469-70, 503) ;
Devabhūiti
(p.
Cambridge History of India - v1
D.
(p.
610) ; Kuțakanpa Tissa 16-38 A.
D.
(p.
554).
415-397 Ctesias, the Greek physician, at the court of Artaxerxes
Mnēmon, king of Persia (p. 356).
336-323 Alexander the Great, king of Macedon.
Conquest of Persia 330 B. C. : a statement of Arrian shows that
Persian dominion in India continued until the end of the
Achaemenian dynasty (p. 305).
Invasion of India at the end of 327 or the beginning of 326
B. C. (p. 318).
Retreat from the Beas, July 326 B. c. (p. 334).
Leaves India 325 B. C. (p. 341).
Death 323 B. C. (p. 346).
321-184 The Maurya Dynasty (pp. 424, 462).
Chandragupta 321-297 B. c. (pp. 424-5).
The Jain Authorities give the year of his accession as 313 (312)
B. C. , a date at which the canon of the Jain scriptures was
fixed (p. 435).
Megasthenes at the court of Chandragupta c. 300 B. C.
c
(pp. 389, 425).
Bindusāra or Amitrochates, successor of Chandragupta : his
reign variously stated as of 25, 27, or 28 years (pp. 389, 446).
Açoka 274-237 B. C. Accession 274 B. C. at latest ; coronation
270 B. C. at latest; conquest of Kalinga 262 B. C. at latest ;
Buddhist council at Pāțaliputra 253 B. C. ? ; death 237 or
236 B. C. ? (p. 453).
Contemporary Hellenic kings – Antiochus II Theos of Syria
261-246 B. C. ; Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt 285-247 B. C. ;
Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon 278-239 B. C. ; Mayas of
Cyrene d. 258 B. C. : Alexander of Epirus 272-258 B. C. ?
(p. 452).
## p. 642 (#680) ############################################
642
CHRONOLOGY
B. C.
312-280
250
246
220
-
206
Contemporary king of Ceylon-Devānampiya Tissa 247-207
B. c. (p. 551).
Successors of Açoka (pp. 460-62).
Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria (p. 386).
Indian expedition c. 305 B. C. (p. 387).
Treaty of peace with Chandragupta (pp. 388, 425).
Approximate date of the establishment of the kingdom of
Bactria by Diodotus (p. 39! ) and of the kingdom of Parthia
by Arsaces (p. 395).
Conversion of Ceylon by the Buddhist apostle Mahendra
(Mahinda), the son (or brother, p. 451, n. 4) of Açoka, in
the year of the coronation of king Devānampiya Tissa
(p. 551).
Approximate date of the establishment of the Andhra power
(Çātavāhana dynasty, pp. 283-4, 477, n. 2, 543) and of the
kingdom of Kalinga (Cheta dynasty, pp. 481-82).
Early Andhra kings-Simuka (pp. 284, 477, 543) ; Krishņa
(pp. 477, 482, 543) ; Çātakarni, contemporary with Pushya-
mitra, probably conquered
conquered Avanti from
from the Çungas
(pp. 477-9), also contemporary with Khāravela, v. inf.
King of Kalinga-Kbāravela (acc. c. 169 B. c. if the Hāthi-
gumphā inser, is dated in the Maurya era) (pp. 280-81, 481,
f. , 545) ; invaded the dominions of Çātakarni (pp. 482-83,
544) ; defeated kings of Rājagriha and Magadha (pp.
483. 84, 544).
Indian expedition of Antiochus III the Great, king of Syria,
during the reign of Euthydemus, king of Bactria (pp. 396-97).
Yavana princes of the house of Euthydemus.
Their Indian conquests began in the reign of Euthydemus early
in the 2nd century B. C. , and were carried out by Demetrius,
son of Euthydemus, and other princes of his family (Ap-
pollodotus I and Menander) (pp. 399 ff. , 488, 490).
Their conquests in the upper Kábul valley and in N. W. India
were wrested from them by Yavana princes of the house of
Eucratides from c. 162 B. C. onwards (p. 500). Restruck
coins show the transference of certain kingdoms in these
regions from one house to the other (pp. 493, 497-98).
