No More Learning

character of the poet. A delicate perception of + Victor Cousin, in the Journal des Suvans,
what is correct and appropriate, an acute faculty December, 1832, p. 747, maintains the authenticity
of observation, and a mind easily excitable and of this little biography.


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344
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOXENUS.
piler, according to others by Philoponus, edited | persons of the name of Aristoteles, respecting
by J. Nunnesius, together with an old Latin whom no particulars are known. Diogenes enu-
translation of the same, with some additions mcrates eight, including the great philosopher, and
(Vetus translatio); 4. The short Greek biography, Jonsius (de Script. Histor. Phil. i. 12) no less than
by an ancnymous writer, published by Menage thirty-two persons of this name.
(LS. )
(Anonymus Menagii in Diog. Laërt. v. 35, vol. ii. ARISTOTI MUS ('Aprotótipos), became tyrant
p. 201, ed. Meibom. ), with which the article in in Elis with the help of Antigonus Gonatas, and
Suidas coincides ; 5. Hesychius Milesius. These after reigning for six months in the most cruel
ancient biographies will be found all together in the manner, was killed by Hellanicus, Cylon, and
first vol. of Buhle's edition of Aristotle. Among others. (Paus. v. 5. § 1; Plut. de Mulier. Virt.
the more modern biographies, we need mention p. 251, &c. )
only the works of Guarinus of Verona (A. D. 1460, ARISTO'XENUS ('Aprotótevos), a philosopher
Vila Aristotelis, appended to his translation of of the Peripatetic school. The date of his birth is
Plutarch's biographies) ; Patritius (Discussiones not known; but from the account of Suidas, and
Peripateticae, Basil. 1581), a passionate opponent from incidental notices in other writers, we learn
of Aristotle and his philosophy ; Nunnesius (in that he was born at Tarentum, and was the son of
his commentary on Ammonius, Vila Aristotelis, a learned musician named Spintharus (otherwise
Lugd. 1621); Andreas Schott (Vitae comparatae Mnesias). (Aelian, H. A. ii. 11. ) He learnt music
Aristotelis et Demosthenis, Augustae Vindelic. 1603, from his father, and having been afterwards instruct-
4t0); Buhle, in the first part of his edition of ed by Lamprus of Erythme and Xenophilus the
Aristotle, and in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopädie, Pythagorean, finally became a disciple of Aristotle
v. p. 273, &c. ; Blakesley's Life of Aristotle'; and (Gell. iv. 1l; Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 18), whom he appears
the work entitled Aristotelia by the writer of this to have rivalled in the variety of his studies, though
article. *
(A. S. ] probably not in the success with which he prose-
ARISTOʻTELES ('Aplototéans). 1. Of Sicily, cuted them. According to Suidas, he produced
a rhetorician who wrote against the Panegyricus works to the number of 453 upon music, philosophy,
of Isocrates. (Diog. Laërt. v. 35. ) Some modern history, in short, every department of literature.
critics attribute to him, on very insufficient Ile gained so much credit as a scholar of Aristotle,
grounds, the texvwv ouvaywrh, which is printed that it was expected, at least by bimself, that he
among the works of Aristotle.
would be chosen to succeed him; and his disgust
2. Of Athens, an orator and statesman, under at the appointment of Theophrastus caused him
whose name some forensic orations were known in afterwards to slander the character of his great
the time of Diogenes Laërtius (v. 35), which were master. This story is, however, contradicted by
distinguished for their elegance.
Aristocles (ap. Euseb. Pruep. Evang. xv. 2), who as-
3. Of Cyrene, is mentioned by Diogenes serts that he never mentioned Aristotle but with the
Laërtius (v. 35) as the author of a work Tlepgreatest respect. We know nothing of his philo-
Ποιητικής.
sophical opinions, except that he held the soul to
4. Of Argos, a megaric or dialectic philosopher. be a harmony of the body (Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 10, 18;
(Plut. Arat. 3, 44; Diog. Laërt. ii. 113. ) He Lact. Instit. vii. 13, de Opif. Dei, c. 16), a doctrine
belonged to the party at Argos which was hostile which had been already discussed by Plato (in the
to Cleomenes of Sparta, and after Cleomenes had Phaedo) and combated by Aristotle. (De An. i. 4. )
taken possession of the town, Aristoteles con- It is only in his character as a musician that
trived to get it again into the hands of the Achaeans. Aristoxenus appears to have deserved and acquired
(Polyb. ii. 53; Plut. Cleom. 20. )
a reputation for real excellence; and no consider-
5. The author of a work Tepi Teovao uoll, able remains of his works have come down to us
which is completely lost. (Diog. Laërt. v. 35. ) except three books of apuovika Otoixeia, or rather,
6. The author of a work on the Iliad, which is as their contents seem to shew, fragments of two or
likewise lost. (Diog. Laërt. v. 35. )
three separate musical treatises. (See Burney, Hist.
