de Sancta Tri-
Antioch, by order, according to Eusebius and nitate, Athanas.
Antioch, by order, according to Eusebius and nitate, Athanas.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
273—280), and Cyrillus (A.
D.
280
Ilirrus joined Pompey, and was stationed with a -300); and Tillemont dates his separation from
military force in northern Italy, but, like the other A. D. 269, and thinks it continued ten or twelve
Pompeian commanders, was deserted by his own years. The testimony of Alexander, patriarch of
troops (Caes. B. C. i. 15, whero Lucccium is the Alexandria (apud Theodoret, H. E. i. 4), who was
true reading instead of Uleillem ; comp. Cic. ad partly contemporary with Lucian, makes the fact of
Atl. viii. 11. A. ). He was subsequently sent by this separation indisputable. He states that Lucian
Pompey as ambassador to Orodes, king of Parthin, remained out of communion with the church for
to endeavour to gain his assistance for the aristo- many years; and that he was the successor in
cracy, but he was thrown into prison by the Par- heresy of Paul of Samosata, and the precursor of
thian king; and when Pompey's officers, before Arius. Arins himself, in a letter to Eusebius of
the battle of Pharsalia, confident of victory, were Nicomedeia ( apud Theodoret, H. E. i. 5), addresses
assigning the various offices of the state, there was his friend as outlouklaviotá “fellow-Lucianist,"
a vehement dispute whether Hirrus should be which may be considered as intimating that Lucian
allowed to stand for the praetorship in his absence held opinions similar to his own ; though, as Arius
(Caes. B. C. iii. 82 ; Dion Cass. xlii. 2). He was would, in his circumstances, be slow to take to him-
pardoned by Caesar after the battle of Pharsalia, self a sectarian designation, we are disposed to in-
and returned to Rome. The C. Hirrius mentioned terpret the expression as a memorial that they had
by Pliny (H. N. ix. 55. s. 81) and Varro (R. R. been fellow-students in the school of Lucian.
iii. 17), as the first person who had sea-water Epiphanius, who devotes a section of his principal
stock-ponds for lampreys, and who sent some thou- work (Punarium; Hacres. 43, s. ut alii, 23) to refute
sands of them to Caesar for his triumphal banquets, the heresies of the Lucianists, says that Lucian
is most probably the same person as the preceding, was originally a follower of Marcion, but that he
though he is spoken of as a separate person under separated from him and formed a sect of his own,
HIRRIUS. It would likewise appear that the agreeing, however, in its general principles, with
Hirtius, whom Appian says (B. C. iv. 43, 14) was that of the Marcionites. Like Marcion, the Lu-
proscribed by the triumvirs in B. C. 43, and who cianists conceived of the Demiurgos or Creator, as
fled to Sex. Pompey in Sicily, is a false reading distinct from the perfect God, o djalós “ the good
for Hirrus.
one;" and described the Creator, who was also
6. Cn. Lucceius, a friend of D. Brutus, B. c. represented as the judge, as ó dikaios “the just
44. (Cic. ad Att. xvi. 5. § 3. )
one. ” Beside these two beings, between whom
7. P. LUCCEIUS, a friend of Cicero, and recom- the commonly received attributes and offices of
mended by him to Q. Corniticius, B. C. 43. (Cic. God were divided, the Lucianists reckoned a third,
ad Fam. xii. 25. A. $ 6, 30. 5. )
ó mompos, “ the evil one. ” Like the Marcionites,
LUCEIUS ALBINUS. [ALBINUS, Vol. I. they condemned marriage : Epiphanius says that
p. 91, a. ; compare Vol. I. p. 93, a. )
this was out of hatred to the Demiurgos or Creator,
LUCE'RIUS, LUCE’RIA, also Lucetius and whose dominion was extended by the propagation
Lucctia, that is, the giver of light, occur as sur- of the human race. This description of the sect
names of Jupiter and Juno. According to Servius is to be received with very great caution, for Epi-
(ud Aen. ix. 570) the name was used especially phanius acknowledges that it had been long extinct,
among the Oscans. (Macrob. Sut. i. 15; Gellius, and that his inquiries had led to no clear or certain
v. 12; Paul. Diac. p. 114, ed. Müller ; comp. information respecting it. The gnostic character
Lucina. )
(L. S. ) of the doctrines ascribed to it receives no counte
LUCIANUS (Noukiavos). 1. Of ANTIOCH, nance from the statements of Alexander of Alex-
one of the most eminent ecclesiastics and biblical andria, and is probably altogether without found-
scholars in the early Church. He was born, like ation : the views of Lucian appear to have had
his illustrious namesake, the satirist, at Samosata, more affinity with those of the Arians; and it is
on the Euphrates: he was of respectable parents, observable that Eusebius of Nicomedeia, Leontius
by whom he was early trained up in religious prin- of Antioch, and other prelates of the Arian or
ciples and habits. They died, however, when he Semi-Arian parties, and possibly (as already inti-
was only twelve years old ; and the orphan lad, mated) Arius himself, had been his pupils. But
having distributed his property to the poor, removed whatever may have been the heterodoxy of Lucian,
to Edessa, where he was baptized, and devoted him- he either, abjured it or explained it so as to be re-
self to ascetic practices, becoming the intimate stored to the communion of the Church, in which
friend, and apparently the pupil of Macarius, a he continued until his martyrdom, the glory of
Christian of that town, known principally as an which was regarded as sufficient to wipe off all the
expounder of the Scriptures. Lucian, having de- reproach of his former heresy ; and “Luciap the
termined to embrace an ecclesiastical life, became a martyr” had the unusual distinction of being re-
:
## p. 811 (#827) ############################################
LUCIANUS.