Subsequently the rule of the successors of Euthydemus – the
families of Appollodotus i and Menander-was confined to
kingdoms which lay to the east of the Jhelum (p. 494).
These appear to have been conquered finally and incorporated
into the Çaka empire during the reign of Azes 1 (acc. 58
B. C. ) (pp. 500, 516).
To the house of Euthydemus belonged Demetrius (sup-
posed limits of reign c. 190-160 B. C. , pp. 399, 402, Appollo-
dutus I, and Menander-all contemporary with Eucratides
(pp. 494, 497).
Appollodotus I was deprived of the kingdom of Kāpica by
Eucratides, and was succeeded in the lower Kābul valley by
Heliocles (pp. 493-94). The later princes of his family-
Apollodotus II, Dionysius, Zoilus, and Apollophanes -
ruled over kingdoms in the eastern Punjab (pp. 498-99).
Menander ruled over kingdoms (p. 497). He was probably
the leader of the Yavana incursion into the Midland Country
200-58
## p. 643 (#681) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
643
B. C.
184-72
(pp. 491-497). Menander and Eucratides may perhaps
have ruled at different times over Nicaea in the former
realm of Alexander': Paurava king between the Jhelum
and the Chenāb (pp. 497, 531). In Buddhist literature
Menander (Milinda) is known as king of Çākala (Siālkot)
in the former realm of Alexander's second' Paurava king
between the Chenāb and the Rāvi (pp. 495-96). The family
of Menander seems to be represented by Agathocleia who
may have been his queen, his son Strato ), and bis great-
grandson Strato II. Numismatic evidence apparently shows
that this family was dispossessed finally of the kingdom of
Nicaea by Heliocles in the reign of Strato I. Its rule in the
eastern Punjab continued until the Çaka conquest in the
reign of Azes I (pp. 499-500).
Hippostratus probably belonged to the house of Euthydemus,
but his family is uncertain. He was contemporary with
Azes 1 (pp. 500, 516).
The Çunga Dynasty.
The dates depend on the statements of the Purāṇas (p. 467).
Pushyamitra (184-148 6. c. ), originally king of Vidica and com-
mander-in-chief of the last Maurya emperor, seized the
Maurya dominions and reigned at Pāțaliputra (pp. 466-67).
Deprived of the kingdom of Çākala by the Yavanas (probably
by Menander) (p. 467).
War between Vidiçā, now governed by his son Agnimitra as vice-
roy, and Vidarbha (assumed date c. 170 B. C. ) (pp. 468, 544).
Defeat of the Yavanas on the banks of the Sindhu by his
grandson Vasumitra (p. 469).
Invasion of his capital, Pāțaliputra, by the Yavanas (probably
under Menander) (pp. 491, 497).
Deprived of the kingdom of Avanti (Ujjayini) by the Andhra
king Çatakarni (pp. 478-79).
Later 'Cunga kings :- Agnimitra (p. 469); Vasumitra or
Sumitra (p. 469) ; Odraka, probably contemporary with
Bahasatimitra, king of Kauçāmbi (pp. 469, 473) ; Bhāga or
Bhāgavata, contemporary with Antialcidas, the Yavana king
of Takshaçilā, c. 90 B. C. according to the Purāņas (pp.
469-70, 503) ; Devabhūiti (p. 470).
Feudatories of the Çungas at Bhārhut, Mathurā, Kauçāmbi,
and Ahicchatra (pp. 471-74).
Mithradates I, king of Parthia.
The Yueh-chi defeated by the Huns began their migration west-
wards (p. 510)
Yavana princes of the house of Eucratides.
Eucratides deposed Euthydemus from the throne of Bactria
c. 175 B. C. (p. 401).
Conquered the Kābul valley, Ariāna (Arachosia and Aria), and
N. W. India before 162 B. C. (pp. 402, 500).
Evidence of his rule in Kāpiça as successor of Apollodotus
1 (p. 501) in Takshaçilā (p. 501), and possibly in Nicaea
(ibid).
Deprived of his conquests in Ariāna by Mithradates I between
162 and 155 B. C. , the assumed date of his death (pp.
411, 500)
171-138
165
162-25
## p. 644 (#682) ############################################
644
CHRONOLOGY
-
B. C.
Heliocles, probably the son of Eucratides and his successor in
both Bactria and India, ended his rule in Bactria c. 135 B. O.
