A
celebrated
English
poet, born in London about 1552; died at
London, Jan.
poet, born in London about 1552; died at
London, Jan.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
The constitution
which he gave to Athens is very clearly ex-
plained in Grote's History of Greece. Solon
himself defined its character and aims in six
hexameters which have come down to our
time. *
Somerville, Mary Fairfax. A Scottish as-
tronomer and scientist; born at Jedburgh, Dec.
26, 1780; died in Naples, Nov. 29, 1872. She
was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical
## p. 500 (#516) ############################################
500
SOPHOCLES-SOUTHWORTH
Society. She published: Mechanism of the
Heavens) (1830), a translation of Laplace's
(Mécanique Céleste,' made at the request of
Lord Brougham; 'Connection of the Physical
Sciences) (1834); Physical Geography) (1849);
(Microscopical and Molecular Science) (1869).
Sophocles (sof'o-klēz). The great Greek
tragic poet was born at Colonus, near Athens,
about 495 B. C. ; died about 405. His seven
extant tragedies are conjectured to have been
given to the public in the following order:
(Antigone) (440 B. C. );Electra”; Trachiniæ);
((Edipus Tyrannus); (Ajax); Philoctetes);
and (Edipus at Colonus. *
Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides. A
Grecian scholar and educational writer; born
in Tsangaranda, Thessaly, Greece, March 8,
1807 ; died in Cambridge, Mass. , Dec. 17, 1883.
Coming to America in 1829, he became pro-
fessor of ancient, modern, and Byzantine Greek
in Harvard University in 1860. Among his
publications are: Romaic Grammar) (1842;
2d ed. Boston, 1857 ; London, 1806); “Glossary
of Later and Byzantine Greek) (1860, forming
Vol. vii. , new series of Memoirs of the Amer.
ican Academy'); and (Greek Lexicon of the
Roman and Byzantine Periods, his most im-
portant work (1870).
Sophron (so'fron). A Greek mimetic poet of
the fifth century B. C. , native of Syracuse. His
mimes were dialogues in Doric Greek, half in
play, half in earnest, in which the character-
istics of the lower orders were faithfully ren-
dered. Only inconsiderable fragments of these
compositions have come down to us.
Sordello (sor-delʼlo). An Italian poet; born
at Goito, near Mantua, about 1180; died about
1255. He composed poems in the language of
Provence, of which 34 remain. One of the
most celebrated passages in Dante is on the
subject of this poet, and Browning's (Sordello !
(1840) is founded upon the story of his life.
Sotheby, William. An English poet; born
in London, 1757 ; died Dec. 30, 1833. He is
only remembered now as a translator of Homer
and Virgil, and a favorite among the blue-
stockings of Byron's time, but he wrote among
many other things : (The Battle of the Nile)
(1799) and (Saul' (1807), poems, and (Italy
and Other Poems) (1828); “ The Siege of Cuzco)
(1800); Julian and Agnes! (1801), Orestes)
(1802), "Ivan) (1816), tragedies.
Soulié, Melchior Frédéric (söl-yē'). A
French novelist and poet; born at Foix (Ari-
ège), Dec. 24, 1800; died at Bièvre near Paris,
Sept. 23, 1847. He commenced his literary ca-
reer by publishing a volume of poems, French
Loves) (1824), followed by (Romeo and Juliet)
(1828). (Christine at Fontainebleau' and (Clo-
thilde) (1832) were popular dramas. Some of
his novels also achieved public favor, such as
(The Count of Toulouse) (1835); “A Summer
at Meudon (1836).
Soumet, Alexandre (sö-
A French
dramatist; born at Castelnaudary, Feb. 8, 1788;
died at Compiègne, March 30, 1845. He won
fame with his first elegy, (The Poor Girl
(1814). His principal tragedies are: (Clytem-
nestra) and “Saul (1822); Joan of Arc) (1825);
(Elizabeth of France) (1828).
South, Robert. An English preacher and
controversial writer; born at Hackney, Lon-
don, in 1633; died in London, July 8, 1716.
His sermons are very noted. The published
editions of them are numerous (1692, 6 vols. ;
4th ed. 1715; new ed. , enlarged, 1744, 11 vols. ,
edited by W. G. T. Shedd ; 1867, 5 vols. ).
Southerne, Thomas. An English playwright;
born in Dublin, 1660; died 1746. His more
notable plays are: “The Persian Prince; or,
The Loyal Brother); (The Fatal Marriage
(1094); "Sir Anthony Love; or, The Rambling
Lady?
Southesk, Sir James Carnegie, Earl of. A
Scotch poet; born 1827. He wrote: (Her-
minius, a Romance) (1862); Jonas Esher: A
Poem in Brown and White (1876); Meda
Maiden' (1877); (The Burial of Isis, with Other
Poems) (1884).
Southey, Caroline Ann (Bowles) (south'y
or suth'y). An English poet, wife of Robert
Southey; born at Lymington, Hampshire, Dec.
6, 1787; died there, July 20, 1854. A collection
of her poems published in 1820 brought her to
the notice of the world of letters. (The Pau-
per's Death-Bed is well known. She is the
author of Ellen Fitz-Arthur,' a poem (1820);
(The Widow's Tale, and Other Poems) (1822);
(The Birthday) (1836); (Tales of the Facto-
ries,' in verse (1847).
Southey, Robert. A celebrated English poet
and prose-writer; born in Bristol, Aug. 12, 1774;
died March 21, 1843. His principal poems are :
Joan of Arc' (1795); (The Curse of Kehama,
based upon Hindu mythology (1810); A Vision
of Judgment,' an apotheosis of George III.
(1821). Among his prose works are : "History
of Brazil (1810-19); Life of Nelson (1813);
Life of John Wesley) (1820); Book of the
Church) (1824); Life of John Bunyan' (1830);
and (The Doctor) (1834-37). He was made
poet-laureate in 1813. *
Southwell, Robert. An English poet and
Jesuit martyr; born about 1502; executed at
Tyburn, Feb. 22, 1595. He wrote: “Consolation
for Catholics) (1586? ), a prose work; but his
literary fame rests upon his poems, the longest
of which is (St. Peter's Complaint, while the
best is generally considered to be (The Burn-
ing Babe.
Southworth, Emma Dorothy Eliza (Ne-
vitte). One of the most prolific of Ameri-
can sensational novelists ; born in Washington,
D. C. , Dec. 26, 1818. Among her sixty-odd
stories are: (Retribution'; 'Unknown); 'The
Family Doom); (The Mother's Secret); and
(An Exile's Bride. Many of them have been
translated into French, German, and Spanish,
and republished in London, Paris, Leipsic,
Madrid, and Montreal.
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SOUVESTRE-SPENCER
501
Souvestre. Émile (sö-vestr'). A French
dramatist and novelist; born 1806; died 1854.
He is celebrated as the author of (An Attic
Philosopher) (1850). His other works include:
(The Last Bretons) (1836); “Travels in Finis-
terre); (The Confessions of a Workman);
(Pierre and Jean'; (The Greased Pole); (Man
and Money); etc. His plays include Henri
Hamelin) and (Uncle Baptiste. *
Spalding, John Lancaster. An American
prelate of the Catholic Church, bishop of Peo-
ria, Ill. ; born in Lebanon, Ky. , June 2, 1840.
