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Title: The Cambridge history of India.

Publisher: Delhi : S. Chand, 1965-, [1922-].

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BERKELEY
LIERARY
UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA



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1


## p. i (#5) ################################################

5
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
i
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Portod


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The Syndics of the University Press are deeply
indebted to Sir Dorabji Tata for his gener:jus
contribution towards the cost of the illustrations
in this volume.
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF INDIA
Six Volumes
Vol. 1 Ancient India
Rs. 35
Vol. II In Preparation
Vol. III Turks and Afghans
In Press
Vol. IV The Mughal Period
Rs. 35
Vol. V The British India 1497-1858
Rs. 30
Vol. VI The Indian Empire
In Press


## p. iii (#7) ##############################################

THE
CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF INDIA
VOLUME IV
The Mughul Period
PLANNED BY
LT. COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. , C. B. E. , M. A.
EDITED BY
SIR RICHARD BURN
C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
S. CHAND & CO.
DELHI JULLUNDUR LUCKNOW,
-


## p. iv (#8) ###############################################

Published in India by S. Chand & Co. by
arrangement with the Cambridge University
Press, London.
LOAN STACK
addi
August 1957.
S. CHAND & CO. ,
Fountain
Delhi
Asaf Ali Road New Delhi
Mai Hira Gate - Jullundur City
Jai Hind Cinema Buildings Lucknow.
Price Rs. 351-
Printed by D. P. Sinha, New Age Printing Press, 64, Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi


## p. v (#9) ################################################

DS436
C2
7. 4
Copa
PREFACE
This VOLUME was planned by Sir Wolseley Haig, whose
serious illness unfortunately disabled him from editorial work on any
of the material which he had received, and even from revising finally
all the chapters to which his name is attached. Thus while Chapters
III, IV and v were completed by him in final form and appear as he
left them, Chapters ix, XII and xv have been re-written from his full
notes.
In the preceding volume the history terminated, in the case of
Delhi at 1526, and in the case of the other Muslim kingdoms of
northern and southern India and of the Hindu kingdom of Vijaya-
nagar at later dates between 1565 and 1600 which marked their
extinction or definite stages in their history. The narrative is carried
on here to the accession of Shah 'Alam II, during whose nominal rule
Delhi was to be included in British territory. As the volume deals
primarily with Mughul India references to the European powers
which obtained a footing in the country are incidental, and fuller
accounts of their progress or varying fortunes will be found in
Volumes V and vi.
Disappointed of his hopes to recover the seat of his ancestors in
Central Asia Babur had already raided India, when he was invited to
penetrate farther, and succeeded in founding a new empire there
owing to the mutual distrust of each other which characterised the
Afghan chiefs in northern India, and to the superiority of his small
but trained force. His son Humayun, whose character shows alternate
energy and sloth, bravery and indecision, conquered areas and lost
them during ten years, till he was driven into exile by Sher Shah, the
single Afghan ruler in India who could hold Afghans together, and
who had had practical experience of administration in lower grades.
Sher Shah's early death and the incompetence of his successors led to
Humayun's return, but an accident cut short his life after a few
months.
Akbar, succeeding as a boy to a much smaller area than his grand-
father had held, left at his death an empire extending from Qandahar
to the Bay of Bengal and from the Hindu Kush to the Deccan; and
apart from mere territorial acquisition he had realised as none of his
predecessors had done that successful government is bound up with
consent by the governed as well as with domination by the ruler. His
methods of administration remained the ideal throughout the Mughul
period, though neglected or distorted, and some of them still survive.
Political success too often feeds egotism, and in Akbar's case illiteracy
withheld restraint so that his religious speculations bred derision.
601


