No More Learning

lines, upon Casca, which is preserved by Varro The Lex Papiria of Servius (ad Virg. Aen. xii.
(. L. L. vii. 28, ed. Müller). Priscian, in quoting 836) appears to refer to the Jus Papirianum.
this epigram from Varro, calls him Pomponius (p. (Grotius, Vitae Jurisconsult. ; Zimmern, Geschichte
602, ed. Putschius).
des Röm. Privatrechts, vol. i. pp. 86, 88. ) [G. L. )
3. Sex. PAPINIUS ALLIENUS, consul A. D. 36, L. PAPI'RIUS, of Fregellae, lived in the time
with Q. Plautius (Tac. Ann. vi. 40 ; Dion Cass, of Tib. Gracchus, the father of the two tribunes,
lviii. 26 ; Plin. H. N. x. 2). Pliny relates (H. N. and was reckoned one of the most eloquent orators
xv. 14) that this Papinius was the first person who of his time. Cicero mentions the speech which
introduced tuberes (a kind of apple) into Italy, and Papirius delivered in the senate on behalf of the
he likewise states that he saw him in his consul- inhabitants of Fregellae and the Latin colonies
ship. The Sex. Papinius of a consular family, (Brut. 46). If that speech was delivered when
who threw himself down headlong from a height Fregellae revolted, B. c. 125, Papirius must then
(A. D. 37), in order to escape from the unhallowed have been a very old man, since Tib. Gracchus, in
lust of his mother, was probably a son of the whose time he is placed by Cicero, was consul a
consul. (Tac. Ann. vi. 49. )
second time in B. C. 163. But the speech may
PAPI'NIUS STATIUS. [STATIUS. ) perhaps have reference to some earlier event which
PAPI'RIA GENS, patrician, and afterwards is unknown. (Meyer, Orat. Rom. Fragm. p. 154,
plebeian also. The history of this gens forms the 2nd ed. )
subject of one of Cicero's letters to Papirius Paetus, PAPÍRIUS DIONY'SIUS. (Dionysius. ]
who did not kuow that any of the Papirii had ever PAPI'RIL'S FABIANUS. [FABIANUS. ]