He has done much to establish educational
institutions in this country, and is widely known
as an author and poet. Besides (Essays and
Reviews) (1876), he has published a 'Life of
Archbishop Spalding (1872); (Religious Mis-
sion of the Irish People) (1880); "Lectures and
Discourses) (1882); (America, and Other Po-
ems); "The Poet's Praise); (Education and
the Higher Life); and Songs, Chiefly from the
German.
Spalding, Martin John. A Catholic prelate,
archbishop of Baltimore; born near Lebanon,
Ky. , May 23, 1810; died in Baltimore, Feb. 7,
1872. He was distinguished as a controversial-
ist and polemical writer, and published many
works; among them: D'Aubigné's History of
the Reformation Reviewed) (1844); "Lectures
on the General Evidences of Christianity)
(1847 and 1866); Miscellanies and Reviews)
(1885); and History of the Protestant Refor-
mation in Germany,' etc. (2 vols. , 1860). He
also edited (The General History of the
Catholic Church,' by Abbé Darras (4 vols. ,
1860).
Sparhawk, Frances Campbell. An Amer-
ican novelist and short-story writer; born in
Maine in 1847. She has written a large num-
ber of serial stories for the Christian Union
and other papers, of which the most important
is Elizabeth: A Romance or Colonial Days. )
She is also the author of 'A Lazy Man's Work)
(1881); Little Polly Blatchley) (1887); (Miss
West's Class in Geography) (1887); “Onoqua,
an Indian story; and "Senator Intrigue and
Inspector Nosely. "
Sparks, Jared. An American historian; born
in Willington, Conn. , May 10, 1789; died in
Cambridge, Mass. , March 14, 1866. From 1849
to 1853 he was president of Harvard College.
He is best known as the editor of the library
of American Biography (10 vols. , 1834-38), con-
taining twenty-six Lives) to which a second
series of thirty-four was added later (15 vols. ,
1844-47); and as the author of several of
the biographies,- namely, Ethan Allen, Bene-
dict Arnold, Father Marquette, La Salle, Count
Pulaski, Jean Ribault, Charles Lee, and John
Ledyard.
Sparks, William Henry. An American verse
and prose writer ; born on St. Simon's Island,
Ga. , Jan. 16, 1800; died in Marietta, Ga. , Jan.
13, 1882. He published: (The Memories of
Fifty Years) (1870; 4th ed. 1882); (Father
Anselmo's Ward); (Chilecah); and (The Wo-
man with the Iron-Gray Hair. He was also
the author of the popular verses (Somebody's
Darling' and (The Old Church Bell.
Spaulding, Solomon. An American clergy-
man and writer; born in Ashford, Conn. , in
1761; died in Amity, Pa. , Oct. 20, 1816. He
was a Revolutionary soldier, a Congregational
minister, and afterwards a manufacturer of iron.
While living at Conneaut, Pa. (1811-12), he
wrote a romance,' The Manuscript Found, pub-
lished in 1812, purporting to have been dis-
covered in an ancient mound. This work was
said to have furnished the basis for the Book
of Mormon); in denial of which the original
manuscript of Spaulding's romance was repub-
lished by the Mormons in 1885.
Spears, John Randolph. A New York jour-
nalist and story-writer; born in Ohio in 1850.
He has published: (The Gold Diggings of
Cape Horn); (The Port of Missing Ships, and
Other Stories.
Spedding, James. An English critic and lit-
erary historian; born near Bassenthwaite, in
Cumberland, 1808; died in London, March 9,
1881. The labors of his whole life were con-
cerned with the works of Lord Bacon; and his
first work, Evenings with a Reviewer' (2 vols. ,
privately printed in 1848, published 1881), was
an elaborate review of Macaulay's essay on
the great philosopher. He published (The
Works of Francis Bacon) 17 vols. , 1857-59);
(Life and Letters of Francis Bacon) 17 vols. ,
1870-76); Life and Times of Francis Bacon
(2 vols. , 1878); and a volume of miscellaneous
(Reviews and Discussions) (1869).
Speed, John Gilmer. An American jour-
nalist; born in Kentucky, 1853. He has been
managing editor of the New York World, has
contributed to leading periodicals, and has pub-
lished a Life of Keats. )
Speke, John Hanning. An English ex-
plorer; born at Jordans, Somersetshire, May 4,
1827; died near Bath, of an accidental gun-
shot wound, Sept. 15, 1864. He entered the
army, and served in India and in the Crimean
war; was with Capt. Richard F. Burton in an
expedition which discovered the great lakes
of Central Africa; and was at the head of
another expedition which discovered the con-
nection of the Nile with those lakes. He pub-
lished: (A Journal of the Discovery of the
Source of the Nile (1863); and “What Led to
the Discovery of the Source of the Nile) (1864).
Spencer, Herbert. A celebrated English
philosopher; born at Derby, April 27, 1820.
He has published: (The Proper Sphere of
Government' (1842); (Social Statics; or, The
Conditions Essential to Human Happiness)
(1851), later suppressed by the author; Pro-
spectus of a System of Synthetic Philosophy)
(1860); (Education' (1861); “Essays) (1858–63);
(First Principles) (1862); Principles of Bi.
ology) (1864); (Classification of the Sciences)
(1864); Principles of Psychology) (1872); (The
)
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502
SPENCER - SPRAGUE
>
Study of Sociology) (1873); Principles of
Sociology (1876); (Ceremonial Institutions)
(1879); (Data of Ethics) (1879); (Political In-
stitutions) (1882); (The Man versus the State)
(1884); ' Ecclesiastical Institutions) (1885); “Es-
says) (1891), being a former work revised ;
(Social Statics) (1892), being a former work
revised; Principles of Ethics) (1893). In 1896
appeared the final volume of Principles of
Sociology, completing the System of Syn-
thetic Philosophy. ' *
Spencer, Jesse Ames. An American edu-
cator and author; born at Hyde Park, N. Y. ,
June 17, 1816. He was appointed professor of
Greek in the College of the City of New York
in 1869, and was the author of a volume of
religious Discourses) (1843); (History of the
English Reformation (1846); (History of the
United States) (4 vols. , 1856–69); Greek Praxis)
(1870), and a (Course of English Reading
(1873); Memorabilia of Sixty-Five Years)
(1820-86); etc.
Spencer, William Loring. An American
author, second wife of Gen. Geo. E. Spencer;
born in St. Augustine, Fla. She has written :
(Salt Lake Fruit) (1883); (Story of Mary)
(1884), republished as (Dennis Day) (1887);
(A Plucky One) (1887); and (Calamity Jane)
(1887). Because of her masculine name she
has been called “The Major. )
Spencer, William Robert. An English
poet; born 1770; died 1834. Among his writ-
ings are: “Urania; or, the Illuminé, a comedy
(1802); (The Year of Sorrow) (1804); a poet-
ical necrology; a posthumous collection of
(Poems) (1835). He translated Bürger's (Le-
nore) in 1796. Some of his songs are still
popular favorites, as (Beth Gelert; or, The
Grave of the Greyhound); (Wife, Children, and
Friends); "When Midnight o'er the Moonless
Skies); 'Too Late I Stayed: Forgive the
Crime); (The Emigrant's Grave.