(pp. 413-14, 502).
Evidence of his rule in the upper Kābul valley and in Push-
kalāvati (p. 502),
Extended the conquests of Eucratides probably to the east of
the Jhelum in the reign of Strato 1 (p. 499).
Antialcidas, a member of the house of Eucratides and one
of his successors in the Kābul valley (p. 503).
He
may
have been the son and immediate successor of
Heliocles (pp. 414, 504) ; on this assumption his accession
may be conjecturally dated 120 B. c. (p. 470).
Evidence of his rule in Takshaçilā (p. 503); in this kingdom
he was at one time associated with Lysias, whose family is
uncertain (p. 505).
As king of Takshaçilā he was contemporary with the Çurga
king of Vidiçā, Bhāga or Bhāgavata Bhāgabhadra, whose
14th year may be estimated from the Purāņas as c. 90 B. C.
(pp. 469-70, 504).
Later princes of this house :-(1) In Pushkalavati after the
reign of Heliocles-Diomedes, Epander, Philoxenus, Arte-
midorus, and Peucolaus (p. 502); (2) in Takshaçilā after
the reign of Antialcidas - Archebius (p. 505); and (3) in the
upper Kābul valley after the reign of Antialcidas-Amyntas
and Hermaeus (at one time associated with Calliope) (p.
505). The date c. 25 B. C. for the end of the reign of
Hermaeus is conjectural : it seems consonant with the view
that the upper Kābul valley was conquered in or before the
reign of the Pahlava suzerain Spalirises, the brother of
Vonones (pp. 506-7, 517-18).
138-128 Phraates II, king of Parthia.
His conflicts with the Scythians (Çakas) in eastern Irān
(p. 511).
135 Bactria overwhelmed by the Çaka invasion in the reign of the
last Yavana king Heliocles (p. 414).
128_123 Artabanus I, king of Parthia.
The struggle with the Çakas was continued in his reign
(p. 512).
126 The Chinese ambassador Chang-kien visited the Yueh. chi who
were still to the north of the Oxus. The Yueh-chi expelled
the Çakas from Bactria soon afterwards (pp. 412, 511).
123-88 Mithradates II the Great, king of Parthia.
His final triumph over the Çakas (p. 512).
75 B. C. -50 A. D. Period of Çaka and Pahlava supremacy in the Punjab.
Earliest Çaka settlements in the region of the Indus delta
(Indo-Scythia or Çaka-dvipa) (p. 509).
Maues wrested from the Yavanas Pushkalāvati after the reign
of Artemidorus, and Takshaçilā after the reign of Archebius.
The date, c. 75 B. C. , ascribed to these conquests is con-
jectural : it depends on the view that the assumption by
Maues of the title 'King of Kings' must necessarily be later
than the reign of Mithradates II (123-89 B. c. ) (pp. 504-5,
513-514).
Azes I acc. 58 B. C. , --so dated on the hypothesis that he was
.
## p. 645 (#683) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
645
R. C.
successor
the actual founder of the Vikrama era (p. 515).
He extended the conquests of Maues to the more easterly
kingdoms of the Punjab (pp. 499-500).
Azilises appears to have reigned (1) in association with Azes I,
(2) alone, and (3) in association with Azes II (p. 516).
Azes II : his association with the strategos Aspavarman proves
that he was the immediate predecessor of Gondopharnes
(pp. 516, 520).
Gondopharnes, the
of Azes - II as viceroy of
Archosia under the suzerainty of Orthagnes ; at one time
associated in this office with his brother Guda ; he appears
to have succeeded Orthagnes as suzerain in eastern Irān,
and Azes II as suzerain in India (pp. 520-21).
He is known to have reigned from 19 to at least 45 A. D. (p.
519).
In different kingdoms he was associated with (1) his nephew
Abdagases who was probably his viceroy in eastern Irān
(pp. 521-23) ; (2) Sapedana and Satavastra who were probab.
ly governors of Takshaçilā (ibid); and (3) the strategoi
Aspavarman and Sasas (pp. 520, 523-24).
Pacores, the successor of Gondopharnes as suzerain in eastern
Irān and, nominally at least, in India. In Takshaçilā he
was associated with strategos Sasas (pp. 520, 523-24).