811
LUCIANUS.
reverence.
ferred to by orthodox and heterodox with equal | Jerome (De l'iris Illustr. c. 77), tivo small works,
It was probably on his reunion with the “libelli," on the Christian faith, and some short
Church that he gave in the confession of his faith, letters to various individuals. The two works on
which is mentioned by Sozomen (II. E. iii. 5), and the faith” (De Fide) were, perhaps, the creed
given at length by Socrates (H. E. ii. 10). It was already noticed as discovered and published by the
promulgated by the Eusebian or Semi-Arian Synod synod of Antioch, and the speech (Orutio) ninde
of Antioch (A. D. 341), the members of which an- hy him before the emperor, which is preserved by
nounced that they had found it in the hand-writing Rufinus (II. E. ix. 6). If this defence wns spoken,
of Lucian himself. Sozomen expresses his doubt it must have been at another examination than that
of the genuineness of the document; and the described by Chrysostom. Of the letters of Lucian
caution with which it is worded, for the most part we have no remains, except a fragment in the
in scriptural terms, 60 suited to the purpose of the Alcxandriun Chronicle (p. 277, ed. laris ; p. 221,
synod, which desired to substitute for the Nicene cd. Venice ; vol. i. p. 510, ed. Bom). But the
confession a creed which moderate men of both most important of Lucian's literary labours was his
Parties might embrace, renders the suspicion of revision of the text of the Septuagint. Some
Sozomen not unreasonable. The genuineness of (Ceillier, Auteurs Sacrés, vol. iv. p. 47, and Neander,
the creed is, however, maintained hy, Bishop Bull Church Hist. by Rose, vol. ii. note ad fin. ) have
(Defensio Fil. Nicaen. ii. 13. & 4–8), by powerful thought that he revised the text of the N. T. : but
arguments, and is indeed generally admitted ; but the although some expressions used by Jerome (Prarf.
controversy as to its orthodoxy has not been decided ad Erangeliu) give countenance to their opinion,
even in modern times; for although trinitarian we believe the revision was limited to the Septua-
writers for the most part affirm that it is orthodox, gint. The author of the Acta S. Luciani says he
Petavius and Huetius, with the Arian Sandius, im- was moved to undertake his revision by observing
pute to it an Arian character. It was strenuously the corruption of the sacred books ; but his subse-
upheid by the Arians of the fourth century, espe- quent statement that the revision was guided by a
cially as it did not contain the obnoxious term comparison of the Hebrew text, limits the ex-
“ duocúolos. " Supposing it to be genuine, its am- pression “sacred books" to the 0. T. The copies
biguity probably arose from the desire of Lucian of the edition of Lucian, though unfavourably
not to compromise his own real sentiments, yet to characterised by Jerome (1. c. ), are described by
express them in terms of so orthodox an appearance him elsewhere (Apolog. contra Rufin. ii. 27) as
as to satisfy the rulers of the Church, into which commonly used in the churches from Constantinoplo
he sought to be readmitted.