Spender, Emily. An English story-writer;
born at Bath, 1841. She wrote : A Son and
Heir) (1864); Kingsford' (1866); (Restored
(1871); (A True Marriage) (1878); Until the
Day Breaks) (1886).
Spenser, Edmund.
A celebrated English
poet, born in London about 1552; died at
London, Jan. 13 or 16, 1599. His works, in their
order of publication, are: “The Shepherd's Cal-
endar) (1579); “The Faery Queen (1590), first
three books; (Daphnaida) (1591); 'Complaints)
(1591), a collection of poems; (Colin Clout's
Come Home Again (1595); (Amoretti? (1595),
containing sonnets and (Epithalamion); 'Faery
Queen) (1596 ), second three books; Four
Hymns) (1596); Prothalamion) (1596); (As-
trophel (1596). Posthumously appeared View
of the State of Ireland) (1633). *
Spielhagen, Friedrich (spēl' hä-gen). A
prolific German novelist; born in Magde-
burg, Feb. 24, 1829. He has published: (Klara
Vere) (1857); (On the Dunes) (1 ; (Enig-
matical Natures) (1860); (Through Night to
Light) (1861); (The Von Hohensteins) (1863);
"Little Rose of the Court) (1864); (In Rank
and File) (1866); (The Village Coquette' (1868);
(Hammer and Anvil) (1868);' German Pioneers)
(1870); (Ever Onward' (1872); (What the
Swallow Sang' (1872); “Ultimo) (1873); “The
Freshet) (1876); (Flatland (1878); (Quisisana!
(1879-80); (Angela) (1881);(Uhlenhans' (1884);
(At the Health Springs) (1885); (What Will
That Lead To? ) (1886); Noblesse Oblige
(1888); (A New Pharaoh) (1889); (Sunday's
Child) (1893); "Susi(1895); and many dra-
matic works and much miscellany. *
Spindler, Karl (spin'dler). A German nov-
elist; born at Breslau, Silesia, Oct. 16, 1796;
died at Freiersbach, Baden, July 12, 1855. The
best of his works are: (The Bastard! (3 vols. ,
1826); (The Jew) (4 vols. , 1827); (The Jesuit!
(3 vols. , 1829); and (The Pensioner) (1831 ).
The latter story is an excellent specimen of
the early historical novel in Germany. It delin-
eates the French Revolution and Napoleon's
subsequent career.
Spinoza, Benedict (spi-nö'zä). A celebrated
philosopher; born at Amsterdam, of Portuguese-
Jewish parents, Nov. 23, 1632; died at The
Hague, Feb. 21, 1677. He is author of a (Tract-
ate on God and Man and Man's Felicity' (1655);
(Theologico-Political Tractate) (1670); “Ethics
Demonstrated Geometrically. The latter is his
greatest work; it was not published till after
his death. *
Spofford, Ainsworth Rand. An American
bibliographer and librarian; born in Gilman.
ton, N. H. , Sept. 12, 1825. He was a journalist
to 1861, when appointed chief assistant libra-
rian of the Congressional Library, and librarian
1864 to 1897, when he became again chief
assistant. He is famed for a comprehensive
and accurate knowledge of books and their
contents, and besides many essays and articles
on historical, literary, and scientific subjects for
the current journals, has published: ( The Amer.
ican Almanac, etc. (annually since 1878); and
has with others edited: Library of Choice
Literature (10 vols. , Philadelphia, 1881-88);
Library of Wit and IIumor) (5 vols. , 1884);
and A Practical Manual of Parliamentary
Rules) (1884).
Spofford, Harriet Elizabeth (Prescott). An
American novelist and poet; born in Calais,
Me. , April 3, 1835. Her literary success was
assured with the publication of the story en-
titled 'In a Cellar, in the Atlantic Monthly
(1859). Among her seventeen books are : (Sir
Rohan's Ghost) (1859); “The Amber Gods, and
Other Stories) (1863); (Azarian: An Episode
(1863); (New England Legends) (1871); "The
Thief in the Night) (1872); (The Marquis of
Carabas) (1882); Poems) ( 1882 ); (Ballads
about Authors' (1888); "A Master Spirit! ; In
Titian's Garden); and other poems. *
Sprague, Charles. An American poet ; born
in Boston, Oct. 20, 1791; died there, Jan, 22,
1875. He was the author of "The Winged
:
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SPRAGUE-STANLEY
503
Worshipers); (Curiosity); and (The Family
Meeting. A collection of his works entitled
(Poetical and Prose Writings) was published
in 1841.
Sprague, Charles Ezra. An American writer
and editor; born Nassau, N. Y. , Oct. 9, 1842.
He was an officer through the Civil War, and
since, the secretary and president of a New
York bank. He is the editor of Volaspodel, the
organ of the international language called Vola-
pük, and has written : (Logical Symbolism
(1882), and (The Handbook of Volapük) (1888).
Also a well-known poem, “The Story of the
Flag (1886).
Sprague, Mary Aplin. An American nov.
elist; born in Ohio, 1849. She has published
the story (An Earnest Trifler. )
Springer, Mrs. Rebecca (Ruter). An Amer-
ican verse and story writer ; born in Indian-
apolis, Ind. , Nov. 8, 1832. Besides a volume
of poems, “Songs of the Sea,' she has written
the novels (Beechwood' (1873) and (Self)
(1881).
Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. An English
Baptist preacher and author; born at Kelve-
don, Essex, June 19, 1834; died at Mentone,
France, Jan. 31, 1892. He was one of the most
successful preachers of modern times. From
his sermons, thirty-seven volumes have been
compiled. He published besides : (The Saint
and his Saviour) (1857); a (Commentary on
the Psalms) (7 vols. , 1865-80); (John Plough-
man's Talk) (1868); “Readings for the Closet)
(1869); "Storm Signals) (1886); (Messages to
the Multitude (1892).
Squier, Ephraim George. An American
archæologist and author; born in Bethlehem,
Pa. , June 17, 1821; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. ,
April 17, 1888. While a journalist at Chilli-
cothe, O. , he prepared an account of discover-
ies in ancient mounds (he being the principal
authority on the subject) for the "Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge) (1848). He was
chargé d'affaires to the Central American
States (1849), consul-general to Peru (1863),
and to Honduras (1868). Besides many reports
and contributions to periodicals and scientific
journals, he published: (Aboriginal Monuments
of the State of New York) (1851); “Serpent
Symbols) (1852); Nicaragua? (1852); Notes
on Central America) (1854); (States of Central
America) (1857); (Tropical Fibres) ( 1861 );
Peru: Incidents and Explorations) (1877).
Stabili, Francesco. See Cecco d'Ascoli.
Staël-Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine
(Necker), Baroness de (stä'el-hol'stin or
stä'el-ol-stan'). A celebrated French writer;
born in Paris, April 22, 1766; died there, July
14, 1817. She was the only child of Necker the
financier, and of Suzanne Curchod whose name
is connected with that of the historian Gibbon.
She married, Jan. 14, 1786, the Baron de Staël.