## p. vi (#10) ##############################################

vi
PREFACE
At his death reaction was certain and under Jahangir, whose tem-
perament was artistic rather than practical and in whom generosity
degenerated into self-indulgence, administration declined. For a time
there was a revival under Shah Jahan, whose success in India led
him to attempt the traditional enterprise of his line for the recovery
of Central Asia. But a century of life in India had produced Mughul
princes disinclined for the rigours and solitudes to be endured north
of the Hindu Kush and the effort failed.
Succession to Babur and his descendants had not taken place with-
out jealousy or open dispute, and Jahangir and Shah Jahan had each
rebelled in his father's lifetime. The serious illness of Shah Jahan
kindled the smouldering envy of his four sons and war ensued from
which Aurangzib emerged successful, having killed or exiled his three
brothers, and made his father a prisoner in the fort of Agra, to
survive there for eighteen years. Aurangzib's reign falls into two
periods. From 1658 to 1681 he remained in northern India, where
his narrow-minded efficiency and religious intolerance caused the
alienation of the warlike frontier tribes and destroyed the loyalty of
the Rajputs to the empire which had been won by Akbar and main-
tained by Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Having, as he believed, subdued
these discordant elements, he left for southern India to extinguish the
remaining Muslim powers there and to quell the rising activities of
the Marathas. Success in the former enterprise increased his difficul-
ties in the latter and after ceaseless strife his life ended with the
limits of the empire extended, but its resources squandered and its
army ruined, while in the north the Sikhs and Jats were also show-
ing rebellious tendencies.
Aurangzib's dying efforts to prevent his sons from repeating the
fratricidal war for which he had set them an example failed. His son
Shah 'Alam Bahadur defeated his brothers, but was old and tired and
reigned only a few years. The Delhi empire now becomes the subject
of contests between nobles who set up puppet rulers, establish a new
hereditary rule of succession to public office, and carve out princi-
palities for themselves which are independent of the emperor in all
but name, and of which Hyderabad, Bengal, Oudh and Rohilkhand
are the chief. The Marathas, first enlisted by the Deccan kingdoms
to oppose Jahangir's invading army, and gradually turning into a
compact nation in their homeland, later engage in guerrilla expedi-
tions beyond its limits. The Nizam of Hyderabad, to protect himself
diverts them against Delhi, and the Nawab of Oudh rashly invites
their assistance against his rival the Nawab of Farrukhabad and thus
brings them into the Duab. Weakened by the shattering raid of Nadir
Shah the Delhi empire cannot withstand them and they advance far
into the Punjab. With a stable and effective administration at home
their activities outside the Deccan are chiefly predatory till their mili-
tary officers in Gujarat, Malwa and Nagpur assume independence.


## p. vii (#11) #############################################

PREFACE
vii
The story is ended in this volume by the temporary union of the
disintegrating Muslim powers with the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah
Abdali, who delivers a shattering blow to Maratha pretensions at
Panipat, while the Rajputs, who have also suffered, hold aloof, and
Shah 'Alam II succeeds to a shrunken territory, hemmed in by Hindu
states on three sides and the new Rohilla and Oudh rulers on the
other.
For the first time in Indian history the politics of Burma and India
clash, largely owing to acts of piracy committed by Arakanese and
refugees from Portuguese settlements. Chapter XVII also describes
the separate dynasties which held power in Burma till Alaungpaya
founded the latest.
For the revenue system of the Mughuls more information is avail-
able than was the case with their predecessors. Its importance
justifies the allotment of a separate chapter, xvi. As in Volume II, the
monuments are the subject of a chapter, XVIII, with numerous illus-
trations, including references to the buildings of Bijapur, Khandesh,
Sind and the Rajputs dating from the Mughul period. Permission to
reproduce Figs. 24 and 25 has been generously given by the authori.
ties of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and Fig. 67 by the
Archaeological Survey of India, which retains the copyright. Prints
for the other plates were obtained from the following sources: Messrs
Johnston and Hoffman, Calcutta: Figs. 7, 17, 37, 45, 46, 57, 61, 63,
83. Messrs Plâte, Ltd. , Colombo: Fig. 18, 36, 44, 60, 62, 85. Messrs
Bourne and Shepherd, Calcutta : Figs. 38, 43, 47, 52, 73, 86.
Sir Wolseley Haig's scheme of transliteration in Volume 111 has
been mainly followed though hamza has been more sparingly marked
in words such as ta'rikh and Sha'n, which are pronounced in India to-
day as tarikh and Shan. Names of places are usually spelt as in the
Imperial Gazetteer of India, for which special enquiries were made to
ascertain the correct modern vernacular form. That form was trans-
literated according to a uniform plan except in cases where official or
English literary usage had established a corruption, such as Calcutta,
Bombay or Cawnpore. The index contains a number of alternative
forms, sometimes not used in the book, for names often spelt dif-
ferently or for names newly identified in it.
Personal names cause greater difficulty. Those of Hindus are usually
derived from Sanskrit, but in the modern vernaculars have assumed
differing forms, so that a single Sanskrit name may have even more
spellings in its modern dress than “Philip" has in the languages of
Europe, and a still larger number of pronunciations. While names of
Muslims are more regular an additional complication arises from the
use of titles especially during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, when we find a series of individuals each with the title of
Khan Jahan or Firuz Jang, or on the other hand an individual bearing
different titles in succession. In the text an attempt has been made
>


