No More Learning

Ti- before the Syracusans, with the condition that
moleon drew up his troops on the brow of a bill | Timoleon should not appear as his accuser. But
overlooking the Carthaginian army, who were on as soon as he was brought into the assembly at
the further bank of the river. The Carthaginian Syracuse, the people refused to hear him, and
commanders, impatient for the victory, began to unanimously condemned him to death.
cross the river in presence of the enemy. This Thus almost all the tyrants were expelled from
favourable circumstance determined the movements the Greek cities in Sicily, and a democratical form
of Timoleon. As soon as the Carthaginian arm of government established in their place. Timo-
was divided by the stream, he charged them leon, however, was in reality the ruler of Sicily,
with all his forces. The Carthaginians resisted for all the states consulted him on every matter of
bravely, but in the hottest of the fight a dreadful importance; and the wisdom of his rule is at-
storm came on, attended with lightning, hail, and tested by the flourishing condition of the island
rain, which beat full in the faces of the Cartha- for several years even after his death. He re-
ginians. Unable to bear up against the storm, and peopled the great cities of Agrigentum and Gela,
to hear the commands of their officers amidst the which had been laid desolate by the Carthaginians,
roar of the thunder, and the clattering of the rain and also settled colonies in other cities. He did
and bail upon their arms, the Carthaginians began not, however, assume any title or office, but resided
to retreat and make for the river ; but pursued by as a private citizen among the Syracusans, to
the Greeks, their retreat soon became a rout; a whom he left the administration of their own
panic spread through their ranks ; and the different affairs. Once, when his public conduct was at-
nations of which the vast army was composed, igno- tacked in the popular assembly by a demagogue of
rant of one another's language, and maddened by the name of Demaenetus, Timoleon is reported to
fear, used their swords against one another, each have thanked the gods for answering his prayer that
eager to gain the stream. Numbers were killed, the Syracusans might enjoy freedom of speech ;
and still more were drowned in the river. The and when Laphystius, another demagogue, de-
victory was complete, and justly ranks as one of manded that Timoleon should give sureties to answer
the greatest gained by Greeks over barbarians. It an indictment that was brought against him, and
was fought in the middle of summer, B. C. 339. some of Timoleon's friends began thereupon to
The booty which Timoleon and his troops gained raise a clamour, Timoleon himself restrained them
was prodigious ; and some of the richest of the by saying, that the great object of all his toils and
spoils he sent to Corinth and other cities in Greece, exertions had been to make the law the same for
thus diffusing the glory of his victory throughout all the Syracusans. A short time before his death
the mother country.
Timoleon became completely blind, but the Sy-
The victory of the Crimesus brought Timoleon racusan people notwithstanding continued to pay
such an accession of power and influence, that he him the same honour as they had done before, and
now resolved to carry into execution his project of took his advice on all difficult cases. He died, ac-
expelling all the tyrants from Sicily. Of these, cording to Diodorus, in B. c. 337, in the eighth
two of the most powerful, Hicetas of Leontini, and year after his first arrival in Sicily. He was buried
Mamercus of Catana, had recourse to the Cartha- at the public expense in the market-place at Syra-
ginians for assistance, who sent Gisco to Sicily cuse, where his monument was afterwards sur-
with a fleet of seventy ships and a body of Greek rounded with porticoes and a gymnasium, which
mercenaries. Although Gisco gained a few suc- was called after him the Timoleontcium. Annual
cesses at first, the war was upon the whole favour- games were also instituted in his honour. Timo-
able to Timoleon, and the Carthaginians were leon certainly deserves to be regarded as one of
therefore glad to conclude a treaty with the latter the greatest men of Greece, and it is not the
in B. c. 338, by which the river Halycus was fixed slightest eulogium paid to him, that Mitford, with
as the boundary of the Carthaginian and Greek all his prejudices against the destroyer of his fa-
dominions in Sicily. It was during the war with vourite tyrants, is able to detract so little from
Gisco that Hicetas fell into the hands of Timoleon. the virtues and merits of Timoleon. (Plutarch
He had been completely defeated by Timoleon at and Cornelius Nepos, Life of Timoleon ; Diod. xvi.