Holstein, Swedish ambassador at Paris. Her
works include : "Letters on the Character and
Writings of J. J. Rousseau' (1788); Delphine)
(1802), a novel ; (Corinne) (1807); (On Ger-
many) (1810), her best-known work; Liter-
ature in Relation to Social Institutions); (In-
fluence of the Passions on the Welfare of
Individuals and Nations); (The French Revo.
lution,' a posthumous work; etc. *
Stahl, P. J. (stäl). The pseudonym of P. J.
Hetzel, a French publisher and author; born
in Chartres, Jan. 15, 1814; died at Monte Carlo,
March 17, 1886. Of Alsatian origin, he studied
law in Germany when a youth, basing upon
his experiences during this period his first lit-
erary successes : (The Life of a Student);
(The Story of a Snuffler); and others. Among
his popular works, most of which were pub-
lished by himself, may be mentioned : (The
Voyages and Discoveries of Mlle. Lili, and of
her Cousin Lucien); (The Devil at Paris);
(The Wit of Woman and the Woman of Wit.
Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, niece of Will-
iam Pitt the younger; born at Chevening,
Kent, England, March 12, 1776; died at Mar
Elias, Syria, June 23, 1839. She was confiden-
tial secretary to Pitt for ten years prior to his
death. In 1810 she visited Syria, Jerusalem,
Damascus, Baalbec, and Palmyra. In 1814 she
established herself in the deserted convent of
Mar Elias, near Sidon, on a crag of Lebanon,
became a benefactress to the poor, and stud-
ied astrology. Her Memoirs) (3 vols. , 1845)
and “Seven Years' Travels) (3 vols. , 1846) were
published by her physician.
Stanhope, Philip Dormer. See Chester-
field.
Stanhope, Philip Henry. Fifth Earl Stan-
hope, better known as Lord Mahon. An Eng-
lish statesman and author; born at Walmer,
Kent, Jan. 31, 1805; died at Bournemouth,
Hampshire, Dec. 24, 1875. He is author of
(History of the War of Succession in Spain)
(1832); History of England from the Peace
of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83)
(7 vols. , 1836-53); (The Life of Louis, Prince
of Condé) (1845); A History of England,
Comprising the Reign of Anne until the Peace
of Utrecht) (1870).
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. An English
clergyman and author, best known as Dean
Stanley”; born at Alderley, Cheshire, Dec. 13,
1815; died in Westminster, July 18, 1881 His
principal works are: "The Life and Cor.
respondence of Thomas Arnold (1844); (His-
torical Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral?
(1855); (Lectures on the History of the Jewish
Church) (Vol. i. , 1862; Vol. ii. , 1865; Vol. iii. ,
1876); (Christian Institutions) (1878).
Stanley, Henry Morton. A celebrated ex-
plorer and author; born in Denbigh, Wales, in
1841 ; and now living in London. Originally
named John Rowlands, he was adopted at 15
by a New Orleans merchant, whose name he
took. He served in both the Confederate and
Union armies in the Civil War; was a news-
paper correspondent in Turkey and Abyssinia
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STANNARD-STEEL
504
in 1868; and started on the search for Dr.
Livingstone in October 1869, returning in July
1872. He made an exploration of Equatorial
Africa 1874-78; founded the Congo Free State
1879-84; and headed a successful expedition
for the relief of Emin Pasha in 1887-90. He
has been a Member of Parliament since 1896.
His works include: (Coomassie and Magdala)
(1869); How I Found Livingstone) (1872);
(Through the Dark Continent) (1878); (The
Congo and the Founding of its Free State)
(1885); and (In Darkest Africa, the title best
known to general readers in America.
Stannard, Mrs. (Henrietta Eliza Vaughan
Palmer). An English novelist, writing under
the pseudonyms "John Strange Winter) and
( Violet Whyte); born at York, Jan. 13, 1856.
She has written among others : "Cavalry Life)
(1881); (Regimental Legends) (1883); Boo-
tle's Baby) (1885), very popular; (Houp-la)
(1885); (A Siege Baby) (1887); etc.
Stanton, Mrs. Elizabeth (Cady). An Amer-
ican reformer and advocate of woman's rights;
born in Johnstown, N. Y. , Nov. 12, 1815. She
called the first convention in behalf of woman
suffrage, July 18, 1848. Besides numerous ad-
dresses and pamphlets, she wrote - jointly with
Susan B. Anthony and F. Gage -a (History of
Woman's Suffrage) (4 vols. , 1880-86); and ed-
ited, with others, The Revolution (established
1868).
Stanton, Henry Brewster. An American
journalist, reformer, and abolitionist; born in
Griswold, Conn. , June 29, 1805; died in New
York, Jan. 14, 1887. He married Elizabeth Cady
in 1840. He was active in the anti-slavery
movements (1837-41), was admitted to the bar,
and gained reputation in patent law (1847);
assisted in organizing the Republican party
(1858–60); and from 1868 was an editor of the
New York Sun. He contributed to the Liber-
ator, wrote much for periodicals, and published :
(Sketches of Reform and Reformers in Great
Britain and Ireland) (1849); and (Random Rec-
ollections) (1886).
Stanton, Theodore. An American journal-
ist, son of H. B. and Elizabeth Cady; born in
Seneca Falls, N. Y. , Feb. 10, 1851. He was a
correspondent for the Tribune at Berlin from
1880, and is now engaged as a journalist in
Paris. He translated Goff's Life of Thiers)
(1879), and wrote (The Woman Question in
Europe) (1884).
Statham, Francis Reginald. An English
poet and miscellaneous writer.
He wrote:
Alice Rushton and Other Poems) (1868); (Gla-
phyra and Other Poems) (1870); Eucharis :
A Poem (1871); (The Second Growth of the
Nineteenth Century) (1872); (The Zulu Inquiry)
(1880); Blacks, Boers, and British: A Three-
Cornered Problem (1881); (Free Thought and
True Thought) (1884).
Statius, Publius Papinius (stā'shi-us). A
Roman poet ; born at Naples about 45 A. D. ;
died there about 96 A. D. His chief work is
(The Thebaid, an epic poem in twelve books,
dealing with the struggle between the brothers
Eteocles and Polynices of Thebes. Of his epic
(Achilleis 'only fragments remain. His Silvæ,
a series of occasional stanzas, are 32 in num-
ber, extending to nearly 4,000 lines, and are
deemed his most pleasing work. *
stchedrin (tched ren ), pseudonym of Mi-
khail Evgrafovich Saltykov. A Russian satir-
ical writer ; born in the government of Tver,
Jan. 15, 1826; died in St. Petersburg, May 10,
1889. He is classed among the best satirical
writers of his country. Among his best-known
works are : (Satires in Prose) and (Innocent
Tales, both published in 1863; Diary of a
Provincial); (The People of Tashkend"; etc.
Some of his works have been translated into
English, French, and German.
Stead, William Thomas. An English jour-
nalist; born at Embleton, Northumberland, July
5, 1849. He is widely known as editor of the
Pall Mall Gazette and the Review of Reviews,
which last he founded in January 1890. He
published (The Maiden Tribute of Modern
Babylon) (1885). In 1893 he established Bor-
derland, a periodical devoted to Spiritualism.
