kings of Athenians, by summarising the accounts of some of the ancient historians.

Ogygus is said to have been the first [king] of the Athenians; [p181] the Greeks relate that their great ancient flood happened in his reign. Phoroneus the son of Inachus, king of the Argives, is said to have lived at the same time. Plato mentions this in the Timaeus [ 22 ], as follows: "When he wished to introduce them to ancient history, so that they could discuss the antiquity of this city, he started his account with the old stories about Phoroneus and Niobe, and then what happened after the flood. " Ogygus lived in the time of Messapus, the ninth king of Sicyon, and Belochus, the eighth king of the Assyrians.

After Ogygus, because of the great destruction caused by the flood, Attica remained without a king for 190 years, until the time of Cecrops. The number of years is reckoned from the kings of the Argives, who began before Ogygus. From the end of the reign of Phoroneus, king of the Argives, in whose time Ogygus' flood is said to have happened, until Phorbas, in whose time Cecrops became king of Attica, is a period of 190 years. From Cecrops until the first Olympiad, there are counted seventeen kings, and twelve archons for life; in this time, the marvellous myths of the Greeks are said to have occurred. The Greeks count the kings of Attica from [Cecrops], because they do not know for certain the dates of any earlier kings. Castor explained this in the summary of this history, as follows.

Castor, about the kings of the Athenians:

We will now list the kings of the Athenians, starting with Cecrops, called Diphyes, and ending with Thymoetes. The total duration of the reigns of all these kings, called Erechtheidae, was 450 years. After them, Melanthus of Pylus, son of Andropompus, became king, [p183] followed by his son Codrus. The total duration of their two reigns was (? ) 58 years. [When the kings came to an end, they were replaced by archons who ruled for life], starting with (? ) Medon son of Codrus, and ending with Alcmaeon son of Aeschylus. The total duration of the rule of the archons for life was 209 years. The next archons held power for 10 years each; there were seven of these archons, and altogether they ruled for 70 years.