He wrote:
(China and the Malay Peninsula' (1850);( Trav-
els and Stories) (1852); «The Insurrection in
China) (1853); (From France to China' (1855).
(China and the Malay Peninsula' (1850);( Trav-
els and Stories) (1852); «The Insurrection in
China) (1853); (From France to China' (1855).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
He wrote an (Ode
for St. Cecilia's Day) (1693); “ The Temple of
Fame, on the death of the Duke of Glouces-
ter (1700); Æsop at Court,' a collection of
fables (1702). His Hymn to Light) is the
most notable of his poetical compositions. He
is best remembered as Swift's friend.
Yale, Mrs. Catharine (Brooks). An Ameri-
can writer, living at Deerfield, Mass. She was
born in Vermont in 1818, and is the wife of
Linus Yale, inventor of the Yale lock. She
has written : (Story of the Old Willard House
of Deerfield, Mass. ; Nim and Cum, and the
Wonderhead Stories.
## p. 589 (#605) ############################################
YANGUAS-YONGE
589
Yanguas y Miranda José (yän'gwäs ē mē.
rän'dä). A Spanish archæologist ; died about
1860. His principal works are: (Short History
of the Kingdom of Navarre) (1833); “History
of the Conquest of the Kingdom of Navarre,
by the Duke of Alva) (1843); “Dictionary of
the Antiquities of the Kingdom of Navarre ) (4
vols. , 1840-43).
Yanoski, Jean (yä-nos-kē'). A French writer
on history ; born at Lons-le-Saulnier, 1813; died
1851. He wrote: (Christian Africa, and the
Domination of the Vandals in Africa) (1844);
(Abolition of Ancient Slavery); National Mil-
itary Forces from the Thirteenth Century to
the Reign of Charles VII.
Yardley, Edward, Jr. An English story and
verse writer. He has published: Fantastic
Stories) (1864); Melusine, and Other Poems)
(1867); (Supplementary Stories and Poems)
(1870); (The Supernatural in Romantic Fic-
tion (1880); besides an English translation of
four books of Horace's Odes (1669).
Yardley, Mrs. Jane. An American novel-
ist, who has written in the No Name) series :
"Little Sister) (1882); la Superior Woman!
(1885).
Yarrell, William. An English naturalist;
born at Westminster, 1784; died at Yarmouth,
September 1856. He is author of 'The History
of British Fishes) (2 vols. , 1836), and (The His-
tory of British Birds) (2 vols. , 1843); both
written in an elegant and popular style, and
illustrated artistically, yet without impairing the
scientific accuracy of the exposition.
Yates, Edmund Hodgson. An English jour-
nalist and novelist; born at London, 1831 ; died
there, May 20, 1894. He was a leading con-
tributor to All the Year Round for several years,
and from 1874 till his death conducted the Lon-
don society journal, The World. He wrote:
(My Haunts and their Frequenters) (1854);
Black Sheep) (1807); Wrecked in Port)
(1869); Dr. Wainwright's Patient' (1871);
"The Yellow Flag) (1873); (Personal Remi-
niscences and Experiences) (2 vols. , 1884).
Yazikov (yä-zê-kof'). A Russian lyric poet;
born at Simbirsk, 1805; died 1846. He was
called “the Russian Anacreon. " His earlier
verse was notable for sweetness and melody;
his later work was more serious in character.
Yearsley, Anna. An English poetical and
dramatic writer, originally a milk-woman; born
in Bristol, about 1756; died 1806. She was be-
friended by Hannah More, and under her aus-
pices published a romance, The Royal Cap-
tives, and a collection of poems.
Yeats, S. Levett. An English novelist. He
resides in India, where he is a lieutenant in
the Punjaub Light Horse. He has written :
(The Honour of Savelli) (1895); (A Galahad
of the Creeks) (1897); “The Chevalier D’Au-
riac) (1897).
Yeats, William Butler. An Irish poet and
writer of omance; born in Dublin, June
13, 1865. His first book of poems, containing
the Island of Statues, and other brief plays
and poems, is included in his later volume,
(The Wanderings of Oisin) (1887). Three vol-
umes of Irish Folk Lore, (Fairy Tales,' and
(Irish Stories,' were published in the Camelot
series. He has also written : (Celtic Twilight)
(1893); Poems) (1893); and John Sherman
and Dhoya) (1893). Two new works, (The
Secret Rose and The Wind among the Reeds,'
are announced for publication.
Yeldham, Walter, Captain. An English
verse and story writer. He is an officer in the
18th Hussars. He has written : "Lays of Ind,
by Aliph Cheem) (7th ed. , Calcutta, 1882);
(Basil Ormond) (London, 1878); "Lays of the
Sea-Side) (1887).
Yelverton, Maria Theresa (Longworth).
An English writer of autobiography and trav-
els, and novelist. Besides (Martyrs to Circum-
stance) (1861), and "The Yelverton Corre-
spondence) (1863), both relating to her noto.
rious marriage with Major Yelverton, she has
written: (Zanita: A Tale of the Yosemite)
(1871); (Fifty Thousand Miles of Travel Round
the World (1874); (Teresina in America
(1875).
Yendis or Yendys. See Dobell.
Yepez, Antonio de (yā'peth). A Spanish
historian; born at Yepez; died 1621. He was
a Benedictine monk, and wrote a valuable
(General Chronicle of the Order of St. Benedict)
(7 vols. , 1609-21).
Yepez, Diego de. A Spanish historian; born
at Yepez, near Toledo, 1559; died at Tarragona,
1613, of which see he was bishop. His princi-
pal works are : History of the Persecution in
England Since 1570) (1599); Memoir on the
Death of Philip II. (1607).
Ymbert, Jean Albert (an-bãr'). A French
writer of comedy; born about 1780; died 1846.
He wrote: A Husband Unknown to Him-
self); (The Art of Getting Office) (1817); (A
Bachelor's Dinner) (1820); (The Automaton
Man) (1820); (The Obliging Man' (1820);
" The Propertyless Proprietor) (1820); (The
Neutral City; or, The Burgomaster of Neustadt)
(1825).
Yonge, Charles Duke (yung). An English
historical writer and classical scholar; born
1812; died 1891. He has published :( An Eng.
lish-Greek Lexicon (1849); A New Gradus ad
Parnassum of the Latin Language) (1850);
(Three Centuries of English History) (1872);
(Three Centuries of English Literature (1872);
(A Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France)
(1876); etc.
Yonge, Charlotte Mary. An English novel-
ist and miscellaneous writer; born at Otter-
bourne, Hampshire, 1823. She has published
more than 30 novels, usually of High Church »
tendencies, the most popular of which are :
( The Heir of Redclyffel (1853) and Daisy
Chain; or, Aspirations) (1856). Among her his-
torical and biographical works are : (The Kings
8
(
## p. 590 (#606) ############################################
590
YOUATT - YOUNG
(
of England) (1848); Landmarks of History,
Ancient, Middle Age, and Modern (1852-57);
(The Victorian Half-Century) (1887); etc.
Youatt, William. An English writer on
veterinary subjects ; born in 1777; died in Lon-
don, 1847. He was for many years professor
at the Royal Veterinary College, and co-editor
of the Veterinarian, established 1828. He pub-
lished a standard work on 'The Horse (1831),
also a book on (The Dog) (1842), and others;
all considered of high value in their line.
Youmans, Edward Livingston. An Ameri-
can scientist and writer, long the editor of the
Popular Science Monthly; born at Coeymans,
N. Y. , 1821 ; died in New York city, 1887. His
chief works are : (Alcohol and the Constitution
of Man) (1854); Hand-Book of Household
Science) (1857); “Correlation and Conservation
of Forces) (1864); (The Culture Demanded by
Modern Life) (1867); etc.
Youmans, William Jay. An American
writer and chemist; born at Milton, Saratoga
County, N. Y. , in 1838. He has published a
book, Pioneers of Science in America) (1895);
edited Huxley's (Lessons in Elementary Phys-
iology, adding a second part, Elementary
Hygiene) (1867); and has been for a number
of years editor of the Popular Science Monthly,
succeeding his brother Edward L.
Young, Andrew White. An American writer
on government; born at Carlisle, N. Y. , March
2, 1802; died at Warsaw, N. Y. , Feb. 17, 1877.