the river Damurias, and was taken prisoner a 65-90 ; Polyaen. v. 3. $ 8; Mitford, History of
few days afterwards, with his son Eupolemus. Grecce, c. xxxiii. )
They were both slain by Timoleon's order. His TIMO'MACHUS. (Trubuaxos), an Athenian,
wife and daughters were carried to Syracuse ; of the demus of Acharnae. In B c. 366, he com-
where they were executed by command of the manded a body of Athenian troops, which, in con-
people, as a satisfaction to the manes of Dion, junction with a Lacedaemonian force, had been
whose wife Arete and sister Aristomache had both | appointed to guard the Isthmus of Corinth against
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1142
TIMOMACHUS.
TIMOMACHUS.
the Thebans. But they neglected to occupy the | indced if, while two such pictures as the Ajax and
passes of Oneium, and Epaminondas, who was Medea, celebrated by Cicero, existed at Cyzicus,
preparing to invade Achaia, persuaded Peisias, two others on the same subjects should have been
the Argive general, to seize a commanding height painted by Timomachus, and should have been ad-
of the mountain. The Thebans were thus enabled mired as we know they were, and that the pictures
to make their way through the Isthmus (Xen. of Ajut and Medea should be simply mentioned
Hell. vii. i. & 41 ; Diod. xv. 75). Towards the by Pliny as well known, without any distinction
end, apparently, of B. C. 361, Timomachus was sent being made between the two pairs of pictures. It
out to take the command in Thrace, for which he is true that, from one of the passages of Pliny
seems to have been utterly unfit, and he failed quite above cited (XXXV. 4. s. 9), the inference has been
as much at least as his immediate predecessors, drawn that, besides the Ajax and Mcdea, which
Menon and Autocles, in forwarding the Athenian Caesar dedicated in the temple of Venus, there
interests in that quarter. Not only were his mi- was another pair of pictures brought to Rome, by
litary arrangements defective, but, according to the Agrippa, who purchased them from the Cyzicenes
statement of Aeschines, it was through his culpable at a great price, namely, an Ajax and Venus; but
easiness of disposition that Hegesander, his trea- the passage is extremely difficult to understand
surer (Tauías), was enabled to appropriate to his clearly ; and, even taking the above explanation,
own use no less than 80 minae (more than 3001. ) any conclusion drawn from it would apply only to
of the public money. Timomachus appears to have the Ajax, and not to the Medca, which was evi.
been superseded by Cephisodotus in B. C. 360, and, dently the more celebrated of the two. On the
on his return to Athens, was impeached by Apol- whole, then, it seems most probable that the pic-
lodorus (son of Pasion, the banker), who had been tures at Cyzicus, mentioned by Cicero, were the
one of his trierarchs. He was condemned, and, very pictures of Timomachus, which were pur-
according to Demosthenes, was heavily fined; but chased by Julius Caesar ; and therefore that the
his punishment was death, if we may believe the word actute in Pliny must either be rejected, or
statement of the Scholiast on Aeschines (Aesch. interpreted with a considerable latitude.
In con-
c. Tim. p. 8; Schol. ad loc. ;
Dem. de Fals. Leg. firination of this conclusion another passage is cited
p. 398, pro Phorm. p. 960, c. Polycl. pp. 1210, &c. ; from Pliny himself (l. c. § 41), in which he enu.