to Antioch. They were known as “exemplaria
After his reunion with the Church, Lucian Lucianea. ” (Hieron. De Viris Illustr. c. 77. ) In
appears to have recovered or increased his reputation the Synopsis S. Scripturae, printed with the works
both for learning and sanctity. He was especially of Athanasius (c. 77), is a curious account of the
eminent for his charity to the poor. His eminence discovery of Lucian's autograph copy of his revision
marked him out as a victim in the persecution under at Nicomedeia. (Euseb. H. E. viii
. 13, ix. 6 ;
Diocletian and his successors. He fled from Antioch Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Rufinus, ll. cc. ;
and concealed himself in the country ; but, near Philostorg. H. E. ii. 12-15 ; Synopsis S. Scripturae,
the close of the year 311, he was apprehended at Athanas. adscripta, l. c. ; Dial. III.
de Sancta Tri-
Antioch, by order, according to Eusebius and nitate, Athanas. adscripta, c. 1; Epiphanius, l. c. ;
Jerome, of the emperor Maximin (Daza), but Chrysostom, l. c. ; Hieronym. I. cc. ; Chron. Pus-
according to the author of his Acta, under Max- chale, pp. 277, 279, 283, ed. Paris, 221, 223, 226,
imian (Galerius). The slight difference of the ed. Venice, vol
. i. pp. 516,519,520, 527, ed. Bonn;
names Maximin and Maximian easily accounts for Acta S. Luciani Presbyt. Martyris, Gr. apud Sym.
the difference of these statements: if he was mar- Metaphr. ; Latinè apud Lipomannum, Surium,
tyred under Maximian we must place his appreet Bolland. Actu Sanctor. vii. Januar. vol. i. p.
hension at least a year earlier than the date just | 357, &c. ; Suidas (who transcribes Metaphrastes),
given. He was conveyed by land across Asia s. rv. Mouktavós and Nylevel; Tillemont, Mé-
Minor to Nicomedeia in Bithynia, where, after moires, vol. v. p. 47+, &c. ; Ceillier, l. c. ; Cave,
suffering the greatest tortures, which could only Hist. Litt. ad ann. 294 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
extort from him the answer, “I am a Christian" ini. p. 715; Hody, De Textib. Original. lib. iii. p.
(Chrysost. Homilia in S. Lucianum, Opera, vol. i. ed. i. c. 5. § 4, 5, lib. iv. c. 3. $ 1. )
Morel. , vol. v. ed. Savil. , vol. ii. ed. Benedict), he 2. Of Byza, apparently the Bizsa of the classical
was remanded to prison. He died the day after writers, an episcopal city of Thrace, lived in the fifth
the feast of the Epiphany, A. D. 312, most probably century. A Latin version of a letter of his to the
from the effects of the tortures already inflicted, emperor Leo I. Thrax (who reigned from A. D. 457
and especially by starvation, having been fourteen to 474), is given in the various editions of the Con-
days without food, for he would not taste of that cilia. It recognises the authority of the three councils
which was placed before him, as it had been offered of Nice, A. D. 325, Ephesus A. D. 431, and Chalcedon
to idols. His body was cast into the sea, and A. D. 451, and declares Timotheus (Aelurus) patri-
having been washed ashore near the decayed town, arch of Alexandria, to be deserving of deposition.
or the ruins of Drepanum, was buried there. Con- From the reference to this last matter, on which
stantine the Great afterwards rebuilt the town in Leo seems to have required the judgment of various
honour of the holy martyr, and gave to it, from his prelates, the letter appears to have been written in
mother, by whom he was probably influenced, the or soon after A. D. 457. In the superscription to
name of Helenopolis. The statement of the Alez- the letter he is called “ Byzae Metropolitanus ;'
andrian or Paschal Chronicle, that he was burnt to but if we are correct in identifying Byza with
death, is utterly inconsistent with other more trust- Bizya, this title must not be understood as imply-
worthy staternents.
ing archiepiscopal rank, for Bizya does not appear
The works of Lucian comprehended, according to to have been an archiepiscopal sce, but a simple
## p. 812 (#828) ############################################
812
LUCIANUS.