## p. 119 (#135) ############################################

PAPPUS.
119
PAPPUS.
:
PAPIRIUS FRONTO. (Fronto. ) of Ptolemy, and in favour of his standing in that
PAPI'RIUS JUSTUS. [Justus. )
relation to Theon. A commentator generally takes
PAPI'RIUS POTAMO. (Potamo. ] an established author, except when the subject of
PAPI'RIUS, ST. , physician. (Papylus. ) comment is itself a comment, and then he generally
PA'PIUS. 1. C. Papius, a tribune of the takes his own contemporaries. And moreover,
plebs B. C. 65, was the author of a law by which those writers who are often named together are
all peregrini were banished from Rome. This was more likely than not to be near together in time.
the renewal of a similar law which had been pro- The point is of some importance ; for Pappus is
posed by M. Junius Pennus, in B. c. 126. The our chief source of information upon the later bistory
Papia lex also contained provisions respecting the of Greek geometry. It makes much difference as
punishment of those persons who had assumed the to the opinion we are to form on the decay of that
Roman franchise without having any claim to it branch of learning, whether the summary which
(Dion Cass. xxxvii. 9; Cic. de off. iii. ll, pro he gives is to be referred to the second or the fourth
Bulb. 23, pro Arch. 5, de Leg. Agr. i. 4, ad Att. iv. century. If he lived in the fourth century, it is a
16). If we are to believe Valerius Maximus (iii. very material fact that he could not find one geo-
4. & 5), this law must have been passed at a much meter in the two preceding centuries whom he then
earlier period, since he relates that the father of considered as of note.
Perperna, who was consul B. c. 130, was accused The writings mentioned as having come from the
under the Papia lex after the death of his son, pen of Pappus are as follows :- 1. Maonuatı@v
because he had falsely assumed the rights of a ovvaywy w Biblia, the celebrated Mathematical
Roman citizen. But since Dion Cassius (l. c. ) Collections, of which we shall presently speak. It is
expressly places the law in B. C. 65, and Cicero not mentioned by Suidas, but is referred + to by
speaks of its proposer as a contemporary (de Off Marinus at the end of his preface to Euclid's Data.
iii. 11), we may conclude that there is some mis- 2. Χορογραφία οικουμενική. 3. Εις τα τέσσαρα
take in Valerius Maximus.
βιβλία του Πτολεμαίου μεγάλης Συντάξεως υπό-
2. M. PAPIUs MuTILUs, consul suffectus in | μνημα. 4. Ποταμούς τους εν Λιβύη. 5. 'Ονειρο-
A. D. 9, with Q. Poppaeus Secundus. They gave upitiká. The last four are mentioned by Suidas,
their names to the well known Papia Poppaea lex, and just as here written down in continuous quo-
which was passed as a kind of supplement to the tation, headed Bienia oè autoll.
Lex Julia de Maritandis Ordinibus. Hence arose The Collections, as we have them now in print,
the title Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea, under which consist of the last six of eight books. Whether
title its provisions are explained in the Dict. of Ant. there were ever more than eight is not certain :
The Papius Mutilus who is mentioned as a flat- from the description of his own plan given by
terer of Tiberius in the senate, A. D. 16, is probably Pappus, more might be suspected. No Greek text
the same as the consul of A. D. 9. (Tac. Ann. ii. 16. ) bas been printed: an Oxford I edition is long
3. Papius Faustus, slain by the emperor overdue. We cannot make out the negative en-
Severus. (Spartian. Sever. 13. )
tirely as to whether the existing Greek manuscripts
PA'PIUS MUTILUS, the commander in the contain the first and second books : most of them
Social War. (MUTILUS. )
at least do not. Gerard Vossius thought these
PAPPUS (Tárnos), of Alexandria, the name of books lost. Accounts of the manuscripts will
one of the later Greek geometers, of whom we be found in Fabricius (Harless, vol. ix. p. 171),
know absolutely nothing, beside his works, except and, with interesting additions, in an appendix to
the fact that Suidas states him to have lived under Dr. Wm. Trail's Life of Robert Simson, Bath,
Theodosius (A. D. 379—395). From an epigram | 1812, 4to. In the portion which exists the text is as
of the second century, or a little later, in which corrupt and mutilated as that of any Greek author
one Pappus is lauded, Reiske thought that this who is said to have left more than fragments; and the
must be the geometer, who ought, therefore, to be emendations are sometimes rather inventional than
placed in the latter half of the second century: conjectural, if properly named. Occasional portions
And Harless remarks, in confirmation, that of all of the Greek text have been published at various
the authors nanied by Pappus, no one is known to times, as follows:- 1. Meibomius, de Proportioni-
have flourished later than the second century. This bus, Copenhagen, 1655, 4to, p. 155, has given three
is but poor evidence, and, on the other band, the lemmas from the seventh book (Gr. Lat. ). 2. Wallis
authority of Suidas is by no means of the first found in a Savilian manuscript a part of the second
order on a point of chronology. We may, there- book (prop. 16—27), and published it (Gr. Lat. )
fore, look to other sources of probability, and the at the end of his edition of Aristarchus [Oxford,
only one we can find at all to the purpose is as 1688, 8vo. ), and again in the third volume of his
follows.
Pappus has left a short comment upon a portion + So it is customary to say ; but the words of
of the fifth book of Ptolemy's Syntaxis: or rather Marinus would admit a suspicion that he refers to
of the comment which Suidas states him to have a separate commentary on Euclid, written by
written upon four * books, nothing is left except a Pappus.
small portion which Theon has preserved and com- The duty which Savile and Bernard imposed
mented on (Syntaxis, Basle, 1538, p. 235 of upon that university in the seventeenth century, of
Theon's Commentary). Now Eutocius mentions printing a large collection of Greek geometry, has
Theon and Pappus in the same sentence, as commen- been performed hitherto precisely in the order laid
tators on Ptolemy ; and puts them thus together in down ; and the editions of Euclid, Apollonius, and
two different places. This is some presumption Archimedes, which are the consequence, are con-
against Pappus having been nearly a contemporary fessedly the best products of the press as to their
subjects, and in the second case the only one. The
This portion is on the fifth book : perhaps the next volume was intended to contain Pappus and
four books were not the first four books.
Theon.