Rehdantz, Vit. Iph. , Chabr. , Tim. cap. v. SS 7, 8). merates, as examples of the last unfinished pictures
It was during the command of Timomachus in of the greatest painters, which were more admired
Thrace that he received a letter from Cotys, who than even their finished works, the Medca of Ti-
repudiated in it all the promises he had made to momachus, in connection with the Iris of Aristeides,
the Athenians when he wanted their aid against the Tyndaridae of Nicomachus, and the Venus of
the rebel Miltocythes. (Dem. C. Arist. p. 658. ) A pelles ; whence it has been argued that Timoma-
[Cotys, No. 2. )
(E. E. ] chus was probably contemporary with the other
TIMO'MACHUS (Tróuaxos), a very distin- great painters there mentioned, and moreover that
guished painter, of By: tium. He lived (if the it is incredible that Caesar should bave given the
statement of Pliny, as contained in all the editions, large price above mentioned for two pictures of a
be correct) in the time of Julius Caesar, who pur- living artist, especially when one of them was un-
chased two of his pictures, the Ajax and Medea, finished. Still
, any positive chronological conclu-
for the immense sum of eighty Attic talents, and sion from these arguments can only be received
dedicated them in the temple of Venus Genitrix. with much caution. They seem to prove that
(Plin. H. N. vii. 38. s. 39, xxxv. 4. 8. 9, 11. s. 40. Timomachus flourished not later than the early
$ 30. ) In the last of these passages, Pliny defines part of the first century B. C. , but they do not prore
the artist's age in the following very distinct terms: that he is to be carried back to the third century.
_“Timomachus Byzantius Caesaris Dictatoris The associations of works and names, in the pas-
actate Ajacem et Medeam pinxit. ” But here an sages of Cicero and Pliny, have respect to the order
important and difficult question has been raised. of excellence and not to that of time ; and it must
In Cicero's well-known enumeration of the master- be remembered that a great artist often obtains a
pieces of Grecian art, which were to be seen in reputation eren above his merits during his life
various cities (in Verr. iv. 60), he alludes to the and soon after his death, and that fashion, as well
Ajut and Medea at Cyzicus, but without men- as fame, will set a high pecuniary value on such an
tioning the painter's name. (Quid Cyzicenos (ar- | artist's works. On the other hand, a positive ar-
bitramini merere velle), ut A jacem, aut Medeamgument, to prove that Nicomachus lived later
(amittant] ? ). From this passage a presumption is than the time of that flourishing period of the art
raised, that the two pictures should be referred to a which is marked by the name of Apelles, may be
period much earlier than the time of Caesar, drawn from the absence of any mention of him by
namely to the best period of Grecian art, to which Pliny in his proper chronological order, which in-
most of the other works, in connection with which dicates the absence of his name from the works of
they are mentioned, are known to have belonged the Greek authors whom Pliny followed, and that
at all events, as the manner in which they are re- he was one of those recent artists who were only
ferred to by Cicero presupposes their being already known to Pliny by their works which he had seen.
celebrated throughout the Roman empire, it is not Without attempting to arrive at any more precise
likely that they could have been painted during conclusion with regard to the age of Timomachus,
the life of Caesar, and it is of course impossible we proceed to state what is known of his works.
that they were painted during his dictatorship. (1. ) The two pictures already mentioned were
But then, the question comes, whether these were the most celebrated of all his works, and the
the paintings mentioned by Pliny, and, as will Medea appears to have been esteemed his master-
presently be seen, celebrated by other writers. piece. It is referred to, in terms of the highest
The first impulse of any reader would be to assume praise, in several passages of the ancient writers,
this, as a matter of course; and it would be strarge from which we learn that it represented Medea


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TIMOMACHUS.
1113
TIMON.
Q
mcditating the murder of her children, but still TIMON (Tíuwv). ). The son of Timarchus of
hesitating between the impulses of revenge for her Phlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Sceptics, and
own wrongs and of pity for her children. A general a celebrated writer of the species of satiric poems
notion of the composition is probably preserved in called Silli (ola101), flourished in the reign of
A painting on the same subject found at Pompeii Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B. C. 279, and on.