His rule is supposed to have come to an end in the upper
Kābul valley o. 50 A. D. and in N. W. India soon afterwards
(both dates must lie between 45 and 64 A. D. ) (pp. 526-27).
Satraps :-(1) at Pushkalāvati— Zeionises (p. 525, n. 1) ; (2) in
the region of Takshaçilā— Liaka Kusülaka (contemporary
with Maues) and his son Pātika who appears as great satrap
0. 30 B. c. (the supposed date of the Lion Capital of Mathurā)
(p. 518) ; (3) at Mathurā -Hagāmasha and Hagāna (p. 474),
Rañjubula (supposed dates-satrap c. 50 B. C. , great satrap
c. 30 B. C. ), Çodāsa (supposed date as satrap c. 30 B. c. ) great
satrap in 16'B. C. (pp. 518-19).
Strategoi :-(1) Aspavarman, son of Indravarman (Azes II
and Gondopharnes ; (2) Sasas nephew of Aspavarman
(Gondopharnes and Pacores) (pp. 520, 523-24).
Initial year of the Vikrama era.
Traditionally ascribed to a king Vikramāditya of Ujjain who is
said to have expelled the Çakas from India. The tradition
may have some historical foundation ; but in any case it
seems probable that the supposed founder of the era has
been confused with Chandragupta II Vikramāditya (380–
414 A. D. ) who finally crushed the Çaka power in Western
India (the Western Satraps) (pp. 479-80). It seems more
likely that the era marks the establishment of the Çaka
suzerainty by Azes I (p. 516), and that its use was trans-
mitted to posterity by the Mālavas and other peoples who
had once been feudatories of the Çakas (p. 443).
Orodes I, king of Parthia.
The squared letters which characterise the coin-legends of the
later Çaka and Pahlava rulers in India first appear on Par-
thian coins during his reign (p. 516).
58
57-38
## p. 646 (#684) ############################################
646
CHRONOLOGY
B. C.
30
Conjectural date of Vonones, Pablava suzerain of eastern Iran
(p. 517).
With him were associated, as viceroys of Arachosia, (1) his
brother Spalahores, (2) his nephew Spalagadames ; these two
(father and son) also held this office conjointly, and (3) his
brother Spalirises, who at one time held this office conjoint-
ly with his son Azes II (pp. 517-18).
Other suzerains of eastern Irān (in addition to those who ruled
also in India, for whom v. sup. ) were :
Spalirises, the successor of Vonones. The former kingdom of
Hermaeus in the upper Kābul valley appears to have been
annexed by the Pahlavas in or before his reign (p. 518);
Orthagnes, contemporary with Gondopharnes (p. 522); and
Sanabares, in Drangiāna (Seistān) ; there is no evidence of
his rule in Arachosia (Kandahār) (p. 524).
A. D.
8-11
50
64
Vonones I, king of Parthia (p. 517).
Approximate date of the extension of the Kushāņa power from
Bactria to the Paropanisadae (upper Kābul valley) and
Arachosia (Kandahār) in the reign of Gondopbarnes or
Pacores. The Kushāņa conqueror was Kujūla Kadphises
(pp. 526-27).
The extension of the Kushāņa power from the upper Kābul
valley to N. W. India (Pushkalāvati or W. Gandhāra) had
taken place when the Panjtār inscription was set up (year
122=63-4 A. D. ). The Kushāņa king mentioned in the
inscription may be either W'ima Kadphises or one of his
viceroys—possibly Kara Kadphises whose coins are found
in the same region (pp. 523, n. 1, 527).
Inscription of a Kushāna king (identified with W'ima
Kadphises) reigning at Takshaçilā in the year 136=77-8
A. D. (pp. 524-25).
Initial
year
of the Çaka era.
The Çaka era appears to have been so called at a later date
when it was best known as the era of the Çakas of Western
India (the Western Satraps) who were originally feudatories
of the Kushāṇas. It most probably marks the establish-
ment of the Kushāņa empire by Kanishka (pp. 527, 528).
The Suë Vihāra inscription of the 11th year of Kanishka
proves that the suzerainty of the Kushāṇas extended to the
country of the lower Indus at this date (p. 528).