(If Christ Came to Chicago) is another of his
publications.
which he gave to Athens is very clearly ex-
plained in Grote's History of Greece. Solon
himself defined its character and aims in six
hexameters which have come down to our
time. *
Somerville, Mary Fairfax. A Scottish as-
tronomer and scientist; born at Jedburgh, Dec.
26, 1780; died in Naples, Nov. 29, 1872. She
was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical
## p. 500 (#516) ############################################
500
SOPHOCLES-SOUTHWORTH
Society. She published: Mechanism of the
Heavens) (1830), a translation of Laplace's
(Mécanique Céleste,' made at the request of
Lord Brougham; 'Connection of the Physical
Sciences) (1834); Physical Geography) (1849);
(Microscopical and Molecular Science) (1869).
Sophocles (sof'o-klēz). The great Greek
tragic poet was born at Colonus, near Athens,
about 495 B. C. ; died about 405. His seven
extant tragedies are conjectured to have been
given to the public in the following order:
(Antigone) (440 B. C. );Electra”; Trachiniæ);
((Edipus Tyrannus); (Ajax); Philoctetes);
and (Edipus at Colonus. *
Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides. A
Grecian scholar and educational writer; born
in Tsangaranda, Thessaly, Greece, March 8,
1807 ; died in Cambridge, Mass. , Dec. 17, 1883.
Coming to America in 1829, he became pro-
fessor of ancient, modern, and Byzantine Greek
in Harvard University in 1860. Among his
publications are: Romaic Grammar) (1842;
2d ed. Boston, 1857 ; London, 1806); “Glossary
of Later and Byzantine Greek) (1860, forming
Vol. vii. , new series of Memoirs of the Amer.
ican Academy'); and (Greek Lexicon of the
Roman and Byzantine Periods, his most im-
portant work (1870).
Sophron (so'fron). A Greek mimetic poet of
the fifth century B. C. , native of Syracuse. His
mimes were dialogues in Doric Greek, half in
play, half in earnest, in which the character-
istics of the lower orders were faithfully ren-
dered. Only inconsiderable fragments of these
compositions have come down to us.
Sordello (sor-delʼlo). An Italian poet; born
at Goito, near Mantua, about 1180; died about
1255. He composed poems in the language of
Provence, of which 34 remain. One of the
most celebrated passages in Dante is on the
subject of this poet, and Browning's (Sordello !
(1840) is founded upon the story of his life.
Sotheby, William. An English poet; born
in London, 1757 ; died Dec. 30, 1833. He is
only remembered now as a translator of Homer
and Virgil, and a favorite among the blue-
stockings of Byron's time, but he wrote among
many other things : (The Battle of the Nile)
(1799) and (Saul' (1807), poems, and (Italy
and Other Poems) (1828); “ The Siege of Cuzco)
(1800); Julian and Agnes! (1801), Orestes)
(1802), "Ivan) (1816), tragedies.
Soulié, Melchior Frédéric (söl-yē'). A
French novelist and poet; born at Foix (Ari-
ège), Dec. 24, 1800; died at Bièvre near Paris,
Sept. 23, 1847. He commenced his literary ca-
reer by publishing a volume of poems, French
Loves) (1824), followed by (Romeo and Juliet)
(1828). (Christine at Fontainebleau' and (Clo-
thilde) (1832) were popular dramas. Some of
his novels also achieved public favor, such as
(The Count of Toulouse) (1835); “A Summer
at Meudon (1836).
Soumet, Alexandre (sö-
A French
dramatist; born at Castelnaudary, Feb. 8, 1788;
died at Compiègne, March 30, 1845. He won
fame with his first elegy, (The Poor Girl
(1814). His principal tragedies are: (Clytem-
nestra) and “Saul (1822); Joan of Arc) (1825);
(Elizabeth of France) (1828).
South, Robert. An English preacher and
controversial writer; born at Hackney, Lon-
don, in 1633; died in London, July 8, 1716.
His sermons are very noted. The published
editions of them are numerous (1692, 6 vols. ;
4th ed. 1715; new ed. , enlarged, 1744, 11 vols. ,
edited by W. G. T. Shedd ; 1867, 5 vols. ).
Southerne, Thomas. An English playwright;
born in Dublin, 1660; died 1746. His more
notable plays are: “The Persian Prince; or,
The Loyal Brother); (The Fatal Marriage
(1094); "Sir Anthony Love; or, The Rambling
Lady?
Southesk, Sir James Carnegie, Earl of. A
Scotch poet; born 1827. He wrote: (Her-
minius, a Romance) (1862); Jonas Esher: A
Poem in Brown and White (1876); Meda
Maiden' (1877); (The Burial of Isis, with Other
Poems) (1884).
Southey, Caroline Ann (Bowles) (south'y
or suth'y). An English poet, wife of Robert
Southey; born at Lymington, Hampshire, Dec.
6, 1787; died there, July 20, 1854. A collection
of her poems published in 1820 brought her to
the notice of the world of letters. (The Pau-
per's Death-Bed is well known. She is the
author of Ellen Fitz-Arthur,' a poem (1820);
(The Widow's Tale, and Other Poems) (1822);
(The Birthday) (1836); (Tales of the Facto-
ries,' in verse (1847).
Southey, Robert. A celebrated English poet
and prose-writer; born in Bristol, Aug. 12, 1774;
died March 21, 1843. His principal poems are :
Joan of Arc' (1795); (The Curse of Kehama,
based upon Hindu mythology (1810); A Vision
of Judgment,' an apotheosis of George III.
(1821). Among his prose works are : "History
of Brazil (1810-19); Life of Nelson (1813);
Life of John Wesley) (1820); Book of the
Church) (1824); Life of John Bunyan' (1830);
and (The Doctor) (1834-37). He was made
poet-laureate in 1813. *
Southwell, Robert. An English poet and
Jesuit martyr; born about 1502; executed at
Tyburn, Feb. 22, 1595. He wrote: “Consolation
for Catholics) (1586? ), a prose work; but his
literary fame rests upon his poems, the longest
of which is (St. Peter's Complaint, while the
best is generally considered to be (The Burn-
ing Babe.
Southworth, Emma Dorothy Eliza (Ne-
vitte). One of the most prolific of Ameri-
can sensational novelists ; born in Washington,
D. C. , Dec. 26, 1818. Among her sixty-odd
stories are: (Retribution'; 'Unknown); 'The
Family Doom); (The Mother's Secret); and
(An Exile's Bride. Many of them have been
translated into French, German, and Spanish,
and republished in London, Paris, Leipsic,
Madrid, and Montreal.
## p. 501 (#517) ############################################
SOUVESTRE-SPENCER
501
Souvestre. Émile (sö-vestr'). A French
dramatist and novelist; born 1806; died 1854.
He is celebrated as the author of (An Attic
Philosopher) (1850). His other works include:
(The Last Bretons) (1836); “Travels in Finis-
terre); (The Confessions of a Workman);
(Pierre and Jean'; (The Greased Pole); (Man
and Money); etc. His plays include Henri
Hamelin) and (Uncle Baptiste. *
Spalding, John Lancaster. An American
prelate of the Catholic Church, bishop of Peo-
ria, Ill. ; born in Lebanon, Ky. , June 2, 1840.