(us. Borb. v. 33 ; Pompeii, vol. ii. p. 190), and wards. A pretty full account of his life is pre-
the type of Medea is seen in a figure found at served by Diogenes Laërtius, from the first book
llerculaneum (Antiq. di Ercol. i. 13 ; Mus. Borl. of a work on the Silli (év Tu TPÓTV TW eis TOUS
x. 21), and on some gems. (Lippert, Supplem. i. 93 ; oirdous únouvnuátwv) by Apollonides of Nicnea ;
Panofka, Annai. d. Inst
. i. p. 243 ; Müller, Archäol. and some particulars are quoted by Diogenes froin
d. Kunst, $ 208, n. 2. ) A minute description of Antigonus of Carystus, and from Sotion (Diog.
the emotions expressed in the artist's Medea is Laërt. ix. c. 12. SS 109–115). Being left an
given in the following epigrams from the Greek orphan while still young, he was at first a chorculcs
Anthology (Anth. Plun. iv. 135, 136, p. 317; in the theatre, but he abandoned this profession
Brunck, Annl. vol. iii. p. 214, vol. ii. p. 174 ; for the study of philosophy, and, haring removed
Jacobs, Anth. Pal. Append. vol. ii. p. 667. ) The to Megara, he spent some time with Siilpon, and
first is anonymous :-
then he returned home and married.
He next went
to Elis with his wife, and heard Pyrrhon, whose
Τέχνη Τιμομάχου στοργήν και ζήλον έδειξε
tenets he adopted, so far at least as his restless
Μηδείης, τέκνων εις μόρον ελκομένων:
genius and satirical scepticism permitted him to
τη μεν γαρ συνένευσεν επί ξίφος, ή δ' ανανεύει
follow any master. During his residence at Elis,
σώζειν και κτείνειν βουλομένη τέκεα.
he had children born to him, the eldest of whom,
named Xanthus, he instructed in the art of me-
The other is ascribed to Antiphilus: -
dicine and trained in his philosophical principles,
Ταν όλοάν Μήδειαν ότ' έγραφε Τιμομάχου χείρ, | so that he might be his successor and repre-
ζάλη και τέκνοις αντιμεθελκομένων,
sentative (και διάδοχος του βίου κατέλιπε ; but
μυρίoν άρατο μόχθων, ίν' ηθεα δισσα χαράξη, these words may, however, mean that he left him
ών το μεν εις οργάν νευε, το δ' είς έλεον. heir to his property). Driven again from Elis by
άμφω δ' επλήρωσεν όρα τύπον. έν γάρ απειλά | straitened circumstances, he spent some time on
δάκρυον, εν δ' ελέω θυμός αναστρέφεται.
the Hellespont and the Propontis, and taught at
'Αρκεί δ' & μέλλησις, έφα σοφός• αίμα δε τέκνων Chalcedon as a sophist with euch success that
έπρεπε Μηδείη, κου χερί Τιμομάχου.
he realised a fortune. He then removed to
Athens, where he lived until his death, with the
There is a similar epigram by Ausonius (No. 129). exception of a short residence at Thebes. Among
From these descriptions it appears that the great the great men, with whom he became personally
art of Timomachus consisted in the expression of acquainted in the course of his travels, which pro-
that conflict of emotions which precedes the perpe- bably extended more widely about the Aegean and
tration of some dreadful act, and in exciting in the the Levant than we are informed, were the kings
niinds of the spectators the corresponding emotions Antigonus and Ptolemy Philadelphus. He is said
of terror and pity, which are the end aimed at by to have assisted Alexander Aetolus and Homerus
all tragic exhibitions ; and, at the same time, in in the composition of their tragedies, and to have
avoiding the excess of horror, by representing, not been the teacher of Aratus (Suid. s. v. 'Apatos).
the deed
itself, but only the conception of it in the “ These indications," says Mr. Clinton, “mark his
mind. Plutarch mentions the painting as an ex- | time. He might have heard Stilpo at Megara
ample of one of those works of art, in which un- twenty-five years before the reign of Philadelphus
natural deeds (spáfers &TOTO) are represented, (Fust. Hellen. vol. iii. s. aa. 279, 272). He died
and which, while we abhor the deed, we praise on at the age of almost ninety. Among his pupils
account of the skill shown in representing it in a were Dioscurides of Cyprus, Nicolochus of Rhodes,
becoming manner (TTV Téxvnv, ei meuluntai apoon- Euphranor of Seleuceia, and Praỹlus of the Troad.