LUCIANUS.
bishoprick, under the metropolitan of Heraclein, of ancient biography of Lucian extant, except the
whom Lucian appeared as the representative in the short and inaccurate one by Suidas ; but some
council of Chalcedon. Lucian's name is subscribed particulars may be gleaned from his own writings.
tu a decretal of Gennadius I. , patriarch of Constan- Considerable difference of opinion has existed
tinople (A. D. 459 to 471), as Lucian, “bishop of respecting the time in which Lucian flourished.
the Metropolitan see of Byza," énioKOTOS untpotó- Suidas places him under Trajan, and subsequently,
news Bušnis. (Concilia, vol. iv. col. 908, ed. Labbe; and in this he is followed by Bourdelos. The
vol. ii. col. 707, ed. Hardouin ; vol. vii. col. 541, opinion of Volls (De Histor. Graec. ii. 15), that he
ed. Mansi ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. i. flourished in the reigns of M. Aurelius Antoninus
col. 1146 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 457. ) and Commodus scems, however, more correct, and
3. Of CAPHARGAMALA (a village in the neigh- has been generally followed by later critics. It is
bourhood of Jerusalem), more commonly called impossible to fix the exact dates of his birth and
HIEROSOLYMITANUS, or of JERUSALEM, an eccle-death, but the following passages will afford some
siastic of the fifth century. There is extant in a clue to his chronology. In the npòs draideutov,
Latin version an epistle of his addressed to the $ 13, he tells us that there existed in his time, and
whole church or body of Christians in all the world, was probably still alive, a man who had bought
giving an account of the appearance to him, as he the lamp of Epictetus for 3000 drachms, in the
slept one night in the baptistery of the church, as hope of inheriting his wisdom. As this purchase
was his custom, of Gamaliel (the teacher of the was probably made shortly after the death of
apostle Paul), who revealed to him the burial-place Epictetus, the natural inference is, that Lucian was
of his own relics and those of his son Abibus or alive in the time of that philosopher (hardly that
Abibas, his nephew Nicodemus (the same that Epictetus died before the time of Lucian, as Mr.
came to Jesus Christ by night), and of the proto-Clinton says, Fusti Rom. A. D. 118). The uncer-
martyr Stephen. The Latin version was made by tainty expressed as to whether the purchaser was
Avitus of Bracara, now Braga, in Portugal, a con- still alive denotes that a considerable period had
temporary of Lucian, who dictated it to Avitus in elapsed between the transaction recorded and the
Greek (it is doubtful if he wrote it in that lan- date of the Tipos draíðevrov. But that piece can
guage); and is usually accompanied by a prefatory be shown to have been written shortly after the
letter of Avitus to Palchonius or Balconius, bishop extraordinary suicide of Peregrinus, A. D. 165;
of Bracara. A brief abstract of an account of the for in ♡ 14 Lucian mentions another silly fellow
vision of Lucian by Chrysippus, an ecclesiastic of who had just recently purchased (xoès kal apan)
Jerusalem, is given by Photius (Bill. Cod. 171) the stick of the fanatical cynic for a talent. Now
from the work of Eustratius on the state of the soul Epictetus could hardly have survived the reign of
after death. Of the Latin version of Lucian's Hadrian, who died A. D. 138 (EPICTETUS, and
Epistola there are two copies, differing in several Clinton, l. c. ), and it is more likely that he did not
respects from each other.
That published by reach the middle of it. On these grounds we
Ulimmerius, and commonly designated from him, might at a venture place Lucian's birth about the
is given by Surius (De Probatis Sanctor. Vitis, ad year 120 ; and this date tallies pretty well with
diem II. August. ); and in the Appendix to the other inferences from his writings. The Tôs dei
editions of Augustin by the Theologians of Louvainiotoplav ovnypápeuv must have been nearly con-
(vol. x. p. 630, &c. ) and the Benedictines (vol. temporary with the ſlpós átaideutov, since it al-
vii. ) According to this copy, the vision of Lucian ludes to the Parthian victories of Verus (Clinton,
took place 3d Dec. 415. The other copy, which A. D. 166), but was probably written before the
omits the date of the vision, is also given by the final triumph, as from an expression in § 2 (tà èv
Benedictines, in parallel columns, to facilitate com- ποσι ταύτα κεκίνηται) the war would seem to
parison. (Gennadius, De Vitis Ilustr. c. 46, 47 ; have been still going on. These pieces, together
Photius, l. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 327; with the account of the death of Peregrinus (nepl
Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 415. )
της Περεγρίνου τελευτής), which has all the air of
4. HIEROSOLYMITANUS, or of JERUSALEM. a narrative composed immediately after the event
(No. 3. ]
it records, are the earliest works of Lucian which
5. The Martyr. [No. 1. )
we can connect with any public transactions. But
6. METROPOLITA. [No. 2. )
he tells us that he did not abandon the rhetorical
7.