78
89
## p.
415-397 Ctesias, the Greek physician, at the court of Artaxerxes
Mnēmon, king of Persia (p. 356).
336-323 Alexander the Great, king of Macedon.
Conquest of Persia 330 B. C. : a statement of Arrian shows that
Persian dominion in India continued until the end of the
Achaemenian dynasty (p. 305).
Invasion of India at the end of 327 or the beginning of 326
B. C. (p. 318).
Retreat from the Beas, July 326 B. c. (p. 334).
Leaves India 325 B. C. (p. 341).
Death 323 B. C. (p. 346).
321-184 The Maurya Dynasty (pp. 424, 462).
Chandragupta 321-297 B. c. (pp. 424-5).
The Jain Authorities give the year of his accession as 313 (312)
B. C. , a date at which the canon of the Jain scriptures was
fixed (p. 435).
Megasthenes at the court of Chandragupta c. 300 B. C.
c
(pp. 389, 425).
Bindusāra or Amitrochates, successor of Chandragupta : his
reign variously stated as of 25, 27, or 28 years (pp. 389, 446).
Açoka 274-237 B. C. Accession 274 B. C. at latest ; coronation
270 B. C. at latest; conquest of Kalinga 262 B. C. at latest ;
Buddhist council at Pāțaliputra 253 B. C. ? ; death 237 or
236 B. C. ? (p. 453).
Contemporary Hellenic kings – Antiochus II Theos of Syria
261-246 B. C. ; Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt 285-247 B. C. ;
Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon 278-239 B. C. ; Mayas of
Cyrene d. 258 B. C. : Alexander of Epirus 272-258 B. C. ?
(p. 452).
## p. 642 (#680) ############################################
642
CHRONOLOGY
B. C.
312-280
250
246
220
-
206
Contemporary king of Ceylon-Devānampiya Tissa 247-207
B. c. (p. 551).
Successors of Açoka (pp. 460-62).
Seleucus Nicator, king of Syria (p. 386).
Indian expedition c. 305 B. C. (p. 387).
Treaty of peace with Chandragupta (pp. 388, 425).
Approximate date of the establishment of the kingdom of
Bactria by Diodotus (p. 39! ) and of the kingdom of Parthia
by Arsaces (p. 395).
Conversion of Ceylon by the Buddhist apostle Mahendra
(Mahinda), the son (or brother, p. 451, n. 4) of Açoka, in
the year of the coronation of king Devānampiya Tissa
(p. 551).
Approximate date of the establishment of the Andhra power
(Çātavāhana dynasty, pp. 283-4, 477, n. 2, 543) and of the
kingdom of Kalinga (Cheta dynasty, pp. 481-82).
Early Andhra kings-Simuka (pp. 284, 477, 543) ; Krishņa
(pp. 477, 482, 543) ; Çātakarni, contemporary with Pushya-
mitra, probably conquered
conquered Avanti from
from the Çungas
(pp. 477-9), also contemporary with Khāravela, v. inf.
King of Kalinga-Kbāravela (acc. c. 169 B. c. if the Hāthi-
gumphā inser, is dated in the Maurya era) (pp. 280-81, 481,
f. , 545) ; invaded the dominions of Çātakarni (pp. 482-83,
544) ; defeated kings of Rājagriha and Magadha (pp.
483. 84, 544).
Indian expedition of Antiochus III the Great, king of Syria,
during the reign of Euthydemus, king of Bactria (pp. 396-97).
Yavana princes of the house of Euthydemus.
Their Indian conquests began in the reign of Euthydemus early
in the 2nd century B. C. , and were carried out by Demetrius,
son of Euthydemus, and other princes of his family (Ap-
pollodotus I and Menander) (pp. 399 ff. , 488, 490).
Their conquests in the upper Kábul valley and in N. W. India
were wrested from them by Yavana princes of the house of
Eucratides from c. 162 B. C. onwards (p. 500). Restruck
coins show the transference of certain kingdoms in these
regions from one house to the other (pp. 493, 497-98).
Subsequently the rule of the successors of Euthydemus – the
families of Appollodotus i and Menander-was confined to
kingdoms which lay to the east of the Jhelum (p. 494).