He wrote: Introduction to the Science of
Government) (1835); (First Lessons in Civil
Government' (1843); 'Citizen's Manual of Gov.
ernment and Law) (1851); (The American
Statesman: A Political History of the United
States) (1855); (National Economy: A History
of the American Protective System (1860).
Young, Arthur. A distinguished English
writer on agriculture and social economy; born
1741; died 1820. He made a practical study of
agricultural economy, and wrote : A Course
of Experimental Agriculture (1770); accounts
of tours of observation through different quar-
ters of England, among these, (A Farmer's
Letters to the People of England (1768), “A
Farmer's Tour through the East of England
(1770); “Travels in France) (2 vols. , 1792), a
celebrated book which reveals the true state of
the peasant population of France on the eve
of the Revolution. *
Young, Charles Augustus. An American
astronomer; born in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1834.
He was professor at Western Reserve College,
Ohio, 1856; professor of natural philosophy at
Dartmouth College, 1865-77, and of astronomy
at Princeton College from 1878. Besides many
contributions to scientific journals and maga-
zines, he is the author of "The Sun) in the
(International Scientific Series) (1882), and a
(Text-Book of General Astronomy) (1888).
Young, Edward. An English poet; born at
Upham, Hampshire, 1684; died at Welwyn,
April 12, 1765. After graduating at Oxford, he
entered the Church. His masterpiece is Night
Thoughts) (1742-46), a gloomy but fine poem
in blank verse. He also wrote tragedies, among
them (Busiris) (1719), and (The Revenge
(1721); as well as a collection of satires called
(The Love of Fame (1725-28). *
Young, Edward Daniel. An English trav-
eler; born 1831. He explored the Lake Nyassa
country in 1875, and wrote Nyassa' (1877).
Young, Frederick, Sir. An English philan-
thropist, publicist, and writer of travels; born
1817. He aided in securing Victoria Park, Lon-
don, and Epping Forest to the public, and in
establishing the People's Palace; has taken
great interest in the emigration question; was
one of the earliest advocates of imperial fed-
eration; etc. He has written: Long Ago and
Now); New Zealand : Past, Present, and Fu-
ture); A Winter Tour in South Africa); etc. ;
and edited (Imperial Federation (1876).
Young, Jesse Bowman. An American Meth-
odist clergyman, author, and editor; born in
Pennsylvania, 1844. He has been editor of
the Central Christian Advocate from 1892, and
has written "What a Boy Saw in the Army);
Days and Nights on the Sea.
Young, John. A British clergyman, and re-
ligious and philosophical writer. He has pub-
lished : (The Province of Reason) (1860); (Evil
and Good' (2d ed. London, 1861); (The Life
and Light of Men) (1866); (The Christ of
History) (6th ed. 1870); “The Creator and the
Creation' (1870).
Young, John Russell. An American writer
and journalist ; born in Downingtown, Pa. , 1841;
and at present Librarian of Congress. His
journalistic career was notable, including service
on the staff of the New York Herald and New
York Tribune. His most notable work is
(Around the World with General Grant) (2
vols. , 1879); and he has also written numerous
pamphlets on important subjects. In 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Libra-
rian of Congress.
Young, Mrs. Julia Evelyn (Ditto). An
American verse-writer and novelist, of Buffalo;
born in New York, in 1857. She has written:
Adrift: A Story of Niagara'; 'Glynne's Wife:
A Story in Verse); and (Thistle-Down,' poems.
Young, Mrs. M. , formerly Mrs. Thomas Pos-
tans. She wrote as Mrs. Thomas Postans :
"Cutch) (1838), sketches of Western India;
(Western India in 1838) (2 vols. , 1839); (Facts
and Fictions Illustrative of Oriental Character)
(3 vols. , 1844). As Mrs. Young: Our Camp
in Turkey) (2d ed. 1855); (Aldershot, and All
About It) (2d ed. 1858); "The Moslem Noble)
(1857).
Young, William, Sir. An English states-
man and historical writer ; born in the middle
of the eighteenth century; died about 1815.
Among his writings are : (Travels in Italy)
(1772); (The Spirit of Athens : Political and
## p. 591 (#607) ############################################
YPEY - YVON
591
)
Philosophical Investigations on the History of
that Republic (1777); “Rights of Englishmen
(1793); (The Black Caribs of the Island of
St. Vincent) (1795); (The West Indian Com-
mon-Place Book. '
Ypey, Amadeus (ē'pi). A Dutch theological
writer; born 1760; died in 1831 at Groningen,
where he was professor of church history. He
wrote a (Literary History of Dogmatics) (5
vols. , 1793-98); "History of the Dutch Lan-
guage) (1812); “History of the Dutch Church
(4 vols. , 1820–27).
Yriarte, Charles Émile (i-ri-ärt'). A jour-
nalist and writer on varied subjects, of Spanish
descent; born at Paris, 1832 (? ). Among his
works are: (Spanish Society) (1864); (Parisian
Portraits) (1865); (The Life of a Venetian
Patrician in the Sixteenth Century) (1874);
(Venice: Its History, Art, Industry, the City
and its Life) (1879); Italian Sculpture in the
Fifteenth Century) (1885); (Francesca da Ri-
mini) (1882); “Cesar Borgia) (1888).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Juan de (ē-rê-är'tā). A
Spanish scholar and writer; born at Orotava
on the island of Teneriffe, in 1702; died at
Madrid, 1771. He was chief librarian of the
Royal Library; and his most important work
was "Codices of the Greek MSS. (1769). He
also wrote epigrams and proverbs in Latin
and Spanish, and narrative poems in Latin,
published in four volumes (1774).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Tomas de. A Spanish
poet and dramatist; born at Orotava, island
of Teneriffe, 1750; died in Madrid, 1791. His
chief works are an excellent didactic poem,
(Music) (1780); and "Literary Fables) (1782),
considered the best fables in the Spanish lan-
guage. He also wrote the first regular come-
dies in Spanish, the best being (The Spoiled
Child) and (The Ill-Bred Young Lady); be-
sides publishing Spanish translations of French
plays and some of the Latin poets.
Ysabeau, Victor Frédéric Alexandre (i-zä-
bo'). A French physician and writer on agri-
culture; born at Rouen, 1793; died at Paris,
1873. Among his works are: (Gardening; or,
The Art of Forming and Managing a Garden
(1854); Elementary Lessons in Agriculture)
(1857); (The Vine and Fruit Tree) (1858);
(Popular Natural History of France) (1864);
Hygiene and Domestic Economy) (1870).
Yule, Henry, Sir. An Anglo-Indian writer
and scholar; born at Inveresk, Midlothian,
Scotland, 1820; died 1889. He entered the
East India Company's military school, and later
was employed in India on public works; but
finally retired and went to Italy. His chief
books are: Mission to the Court of Ava)
(1856); (Cathay and the Way Thither) (1866);
(The Book of Ser Marco Polo) (edited : 1891);
(The Diary of William Hedges) (1886); etc.
Yusuf or Yussuf, Abu Amru (yös'öf). An
Arabic historian and commentator; born at
Cordova, 976; died at Xativa, 1070. He was
profoundly versed in the traditions of the
Oriental Mussulman countries. He wrote:
(Behed jet-Almodjalisyn,' a collection of tales
about Mahomet, etc. ; (Tamhyd, a commentary
on one of the chief Mussulman works of reli-
gious and civil law; (History of the Opinions
and Doctrines of the Principal Mussulman
Sects); History of the Wars against the
Christians); etc.
Yvan, Melchior (ē-von'). A French physi-
cian and publicist ; born at Digne (Basses-
Alpes), 1803; died at Nice, 1873.
He wrote:
(China and the Malay Peninsula' (1850);( Trav-
els and Stories) (1852); «The Insurrection in
China) (1853); (From France to China' (1855).
Yver, Jacques (ē-vār'). A French story and
verse writer; born at Niort, 1520; died there,
1572. He wrote: (The Springtime of Yver)
(1572), in the style of Boccaccio. It has been
a number of times republished.
Yvert, Eugène (ē-văr'). A French journal.
ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at
Marly-le-Roi, 1794; died at Amiens, Feb. 23,
1878. He was editor of the Picardy Gazette,
1831. He wrote: Parliamentary Sketches)
(1832), in verse ; (Political Customs) (1845);
(A Ghost' (1852), a two-act comedy in verse;
(Poetic Fancies) (1857); “Poetical Miscellanies)
(1860); etc.
Yves d'Évreux, Pierre (ēv dā-vrė'). A
French-Brazilian historian; born at Évreux, Nor-
mandy, about 1577; died after 1620. He was a
Capuchin missionary at Maranhão, Brazil, 1612-
14. He wrote: History of the Most Memor-
able Things that Happened at Maranhão in
the Years 1613 and 1614' (Paris, 1615; 2d ed.
1864), a continuation of the history of Claude
d'Abbeville; it is a work of great historical
value.
Yvon, Claude (e-von”). A French theolo-
gian; born at Mamers, 1714; died at Paris, 1791.
He wrote Letters to Rousseau) (1763), in
answer to Rousseau's letters to the archbishop
of Paris ; earlier in life he had been associated
with Diderot and the encyclopedists, and wrote
(Liberty of Conscience) (1754), in which he
held that the State should be indifferent in
matters of religion. Other works are (Agree-
ment of Philosophy and Religion (1776), and
(Philosophical History of Religion (1779).
)
## p. 592 (#608) ############################################
592
ZABEL-ZACHER
Z
Zabel, Eugen (tsä'bel). A German miscel.
laneous writer; born at Königsberg in Prussia,
Dec. 23, 1851. During his extensive travels he
formed the acquaintance of nearly all the liter-
ary celebrities of Europe. Among his works
are : (Berthold Auerbach) (1882); Ivan Tur-
genef) (1883); (Italian Dramatic Art in Ger-
many) (1892); (Anton Rubinstein: An Artist's
Life) (1892); translations of several of Tur-
genef's novels, and of French and Spanish
dramas; some novels, among them Parted
Hearts) (1888); and several comedies, as (The
Midnight Sun, (A Missed Vocation. '
Zabensing, Johann Christoph (tsä'ben-zing).
A German dramatic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Augsburg, 1747; died near the end of
the century. He was by profession a mer-
chant, but published various original writings,
among them a book on the life and writings
of Voltaire, and “The Philosophers à la Mode,
a comedy (1779); “ The Death of Abel,' a drama
(1779); and (Elizabeth; or, The Abduction, a
tragedy (1781).
Zablocki, Frantizek (zä-blots'kē). A Polish
dramatist; born 1754; died 1821. He is looked
upon as the creator of Polish comedy, his
plays holding the stage to the present day.
His masterpiece is (Sarmatyzin,' and others
are : (The Fop who Acts the Gallant with the
Ladies); 'An Irreparable Loss. '
Zaborowski (zä-bo-rov-ski') or Zaborowski-
Moindron (mwan-drôn'). A French publicist;
born at La Crèche, 1851. He is secretary of
the Paris Anthropological Society, and scientific
editor of several Paris journals. He has writ-
ten: "On the Antiquity of Man' (2 vols. ,
1874); "Prehistoric Man) (1878); (Origin of
Language) (1879); (Scientific News and Curi-
osities) (1883); etc.
Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio (dzä-kä-rē'ä).
An Italian Jesuit, scholar, and historian; born
at Venice, 1714; died 1795. He was professor
of ecclesiastical history at the college La Sapi-
enza, Rome. He wrote: Literary History of
England) (14 vols. , 1751); Literary Annals of
Italy) (3 vols. , 1762); Numismatic Institutes);
etc.
Zaccone, Pierre (zä-kon'). A French dra-
matic and miscellaneous writer; born at Douai,
1817 (? ). Early in life he entered the Post-Office
service at Brest, but devoted all his leisure to
literature, and was befriended by Émile Sou-
vestre. He published: (Tableaux of Universal
Literary History) (1844); (Memoirs of a King)
(1851); etc. Among his efforts for the theatre,
mostly written in collaboration with others,
are: 'The Twenty-Fourth of February (1848);
"Cousin Verdure! (1855); and (The Sundays
of Pampette.
Zachariä, Heinrich Albert (tsa-cha-re'a).
A German publicist ; born at Herbsleben, Saxe.
Gotha, Nov. 20, 1806; died at Kannstadt, April
29, 1875, being then professor in the University
of Gottingen. Among his works are: (Ger-
man States' Rights and Federal Rights) (1841);
(Manual of German Criminal Procedure (1800);
"German Constitutional Laws of the Present
Time) (1855); (The Question of the Compe-
tence of the Empire in View of the Dogma
of Infallibility' (1871).
Zachariä, Just Friedrich Wilhelm. A Ger-
man poet and satirist; born at Frankenhausen,
May I, 1720; died at Brunswick, Jan. 30, 1777.
He was professor of belles-lettres in the Caro-
linum, Brunswick (1761). He wrote: (The
Brawler) (1744), the first burlesque heroic
poem that had appeared in German ; (Phae-
ton); (The Handkerchief); Murner in Hell
(1757); (Fables and Tales) (1771); etc. ; and
translated into German hexameters Milton's
Paradise Lost? ( 1760 ). (Poetical Works,
9 vols. , 1763-65; posthumous writings, with
biography, 1781. )
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Eduard
(tsä-chä-re’ā fon ling'en-täl). A German writer
on jurisprudence ; born at Heidelberg, Dec. 21,
1812; died at Grosskmehlen, near Merseburg,
June 3, 1894. He is regarded as the founder of
the science of Græco-Roman jurisprudence.
He wrote (Outline of a History of Græco-
Roman Jurisprudence) (1839), History of
Græco-Roman Private Right! (1864); made a
collection of (Græco-Roman Laws) (1856 84);
and edited Justinian's Novella) (1881).
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo.
A German jurist; born at Meissen, Saxony,
Sept. 14, 1709; died March 27, 1843. He was
professor of law at Wittenberg, 1797-1807, and
Heidelberg, 1807-43. He wrote: "The Unity of
State and Church (1797); Forty Books on the
State) (2d ed. 7 vols. , 1839-43); Hand-Book
of French Civil Law) (8th ed. 1894-95); etc.
Zachariasiewicz, Jan (tsä-cha-ri-äs'yā-vich).
A Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer;
born in East Galicia, about 1825. At vari-
ous times in his life he became involved in
political difficulties, and passed several years in
prison; and these experiences have colored
all his books. His first publication was A
Passage from the Life of Unknown People
(1853). In (The Red Cap) and (The Secret
Fund,' he describes the spy system of the
police force; and of like nature are Covered
Cards) (1875), "A Bad Business) (1876), etc.
He has also written a few art novels.
Zacher, Ernst Julius August (tsä'cher). A
German antiquary; born at Obernigk, Feb.
15, 1816; died March 23, 1887, at Halle, where
## p. 593 (#609) ############################################
ZAHIR-ZANGWILL
593
he was professor of German philology. His
principal works are: (Ulfilas's Gothic Alpha-
bet and the Runic Alphabet) (1855); (German
Proverbs) (1852); History of the Palgravine
Genoveva) (1860); Pseudo-Callisthenes' (1867),
dealing with the Alexander myth.
Zahir (zä'hēr). An Arabian poet, father of
the poet Ka'b; contemporary with Mahomet.
He was the author of one of the seven poems
of the Mu'allakát, published by Sir William
Jones, with an English version, in 1782.
Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm (tsän). A Ger-
man painter, architect, and writer on art; born at
Rodenberg, Schaumburg, Aug. 21, 1800; died
at Berlin, Aug. 22, 1871. He was professor in
the Academy of Arts, Berlin, 1829. Among
his works were: (The Most Beautiful Orna-
ments and the Most Notable Pictures from
Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabia) (1828–30);
( Ornaments of all Classical Periods of Art)
(1832-39); etc.
zahn, Theodor. A German theological
writer; born at Mörs, Oct. 10, 1838. He was
appointed professor of theology in the Univer-
sity of Erlangen 1878, and is author of Mar-
cellus of Ancyra) (1867); (The Shepherd of
Hermas) (1868); “Ignatius of Antioch (1873);
(The Acts of St. John (1880); (Cyprian of
Antioch and the German Story of Faust) (1882);
(Researches into the History of the New Tes-
tament Canon (5 vols. , 1881-93); (The Gospel
of Peter) (1893); (Introduction to the New
Testament) (1897).