He has done much to establish educational
institutions in this country, and is widely known
as an author and poet. Besides (Essays and
Reviews) (1876), he has published a 'Life of
Archbishop Spalding (1872); (Religious Mis-
sion of the Irish People) (1880); "Lectures and
Discourses) (1882); (America, and Other Po-
ems); "The Poet's Praise); (Education and
the Higher Life); and Songs, Chiefly from the
German.
Spalding, Martin John. A Catholic prelate,
archbishop of Baltimore; born near Lebanon,
Ky. , May 23, 1810; died in Baltimore, Feb. 7,
1872. He was distinguished as a controversial-
ist and polemical writer, and published many
works; among them: D'Aubigné's History of
the Reformation Reviewed) (1844); "Lectures
on the General Evidences of Christianity)
(1847 and 1866); Miscellanies and Reviews)
(1885); and History of the Protestant Refor-
mation in Germany,' etc. (2 vols. , 1860). He
also edited (The General History of the
Catholic Church,' by Abbé Darras (4 vols. ,
1860).
Sparhawk, Frances Campbell. An Amer-
ican novelist and short-story writer; born in
Maine in 1847. She has written a large num-
ber of serial stories for the Christian Union
and other papers, of which the most important
is Elizabeth: A Romance or Colonial Days. )
She is also the author of 'A Lazy Man's Work)
(1881); Little Polly Blatchley) (1887); (Miss
West's Class in Geography) (1887); “Onoqua,
an Indian story; and "Senator Intrigue and
Inspector Nosely. "
Sparks, Jared. An American historian; born
in Willington, Conn. , May 10, 1789; died in
Cambridge, Mass. , March 14, 1866. From 1849
to 1853 he was president of Harvard College.
He is best known as the editor of the library
of American Biography (10 vols. , 1834-38), con-
taining twenty-six Lives) to which a second
series of thirty-four was added later (15 vols. ,
1844-47); and as the author of several of
the biographies,- namely, Ethan Allen, Bene-
dict Arnold, Father Marquette, La Salle, Count
Pulaski, Jean Ribault, Charles Lee, and John
Ledyard.
Sparks, William Henry. An American verse
and prose writer ; born on St. Simon's Island,
Ga. , Jan. 16, 1800; died in Marietta, Ga. , Jan.
13, 1882. He published: (The Memories of
Fifty Years) (1870; 4th ed. 1882); (Father
Anselmo's Ward); (Chilecah); and (The Wo-
man with the Iron-Gray Hair. He was also
the author of the popular verses (Somebody's
Darling' and (The Old Church Bell.
Spaulding, Solomon. An American clergy-
man and writer; born in Ashford, Conn. , in
1761; died in Amity, Pa. , Oct. 20, 1816. He
was a Revolutionary soldier, a Congregational
minister, and afterwards a manufacturer of iron.
While living at Conneaut, Pa. (1811-12), he
wrote a romance,' The Manuscript Found, pub-
lished in 1812, purporting to have been dis-
covered in an ancient mound. This work was
said to have furnished the basis for the Book
of Mormon); in denial of which the original
manuscript of Spaulding's romance was repub-
lished by the Mormons in 1885.
Spears, John Randolph. A New York jour-
nalist and story-writer; born in Ohio in 1850.
He has published: (The Gold Diggings of
Cape Horn); (The Port of Missing Ships, and
Other Stories.
Spedding, James. An English critic and lit-
erary historian; born near Bassenthwaite, in
Cumberland, 1808; died in London, March 9,
1881. The labors of his whole life were con-
cerned with the works of Lord Bacon; and his
first work, Evenings with a Reviewer' (2 vols. ,
privately printed in 1848, published 1881), was
an elaborate review of Macaulay's essay on
the great philosopher. He published (The
Works of Francis Bacon) 17 vols. , 1857-59);
(Life and Letters of Francis Bacon) 17 vols. ,
1870-76); Life and Times of Francis Bacon
(2 vols. , 1878); and a volume of miscellaneous
(Reviews and Discussions) (1869).
Speed, John Gilmer. An American jour-
nalist; born in Kentucky, 1853. He has been
managing editor of the New York World, has
contributed to leading periodicals, and has pub-
lished a Life of Keats. )
Speke, John Hanning. An English ex-
plorer; born at Jordans, Somersetshire, May 4,
1827; died near Bath, of an accidental gun-
shot wound, Sept. 15, 1864. He entered the
army, and served in India and in the Crimean
war; was with Capt. Richard F. Burton in an
expedition which discovered the great lakes
of Central Africa; and was at the head of
another expedition which discovered the con-
nection of the Nile with those lakes. He pub-
lished: (A Journal of the Discovery of the
Source of the Nile (1863); and “What Led to
the Discovery of the Source of the Nile) (1864).
Spencer, Herbert. A celebrated English
philosopher; born at Derby, April 27, 1820.
He has published: (The Proper Sphere of
Government' (1842); (Social Statics; or, The
Conditions Essential to Human Happiness)
(1851), later suppressed by the author; Pro-
spectus of a System of Synthetic Philosophy)
(1860); (Education' (1861); “Essays) (1858–63);
(First Principles) (1862); Principles of Bi.
ology) (1864); (Classification of the Sciences)
(1864); Principles of Psychology) (1872); (The
)
## p. 502 (#518) ############################################
502
SPENCER - SPRAGUE
>
Study of Sociology) (1873); Principles of
Sociology (1876); (Ceremonial Institutions)
(1879); (Data of Ethics) (1879); (Political In-
stitutions) (1882); (The Man versus the State)
(1884); ' Ecclesiastical Institutions) (1885); “Es-
says) (1891), being a former work revised ;
(Social Statics) (1892), being a former work
revised; Principles of Ethics) (1893). In 1896
appeared the final volume of Principles of
Sociology, completing the System of Syn-
thetic Philosophy. ' *
Spencer, Jesse Ames. An American edu-
cator and author; born at Hyde Park, N. Y. ,
June 17, 1816. He was appointed professor of
Greek in the College of the City of New York
in 1869, and was the author of a volume of
religious Discourses) (1843); (History of the
English Reformation (1846); (History of the
United States) (4 vols. , 1856–69); Greek Praxis)
(1870), and a (Course of English Reading
(1873); Memorabilia of Sixty-Five Years)
(1820-86); etc.
Spencer, William Loring. An American
author, second wife of Gen. Geo. E. Spencer;
born in St. Augustine, Fla. She has written :
(Salt Lake Fruit) (1883); (Story of Mary)
(1884), republished as (Dennis Day) (1887);
(A Plucky One) (1887); and (Calamity Jane)
(1887). Because of her masculine name she
has been called “The Major. )
Spencer, William Robert. An English
poet; born 1770; died 1834. Among his writ-
ings are: “Urania; or, the Illuminé, a comedy
(1802); (The Year of Sorrow) (1804); a poet-
ical necrology; a posthumous collection of
(Poems) (1835). He translated Bürger's (Le-
nore) in 1796. Some of his songs are still
popular favorites, as (Beth Gelert; or, The
Grave of the Greyhound); (Wife, Children, and
Friends); "When Midnight o'er the Moonless
Skies); 'Too Late I Stayed: Forgive the
Crime); (The Emigrant's Grave.