Ilirrus joined Pompey, and was stationed with a -300); and Tillemont dates his separation from
military force in northern Italy, but, like the other A. D. 269, and thinks it continued ten or twelve
Pompeian commanders, was deserted by his own years. The testimony of Alexander, patriarch of
troops (Caes. B. C. i. 15, whero Lucccium is the Alexandria (apud Theodoret, H. E. i. 4), who was
true reading instead of Uleillem ; comp. Cic. ad partly contemporary with Lucian, makes the fact of
Atl. viii. 11. A. ). He was subsequently sent by this separation indisputable. He states that Lucian
Pompey as ambassador to Orodes, king of Parthin, remained out of communion with the church for
to endeavour to gain his assistance for the aristo- many years; and that he was the successor in
cracy, but he was thrown into prison by the Par- heresy of Paul of Samosata, and the precursor of
thian king; and when Pompey's officers, before Arius. Arins himself, in a letter to Eusebius of
the battle of Pharsalia, confident of victory, were Nicomedeia ( apud Theodoret, H. E. i. 5), addresses
assigning the various offices of the state, there was his friend as outlouklaviotá “fellow-Lucianist,"
a vehement dispute whether Hirrus should be which may be considered as intimating that Lucian
allowed to stand for the praetorship in his absence held opinions similar to his own ; though, as Arius
(Caes. B. C. iii. 82 ; Dion Cass. xlii. 2). He was would, in his circumstances, be slow to take to him-
pardoned by Caesar after the battle of Pharsalia, self a sectarian designation, we are disposed to in-
and returned to Rome. The C. Hirrius mentioned terpret the expression as a memorial that they had
by Pliny (H. N. ix. 55. s. 81) and Varro (R. R. been fellow-students in the school of Lucian.
iii. 17), as the first person who had sea-water Epiphanius, who devotes a section of his principal
stock-ponds for lampreys, and who sent some thou- work (Punarium; Hacres. 43, s. ut alii, 23) to refute
sands of them to Caesar for his triumphal banquets, the heresies of the Lucianists, says that Lucian
is most probably the same person as the preceding, was originally a follower of Marcion, but that he
though he is spoken of as a separate person under separated from him and formed a sect of his own,
HIRRIUS. It would likewise appear that the agreeing, however, in its general principles, with
Hirtius, whom Appian says (B. C. iv. 43, 14) was that of the Marcionites. Like Marcion, the Lu-
proscribed by the triumvirs in B. C. 43, and who cianists conceived of the Demiurgos or Creator, as
fled to Sex. Pompey in Sicily, is a false reading distinct from the perfect God, o djalós “ the good
for Hirrus.
one;" and described the Creator, who was also
6. Cn. Lucceius, a friend of D. Brutus, B. c. represented as the judge, as ó dikaios “the just
44. (Cic. ad Att. xvi. 5. § 3. )
one. ” Beside these two beings, between whom
7. P. LUCCEIUS, a friend of Cicero, and recom- the commonly received attributes and offices of
mended by him to Q. Corniticius, B. C. 43. (Cic. God were divided, the Lucianists reckoned a third,
ad Fam. xii. 25. A. $ 6, 30. 5. )
ó mompos, “ the evil one. ” Like the Marcionites,
LUCEIUS ALBINUS. [ALBINUS, Vol. I. they condemned marriage : Epiphanius says that
p. 91, a. ; compare Vol. I. p. 93, a. )
this was out of hatred to the Demiurgos or Creator,
LUCE'RIUS, LUCE’RIA, also Lucetius and whose dominion was extended by the propagation
Lucctia, that is, the giver of light, occur as sur- of the human race. This description of the sect
names of Jupiter and Juno. According to Servius is to be received with very great caution, for Epi-
(ud Aen. ix. 570) the name was used especially phanius acknowledges that it had been long extinct,
among the Oscans. (Macrob. Sut. i. 15; Gellius, and that his inquiries had led to no clear or certain
v. 12; Paul. Diac. p. 114, ed. Müller ; comp. information respecting it. The gnostic character
Lucina. )
(L. S. ) of the doctrines ascribed to it receives no counte
LUCIANUS (Noukiavos). 1. Of ANTIOCH, nance from the statements of Alexander of Alex-
one of the most eminent ecclesiastics and biblical andria, and is probably altogether without found-
scholars in the early Church. He was born, like ation : the views of Lucian appear to have had
his illustrious namesake, the satirist, at Samosata, more affinity with those of the Arians; and it is
on the Euphrates: he was of respectable parents, observable that Eusebius of Nicomedeia, Leontius
by whom he was early trained up in religious prin- of Antioch, and other prelates of the Arian or
ciples and habits. They died, however, when he Semi-Arian parties, and possibly (as already inti-
was only twelve years old ; and the orphan lad, mated) Arius himself, had been his pupils. But
having distributed his property to the poor, removed whatever may have been the heterodoxy of Lucian,
to Edessa, where he was baptized, and devoted him- he either, abjured it or explained it so as to be re-
self to ascetic practices, becoming the intimate stored to the communion of the Church, in which
friend, and apparently the pupil of Macarius, a he continued until his martyrdom, the glory of
Christian of that town, known principally as an which was regarded as sufficient to wipe off all the
expounder of the Scriptures. Lucian, having de- reproach of his former heresy ; and “Luciap the
termined to embrace an ecclesiastical life, became a martyr” had the unusual distinction of being re-
:
## p. 811 (#827) ############################################
LUCIANUS.