Zaleski, Bondan (zä-les'ski). A noted Po-
lish poet; born at Bohaterka in the Ukraine,
1802; died near Paris, 1886. He passed his
childhood in immediate intercourse with the
Cossacks, but afterwards studied at Warsaw.
After the revolution of 1830, he was obliged
to leave Poland, and went to France. Many
of his poems depict in vivid colors the scenery
of his native country. His chief works are :
(The Spirit of the Steppes) (1842); «The Most
Holy Family; and collections of shorter poems.
Zalewski, Casimir (zä-lev'ski). A Polish
dramatist and journalist; born at Plock, 1848.
He abandoned law for literature; founded the
journal Wiek (1865). Among his successful
dramas are: (Dowerless) (1868), (As the World
Moves) (1873), "Before the Wedding) (1876),
Poor Seed? (1877); the tragedies Marco
Foscarini) (1878), Article 264,' etc.
Zalokostas, Georgios (zäl-o-kos'tas). A dis-
tinguished Greek poet; born at Syrrhako, Epi-
rus, April 17, 1805; died at Athens, Sept. 3,
1858. At the age of sixteen he fought in the
insurrection at Missolonghi. The Greek child-
ren learn his songs. Among his best-known
poems were: Missolonghi); (Armatoles and
Klephts); ( The Entrance of Prevesa); (Hours
of Leisure); Marco Bozzaris); etc. Several
of his pieces have been translated into Italian,
Spanish, English, German, French, and Rus.
sian. (Poetical Works, Athens, 1860. )
Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom (zä-lös'ke).
A Polish statesman and pulpit orator; born about
1650; died 1711. He was bishop of Ermeland
and grand chancellor of Poland. He wrote:
(Historico-Familiar Epistles,' an interesting and
valuable work,
Zambelios, John (zäm-bēʻli-os). A Greek
poet; born on one of the Ionian isles, 1787 ;
died at Corfu, 1856. He was a judge at Corfu.
He wrote lyric poems, and several successful
tragedies. (Works, Athens, 1856-57. )
Zambelli, Andrea (dzäm-bel'lē). An Italian
historian; born in Lombardy, 1794; died at
Paris, 1862. His chief works are books on
(War) and on (Religion, in which he attempts
to show the profound difference between ancient
and modern nations.
Zamora, Antonio de (thä-mõ'rä). A Span-
ish dramatist; born at Madrid, between 1660
and 1664; died about 1722. He was highly
esteemed by his contemporaries as a lyric and
dramatic poet. Among his best works are:
(Everybody is his Own Pedigree); and (The
Wag of Seville,' on which is based the libretto
of the opera of Don Juan.
Zanella, Giacomo (dzä-nel'lä). An Italian
lyrical poet; born at Chiampo, 1820; died at
Vicenza, 1888. After studying for the priest-
hood, he became professor of philosophy and
Italian literature at the seminary in Vicenza.
His work is noted for beauty of style and mas-
tery of form; his most popular poem being
(The Fossil Shell. His first volume of poems,
(Verses,' appeared in 1868, and was followed
by several others. Among his poetic tales are:
(The Little Calabrese) (1870); (Robin Red-
breast) (1881); etc.
Zanetti, Bernardino (dzä-net'tē). An Italian
historian ; born near Treviso, 1690; died 1762.
He wrote a “History of the Lombards) (2 vols. ,
1753).
Zangemeister, Karl (tsäng'e-mis-ter). A Ger-
man classical philologist; born at Hallungen,
in the Duchy of Gotha, Nov. 28, 1837. He ed-
ited the fourth volume of the Corpus Inscrip-
tionum Latinarum, comprising the parietal
inscriptions at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and
Stabiæ (1871); compiled (Specimens of Latin
MSS. Written in Majuscule Letters) (1882), and
(Fragments of the Old Saxon Bible Poem of
the Palatine Library) (1894).
Zangwill, Israel. An English-Jewish nov-
elist ; born in London, 1864. He began life as
a London teacher, and while teaching, gradu-
ated at the London University. He has pub-
lished: (The Premier and the Painter) (1888,
in collaboration), a romance; (The Bachelors'
Club) (1891); (The Big Bow Mystery) (1891);
(The Old Maids' Club) (1892); (Children of
the Ghetto) (1892), a collection of stories, his
best work ; (Merely Mary Ann' (1893); (Ghetto
Tragedies) (1893); (The King of Schnorrers)
(1894); (The Master) (1895), a novel; (Six
Persons, a comedietta ; (Without Prejudice)
(1896), published originally, under the same
38
## p. 594 (#610) ############################################
ZANNOWICH - ZEISING
594
title, as 'Causerie) in the Pall Mall Magazine;
:
etc.
Zannowich, Stefano (zän'no-vich). An Al-
banian writer; born 1751; died 1785. He had
a wandering and very adventurous life, but
wrote several curious books, among them:
(Turkish Letters) (1877); (Epistles and Love
Songs of an Oriental (1779); and (Fragment
of a Chapter of "The Lame Devil, Sent from
the Other World by Le Sage' (1782).
Zanotti, Jean Pierre (zä-not'tē). A painter
and poet; born of a Polish family at Paris,
1674; died at Bologna, 1767. He left a num-
ber of noted pictures; and published Dido,'
a tragedy (1718); Poems) (1741); and various
works on the art of painting.
Zapf, Georg Wilhelm (tsäpf). A German
antiquary ; born at Nördlingen, 1747; died 1810.
A prolific writer, among his works were : (Bib.
liography of Ancient and Modern History)
(1781); (The Lives of Celebrated Savants and
Artists of All Time) (1800); etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista (dzäp'pē). An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Imola,
1540; died at the end of the century. He pub-
lished a remarkable book, prose mixed with
verse, entitled (Field of Spiritual Philosophy,
in which is Contained the Sum of Christian
Living) (1577), treating of the life and character
of Christ, the virtues and vices, etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista Felice. An Ital.
ian lyrical poet; born at Imola, about 1667;
died at Rome, 1719. He studied law in Rome,
but soon became noted for his poetry, which
was distinguished by elegance and grace of
style. A collection of his poems was first pub-
lished in 1770, and consists of sonnets, songs,
cantatas, and other verse.
Zarate, Agustin de (thä-rä’tā). A Span-
ish historian; born about 1492; died at Madrid
(? ) about 1560. He was comptroller of Cas-
tile; accompanied Nuñez Vela, viceroy of Peru,
to South America in 1543; was afterward treas-
urer of the Spanish Netherlands. He wrote:
History of the Discovery and Conquest of
the Province of Peru) (1555). There have been
many later editions; and it has been trans-
lated into French and Italian.
Zarate, Antonio Gil y. A Spanish dramatic
poet; born at San Lorenzo de l’Escurial, Spain,
1795; died 1860.
His father, an excellent
actor, sent him to study in Paris; and on his
return to Spain he became professor of phys-
ics in Granada. He afterwards wrote dramas
noted for striking situations, lively dialogue,
and elegant versification. Among them are :
(Blanche of Bourbon) (1835); (Guzman the
Brave); (The Czar Demetrius); etc. He also
published a much-esteemed history of Spanish
literature.
Zarncke, Friedrich (tsärn'ke). A German
antiquary ; born near Briel in Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, July 7, 1825; died Oct. 15, 1891; hav-
ing been since 1852 professor in the University
of Leipsic. Among his works are: “The Ger-
man Cato) (1852); “The Nibelungen Question
(1854); Contributions to the Explanation of the
Nibelungenlied (1857); (The Trojan Legend
of the Franks); "German Universities in the
Middle Ages) (1857); (Mediæval Proverbial
Poetry) (1863. )
Zbylitowski, André (zbē-le-tov'ské). A Po-
lish writer, philosopher, and poet; born in
Galicia, 1732; died 1813. He was doctor of
literature and philosophy in Cracow, and after-
wards traveled extensively in Europe and South
America. He wrote poetry with much success;
some of his idyls being noted for beauty of
coloring, elegance, and grace. Among his
works are: “Rhythms in Polish Verse) (1763);
(The Marshal) (historical); A Beard, a novel;
and various books on philosophical, political,
and grammatical themes.