## p. viii (#12) ############################################

vill
PREFACE
.
to reduce confusion by using the appellation held for the longest
period, while the index includes other titles and cross-references to
them.
In rendering official designations into English it is desirable to
avoid terms which have a specialised sense in European countries.
This applies particularly to the term jagir, which appears as "assign-
ment”. Many writers have translated it by “fief”, which is not
appropriate for several reasons. The system is explained at pp. 455-
456, and the reason for discarding the term "fief" is that the assign-
ment” of an official was always liable to change, was not hereditary,
and was not necessarily within the area of the official's jurisdiction.
The largest administrative division of the empire (suba) has been
called a province, and the officer in charge (sipah salar or subadar) a
viceroy. The term "commandant” represents the officer in executive
charge of a smaller area (Faujdar) or of a fort (qila'dar).
One of the maps has been adapted from a map in Volume iii, and
three are taken with small changes from maps in the Cambridge
Shorter History of India. Map V has been redrawn, by permission of
Messrs Longmans, from the map facing p. 152, History of Burma,
by G. E. Harvey. May VI has been specially prepared to show the
more important places mentioned in the book.
The index is not exhaustive of all references to well-known
places such as Agra which are frequently mentioned, but it includes
indications of important items concerning them.
Dates of the Hijra year have been converted into the Christian
era by using New Style from 1583, when Pope Gregory XIII re-
formed the Christian calendar, though Britain did not adopt the new
reckoning till 1752.
Acknowledgments are due to all the contributors to this volume
for their readiness to co-operate in obliterating the differences which
arise when the same series of events has to be dealt with by a number
of writers and in all other matters connected with the book, Special
assistance outside his own chapter has been received from Mr W. H.
Moreland, C. S. I. , C. I. E. , and Sir Jadunath Sarkar undertook at very
short notice Chapter XIII, which Sir Wolseley Haig had intended to
write. I am also indebted to Sir Verney Lovett, K. C. S. I. , for in-
structive criticism, and to Mr C. E. A. W. Oldham, C. S. I. , Mr Ghulam
Yazdani, Director of Archaeology, Hyderabad State, and to the late
S. Ahmad Hasan, C. I. E. , for throwing light on a number of obscuri-
ties. During the printing of the volume the University Press has
given invaluable help to reconcile discrepancies and avoid blemishes.
7
R. B.
January 1937


## p. ix (#13) ##############################################

TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL PLAN
PAGE
1-20
21-44
45-59
70-107
108-155
156-182
183-221
222-259
260-280
281-318
Babur
Humayun, 1530-1540°
Sher Shah, the Sur dynasty, Humayun, 1555-1556
Akbar, 1556-1573
Akbar, Mystic and Prophet, 1573-1805
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
Aurangzib, 1658-1681
Independent kingdoms of the Deccan and rise of the Marathas
Aurangzib, 1681-1707
Bahadur Shah 1, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh-siyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat and
Rafi-ud-Daula
Muhammad Shah
The Hyderabad State, 1724-с. i761
Growth of the Maratha power to 1761
Ahmad Shah, 'Alamgir II to 1761
The Revenue System of the Mughuls
The History of Burma
Monuments of the Mughul period
Bibliographies
Chronology, India
Chronology, Burma
Dynasties and Genealogical Tables
Index
1
319-340
341-376
377-391
392-427
428-418
449-475
476-522
523-576
577-601
602-614
615-613
617-627
629-633
CHAPTER I
BABUR
By SIR E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , D. Litt. , Director of the
School of Oriental Studies, London.
The situation in Persia and Turkestan
Wars and intrigues in Babur's youth
Babur's birth and parentage
Early vicissitudes
Babur establishes himself in Kabul
His first raid into India
Babur assumes title of emperor
Babur and Shah Isma'il
Hopes of rule in Samarqand abandoned
Buhlul Lodi
The four invasions of India
*Alam Khan and Daulat Khan
Babur subdues the Punjab
The battle of Panipat
Babur's description of India
Babur settles in Hindustan
War against the Rajputs
o ter voor ons WON
10
11
12
13
14
15
16


## p. x (#14) ###############################################

х
CONTENTS
PACE
The battle of Khanua
Babur's illness and death
His character
Memoirs and poems
17
18
19
20
CHAPTER II
21
22
23
2+
25
26
27
28
29
HUMAYUN
By SIR RICHARD BURN, C. S. I. , F. R. A. S.
The Delhi empire now becomes the subject
of contests between nobles who set up puppet rulers, establish a new
hereditary rule of succession to public office, and carve out princi-
palities for themselves which are independent of the emperor in all
but name, and of which Hyderabad, Bengal, Oudh and Rohilkhand
are the chief. The Marathas, first enlisted by the Deccan kingdoms
to oppose Jahangir's invading army, and gradually turning into a
compact nation in their homeland, later engage in guerrilla expedi-
tions beyond its limits. The Nizam of Hyderabad, to protect himself
diverts them against Delhi, and the Nawab of Oudh rashly invites
their assistance against his rival the Nawab of Farrukhabad and thus
brings them into the Duab. Weakened by the shattering raid of Nadir
Shah the Delhi empire cannot withstand them and they advance far
into the Punjab. With a stable and effective administration at home
their activities outside the Deccan are chiefly predatory till their mili-
tary officers in Gujarat, Malwa and Nagpur assume independence.