811
LUCIANUS.
reverence.
ferred to by orthodox and heterodox with equal | Jerome (De l'iris Illustr. c. 77), tivo small works,
It was probably on his reunion with the “libelli," on the Christian faith, and some short
Church that he gave in the confession of his faith, letters to various individuals. The two works on
which is mentioned by Sozomen (II. E. iii. 5), and the faith” (De Fide) were, perhaps, the creed
given at length by Socrates (H. E. ii. 10). It was already noticed as discovered and published by the
promulgated by the Eusebian or Semi-Arian Synod synod of Antioch, and the speech (Orutio) ninde
of Antioch (A. D. 341), the members of which an- hy him before the emperor, which is preserved by
nounced that they had found it in the hand-writing Rufinus (II. E. ix. 6). If this defence wns spoken,
of Lucian himself. Sozomen expresses his doubt it must have been at another examination than that
of the genuineness of the document; and the described by Chrysostom. Of the letters of Lucian
caution with which it is worded, for the most part we have no remains, except a fragment in the
in scriptural terms, 60 suited to the purpose of the Alcxandriun Chronicle (p. 277, ed. laris ; p. 221,
synod, which desired to substitute for the Nicene cd. Venice ; vol. i. p. 510, ed. Bom). But the
confession a creed which moderate men of both most important of Lucian's literary labours was his
Parties might embrace, renders the suspicion of revision of the text of the Septuagint. Some
Sozomen not unreasonable. The genuineness of (Ceillier, Auteurs Sacrés, vol. iv. p. 47, and Neander,
the creed is, however, maintained hy, Bishop Bull Church Hist. by Rose, vol. ii. note ad fin. ) have
(Defensio Fil. Nicaen. ii. 13. & 4–8), by powerful thought that he revised the text of the N. T. : but
arguments, and is indeed generally admitted ; but the although some expressions used by Jerome (Prarf.
controversy as to its orthodoxy has not been decided ad Erangeliu) give countenance to their opinion,
even in modern times; for although trinitarian we believe the revision was limited to the Septua-
writers for the most part affirm that it is orthodox, gint. The author of the Acta S. Luciani says he
Petavius and Huetius, with the Arian Sandius, im- was moved to undertake his revision by observing
pute to it an Arian character. It was strenuously the corruption of the sacred books ; but his subse-
upheid by the Arians of the fourth century, espe- quent statement that the revision was guided by a
cially as it did not contain the obnoxious term comparison of the Hebrew text, limits the ex-
“ duocúolos. " Supposing it to be genuine, its am- pression “sacred books" to the 0. T. The copies
biguity probably arose from the desire of Lucian of the edition of Lucian, though unfavourably
not to compromise his own real sentiments, yet to characterised by Jerome (1. c. ), are described by
express them in terms of so orthodox an appearance him elsewhere (Apolog. contra Rufin. ii. 27) as
as to satisfy the rulers of the Church, into which commonly used in the churches from Constantinoplo
he sought to be readmitted.