These appear to have been conquered finally and incorporated
into the Çaka empire during the reign of Azes 1 (acc. 58
B. C. ) (pp. 500, 516).
To the house of Euthydemus belonged Demetrius (sup-
posed limits of reign c. 190-160 B. C. , pp. 399, 402, Appollo-
dutus I, and Menander-all contemporary with Eucratides
(pp. 494, 497).
Appollodotus I was deprived of the kingdom of Kāpica by
Eucratides, and was succeeded in the lower Kābul valley by
Heliocles (pp. 493-94). The later princes of his family-
Apollodotus II, Dionysius, Zoilus, and Apollophanes -
ruled over kingdoms in the eastern Punjab (pp. 498-99).
Menander ruled over kingdoms (p. 497). He was probably
the leader of the Yavana incursion into the Midland Country
200-58
## p. 643 (#681) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
643
B. C.
184-72
(pp. 491-497). Menander and Eucratides may perhaps
have ruled at different times over Nicaea in the former
realm of Alexander': Paurava king between the Jhelum
and the Chenāb (pp. 497, 531). In Buddhist literature
Menander (Milinda) is known as king of Çākala (Siālkot)
in the former realm of Alexander's second' Paurava king
between the Chenāb and the Rāvi (pp. 495-96). The family
of Menander seems to be represented by Agathocleia who
may have been his queen, his son Strato ), and bis great-
grandson Strato II. Numismatic evidence apparently shows
that this family was dispossessed finally of the kingdom of
Nicaea by Heliocles in the reign of Strato I. Its rule in the
eastern Punjab continued until the Çaka conquest in the
reign of Azes I (pp. 499-500).
Hippostratus probably belonged to the house of Euthydemus,
but his family is uncertain. He was contemporary with
Azes 1 (pp. 500, 516).
The Çunga Dynasty.
The dates depend on the statements of the Purāṇas (p. 467).
Pushyamitra (184-148 6. c. ), originally king of Vidica and com-
mander-in-chief of the last Maurya emperor, seized the
Maurya dominions and reigned at Pāțaliputra (pp. 466-67).
Deprived of the kingdom of Çākala by the Yavanas (probably
by Menander) (p. 467).
War between Vidiçā, now governed by his son Agnimitra as vice-
roy, and Vidarbha (assumed date c. 170 B. C. ) (pp. 468, 544).
Defeat of the Yavanas on the banks of the Sindhu by his
grandson Vasumitra (p. 469).
Invasion of his capital, Pāțaliputra, by the Yavanas (probably
under Menander) (pp. 491, 497).
Deprived of the kingdom of Avanti (Ujjayini) by the Andhra
king Çatakarni (pp. 478-79).
Later 'Cunga kings :- Agnimitra (p. 469); Vasumitra or
Sumitra (p. 469) ; Odraka, probably contemporary with
Bahasatimitra, king of Kauçāmbi (pp. 469, 473) ; Bhāga or
Bhāgavata, contemporary with Antialcidas, the Yavana king
of Takshaçilā, c. 90 B. C. according to the Purāņas (pp.
469-70, 503) ; Devabhūiti (p. 470).
Feudatories of the Çungas at Bhārhut, Mathurā, Kauçāmbi,
and Ahicchatra (pp. 471-74).
Mithradates I, king of Parthia.
The Yueh-chi defeated by the Huns began their migration west-
wards (p. 510)
Yavana princes of the house of Eucratides.
Eucratides deposed Euthydemus from the throne of Bactria
c. 175 B. C. (p. 401).
Conquered the Kābul valley, Ariāna (Arachosia and Aria), and
N. W. India before 162 B. C. (pp. 402, 500).
Evidence of his rule in Kāpiça as successor of Apollodotus
1 (p. 501) in Takshaçilā (p. 501), and possibly in Nicaea
(ibid).
Deprived of his conquests in Ariāna by Mithradates I between
162 and 155 B. C. , the assumed date of his death (pp.
411, 500)
171-138
165
162-25
## p. 644 (#682) ############################################
644
CHRONOLOGY
-
B. C.
Heliocles, probably the son of Eucratides and his successor in
both Bactria and India, ended his rule in Bactria c. 135 B. O.
(pp. 413-14, 502).