Zbylitowski, Pierre.
for St. Cecilia's Day) (1693); “ The Temple of
Fame, on the death of the Duke of Glouces-
ter (1700); Æsop at Court,' a collection of
fables (1702). His Hymn to Light) is the
most notable of his poetical compositions. He
is best remembered as Swift's friend.
Yale, Mrs. Catharine (Brooks). An Ameri-
can writer, living at Deerfield, Mass. She was
born in Vermont in 1818, and is the wife of
Linus Yale, inventor of the Yale lock. She
has written : (Story of the Old Willard House
of Deerfield, Mass. ; Nim and Cum, and the
Wonderhead Stories.
## p. 589 (#605) ############################################
YANGUAS-YONGE
589
Yanguas y Miranda José (yän'gwäs ē mē.
rän'dä). A Spanish archæologist ; died about
1860. His principal works are: (Short History
of the Kingdom of Navarre) (1833); “History
of the Conquest of the Kingdom of Navarre,
by the Duke of Alva) (1843); “Dictionary of
the Antiquities of the Kingdom of Navarre ) (4
vols. , 1840-43).
Yanoski, Jean (yä-nos-kē'). A French writer
on history ; born at Lons-le-Saulnier, 1813; died
1851. He wrote: (Christian Africa, and the
Domination of the Vandals in Africa) (1844);
(Abolition of Ancient Slavery); National Mil-
itary Forces from the Thirteenth Century to
the Reign of Charles VII.
Yardley, Edward, Jr. An English story and
verse writer. He has published: Fantastic
Stories) (1864); Melusine, and Other Poems)
(1867); (Supplementary Stories and Poems)
(1870); (The Supernatural in Romantic Fic-
tion (1880); besides an English translation of
four books of Horace's Odes (1669).
Yardley, Mrs. Jane. An American novel-
ist, who has written in the No Name) series :
"Little Sister) (1882); la Superior Woman!
(1885).
Yarrell, William. An English naturalist;
born at Westminster, 1784; died at Yarmouth,
September 1856. He is author of 'The History
of British Fishes) (2 vols. , 1836), and (The His-
tory of British Birds) (2 vols. , 1843); both
written in an elegant and popular style, and
illustrated artistically, yet without impairing the
scientific accuracy of the exposition.
Yates, Edmund Hodgson. An English jour-
nalist and novelist; born at London, 1831 ; died
there, May 20, 1894. He was a leading con-
tributor to All the Year Round for several years,
and from 1874 till his death conducted the Lon-
don society journal, The World. He wrote:
(My Haunts and their Frequenters) (1854);
Black Sheep) (1807); Wrecked in Port)
(1869); Dr. Wainwright's Patient' (1871);
"The Yellow Flag) (1873); (Personal Remi-
niscences and Experiences) (2 vols. , 1884).
Yazikov (yä-zê-kof'). A Russian lyric poet;
born at Simbirsk, 1805; died 1846. He was
called “the Russian Anacreon. " His earlier
verse was notable for sweetness and melody;
his later work was more serious in character.
Yearsley, Anna. An English poetical and
dramatic writer, originally a milk-woman; born
in Bristol, about 1756; died 1806. She was be-
friended by Hannah More, and under her aus-
pices published a romance, The Royal Cap-
tives, and a collection of poems.
Yeats, S. Levett. An English novelist. He
resides in India, where he is a lieutenant in
the Punjaub Light Horse. He has written :
(The Honour of Savelli) (1895); (A Galahad
of the Creeks) (1897); “The Chevalier D’Au-
riac) (1897).
Yeats, William Butler. An Irish poet and
writer of omance; born in Dublin, June
13, 1865. His first book of poems, containing
the Island of Statues, and other brief plays
and poems, is included in his later volume,
(The Wanderings of Oisin) (1887). Three vol-
umes of Irish Folk Lore, (Fairy Tales,' and
(Irish Stories,' were published in the Camelot
series. He has also written : (Celtic Twilight)
(1893); Poems) (1893); and John Sherman
and Dhoya) (1893). Two new works, (The
Secret Rose and The Wind among the Reeds,'
are announced for publication.
Yeldham, Walter, Captain. An English
verse and story writer. He is an officer in the
18th Hussars. He has written : "Lays of Ind,
by Aliph Cheem) (7th ed. , Calcutta, 1882);
(Basil Ormond) (London, 1878); "Lays of the
Sea-Side) (1887).
Yelverton, Maria Theresa (Longworth).
An English writer of autobiography and trav-
els, and novelist. Besides (Martyrs to Circum-
stance) (1861), and "The Yelverton Corre-
spondence) (1863), both relating to her noto.
rious marriage with Major Yelverton, she has
written: (Zanita: A Tale of the Yosemite)
(1871); (Fifty Thousand Miles of Travel Round
the World (1874); (Teresina in America
(1875).
Yendis or Yendys. See Dobell.
Yepez, Antonio de (yā'peth). A Spanish
historian; born at Yepez; died 1621. He was
a Benedictine monk, and wrote a valuable
(General Chronicle of the Order of St. Benedict)
(7 vols. , 1609-21).
Yepez, Diego de. A Spanish historian; born
at Yepez, near Toledo, 1559; died at Tarragona,
1613, of which see he was bishop. His princi-
pal works are : History of the Persecution in
England Since 1570) (1599); Memoir on the
Death of Philip II. (1607).
Ymbert, Jean Albert (an-bãr'). A French
writer of comedy; born about 1780; died 1846.
He wrote: A Husband Unknown to Him-
self); (The Art of Getting Office) (1817); (A
Bachelor's Dinner) (1820); (The Automaton
Man) (1820); (The Obliging Man' (1820);
" The Propertyless Proprietor) (1820); (The
Neutral City; or, The Burgomaster of Neustadt)
(1825).
Yonge, Charles Duke (yung). An English
historical writer and classical scholar; born
1812; died 1891. He has published :( An Eng.
lish-Greek Lexicon (1849); A New Gradus ad
Parnassum of the Latin Language) (1850);
(Three Centuries of English History) (1872);
(Three Centuries of English Literature (1872);
(A Life of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France)
(1876); etc.
Yonge, Charlotte Mary. An English novel-
ist and miscellaneous writer; born at Otter-
bourne, Hampshire, 1823. She has published
more than 30 novels, usually of High Church »
tendencies, the most popular of which are :
( The Heir of Redclyffel (1853) and Daisy
Chain; or, Aspirations) (1856). Among her his-
torical and biographical works are : (The Kings
8
(
## p. 590 (#606) ############################################
590
YOUATT - YOUNG
(
of England) (1848); Landmarks of History,
Ancient, Middle Age, and Modern (1852-57);
(The Victorian Half-Century) (1887); etc.
Youatt, William. An English writer on
veterinary subjects ; born in 1777; died in Lon-
don, 1847. He was for many years professor
at the Royal Veterinary College, and co-editor
of the Veterinarian, established 1828. He pub-
lished a standard work on 'The Horse (1831),
also a book on (The Dog) (1842), and others;
all considered of high value in their line.
Youmans, Edward Livingston. An Ameri-
can scientist and writer, long the editor of the
Popular Science Monthly; born at Coeymans,
N. Y. , 1821 ; died in New York city, 1887. His
chief works are : (Alcohol and the Constitution
of Man) (1854); Hand-Book of Household
Science) (1857); “Correlation and Conservation
of Forces) (1864); (The Culture Demanded by
Modern Life) (1867); etc.
Youmans, William Jay. An American
writer and chemist; born at Milton, Saratoga
County, N. Y. , in 1838. He has published a
book, Pioneers of Science in America) (1895);
edited Huxley's (Lessons in Elementary Phys-
iology, adding a second part, Elementary
Hygiene) (1867); and has been for a number
of years editor of the Popular Science Monthly,
succeeding his brother Edward L.
Young, Andrew White. An American writer
on government; born at Carlisle, N. Y. , March
2, 1802; died at Warsaw, N. Y. , Feb. 17, 1877.