Spender, Emily. An English story-writer;
born at Bath, 1841. She wrote : A Son and
Heir) (1864); Kingsford' (1866); (Restored
(1871); (A True Marriage) (1878); Until the
Day Breaks) (1886).
Spenser, Edmund.
A celebrated English
poet, born in London about 1552; died at
London, Jan. 13 or 16, 1599. His works, in their
order of publication, are: “The Shepherd's Cal-
endar) (1579); “The Faery Queen (1590), first
three books; (Daphnaida) (1591); 'Complaints)
(1591), a collection of poems; (Colin Clout's
Come Home Again (1595); (Amoretti? (1595),
containing sonnets and (Epithalamion); 'Faery
Queen) (1596 ), second three books; Four
Hymns) (1596); Prothalamion) (1596); (As-
trophel (1596). Posthumously appeared View
of the State of Ireland) (1633). *
Spielhagen, Friedrich (spēl' hä-gen). A
prolific German novelist; born in Magde-
burg, Feb. 24, 1829. He has published: (Klara
Vere) (1857); (On the Dunes) (1 ; (Enig-
matical Natures) (1860); (Through Night to
Light) (1861); (The Von Hohensteins) (1863);
"Little Rose of the Court) (1864); (In Rank
and File) (1866); (The Village Coquette' (1868);
(Hammer and Anvil) (1868);' German Pioneers)
(1870); (Ever Onward' (1872); (What the
Swallow Sang' (1872); “Ultimo) (1873); “The
Freshet) (1876); (Flatland (1878); (Quisisana!
(1879-80); (Angela) (1881);(Uhlenhans' (1884);
(At the Health Springs) (1885); (What Will
That Lead To? ) (1886); Noblesse Oblige
(1888); (A New Pharaoh) (1889); (Sunday's
Child) (1893); "Susi(1895); and many dra-
matic works and much miscellany. *
Spindler, Karl (spin'dler). A German nov-
elist; born at Breslau, Silesia, Oct. 16, 1796;
died at Freiersbach, Baden, July 12, 1855. The
best of his works are: (The Bastard! (3 vols. ,
1826); (The Jew) (4 vols. , 1827); (The Jesuit!
(3 vols. , 1829); and (The Pensioner) (1831 ).
The latter story is an excellent specimen of
the early historical novel in Germany. It delin-
eates the French Revolution and Napoleon's
subsequent career.
Spinoza, Benedict (spi-nö'zä). A celebrated
philosopher; born at Amsterdam, of Portuguese-
Jewish parents, Nov. 23, 1632; died at The
Hague, Feb. 21, 1677. He is author of a (Tract-
ate on God and Man and Man's Felicity' (1655);
(Theologico-Political Tractate) (1670); “Ethics
Demonstrated Geometrically. The latter is his
greatest work; it was not published till after
his death. *
Spofford, Ainsworth Rand. An American
bibliographer and librarian; born in Gilman.
ton, N. H. , Sept. 12, 1825. He was a journalist
to 1861, when appointed chief assistant libra-
rian of the Congressional Library, and librarian
1864 to 1897, when he became again chief
assistant. He is famed for a comprehensive
and accurate knowledge of books and their
contents, and besides many essays and articles
on historical, literary, and scientific subjects for
the current journals, has published: ( The Amer.
ican Almanac, etc. (annually since 1878); and
has with others edited: Library of Choice
Literature (10 vols. , Philadelphia, 1881-88);
Library of Wit and IIumor) (5 vols. , 1884);
and A Practical Manual of Parliamentary
Rules) (1884).
Spofford, Harriet Elizabeth (Prescott). An
American novelist and poet; born in Calais,
Me. , April 3, 1835. Her literary success was
assured with the publication of the story en-
titled 'In a Cellar, in the Atlantic Monthly
(1859). Among her seventeen books are : (Sir
Rohan's Ghost) (1859); “The Amber Gods, and
Other Stories) (1863); (Azarian: An Episode
(1863); (New England Legends) (1871); "The
Thief in the Night) (1872); (The Marquis of
Carabas) (1882); Poems) ( 1882 ); (Ballads
about Authors' (1888); "A Master Spirit! ; In
Titian's Garden); and other poems. *
Sprague, Charles. An American poet ; born
in Boston, Oct. 20, 1791; died there, Jan, 22,
1875. He was the author of "The Winged
:
## p. 503 (#519) ############################################
SPRAGUE-STANLEY
503
Worshipers); (Curiosity); and (The Family
Meeting. A collection of his works entitled
(Poetical and Prose Writings) was published
in 1841.
Sprague, Charles Ezra. An American writer
and editor; born Nassau, N. Y. , Oct. 9, 1842.
He was an officer through the Civil War, and
since, the secretary and president of a New
York bank. He is the editor of Volaspodel, the
organ of the international language called Vola-
pük, and has written : (Logical Symbolism
(1882), and (The Handbook of Volapük) (1888).
Also a well-known poem, “The Story of the
Flag (1886).
Sprague, Mary Aplin. An American nov.
elist; born in Ohio, 1849. She has published
the story (An Earnest Trifler. )
Springer, Mrs. Rebecca (Ruter). An Amer-
ican verse and story writer ; born in Indian-
apolis, Ind. , Nov. 8, 1832. Besides a volume
of poems, “Songs of the Sea,' she has written
the novels (Beechwood' (1873) and (Self)
(1881).
Spurgeon, Charles Haddon. An English
Baptist preacher and author; born at Kelve-
don, Essex, June 19, 1834; died at Mentone,
France, Jan. 31, 1892. He was one of the most
successful preachers of modern times. From
his sermons, thirty-seven volumes have been
compiled. He published besides : (The Saint
and his Saviour) (1857); a (Commentary on
the Psalms) (7 vols. , 1865-80); (John Plough-
man's Talk) (1868); “Readings for the Closet)
(1869); "Storm Signals) (1886); (Messages to
the Multitude (1892).
Squier, Ephraim George. An American
archæologist and author; born in Bethlehem,
Pa. , June 17, 1821; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. ,
April 17, 1888. While a journalist at Chilli-
cothe, O. , he prepared an account of discover-
ies in ancient mounds (he being the principal
authority on the subject) for the "Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge) (1848). He was
chargé d'affaires to the Central American
States (1849), consul-general to Peru (1863),
and to Honduras (1868). Besides many reports
and contributions to periodicals and scientific
journals, he published: (Aboriginal Monuments
of the State of New York) (1851); “Serpent
Symbols) (1852); Nicaragua? (1852); Notes
on Central America) (1854); (States of Central
America) (1857); (Tropical Fibres) ( 1861 );
Peru: Incidents and Explorations) (1877).
Stabili, Francesco. See Cecco d'Ascoli.
Staël-Holstein, Anne Louise Germaine
(Necker), Baroness de (stä'el-hol'stin or
stä'el-ol-stan'). A celebrated French writer;
born in Paris, April 22, 1766; died there, July
14, 1817. She was the only child of Necker the
financier, and of Suzanne Curchod whose name
is connected with that of the historian Gibbon.
She married, Jan. 14, 1786, the Baron de Staël.