KÓVTWS TO Únoreljevov, Plut. de Aud. Poet. 3, p. Timon appears to have been endowed by nature
18, b. ). There are also two other epigrams upon with a powerful and active mind, and with that
the picture in the Greek Anthology (Jacobs, loc. quick perception of the follies of nien, which be-
Nos. 137, 138), from the former of which we trays its possessor into a spirit of universal distrust
learn that it was painted in encaustic ; and, from both of men and truths, so as to make him a sceptic
the connection in which Timomachus is mentioned in philosophy and a satirist in every thing. Ac-
by Pliny, it would seem that this was the case cording to Diogenes, Timon bad that physical
with all his works.
defect, which some have fancied that they have
(2. ) His Ajax resembled his Medea in the con- found often accompanied by such a spirit as his,
flict of emotions which it expressed. It repre- and which at least must have given greater force
sented the hero in his madness, meditating the act to its utterances; he was a one-eyed man; and
of suicide. It is described by Philostratus (Vit. he used even to make a jest of his own defect,
Apollon. ii. 10), in an epigram in the Greek An- calling himself Cyclops. Some other examples of
thology (Jacobs, l. c. No. 83, p. 618), and by Ovid his bitter sarcasms are recorded by Diogenes; one
(Trist. ii. 528).
of which is worth qoting as a maxim in criticism:
(3. ) His other works are mentioned by Pliny being asked by Aratus how to obtain the pure text
in the following words :-- “ Timomachi aeque lau- of Homer, he replied, “ If we could find the old
dantur Orcsles, Iphigenia in Tuuris, Lecythion agi- copies, and not those with modern emendations. "
litatis exercitator, Cognatio nobilium, Palliati, quos He is also said to have been fond of retirement,
dicturos pinxit, alterum stantem, alterum sedentem ; and of gardening ; but Diogenes introduces this
praecipue tamen ars ei favisse in Gorgone visa est. ' statement and some others in such a way as to
(Plin. H. N. xxxv. 11. s. 40. $ 30. ) [P. S. ) suggest a doubt whether they ought to be referred
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## p. 1144 (#1160) ##########################################

1144
TIMON.
TIMON
mid to
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serted
ip. 15
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the ar
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beyond
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is. 329
TI.
to our Timon or to Timon the misanthrope, or very admirable productions of their kind. (Ding,
whether they apply equally to both.
1. c. ; Aristocles an. Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiv. p. 763,
The writings of Timon are represented as very c. ; Suid. s. vo. Ou talvel, Thuwr; Ath. passim;
numerous. According to Diogenes, in the order of Gell. iii. 17. ) Commentaries were written on the
whose statement there appears to be some confusion, Silli by Apollonides of Nicaen, as already men-
he composed čin, kal payudías, kad gatúpous, tioned, and also by Sotion of Alexandria. (Ath.
και δράματα κωμικά τριάκοντα, τραγικά δέ εξή- | viii. p. 336, d. ) The poem entitled 'Ινδαλμοί, in
KOVTA, ola Aous te kal rivaldous. The double men. elegiac verse, appears to have been similar in its
tion of his tragedies raises a suspicion that Dio subject to the Silli (Diog. Laërt. ix. 65). Diogenes
genes may have combined two different accounts of also mentions Timon's lauloi (ix. 110), but per-
his writings in this sentence ; but perhaps it may haps the word is here merely used in the sense of
be explained by supposing the words "payırà od satirical poems in general, without reference to the
& Enxovta to be inserted simply in order to put the metre.