He wrote: Introduction to the Science of
Government) (1835); (First Lessons in Civil
Government' (1843); 'Citizen's Manual of Gov.
ernment and Law) (1851); (The American
Statesman: A Political History of the United
States) (1855); (National Economy: A History
of the American Protective System (1860).
Young, Arthur. A distinguished English
writer on agriculture and social economy; born
1741; died 1820. He made a practical study of
agricultural economy, and wrote : A Course
of Experimental Agriculture (1770); accounts
of tours of observation through different quar-
ters of England, among these, (A Farmer's
Letters to the People of England (1768), “A
Farmer's Tour through the East of England
(1770); “Travels in France) (2 vols. , 1792), a
celebrated book which reveals the true state of
the peasant population of France on the eve
of the Revolution. *
Young, Charles Augustus. An American
astronomer; born in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1834.
He was professor at Western Reserve College,
Ohio, 1856; professor of natural philosophy at
Dartmouth College, 1865-77, and of astronomy
at Princeton College from 1878. Besides many
contributions to scientific journals and maga-
zines, he is the author of "The Sun) in the
(International Scientific Series) (1882), and a
(Text-Book of General Astronomy) (1888).
Young, Edward. An English poet; born at
Upham, Hampshire, 1684; died at Welwyn,
April 12, 1765. After graduating at Oxford, he
entered the Church. His masterpiece is Night
Thoughts) (1742-46), a gloomy but fine poem
in blank verse. He also wrote tragedies, among
them (Busiris) (1719), and (The Revenge
(1721); as well as a collection of satires called
(The Love of Fame (1725-28). *
Young, Edward Daniel. An English trav-
eler; born 1831. He explored the Lake Nyassa
country in 1875, and wrote Nyassa' (1877).
Young, Frederick, Sir. An English philan-
thropist, publicist, and writer of travels; born
1817. He aided in securing Victoria Park, Lon-
don, and Epping Forest to the public, and in
establishing the People's Palace; has taken
great interest in the emigration question; was
one of the earliest advocates of imperial fed-
eration; etc. He has written: Long Ago and
Now); New Zealand : Past, Present, and Fu-
ture); A Winter Tour in South Africa); etc. ;
and edited (Imperial Federation (1876).
Young, Jesse Bowman. An American Meth-
odist clergyman, author, and editor; born in
Pennsylvania, 1844. He has been editor of
the Central Christian Advocate from 1892, and
has written "What a Boy Saw in the Army);
Days and Nights on the Sea.
Young, John. A British clergyman, and re-
ligious and philosophical writer. He has pub-
lished : (The Province of Reason) (1860); (Evil
and Good' (2d ed. London, 1861); (The Life
and Light of Men) (1866); (The Christ of
History) (6th ed. 1870); “The Creator and the
Creation' (1870).
Young, John Russell. An American writer
and journalist ; born in Downingtown, Pa. , 1841;
and at present Librarian of Congress. His
journalistic career was notable, including service
on the staff of the New York Herald and New
York Tribune. His most notable work is
(Around the World with General Grant) (2
vols. , 1879); and he has also written numerous
pamphlets on important subjects. In 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Libra-
rian of Congress.
Young, Mrs. Julia Evelyn (Ditto). An
American verse-writer and novelist, of Buffalo;
born in New York, in 1857. She has written:
Adrift: A Story of Niagara'; 'Glynne's Wife:
A Story in Verse); and (Thistle-Down,' poems.
Young, Mrs. M. , formerly Mrs. Thomas Pos-
tans. She wrote as Mrs. Thomas Postans :
"Cutch) (1838), sketches of Western India;
(Western India in 1838) (2 vols. , 1839); (Facts
and Fictions Illustrative of Oriental Character)
(3 vols. , 1844). As Mrs. Young: Our Camp
in Turkey) (2d ed. 1855); (Aldershot, and All
About It) (2d ed. 1858); "The Moslem Noble)
(1857).
Young, William, Sir. An English states-
man and historical writer ; born in the middle
of the eighteenth century; died about 1815.
Among his writings are : (Travels in Italy)
(1772); (The Spirit of Athens : Political and
## p. 591 (#607) ############################################
YPEY - YVON
591
)
Philosophical Investigations on the History of
that Republic (1777); “Rights of Englishmen
(1793); (The Black Caribs of the Island of
St. Vincent) (1795); (The West Indian Com-
mon-Place Book. '
Ypey, Amadeus (ē'pi). A Dutch theological
writer; born 1760; died in 1831 at Groningen,
where he was professor of church history. He
wrote a (Literary History of Dogmatics) (5
vols. , 1793-98); "History of the Dutch Lan-
guage) (1812); “History of the Dutch Church
(4 vols. , 1820–27).
Yriarte, Charles Émile (i-ri-ärt'). A jour-
nalist and writer on varied subjects, of Spanish
descent; born at Paris, 1832 (? ). Among his
works are: (Spanish Society) (1864); (Parisian
Portraits) (1865); (The Life of a Venetian
Patrician in the Sixteenth Century) (1874);
(Venice: Its History, Art, Industry, the City
and its Life) (1879); Italian Sculpture in the
Fifteenth Century) (1885); (Francesca da Ri-
mini) (1882); “Cesar Borgia) (1888).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Juan de (ē-rê-är'tā). A
Spanish scholar and writer; born at Orotava
on the island of Teneriffe, in 1702; died at
Madrid, 1771. He was chief librarian of the
Royal Library; and his most important work
was "Codices of the Greek MSS. (1769). He
also wrote epigrams and proverbs in Latin
and Spanish, and narrative poems in Latin,
published in four volumes (1774).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Tomas de. A Spanish
poet and dramatist; born at Orotava, island
of Teneriffe, 1750; died in Madrid, 1791. His
chief works are an excellent didactic poem,
(Music) (1780); and "Literary Fables) (1782),
considered the best fables in the Spanish lan-
guage. He also wrote the first regular come-
dies in Spanish, the best being (The Spoiled
Child) and (The Ill-Bred Young Lady); be-
sides publishing Spanish translations of French
plays and some of the Latin poets.
Ysabeau, Victor Frédéric Alexandre (i-zä-
bo'). A French physician and writer on agri-
culture; born at Rouen, 1793; died at Paris,
1873. Among his works are: (Gardening; or,
The Art of Forming and Managing a Garden
(1854); Elementary Lessons in Agriculture)
(1857); (The Vine and Fruit Tree) (1858);
(Popular Natural History of France) (1864);
Hygiene and Domestic Economy) (1870).
Yule, Henry, Sir. An Anglo-Indian writer
and scholar; born at Inveresk, Midlothian,
Scotland, 1820; died 1889. He entered the
East India Company's military school, and later
was employed in India on public works; but
finally retired and went to Italy. His chief
books are: Mission to the Court of Ava)
(1856); (Cathay and the Way Thither) (1866);
(The Book of Ser Marco Polo) (edited : 1891);
(The Diary of William Hedges) (1886); etc.
Yusuf or Yussuf, Abu Amru (yös'öf). An
Arabic historian and commentator; born at
Cordova, 976; died at Xativa, 1070. He was
profoundly versed in the traditions of the
Oriental Mussulman countries. He wrote:
(Behed jet-Almodjalisyn,' a collection of tales
about Mahomet, etc. ; (Tamhyd, a commentary
on one of the chief Mussulman works of reli-
gious and civil law; (History of the Opinions
and Doctrines of the Principal Mussulman
Sects); History of the Wars against the
Christians); etc.
Yvan, Melchior (ē-von'). A French physi-
cian and publicist ; born at Digne (Basses-
Alpes), 1803; died at Nice, 1873.
He wrote:
(China and the Malay Peninsula' (1850);( Trav-
els and Stories) (1852); «The Insurrection in
China) (1853); (From France to China' (1855).
Yver, Jacques (ē-vār'). A French story and
verse writer; born at Niort, 1520; died there,
1572. He wrote: (The Springtime of Yver)
(1572), in the style of Boccaccio. It has been
a number of times republished.
Yvert, Eugène (ē-văr'). A French journal.
ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at
Marly-le-Roi, 1794; died at Amiens, Feb. 23,
1878. He was editor of the Picardy Gazette,
1831. He wrote: Parliamentary Sketches)
(1832), in verse ; (Political Customs) (1845);
(A Ghost' (1852), a two-act comedy in verse;
(Poetic Fancies) (1857); “Poetical Miscellanies)
(1860); etc.