7. There are apparently three Peripatetic philo of Music, vol. i. p. 442. ) They contain less actual
sophers of the name of Aristoteles. The first is information on the theory of Greek music than the
mentioned as a commentator of his great namesake later treatises ascribed to Euclid, Aristeides Quin-
(Syrian. Metaphys. xii. 55); the second, a son of tilianus, and others; but they are interesting from
Erasistratus, is mentioned by S. Empiricus (adv. tbeir antiquity, and valuable for their criticisms
Math. p. 51); and the third, a Mytilenaean, was on the music of the times to which they belong.
one of the most distinguished speculative philoso Aristoxenus, at least if we may trust his own ac-
phers in the time of Galen. (De Consuetud. p. 553, count, was the first to attempt a complete and sys-
ed. Paris. )
tematic exposition of the subject; and he aimed at
8. Of Chalcis in Euboea, who is mentioned as introducing not only a more scientific knowledge,
the author of a work on Euboea. (Iepi Eubolas, but also a more refined and intellectual taste than
Harpocrat. 5. v. "Apyoupa ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. that which prevailed among his contemporaries,
i. 558. ) Some critics have been inclined to think whom he accuses of cultivating only that kind of
that this Aristoteles is not a distinct person, and music which was capable of sucetness. (Aristox.
that the work on Euboca ascribed to him is only p. 23, ed. Meibom. ) He became the founder of
another name for the Evboéwv Toitela of the great a sect or school of musicians, called, after him,
philosopher Aristotle. But there is no reason for Aristoxeneans, who were opposed to the Pytha-
such a supposition.
goreans on the question whether reason or sense
Ancient writers make mention of many more should furnish the principles of musical science
and the criterion of the truth of its proposi-
The abore article was written in German br tions. Pythagoras had discovered the connexion
Prof. Stahr, expressly for this work, and has been between musical intervals and numerical ratios;
translated into English by Mr. C. P. Mason. and it had been found that the principal concords


## p. 345 (#365) ############################################

ARISTOXENUS.
345
ARIUS.
*+2)
same name.
were defined by simple ratios which were either | Moró. Acul. iii. 16, p. 233), who was a pupil of
superparticular (of the form or multiple
Alexander Philalethes (Galen. De Differ. Puls. iv.
10, vol. viii. p. 746), and must therefore have lived
(of the form 1). From this fact, Be or his followers about the beginning of the
Christian era. He was
a follower of Herophilus (ibid. c. 7. p. 734), and
inferred, that no interval could be consonant which studied at the celebrated Herophilean school of
was defined by a ratio of a different kind; and medicine, established in Phrygia, at the village of
hence they were obliged to maintain (contrary to Men-Carus, between Laodicea and Carura. Ho
the evidence of the senses), that such intervals as wrote a work Περί της Ηροφίλου Αιρέσεως, De
the octave and fourth (the eleventh), for example, Herophili Secta, of which the thirteenth book is
were dissonant. Aristoxenus justly blamed them quoted by Galen (ibid. c. 10. p. 746), and which
for their contempt of facts, but went into the oppo is not now extant. (Mahne, “ Diatribe de Aris-
site extreme of allowing too much authority to the toxeno,” Amstel. 1793, 8vo. ) (W. A. G. )
decisions of the ear, though without denying the ex- ARISTUS ("APOTOS), of Salamis in Cyprus, a
istence of a certain truth in the arithmetical theory Greek historian, who wrote a history of Alexander
(p. 33).