number of his tragedies side by side with that of He also wrote in prose, to the quantity, Diogenes
his comedies. Some may find another difficulty in tells us, of twenty thousand lines. These works
the passage, on account of the great number and were no doubt on philosophical subjects, but all
variety of the poetical works ascribed to Timon; we know of their specific character is contained in
but this is nothing surprising in a writer of that the three references made by Diogenes to Timon's
age of universal imitative literature ; nor, when I works περί αισθήσεως, περί ζητήσεως, aud κατά
the early theatrical occupations of Timon are borne copias.
in mind, is it at all astonishing that his taste for The fragments of his poems have been collected
the drama should have prompted him to the com- hy H. Stephanus, in his Poësis Philosophica, 1573,
position of sixty tragedies and thirty comedies, 8vo. ; by J. F. Langenrich, at the end of his Disserta-
besides satyric dramas. One thing, however, it tioncs III. de Timone Sillograpko, Lips. 1720, 1721,
is important to observe. The composition of tra- | 1723, 4to. ; by Brunck, in his Analecta, vol. ii.
gedies and comedies by the same author is an pp. 67, foll. ; by F. A. Wölke, in his monograph
almost certain indication that his dramas were De Graecorum Syllis, Varsav. 1820, 8vo. ; and by F.
intended only to be read, and not to be acted. No Paul, in his Dissertatio de Sillis, Berol. 1821, 8vo.
remains of his dramas have come down to us. (See also Creuzer and Daub's Studien, vol. vi.
Of his epic poems we know very little ; but it pp. 302, foll. ; Ant. Weland, Dissert. de praecip.
may be presumed that they were chiefly ludicrous Parodiarum Homericarum Scriptoribus apud
or satirical poems in the epic form. Possibly his Graecos, pp. 50, foll. Gotting. 1833, 8vo. ; Fabric.
Python (núowr), which contained a long account Bibl. Gruec. vol. iii. pp. 623–625; Menag. ad
of a conversation with Pyrrhon, during a journey Diog. Laërt. l. c. ; Welcker, die Griech. Tragöd.
to Pytho, may be referred to this class ; unless it pp. 1268, 1269 ; Bode, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtk.
was in prose (Diog. ix. 64, 105; Euseb. Praep. Ev. vol. ii. pt. i. pp. 345-347 ; Ulrici, vol. ii. p. 317;
xiv. p. 761, a. ). It appears probable that his Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 495).
'Αρκεσιλάου περίδειπνον οι πρόδειπνον was a sa- 2. TIMON THE MISANTHROPE (d ploáv@puros)
tirical poem in epic verse (Diog. ix. 115 ; Ath. ix. is distinguished from Timon of Phlius by Diogenes
p. 406, e. ). Whether he wrote parodies on Homer (ix. 112), but, as has been remarked above, it is
or whether he merely occasionally, in the course of not clear how much, or whether any part, of the
his writings, parodied passages of the Homeric information Diogenes gives respecting Timon is to
poems, cannot be determined with certainty from be referred to this Timon rather than the former.
the lines in bis extant fragments which are evident There was a certain distant resemblance between
parodies of Homer, such, for example, as the verse their characters, which may have led to a confusion
preserved by Diogenes,
of the one with the other. The great distinctions
"Έσπετε νύν μοι όσοι πολυπράγμονές έστε
between them are, that Timon the misanthroue
σοφισται,
wrote nothing, and that he lived about a century
which is an obvious parody on the Homeric invo- and a half earlier than Timon of Phlius, namely,
cation (Il. ii. 484),
at the time of the Peloponnesian war. The few
"Έσπετε νύν μοι Μούσαι 'Ολύμπια δώματ' έχουσαι, particulars that are known of Timon the misanthrope
are contained in the passages in which he is at-
The most celebrated of his poems, however, were tacked by Aristophanes (Lysist. 809, &c. , Av.
the satiric compositions called Silli (oi101), a word 1548) and the other comic poets in the dialogue of
of somewhat doubtful etymology, but which un- Lucian, which bears his name (T’imon, c. 7), and
doubtedly describes metrical compositions, of a in a few other passages of the ancient writers
character at once ludicrous and sarcastic. The (Plut.