Yves d'Évreux, Pierre (ēv dā-vrė'). A
French-Brazilian historian; born at Évreux, Nor-
mandy, about 1577; died after 1620. He was a
Capuchin missionary at Maranhão, Brazil, 1612-
14. He wrote: History of the Most Memor-
able Things that Happened at Maranhão in
the Years 1613 and 1614' (Paris, 1615; 2d ed.
1864), a continuation of the history of Claude
d'Abbeville; it is a work of great historical
value.
Yvon, Claude (e-von”). A French theolo-
gian; born at Mamers, 1714; died at Paris, 1791.
He wrote Letters to Rousseau) (1763), in
answer to Rousseau's letters to the archbishop
of Paris ; earlier in life he had been associated
with Diderot and the encyclopedists, and wrote
(Liberty of Conscience) (1754), in which he
held that the State should be indifferent in
matters of religion. Other works are (Agree-
ment of Philosophy and Religion (1776), and
(Philosophical History of Religion (1779).
)
## p. 592 (#608) ############################################
592
ZABEL-ZACHER
Z
Zabel, Eugen (tsä'bel). A German miscel.
laneous writer; born at Königsberg in Prussia,
Dec. 23, 1851. During his extensive travels he
formed the acquaintance of nearly all the liter-
ary celebrities of Europe. Among his works
are : (Berthold Auerbach) (1882); Ivan Tur-
genef) (1883); (Italian Dramatic Art in Ger-
many) (1892); (Anton Rubinstein: An Artist's
Life) (1892); translations of several of Tur-
genef's novels, and of French and Spanish
dramas; some novels, among them Parted
Hearts) (1888); and several comedies, as (The
Midnight Sun, (A Missed Vocation. '
Zabensing, Johann Christoph (tsä'ben-zing).
A German dramatic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Augsburg, 1747; died near the end of
the century. He was by profession a mer-
chant, but published various original writings,
among them a book on the life and writings
of Voltaire, and “The Philosophers à la Mode,
a comedy (1779); “ The Death of Abel,' a drama
(1779); and (Elizabeth; or, The Abduction, a
tragedy (1781).
Zablocki, Frantizek (zä-blots'kē). A Polish
dramatist; born 1754; died 1821. He is looked
upon as the creator of Polish comedy, his
plays holding the stage to the present day.
His masterpiece is (Sarmatyzin,' and others
are : (The Fop who Acts the Gallant with the
Ladies); 'An Irreparable Loss. '
Zaborowski (zä-bo-rov-ski') or Zaborowski-
Moindron (mwan-drôn'). A French publicist;
born at La Crèche, 1851. He is secretary of
the Paris Anthropological Society, and scientific
editor of several Paris journals. He has writ-
ten: "On the Antiquity of Man' (2 vols. ,
1874); "Prehistoric Man) (1878); (Origin of
Language) (1879); (Scientific News and Curi-
osities) (1883); etc.
Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio (dzä-kä-rē'ä).
An Italian Jesuit, scholar, and historian; born
at Venice, 1714; died 1795. He was professor
of ecclesiastical history at the college La Sapi-
enza, Rome. He wrote: Literary History of
England) (14 vols. , 1751); Literary Annals of
Italy) (3 vols. , 1762); Numismatic Institutes);
etc.
Zaccone, Pierre (zä-kon'). A French dra-
matic and miscellaneous writer; born at Douai,
1817 (? ). Early in life he entered the Post-Office
service at Brest, but devoted all his leisure to
literature, and was befriended by Émile Sou-
vestre. He published: (Tableaux of Universal
Literary History) (1844); (Memoirs of a King)
(1851); etc. Among his efforts for the theatre,
mostly written in collaboration with others,
are: 'The Twenty-Fourth of February (1848);
"Cousin Verdure! (1855); and (The Sundays
of Pampette.
Zachariä, Heinrich Albert (tsa-cha-re'a).
A German publicist ; born at Herbsleben, Saxe.
Gotha, Nov. 20, 1806; died at Kannstadt, April
29, 1875, being then professor in the University
of Gottingen. Among his works are: (Ger-
man States' Rights and Federal Rights) (1841);
(Manual of German Criminal Procedure (1800);
"German Constitutional Laws of the Present
Time) (1855); (The Question of the Compe-
tence of the Empire in View of the Dogma
of Infallibility' (1871).
Zachariä, Just Friedrich Wilhelm. A Ger-
man poet and satirist; born at Frankenhausen,
May I, 1720; died at Brunswick, Jan. 30, 1777.
He was professor of belles-lettres in the Caro-
linum, Brunswick (1761). He wrote: (The
Brawler) (1744), the first burlesque heroic
poem that had appeared in German ; (Phae-
ton); (The Handkerchief); Murner in Hell
(1757); (Fables and Tales) (1771); etc. ; and
translated into German hexameters Milton's
Paradise Lost? ( 1760 ). (Poetical Works,
9 vols. , 1763-65; posthumous writings, with
biography, 1781. )
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Eduard
(tsä-chä-re’ā fon ling'en-täl). A German writer
on jurisprudence ; born at Heidelberg, Dec. 21,
1812; died at Grosskmehlen, near Merseburg,
June 3, 1894. He is regarded as the founder of
the science of Græco-Roman jurisprudence.
He wrote (Outline of a History of Græco-
Roman Jurisprudence) (1839), History of
Græco-Roman Private Right! (1864); made a
collection of (Græco-Roman Laws) (1856 84);
and edited Justinian's Novella) (1881).
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo.
A German jurist; born at Meissen, Saxony,
Sept. 14, 1709; died March 27, 1843. He was
professor of law at Wittenberg, 1797-1807, and
Heidelberg, 1807-43. He wrote: "The Unity of
State and Church (1797); Forty Books on the
State) (2d ed. 7 vols. , 1839-43); Hand-Book
of French Civil Law) (8th ed. 1894-95); etc.
Zachariasiewicz, Jan (tsä-cha-ri-äs'yā-vich).
A Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer;
born in East Galicia, about 1825. At vari-
ous times in his life he became involved in
political difficulties, and passed several years in
prison; and these experiences have colored
all his books. His first publication was A
Passage from the Life of Unknown People
(1853). In (The Red Cap) and (The Secret
Fund,' he describes the spy system of the
police force; and of like nature are Covered
Cards) (1875), "A Bad Business) (1876), etc.
He has also written a few art novels.
Zacher, Ernst Julius August (tsä'cher). A
German antiquary; born at Obernigk, Feb.
15, 1816; died March 23, 1887, at Halle, where
## p. 593 (#609) ############################################
ZAHIR-ZANGWILL
593
he was professor of German philology. His
principal works are: (Ulfilas's Gothic Alpha-
bet and the Runic Alphabet) (1855); (German
Proverbs) (1852); History of the Palgravine
Genoveva) (1860); Pseudo-Callisthenes' (1867),
dealing with the Alexander myth.
Zahir (zä'hēr). An Arabian poet, father of
the poet Ka'b; contemporary with Mahomet.
He was the author of one of the seven poems
of the Mu'allakát, published by Sir William
Jones, with an English version, in 1782.
Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm (tsän). A Ger-
man painter, architect, and writer on art; born at
Rodenberg, Schaumburg, Aug. 21, 1800; died
at Berlin, Aug. 22, 1871. He was professor in
the Academy of Arts, Berlin, 1829. Among
his works were: (The Most Beautiful Orna-
ments and the Most Notable Pictures from
Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabia) (1828–30);
( Ornaments of all Classical Periods of Art)
(1832-39); etc.
zahn, Theodor. A German theological
writer; born at Mörs, Oct. 10, 1838. He was
appointed professor of theology in the Univer-
sity of Erlangen 1878, and is author of Mar-
cellus of Ancyra) (1867); (The Shepherd of
Hermas) (1868); “Ignatius of Antioch (1873);
(The Acts of St. John (1880); (Cyprian of
Antioch and the German Story of Faust) (1882);
(Researches into the History of the New Tes-
tament Canon (5 vols. , 1881-93); (The Gospel
of Peter) (1893); (Introduction to the New
Testament) (1897).