to Antioch. They were known as “exemplaria
After his reunion with the Church, Lucian Lucianea. ” (Hieron. De Viris Illustr. c. 77. ) In
appears to have recovered or increased his reputation the Synopsis S. Scripturae, printed with the works
both for learning and sanctity. He was especially of Athanasius (c. 77), is a curious account of the
eminent for his charity to the poor. His eminence discovery of Lucian's autograph copy of his revision
marked him out as a victim in the persecution under at Nicomedeia. (Euseb. H. E. viii
. 13, ix. 6 ;
Diocletian and his successors. He fled from Antioch Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Rufinus, ll. cc. ;
and concealed himself in the country ; but, near Philostorg. H. E. ii. 12-15 ; Synopsis S. Scripturae,
the close of the year 311, he was apprehended at Athanas. adscripta, l. c. ; Dial. III.
de Sancta Tri-
Antioch, by order, according to Eusebius and nitate, Athanas. adscripta, c. 1; Epiphanius, l. c. ;
Jerome, of the emperor Maximin (Daza), but Chrysostom, l. c. ; Hieronym. I. cc. ; Chron. Pus-
according to the author of his Acta, under Max- chale, pp. 277, 279, 283, ed. Paris, 221, 223, 226,
imian (Galerius). The slight difference of the ed. Venice, vol
. i. pp. 516,519,520, 527, ed. Bonn;
names Maximin and Maximian easily accounts for Acta S. Luciani Presbyt. Martyris, Gr. apud Sym.
the difference of these statements: if he was mar- Metaphr. ; Latinè apud Lipomannum, Surium,
tyred under Maximian we must place his appreet Bolland. Actu Sanctor. vii. Januar. vol. i. p.
hension at least a year earlier than the date just | 357, &c. ; Suidas (who transcribes Metaphrastes),
given. He was conveyed by land across Asia s. rv. Mouktavós and Nylevel; Tillemont, Mé-
Minor to Nicomedeia in Bithynia, where, after moires, vol. v. p. 47+, &c. ; Ceillier, l. c. ; Cave,
suffering the greatest tortures, which could only Hist. Litt. ad ann. 294 ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol.
extort from him the answer, “I am a Christian" ini. p. 715; Hody, De Textib. Original. lib. iii. p.
(Chrysost. Homilia in S. Lucianum, Opera, vol. i. ed. i. c. 5. § 4, 5, lib. iv. c. 3. $ 1. )
Morel. , vol. v. ed. Savil. , vol. ii. ed. Benedict), he 2. Of Byza, apparently the Bizsa of the classical
was remanded to prison. He died the day after writers, an episcopal city of Thrace, lived in the fifth
the feast of the Epiphany, A. D. 312, most probably century. A Latin version of a letter of his to the
from the effects of the tortures already inflicted, emperor Leo I. Thrax (who reigned from A. D. 457
and especially by starvation, having been fourteen to 474), is given in the various editions of the Con-
days without food, for he would not taste of that cilia. It recognises the authority of the three councils
which was placed before him, as it had been offered of Nice, A. D. 325, Ephesus A. D. 431, and Chalcedon
to idols. His body was cast into the sea, and A. D. 451, and declares Timotheus (Aelurus) patri-
having been washed ashore near the decayed town, arch of Alexandria, to be deserving of deposition.
or the ruins of Drepanum, was buried there. Con- From the reference to this last matter, on which
stantine the Great afterwards rebuilt the town in Leo seems to have required the judgment of various
honour of the holy martyr, and gave to it, from his prelates, the letter appears to have been written in
mother, by whom he was probably influenced, the or soon after A. D. 457. In the superscription to
name of Helenopolis. The statement of the Alez- the letter he is called “ Byzae Metropolitanus ;'
andrian or Paschal Chronicle, that he was burnt to but if we are correct in identifying Byza with
death, is utterly inconsistent with other more trust- Bizya, this title must not be understood as imply-
worthy staternents.
ing archiepiscopal rank, for Bizya does not appear
The works of Lucian comprehended, according to to have been an archiepiscopal sce, but a simple
## p. 812 (#828) ############################################
812
LUCIANUS.