He maintains, for instance, not only that the Great, in which he mentioned the embassy of
every consonant interval added to the octave produces the Romans to Alexander at Babylon. (Arrian,
another consonance, which is true ; but also that Anað, vii. 15; Athen. X. p. 436 ; Clemens Alex.
the fourth is equal to two tones and a half (p. 56), Protrept. p. 16; Strab. xiv. p. 682. ) That he
the falsity of which proposition is not directly ap- lived a considerable time later than Alexander,
parent to the ear, but indirectly would become may be inferred from Strabo (xv. p. 730), although
evident by means of the very experiment which he it is impossible to determine the exact time at
suggests for the confirmation of it. (See Porphyr. which he lived. Some writers are inclined to be-
Comm. in Plol. Hurm. in Wallis, Op. vol. iii. p. lieve that Aristus, the historian, is the same per-
211, and Wallis's appendix, pp. 159, 169; Burney, son as Aristus the academic philosopher, who was
vol. i. chap. V. ; Theon Smyrn. p. 83, ed. Bulliald. a contemporary and friend of Cicero, who taught
and not. p. 202. ) The titles of a good many other philosophy at Athens, and by whom M. Brutus
works of Aristoxenus have been collected from was instructed. This philosopher moreover was a
various sources by Meursius and others. (See brother of the celebrated Antiochus of Ascalon.
Fabric. Bibl. Grucc. vol. ii. p. 257; Clinton, F. H. But the opinion wbich identifies the historian and
Fol. ii. appendix, c. 12. ) Among them are lives of philopher, is a mere hypothesis, supported by
Pythagoras, Archytas, Socrates, Plato, and other nothing but the circumstance that both bore the
distinguished persons; and several treatises on
(Cic. Brut. 97, de Finib. v. 5,
subjects connected with music, including one lepl Academ. j. 3, ii. 4, Tuscul. Quaest. v. 8, ad Alt. v.
Τραγικής Ορχήσεως, and one Περί Αυλών Tρή- 10; Ρlut. Brut. 2. )
(L. S. )
σεως. A fragment of “Ρυθμικά στοιχεία was edited ARISTYLLUS ('Apiotud dos), a Greek astro-
by Morelli, Ven. 1785. A collection of fragments nomer, who appears to have lived about B. C. 233.
of the other works is given in the essay by Mahne (Plut. de Pyth Orac. 18. ) He wrote a work on
referred to below.
the fixed stars (Topňous åndavwv), which was used
The three books of 'Apuovikà otoixeia were first by Hipparchus and Prolemy (Magn. Synt. vii. 2),
edited in Latin, with the Harmonics of Ptolemy, and he is undoubtedly one of the two persons of
by Ant. Gogavinus, Ven. 1562. The Greek text, this name who wrote commentaries on Aratus,
with Alypius and Nicomachus, by Meursius (Lugd. which are now lost.
[L. S. ]
Bat. 1616), who, like his predecessor, seems not ARIUS or AREIUS ("Apelos), the celebrated
to have had sufficient musical knowledge for the heretic, is said to have been a native of Libya,
task. The last and best edition is at present that and must bave been born shortly after the middle
of Meibomius, printed (with a Latin version) in of the third century after Christ. His father's
the Antiquae Musicae Auctores Septem, Amst. 1652. name appears to have been Ammonius. In the
(Mahne, Diatribe de Aristoxeno philosopho Peri- religious disputes which broke out at Alexandria
patetico, Amst. 1793. )
(W. F. D. ] in A. D. 306, Arius at first took the part of Mele-
ARISTO'XENUS ('Aplombtevos). 1. Of Setius, but afterwards became reconciled to Peter,
linus in Sicily, a Greek poet, who is said to have bishop of Alexandria, and the opponent of Mele
been the first who wrote in ana paestic metres. tius, who made Arius deacon. (Sozom. H. E. i.
Respecting the time at which he lived, it is ex- | 15. ) After this Arius again opposed Peter for
pressly stated that he was older than Epicbarmus, i his treatment of Meletius and his followers, and
from about B. c. 540 to 445. (Schol. ad Aristoph. was in consequence excommunicated by Peter.