Evidence of his rule in the upper Kābul valley and in Push-
kalāvati (p. 502),
Extended the conquests of Eucratides probably to the east of
the Jhelum in the reign of Strato 1 (p. 499).
Antialcidas, a member of the house of Eucratides and one
of his successors in the Kābul valley (p. 503).
He
may
have been the son and immediate successor of
Heliocles (pp. 414, 504) ; on this assumption his accession
may be conjecturally dated 120 B. c. (p. 470).
Evidence of his rule in Takshaçilā (p. 503); in this kingdom
he was at one time associated with Lysias, whose family is
uncertain (p. 505).
As king of Takshaçilā he was contemporary with the Çurga
king of Vidiçā, Bhāga or Bhāgavata Bhāgabhadra, whose
14th year may be estimated from the Purāņas as c. 90 B. C.
(pp. 469-70, 504).
Later princes of this house :-(1) In Pushkalavati after the
reign of Heliocles-Diomedes, Epander, Philoxenus, Arte-
midorus, and Peucolaus (p. 502); (2) in Takshaçilā after
the reign of Antialcidas - Archebius (p. 505); and (3) in the
upper Kābul valley after the reign of Antialcidas-Amyntas
and Hermaeus (at one time associated with Calliope) (p.
505). The date c. 25 B. C. for the end of the reign of
Hermaeus is conjectural : it seems consonant with the view
that the upper Kābul valley was conquered in or before the
reign of the Pahlava suzerain Spalirises, the brother of
Vonones (pp. 506-7, 517-18).
138-128 Phraates II, king of Parthia.
His conflicts with the Scythians (Çakas) in eastern Irān
(p. 511).
135 Bactria overwhelmed by the Çaka invasion in the reign of the
last Yavana king Heliocles (p. 414).
128_123 Artabanus I, king of Parthia.
The struggle with the Çakas was continued in his reign
(p. 512).
126 The Chinese ambassador Chang-kien visited the Yueh. chi who
were still to the north of the Oxus. The Yueh-chi expelled
the Çakas from Bactria soon afterwards (pp. 412, 511).
123-88 Mithradates II the Great, king of Parthia.
His final triumph over the Çakas (p. 512).
75 B. C. -50 A. D. Period of Çaka and Pahlava supremacy in the Punjab.
Earliest Çaka settlements in the region of the Indus delta
(Indo-Scythia or Çaka-dvipa) (p. 509).
Maues wrested from the Yavanas Pushkalāvati after the reign
of Artemidorus, and Takshaçilā after the reign of Archebius.
The date, c. 75 B. C. , ascribed to these conquests is con-
jectural : it depends on the view that the assumption by
Maues of the title 'King of Kings' must necessarily be later
than the reign of Mithradates II (123-89 B. c. ) (pp. 504-5,
513-514).
Azes I acc. 58 B. C. , --so dated on the hypothesis that he was
.
## p. 645 (#683) ############################################
CHRONOLOGY
645
R. C.
successor
the actual founder of the Vikrama era (p. 515).
He extended the conquests of Maues to the more easterly
kingdoms of the Punjab (pp. 499-500).
Azilises appears to have reigned (1) in association with Azes I,
(2) alone, and (3) in association with Azes II (p. 516).
Azes II : his association with the strategos Aspavarman proves
that he was the immediate predecessor of Gondopharnes
(pp. 516, 520).
Gondopharnes, the
of Azes - II as viceroy of
Archosia under the suzerainty of Orthagnes ; at one time
associated in this office with his brother Guda ; he appears
to have succeeded Orthagnes as suzerain in eastern Irān,
and Azes II as suzerain in India (pp. 520-21).
He is known to have reigned from 19 to at least 45 A. D. (p.
519).
In different kingdoms he was associated with (1) his nephew
Abdagases who was probably his viceroy in eastern Irān
(pp. 521-23) ; (2) Sapedana and Satavastra who were probab.
ly governors of Takshaçilā (ibid); and (3) the strategoi
Aspavarman and Sasas (pp. 520, 523-24).
Pacores, the successor of Gondopharnes as suzerain in eastern
Irān and, nominally at least, in India. In Takshaçilā he
was associated with strategos Sasas (pp. 520, 523-24).