LUCIANUS.
bishoprick, under the metropolitan of Heraclein, of ancient biography of Lucian extant, except the
whom Lucian appeared as the representative in the short and inaccurate one by Suidas ; but some
council of Chalcedon. Lucian's name is subscribed particulars may be gleaned from his own writings.
tu a decretal of Gennadius I. , patriarch of Constan- Considerable difference of opinion has existed
tinople (A. D. 459 to 471), as Lucian, “bishop of respecting the time in which Lucian flourished.
the Metropolitan see of Byza," énioKOTOS untpotó- Suidas places him under Trajan, and subsequently,
news Bušnis. (Concilia, vol. iv. col. 908, ed. Labbe; and in this he is followed by Bourdelos. The
vol. ii. col. 707, ed. Hardouin ; vol. vii. col. 541, opinion of Volls (De Histor. Graec. ii. 15), that he
ed. Mansi ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. i. flourished in the reigns of M. Aurelius Antoninus
col. 1146 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 457. ) and Commodus scems, however, more correct, and
3. Of CAPHARGAMALA (a village in the neigh- has been generally followed by later critics. It is
bourhood of Jerusalem), more commonly called impossible to fix the exact dates of his birth and
HIEROSOLYMITANUS, or of JERUSALEM, an eccle-death, but the following passages will afford some
siastic of the fifth century. There is extant in a clue to his chronology. In the npòs draideutov,
Latin version an epistle of his addressed to the $ 13, he tells us that there existed in his time, and
whole church or body of Christians in all the world, was probably still alive, a man who had bought
giving an account of the appearance to him, as he the lamp of Epictetus for 3000 drachms, in the
slept one night in the baptistery of the church, as hope of inheriting his wisdom. As this purchase
was his custom, of Gamaliel (the teacher of the was probably made shortly after the death of
apostle Paul), who revealed to him the burial-place Epictetus, the natural inference is, that Lucian was
of his own relics and those of his son Abibus or alive in the time of that philosopher (hardly that
Abibas, his nephew Nicodemus (the same that Epictetus died before the time of Lucian, as Mr.
came to Jesus Christ by night), and of the proto-Clinton says, Fusti Rom. A. D. 118). The uncer-
martyr Stephen. The Latin version was made by tainty expressed as to whether the purchaser was
Avitus of Bracara, now Braga, in Portugal, a con- still alive denotes that a considerable period had
temporary of Lucian, who dictated it to Avitus in elapsed between the transaction recorded and the
Greek (it is doubtful if he wrote it in that lan- date of the Tipos draíðevrov. But that piece can
guage); and is usually accompanied by a prefatory be shown to have been written shortly after the
letter of Avitus to Palchonius or Balconius, bishop extraordinary suicide of Peregrinus, A. D. 165;
of Bracara. A brief abstract of an account of the for in ♡ 14 Lucian mentions another silly fellow
vision of Lucian by Chrysippus, an ecclesiastic of who had just recently purchased (xoès kal apan)
Jerusalem, is given by Photius (Bill. Cod. 171) the stick of the fanatical cynic for a talent. Now
from the work of Eustratius on the state of the soul Epictetus could hardly have survived the reign of
after death. Of the Latin version of Lucian's Hadrian, who died A. D. 138 (EPICTETUS, and
Epistola there are two copies, differing in several Clinton, l. c. ), and it is more likely that he did not
respects from each other.
That published by reach the middle of it. On these grounds we
Ulimmerius, and commonly designated from him, might at a venture place Lucian's birth about the
is given by Surius (De Probatis Sanctor. Vitis, ad year 120 ; and this date tallies pretty well with
diem II. August. ); and in the Appendix to the other inferences from his writings. The Tôs dei
editions of Augustin by the Theologians of Louvainiotoplav ovnypápeuv must have been nearly con-
(vol. x. p. 630, &c. ) and the Benedictines (vol. temporary with the ſlpós átaideutov, since it al-
vii. ) According to this copy, the vision of Lucian ludes to the Parthian victories of Verus (Clinton,
took place 3d Dec. 415. The other copy, which A. D. 166), but was probably written before the
omits the date of the vision, is also given by the final triumph, as from an expression in § 2 (tà èv
Benedictines, in parallel columns, to facilitate com- ποσι ταύτα κεκίνηται) the war would seem to
parison. (Gennadius, De Vitis Ilustr. c. 46, 47 ; have been still going on. These pieces, together
Photius, l. c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 327; with the account of the death of Peregrinus (nepl
Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 415. )
της Περεγρίνου τελευτής), which has all the air of
4. HIEROSOLYMITANUS, or of JERUSALEM. a narrative composed immediately after the event
(No. 3. ]
it records, are the earliest works of Lucian which
5. The Martyr. [No. 1. )
we can connect with any public transactions. But
6. METROPOLITA. [No. 2. )
he tells us that he did not abandon the rhetorical
7.