## p. 120 (#136) ############################################

120
PAPPUS.
PAPUS.
collected works, Oxford, 1699, folio. The subject produced on modern geometry by the spirit of in-
of this fragment is the mode of multiplying large quiry and conjecture which its appearance at once
numbers ; from which it has been suspected that excited.
But, unless a full account were given of
the first two books treated of arithmetic only. the contents of the Collections, any such digression
3. Part of the preface of the seventh book is given would be useless. (Suidas ; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol.
(Gr. Lat. ) by Gregory in the introduction to the ix ; Trail, Life of Simson, &c. ) (A. De M. ]
Oxford Euclid (EUCLEIDES). 4. The complete PAPUS, the name of a family of the patrician
preface of the seventh book, with the lemmas given Aemilia Gens.
by Pappus, as introductory to the subject of 1. M. AEMILIUS PAPUs, was created dictator in
analysis of loci (του αναλυομένου τόπου), are B. C. 321, in which year the Romans receired
given by Halley (Gr. Lat. ), in the preface to his their memorable defeat from the Samnites near
version of Apollonius, de Lectione Rutionis, Oxford, Caudium. (Liv. ix. 7. )
1706, 8vo. So far Fabricius, verified by ourselves 2. Q. AEMILIUS Papus, twice consul, first in
in every case except the part in () : we may B. C. 282, and again in 278, and censor in 275. In
add that Dr. Trail gave (op. cit. p. 182) two pas both his consulships and in his censorship he had
Bages (Gr. Lat. ) on the classification of lines, which as colleague C. Fabricius Luscinus. In his former
had been much alluded to by Robert Simson : and consulship he was employed against the Etruscans
that Dr. Trail also states, that in the preface of an and Boians, while Fabricius was engaged in South-
edition of Vieta's Apollonius Gallus, 1795, J. G. ern Italy. He completely defeated the allied
Camerer gave the Greek of the preface and lemmas forces, and the chastisement which the Boians re-
relating to Tactions (Teplé napaw). Hoffman and ceived was so severe, that Cisalpine Gaul remained
Schweiger mention the second part of the fifth book quiet for upwards of fifty years (Dionys. xviii. 5 ;
as published (Gr. ) by H. J. Eisenmann, Paris, 1824, comp. Polyb. ii. 20). The passage in Frontinus
folio.
(i, 2. $ 7) which speaks of the defeat of the Boii
There are two Latin editions of Pappus. The by Aemilius Paullus (an error for Papus), is rightly
first, by Commandine, and published by his repre- referred by Niebuhr (Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p.
sentatives, was made apparently from one manu- 430) to the above mentioned victory, though most
script only. Its description is " Pappi Alexandrini modern writers make it relate to the conquest of
Mathematicae Collectiones a Federico Commandino the Gauls by the consul of B. C. 225 (see below,
. . . . commentariis illustratae,” Pisauri, 1588 (folio No. 3). In B. C. 280 he accompanied Fabricius,
size, quarto signatures). This edition shows, in as one of the three ambassadors who were sent to
various copies, three distinct title pages, the one Pyrrhus. The history of this embassy, as well as
abore, another Venetiis, 1589, a third Pisauri, of his second consulship and censorship, is given in
1602. It is remarkably erroneous in the paging the life of his colleague. (LUSCINUS, No. 1. )
and the catch-words ; but it does happen, we 3. L. AEMILIUS Q. F. CN. N. Papus, grand-
find, that one or the other is correct in every son apparently of No. 2, was consul B. C. 225, with
There is a cancel which is not found C. Atilius Regulus. This was the year of the
in some copies. The second edition, by Charles great war in Cisalpine Gaul. The Cisalpine Gauls,
Manolessius, has the same title, augmented, Bo- who had for the last few years shown symptoms of
noniae, 1660 (larger folio, quarto signatures). It hostility, were now joined by their brethren from
professes to be cleared from innumerable errors. the other side of the Alps, and prepared to invade
We cannot find any appearance of the use of any Italy. The conduct of this war was assigned to
additional manuscripts, or any thing except what | Aemilius, while his colleague Regulus was sent
is usual, namely, correction of obvious misprints againt Sardinia, which had lately revolted. Aemi-
and commission of others. And we find that Dr. lius stationed himself near Ariminum, on the road
Trail formed the same judgment. The first edition leading into Italy by Umbria, and another Roman
is the more clearly printed. What Mersenne gives, army was posted in Etruria, under the command of
sometimes called an edition, is a mere synopsis of a praetor. The Ganls skilfully marched between
enunciations. An intended edition by John Gal- the two armies into the heart of Etruria, which
laesius, mentioned by Fabricius, never appeared. they ravaged in every direction. They defeated
The third book of Pappus treats on the dupli- the Roman praetor when he overtook them, and
cation of the cube, geometrical constructions con- would have entirely destroyed his army, but for the
nected with the three kinds of means, the placing timely arrival of Aemilius. The Gauls slowly re-
in a triangle two lines having a sum together treated before the consul towards their own country;
greater than that of the two sides (which was but, in the course of their march along the coast
regarded as a sort of wonder), and the inscrip into Liguria, they fell in with the any of the
tion of the regular solids in a sphere. The other consul, who had just landed at Pisa, baving
fourth book treats of various subjects of pure geo- been lately recalled from Sardinia. Thus placed
metry, as also of several extra-geometrical curves, between two consular armies, they were obliged to
as that called the quadratrix, &c. The fifth book fight, and though they had every disadvantage on
treats of the properties of plane and solid figures, their side, the battle was long contested. One of
with reference to the greatest content under given the consuls, Regulus, fell in the engagement; but
boundaries, &c. , at great length. The sixth book the Gauls were at length totally defeated with
is on the geometry of the sphere. The seventh great slaughter. Forty thousand of the eneniy
book is on geometrical analysis, and is preceded are said to have perished and ten thousand to have
by the curious preface, which, mutilated as it is in been taken prisoners, among whom was one of their
parts, is the principal source of information we have kings, Concolitanus. Aemilius followed up his
on the history and progress of the Greek analysis. victory by marching through Liguria and invading
The eighth book is on mechanics, or rather on the country of the Boii, which he laid waste in
machines. A great deal might be written on every direction. After remaining there a few days
Pappus, with reference to the effect his work has he returned to Rome and triumphed. (Polyb. is
case.