Zaleski, Bondan (zä-les'ski). A noted Po-
lish poet; born at Bohaterka in the Ukraine,
1802; died near Paris, 1886. He passed his
childhood in immediate intercourse with the
Cossacks, but afterwards studied at Warsaw.
After the revolution of 1830, he was obliged
to leave Poland, and went to France. Many
of his poems depict in vivid colors the scenery
of his native country. His chief works are :
(The Spirit of the Steppes) (1842); «The Most
Holy Family; and collections of shorter poems.
Zalewski, Casimir (zä-lev'ski). A Polish
dramatist and journalist; born at Plock, 1848.
He abandoned law for literature; founded the
journal Wiek (1865). Among his successful
dramas are: (Dowerless) (1868), (As the World
Moves) (1873), "Before the Wedding) (1876),
Poor Seed? (1877); the tragedies Marco
Foscarini) (1878), Article 264,' etc.
Zalokostas, Georgios (zäl-o-kos'tas). A dis-
tinguished Greek poet; born at Syrrhako, Epi-
rus, April 17, 1805; died at Athens, Sept. 3,
1858. At the age of sixteen he fought in the
insurrection at Missolonghi. The Greek child-
ren learn his songs. Among his best-known
poems were: Missolonghi); (Armatoles and
Klephts); ( The Entrance of Prevesa); (Hours
of Leisure); Marco Bozzaris); etc. Several
of his pieces have been translated into Italian,
Spanish, English, German, French, and Rus.
sian. (Poetical Works, Athens, 1860. )
Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom (zä-lös'ke).
A Polish statesman and pulpit orator; born about
1650; died 1711. He was bishop of Ermeland
and grand chancellor of Poland. He wrote:
(Historico-Familiar Epistles,' an interesting and
valuable work,
Zambelios, John (zäm-bēʻli-os). A Greek
poet; born on one of the Ionian isles, 1787 ;
died at Corfu, 1856. He was a judge at Corfu.
He wrote lyric poems, and several successful
tragedies. (Works, Athens, 1856-57. )
Zambelli, Andrea (dzäm-bel'lē). An Italian
historian; born in Lombardy, 1794; died at
Paris, 1862. His chief works are books on
(War) and on (Religion, in which he attempts
to show the profound difference between ancient
and modern nations.
Zamora, Antonio de (thä-mõ'rä). A Span-
ish dramatist; born at Madrid, between 1660
and 1664; died about 1722. He was highly
esteemed by his contemporaries as a lyric and
dramatic poet. Among his best works are:
(Everybody is his Own Pedigree); and (The
Wag of Seville,' on which is based the libretto
of the opera of Don Juan.
Zanella, Giacomo (dzä-nel'lä). An Italian
lyrical poet; born at Chiampo, 1820; died at
Vicenza, 1888. After studying for the priest-
hood, he became professor of philosophy and
Italian literature at the seminary in Vicenza.
His work is noted for beauty of style and mas-
tery of form; his most popular poem being
(The Fossil Shell. His first volume of poems,
(Verses,' appeared in 1868, and was followed
by several others. Among his poetic tales are:
(The Little Calabrese) (1870); (Robin Red-
breast) (1881); etc.
Zanetti, Bernardino (dzä-net'tē). An Italian
historian ; born near Treviso, 1690; died 1762.
He wrote a “History of the Lombards) (2 vols. ,
1753).
Zangemeister, Karl (tsäng'e-mis-ter). A Ger-
man classical philologist; born at Hallungen,
in the Duchy of Gotha, Nov. 28, 1837. He ed-
ited the fourth volume of the Corpus Inscrip-
tionum Latinarum, comprising the parietal
inscriptions at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and
Stabiæ (1871); compiled (Specimens of Latin
MSS. Written in Majuscule Letters) (1882), and
(Fragments of the Old Saxon Bible Poem of
the Palatine Library) (1894).
Zangwill, Israel. An English-Jewish nov-
elist ; born in London, 1864. He began life as
a London teacher, and while teaching, gradu-
ated at the London University. He has pub-
lished: (The Premier and the Painter) (1888,
in collaboration), a romance; (The Bachelors'
Club) (1891); (The Big Bow Mystery) (1891);
(The Old Maids' Club) (1892); (Children of
the Ghetto) (1892), a collection of stories, his
best work ; (Merely Mary Ann' (1893); (Ghetto
Tragedies) (1893); (The King of Schnorrers)
(1894); (The Master) (1895), a novel; (Six
Persons, a comedietta ; (Without Prejudice)
(1896), published originally, under the same
38
## p. 594 (#610) ############################################
ZANNOWICH - ZEISING
594
title, as 'Causerie) in the Pall Mall Magazine;
:
etc.
Zannowich, Stefano (zän'no-vich). An Al-
banian writer; born 1751; died 1785. He had
a wandering and very adventurous life, but
wrote several curious books, among them:
(Turkish Letters) (1877); (Epistles and Love
Songs of an Oriental (1779); and (Fragment
of a Chapter of "The Lame Devil, Sent from
the Other World by Le Sage' (1782).
Zanotti, Jean Pierre (zä-not'tē). A painter
and poet; born of a Polish family at Paris,
1674; died at Bologna, 1767. He left a num-
ber of noted pictures; and published Dido,'
a tragedy (1718); Poems) (1741); and various
works on the art of painting.
Zapf, Georg Wilhelm (tsäpf). A German
antiquary ; born at Nördlingen, 1747; died 1810.
A prolific writer, among his works were : (Bib.
liography of Ancient and Modern History)
(1781); (The Lives of Celebrated Savants and
Artists of All Time) (1800); etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista (dzäp'pē). An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Imola,
1540; died at the end of the century. He pub-
lished a remarkable book, prose mixed with
verse, entitled (Field of Spiritual Philosophy,
in which is Contained the Sum of Christian
Living) (1577), treating of the life and character
of Christ, the virtues and vices, etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista Felice. An Ital.
ian lyrical poet; born at Imola, about 1667;
died at Rome, 1719. He studied law in Rome,
but soon became noted for his poetry, which
was distinguished by elegance and grace of
style. A collection of his poems was first pub-
lished in 1770, and consists of sonnets, songs,
cantatas, and other verse.
Zarate, Agustin de (thä-rä’tā). A Span-
ish historian; born about 1492; died at Madrid
(? ) about 1560. He was comptroller of Cas-
tile; accompanied Nuñez Vela, viceroy of Peru,
to South America in 1543; was afterward treas-
urer of the Spanish Netherlands. He wrote:
History of the Discovery and Conquest of
the Province of Peru) (1555). There have been
many later editions; and it has been trans-
lated into French and Italian.
Zarate, Antonio Gil y. A Spanish dramatic
poet; born at San Lorenzo de l’Escurial, Spain,
1795; died 1860.
His father, an excellent
actor, sent him to study in Paris; and on his
return to Spain he became professor of phys-
ics in Granada. He afterwards wrote dramas
noted for striking situations, lively dialogue,
and elegant versification. Among them are :
(Blanche of Bourbon) (1835); (Guzman the
Brave); (The Czar Demetrius); etc. He also
published a much-esteemed history of Spanish
literature.
Zarncke, Friedrich (tsärn'ke). A German
antiquary ; born near Briel in Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, July 7, 1825; died Oct. 15, 1891; hav-
ing been since 1852 professor in the University
of Leipsic. Among his works are: “The Ger-
man Cato) (1852); “The Nibelungen Question
(1854); Contributions to the Explanation of the
Nibelungenlied (1857); (The Trojan Legend
of the Franks); "German Universities in the
Middle Ages) (1857); (Mediæval Proverbial
Poetry) (1863. )
Zbylitowski, André (zbē-le-tov'ské). A Po-
lish writer, philosopher, and poet; born in
Galicia, 1732; died 1813. He was doctor of
literature and philosophy in Cracow, and after-
wards traveled extensively in Europe and South
America. He wrote poetry with much success;
some of his idyls being noted for beauty of
coloring, elegance, and grace. Among his
works are: “Rhythms in Polish Verse) (1763);
(The Marshal) (historical); A Beard, a novel;
and various books on philosophical, political,
and grammatical themes.
Zbylitowski, Pierre.