His rule is supposed to have come to an end in the upper
Kābul valley o. 50 A. D. and in N. W. India soon afterwards
(both dates must lie between 45 and 64 A. D. ) (pp. 526-27).
Satraps :-(1) at Pushkalāvati— Zeionises (p. 525, n. 1) ; (2) in
the region of Takshaçilā— Liaka Kusülaka (contemporary
with Maues) and his son Pātika who appears as great satrap
0. 30 B. c. (the supposed date of the Lion Capital of Mathurā)
(p. 518) ; (3) at Mathurā -Hagāmasha and Hagāna (p. 474),
Rañjubula (supposed dates-satrap c. 50 B. C. , great satrap
c. 30 B. C. ), Çodāsa (supposed date as satrap c. 30 B. c. ) great
satrap in 16'B. C. (pp. 518-19).
Strategoi :-(1) Aspavarman, son of Indravarman (Azes II
and Gondopharnes ; (2) Sasas nephew of Aspavarman
(Gondopharnes and Pacores) (pp. 520, 523-24).
Initial year of the Vikrama era.
Traditionally ascribed to a king Vikramāditya of Ujjain who is
said to have expelled the Çakas from India. The tradition
may have some historical foundation ; but in any case it
seems probable that the supposed founder of the era has
been confused with Chandragupta II Vikramāditya (380–
414 A. D. ) who finally crushed the Çaka power in Western
India (the Western Satraps) (pp. 479-80). It seems more
likely that the era marks the establishment of the Çaka
suzerainty by Azes I (p. 516), and that its use was trans-
mitted to posterity by the Mālavas and other peoples who
had once been feudatories of the Çakas (p. 443).
Orodes I, king of Parthia.
The squared letters which characterise the coin-legends of the
later Çaka and Pahlava rulers in India first appear on Par-
thian coins during his reign (p. 516).
58
57-38
## p. 646 (#684) ############################################
646
CHRONOLOGY
B. C.
30
Conjectural date of Vonones, Pablava suzerain of eastern Iran
(p. 517).
With him were associated, as viceroys of Arachosia, (1) his
brother Spalahores, (2) his nephew Spalagadames ; these two
(father and son) also held this office conjointly, and (3) his
brother Spalirises, who at one time held this office conjoint-
ly with his son Azes II (pp. 517-18).
Other suzerains of eastern Irān (in addition to those who ruled
also in India, for whom v. sup. ) were :
Spalirises, the successor of Vonones. The former kingdom of
Hermaeus in the upper Kābul valley appears to have been
annexed by the Pahlavas in or before his reign (p. 518);
Orthagnes, contemporary with Gondopharnes (p. 522); and
Sanabares, in Drangiāna (Seistān) ; there is no evidence of
his rule in Arachosia (Kandahār) (p. 524).
A. D.
8-11
50
64
Vonones I, king of Parthia (p. 517).
Approximate date of the extension of the Kushāņa power from
Bactria to the Paropanisadae (upper Kābul valley) and
Arachosia (Kandahār) in the reign of Gondopbarnes or
Pacores. The Kushāņa conqueror was Kujūla Kadphises
(pp. 526-27).
The extension of the Kushāņa power from the upper Kābul
valley to N. W. India (Pushkalāvati or W. Gandhāra) had
taken place when the Panjtār inscription was set up (year
122=63-4 A. D. ). The Kushāņa king mentioned in the
inscription may be either W'ima Kadphises or one of his
viceroys—possibly Kara Kadphises whose coins are found
in the same region (pp. 523, n. 1, 527).
Inscription of a Kushāna king (identified with W'ima
Kadphises) reigning at Takshaçilā in the year 136=77-8
A. D. (pp. 524-25).
Initial
year
of the Çaka era.
The Çaka era appears to have been so called at a later date
when it was best known as the era of the Çakas of Western
India (the Western Satraps) who were originally feudatories
of the Kushāṇas. It most probably marks the establish-
ment of the Kushāņa empire by Kanishka (pp. 527, 528).
The Suë Vihāra inscription of the 11th year of Kanishka
proves that the suzerainty of the Kushāṇas extended to the
country of the lower Indus at this date (p. 528).
78
89
## p.