## p. 121 (#137) ############################################

PARDUS.
121
PAREGOROS.
66
23–31 ; Oros. iv. 13; Eutrop. iii. 5 ; Zonar. viii. period ; but his vague use of the term more
20 ; Flor. i:. 4 ; Appian, Celt. 2. )
recent," as applied to writers of such different
A emilius Papus was censor B. C. 220, with C. periods as the seventh and eleventh or twelfth cen-
Flaminius, two years before the breaking out of turies, precludes us from determining how near to
the second Punic War. In the census of that the reign of Alexius he is to be placed. It was
year there were 270,213 citizens. (Liv. Epit. 20, long supposed that Corinthus was his name ; but
xxiii. 22. ) In B. C. 216 Papus was one of the Allatius, in his Diatriba de Georgiis, pointed out
triumviri, who were appointed in that year on that Pardus was his name and Corinthus that of
account of the dearth of money. (Liv. xxiii. 23). his see ; on his occupation of which he appears to
4. M. Aemilius Papus, maximus curio, died have disused his naine and designated himself by
B. c. 210. (Liv. xxvii. 6. )
his bishopric.
5. L. AEMILIUS Papus, praetor B. c. 205, ob- His only published work is Περί διαλέκτων,
tained Sicüy as his province. It was under this De Diulectis. It wns first published with the
Aemilius Papus that C. Octavius, the great grand-Erotemata of Demetrius Chalcondylas and of Mos-
father of the emperor Augustus, served in Sicily. chopulus, in a small folio volume, without note of
(Liv. xxviii. 38; Suet. Aug. 2. ) [Octavius, time, place, or printer's name, but supposed to have
No. 12. ) The L. Aemilius Papus, decemvir sa- been printed at Milan, A. D. 1493 (Panzer, Annal.
crorum, who died in B. c. 171, is probably the Typogr. vol. ii. p. 96). The full title of this edition
same person as the preceding. (Liv. xlii. 28. ) is Περί διαλέκτων των παρα Κορίνθου παρεκβλη-
PA'PYLUS, ST. (Tárvios), sometimes called Below, De Dialectis a Corintho decerptis. ' It was
Papirius, a physician, born at Thyatira in Lydia, afterwards frequently reprinted as an appendix to
of respectable parents, who was ordained deacon the earlier Greek dictionaries, or in the collections
by St. Carpus, in the second century after Christ. of grammatical treatises (e. g. in the Thesaurus
He was put to death by the praefect Valerius, Cornucopiae of Aldus, fol. Venice, 1496, with the
together with his sister Agathonice and many works of Constantine Lascaris, 4to. Venice, 1512 ;
others, after being cruelly tortured, in or about the in the dictionaries of Aldus and Asulanus, fol.
year 166. An interesting account of his martyr- Venice, 1524, and of De Sessa and Ravanis, fol.
dom is given in the * Acta Sanctorum," taken Venice, 1525), sometimes with a Latin version.
chiefly from Simeon Metaphrastes. His memory Sometimes (as in the Greek Lexicons of Stephanus
is celebrated by the Romish church on the 13th of and Scapula) the version only was given. All
April.