Pluk 487 ; Hephaestion, Enchirid. p. 45, ed. Gaisf. ) After the death of the latter, Achillas, his succes-
p
Eusebius (Chron. p. 333, ed. Mai) places him in sor in the see of Alexandria, not only forgave
Ol. 29 (B. C. 664), but this statement requires Arius his offence and admitted him deacon again,
some explanation. If he was born in that year, but ordained him presbyter, a. D. 313, and gave
he can not have been a Selinuntian, as Selinus was him the charge of the church called Baucalis at
not founded till about B. C. 628. But Aristoxenus Alexandria. (Epiphan. Haeres. 68. 4. ) The
may perhaps have been among the first settlers at opinion that, after the death of Achillas, Arius
Selinus, and thus have come to be regarded as a himself wanted to become bishop of Alexandria,
Selinuntian.
and that for this reason he was hostile to Alexan-
2. A Cyrenaic philosopher, who appears not to der, who became the successor of Achillas, is a
have been distinguished for anything except his mere conjecture, based upon the fact, that Theodo-
gluttony, whence he derived the sumame of kwanv. ret (H. E. i. 2) accuses Arius of envy against
Athen. i. p. 7 ; Suid. s. v. 'Ap. otótevos. ) (L. S. ] Alexander. The official position of Arius at Alex-
ARISTÓXENUS ('Ap1076evos ), 'a Greek andria, by virtue of which he interpreted the
physicician, quoted by Cuelius Aurelianus (Dc Scriptures, had undoubtedly gained for him already


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346
ARIUS.
ARIUS.
:
a considerable number of followers, when in A. D. was signed by the clergy who had been excom-
318, the celebrated dispute with bishop Alexan-municated with him. Of his Thaleia we possess
der broke out. This dispute had a greater and only some abstracts made by his enemy Atha-
more lasting influence upon the development of nasius, which are written in a philosophical and
the Christian religion than any other controversy. earnest tone; but they contain statements, which
The accounts respecting the immediate occasion of could not but be offensive to a believer in the
the dispute differ (Epiphan. Haeres. 09. 3; So- divinity of Christ. These things, when compared
crat. H. E. i. 5 ; Sozom. H. E. i. 15; Philostnrg. with the spirit of Arius's letters, might' lead
i. 4), but all agree in stating that Alexander after to the belief that Athanasius in his epitome ex-
having heard some reports respecting Arius's nove? aggerated the statements of Arius; bui we must
views about the Trinity, attacked them in a public remember that Arius in his letters was always
assembly of presbyters. Hereupon Arius charged prudent and moderate, to avoid giving offence,
the bishop with being guilty of the errors of Sa- by not showing how far his theory might
bellius, and endeavoured to defend his own opi- be carried. On the whole, the controversy be-
nions. He maintained that the Son of God had tween Arius and Alexander presents no fea-
been created by God, previous to the existence of tures of noble generosity or impartiality ; each
the world and of time, by an act of God's own free is ambitious and obstinate. Arius was as zeal-
will and out of nothing; that therefore the Son ous in endeavouring to acquire new followers
had not existed from all eternity; and that conse- as Alexander was fierce and stubborn in his per-
quently in this respect the Son was not perfectly secution. At last, in A. D. 323, Eusebius and the
equal to the Father, although he was raised far other bishops who were in favour of Arianism, as-
above all men. This first dispute was followed by sembled in council in Bithynia, and issued a cir-
a circular letter from Alexander to his clergy, and cular to all the bishops, requesting them to con-
by a second conference, but all had no effect. As inue their ecclesiastical communion with Arius,
in the meantime the number of Arius's followers and to use their influence with Alexander on his
was rapidly increasing, and as both the clergy and behalf. But neither this step nor the permission
laity of Egypt, as well as several bishops of Syria granted by several bishops to Arius to resume his
and Asia Minor, were favourabls disposed towards functions, as presbyter, so far as it could be done
Arius, partly because his doctrines resembled those without encroachment upon the rights of Alexan-
of Lucian, who had died a martyr about ten years der, was calculated to restore peace; on the con-
before, and partly because they were captivated by trary, the disputes for and against Arianism spread
Arius's insinuating letters addressed to them, Alex- so much both among the laiiy and clergy of Egypt,
ander, in A. D. 321, convened at Alexandria a Syria, and Asia Minor, that in A. D. 324, the em-
synod of nearly one hundred Egyptian and Libyan peror Constantine thought it necessary to write a
bishops. The influence of Alexander, of course, letter to Arius and Alexander in common, in
prevailed at this synod : Arius was deposed, and which he declared the controverted point of little
he and his followers were excommunicated. In importance, exhorted the disputants to a speedy
order to insure the proper effect of this verdict, reconciliation, and left it to each to hold his own
Alexander addressed numerous letters to foreign opinions, provided he did not disturb the outward
bishops, in which he announced to them the judg- union of the church. (Euseb. De Vit. Const. M.
ment passed upon Arius, endeavoured to refute his ii.