Holstein, Swedish ambassador at Paris. Her
works include : "Letters on the Character and
Writings of J. J. Rousseau' (1788); Delphine)
(1802), a novel ; (Corinne) (1807); (On Ger-
many) (1810), her best-known work; Liter-
ature in Relation to Social Institutions); (In-
fluence of the Passions on the Welfare of
Individuals and Nations); (The French Revo.
lution,' a posthumous work; etc. *
Stahl, P. J. (stäl). The pseudonym of P. J.
Hetzel, a French publisher and author; born
in Chartres, Jan. 15, 1814; died at Monte Carlo,
March 17, 1886. Of Alsatian origin, he studied
law in Germany when a youth, basing upon
his experiences during this period his first lit-
erary successes : (The Life of a Student);
(The Story of a Snuffler); and others. Among
his popular works, most of which were pub-
lished by himself, may be mentioned : (The
Voyages and Discoveries of Mlle. Lili, and of
her Cousin Lucien); (The Devil at Paris);
(The Wit of Woman and the Woman of Wit.
Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, niece of Will-
iam Pitt the younger; born at Chevening,
Kent, England, March 12, 1776; died at Mar
Elias, Syria, June 23, 1839. She was confiden-
tial secretary to Pitt for ten years prior to his
death. In 1810 she visited Syria, Jerusalem,
Damascus, Baalbec, and Palmyra. In 1814 she
established herself in the deserted convent of
Mar Elias, near Sidon, on a crag of Lebanon,
became a benefactress to the poor, and stud-
ied astrology. Her Memoirs) (3 vols. , 1845)
and “Seven Years' Travels) (3 vols. , 1846) were
published by her physician.
Stanhope, Philip Dormer. See Chester-
field.
Stanhope, Philip Henry. Fifth Earl Stan-
hope, better known as Lord Mahon. An Eng-
lish statesman and author; born at Walmer,
Kent, Jan. 31, 1805; died at Bournemouth,
Hampshire, Dec. 24, 1875. He is author of
(History of the War of Succession in Spain)
(1832); History of England from the Peace
of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83)
(7 vols. , 1836-53); (The Life of Louis, Prince
of Condé) (1845); A History of England,
Comprising the Reign of Anne until the Peace
of Utrecht) (1870).
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn. An English
clergyman and author, best known as Dean
Stanley”; born at Alderley, Cheshire, Dec. 13,
1815; died in Westminster, July 18, 1881 His
principal works are: "The Life and Cor.
respondence of Thomas Arnold (1844); (His-
torical Memorials of Canterbury Cathedral?
(1855); (Lectures on the History of the Jewish
Church) (Vol. i. , 1862; Vol. ii. , 1865; Vol. iii. ,
1876); (Christian Institutions) (1878).
Stanley, Henry Morton. A celebrated ex-
plorer and author; born in Denbigh, Wales, in
1841 ; and now living in London. Originally
named John Rowlands, he was adopted at 15
by a New Orleans merchant, whose name he
took. He served in both the Confederate and
Union armies in the Civil War; was a news-
paper correspondent in Turkey and Abyssinia
## p. 504 (#520) ############################################
STANNARD-STEEL
504
in 1868; and started on the search for Dr.
Livingstone in October 1869, returning in July
1872. He made an exploration of Equatorial
Africa 1874-78; founded the Congo Free State
1879-84; and headed a successful expedition
for the relief of Emin Pasha in 1887-90. He
has been a Member of Parliament since 1896.
His works include: (Coomassie and Magdala)
(1869); How I Found Livingstone) (1872);
(Through the Dark Continent) (1878); (The
Congo and the Founding of its Free State)
(1885); and (In Darkest Africa, the title best
known to general readers in America.
Stannard, Mrs. (Henrietta Eliza Vaughan
Palmer). An English novelist, writing under
the pseudonyms "John Strange Winter) and
( Violet Whyte); born at York, Jan. 13, 1856.
She has written among others : "Cavalry Life)
(1881); (Regimental Legends) (1883); Boo-
tle's Baby) (1885), very popular; (Houp-la)
(1885); (A Siege Baby) (1887); etc.
Stanton, Mrs. Elizabeth (Cady). An Amer-
ican reformer and advocate of woman's rights;
born in Johnstown, N. Y. , Nov. 12, 1815. She
called the first convention in behalf of woman
suffrage, July 18, 1848. Besides numerous ad-
dresses and pamphlets, she wrote - jointly with
Susan B. Anthony and F. Gage -a (History of
Woman's Suffrage) (4 vols. , 1880-86); and ed-
ited, with others, The Revolution (established
1868).
Stanton, Henry Brewster. An American
journalist, reformer, and abolitionist; born in
Griswold, Conn. , June 29, 1805; died in New
York, Jan. 14, 1887. He married Elizabeth Cady
in 1840. He was active in the anti-slavery
movements (1837-41), was admitted to the bar,
and gained reputation in patent law (1847);
assisted in organizing the Republican party
(1858–60); and from 1868 was an editor of the
New York Sun. He contributed to the Liber-
ator, wrote much for periodicals, and published :
(Sketches of Reform and Reformers in Great
Britain and Ireland) (1849); and (Random Rec-
ollections) (1886).
Stanton, Theodore. An American journal-
ist, son of H. B. and Elizabeth Cady; born in
Seneca Falls, N. Y. , Feb. 10, 1851. He was a
correspondent for the Tribune at Berlin from
1880, and is now engaged as a journalist in
Paris. He translated Goff's Life of Thiers)
(1879), and wrote (The Woman Question in
Europe) (1884).
Statham, Francis Reginald. An English
poet and miscellaneous writer.
He wrote:
Alice Rushton and Other Poems) (1868); (Gla-
phyra and Other Poems) (1870); Eucharis :
A Poem (1871); (The Second Growth of the
Nineteenth Century) (1872); (The Zulu Inquiry)
(1880); Blacks, Boers, and British: A Three-
Cornered Problem (1881); (Free Thought and
True Thought) (1884).
Statius, Publius Papinius (stā'shi-us). A
Roman poet ; born at Naples about 45 A. D. ;
died there about 96 A. D. His chief work is
(The Thebaid, an epic poem in twelve books,
dealing with the struggle between the brothers
Eteocles and Polynices of Thebes. Of his epic
(Achilleis 'only fragments remain. His Silvæ,
a series of occasional stanzas, are 32 in num-
ber, extending to nearly 4,000 lines, and are
deemed his most pleasing work. *
stchedrin (tched ren ), pseudonym of Mi-
khail Evgrafovich Saltykov. A Russian satir-
ical writer ; born in the government of Tver,
Jan. 15, 1826; died in St. Petersburg, May 10,
1889. He is classed among the best satirical
writers of his country. Among his best-known
works are : (Satires in Prose) and (Innocent
Tales, both published in 1863; Diary of a
Provincial); (The People of Tashkend"; etc.
Some of his works have been translated into
English, French, and German.
Stead, William Thomas. An English jour-
nalist; born at Embleton, Northumberland, July
5, 1849. He is widely known as editor of the
Pall Mall Gazette and the Review of Reviews,
which last he founded in January 1890. He
published (The Maiden Tribute of Modern
Babylon) (1885). In 1893 he established Bor-
derland, a periodical devoted to Spiritualism.
(If Christ Came to Chicago) is another of his
publications.