## p. vii (#11) #############################################

PREFACE
vii
The story is ended in this volume by the temporary union of the
disintegrating Muslim powers with the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah
Abdali, who delivers a shattering blow to Maratha pretensions at
Panipat, while the Rajputs, who have also suffered, hold aloof, and
Shah 'Alam II succeeds to a shrunken territory, hemmed in by Hindu
states on three sides and the new Rohilla and Oudh rulers on the
other.
For the first time in Indian history the politics of Burma and India
clash, largely owing to acts of piracy committed by Arakanese and
refugees from Portuguese settlements. Chapter XVII also describes
the separate dynasties which held power in Burma till Alaungpaya
founded the latest.
For the revenue system of the Mughuls more information is avail-
able than was the case with their predecessors. Its importance
justifies the allotment of a separate chapter, xvi. As in Volume II, the
monuments are the subject of a chapter, XVIII, with numerous illus-
trations, including references to the buildings of Bijapur, Khandesh,
Sind and the Rajputs dating from the Mughul period. Permission to
reproduce Figs. 24 and 25 has been generously given by the authori.
ties of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and Fig. 67 by the
Archaeological Survey of India, which retains the copyright. Prints
for the other plates were obtained from the following sources: Messrs
Johnston and Hoffman, Calcutta: Figs. 7, 17, 37, 45, 46, 57, 61, 63,
83. Messrs Plâte, Ltd. , Colombo: Fig. 18, 36, 44, 60, 62, 85. Messrs
Bourne and Shepherd, Calcutta : Figs. 38, 43, 47, 52, 73, 86.
Sir Wolseley Haig's scheme of transliteration in Volume 111 has
been mainly followed though hamza has been more sparingly marked
in words such as ta'rikh and Sha'n, which are pronounced in India to-
day as tarikh and Shan. Names of places are usually spelt as in the
Imperial Gazetteer of India, for which special enquiries were made to
ascertain the correct modern vernacular form. That form was trans-
literated according to a uniform plan except in cases where official or
English literary usage had established a corruption, such as Calcutta,
Bombay or Cawnpore. The index contains a number of alternative
forms, sometimes not used in the book, for names often spelt dif-
ferently or for names newly identified in it.
Personal names cause greater difficulty. Those of Hindus are usually
derived from Sanskrit, but in the modern vernaculars have assumed
differing forms, so that a single Sanskrit name may have even more
spellings in its modern dress than “Philip" has in the languages of
Europe, and a still larger number of pronunciations. While names of
Muslims are more regular an additional complication arises from the
use of titles especially during the seventeenth and eighteenth cen-
turies, when we find a series of individuals each with the title of
Khan Jahan or Firuz Jang, or on the other hand an individual bearing
different titles in succession. In the text an attempt has been made
>


## p. viii (#12) ############################################

vill
PREFACE
.
to reduce confusion by using the appellation held for the longest
period, while the index includes other titles and cross-references to
them.
In rendering official designations into English it is desirable to
avoid terms which have a specialised sense in European countries.
This applies particularly to the term jagir, which appears as "assign-
ment”. Many writers have translated it by “fief”, which is not
appropriate for several reasons. The system is explained at pp. 455-
456, and the reason for discarding the term "fief" is that the assign-
ment” of an official was always liable to change, was not hereditary,
and was not necessarily within the area of the official's jurisdiction.
The largest administrative division of the empire (suba) has been
called a province, and the officer in charge (sipah salar or subadar) a
viceroy. The term "commandant” represents the officer in executive
charge of a smaller area (Faujdar) or of a fort (qila'dar).
One of the maps has been adapted from a map in Volume iii, and
three are taken with small changes from maps in the Cambridge
Shorter History of India. Map V has been redrawn, by permission of
Messrs Longmans, from the map facing p. 152, History of Burma,
by G. E. Harvey. May VI has been specially prepared to show the
more important places mentioned in the book.
The index is not exhaustive of all references to well-known
places such as Agra which are frequently mentioned, but it includes
indications of important items concerning them.
Dates of the Hijra year have been converted into the Christian
era by using New Style from 1583, when Pope Gregory XIII re-
formed the Christian calendar, though Britain did not adopt the new
reckoning till 1752.
Acknowledgments are due to all the contributors to this volume
for their readiness to co-operate in obliterating the differences which
arise when the same series of events has to be dealt with by a number
of writers and in all other matters connected with the book, Special
assistance outside his own chapter has been received from Mr W. H.
Moreland, C. S. I. , C. I. E. , and Sir Jadunath Sarkar undertook at very
short notice Chapter XIII, which Sir Wolseley Haig had intended to
write. I am also indebted to Sir Verney Lovett, K. C. S. I. , for in-
structive criticism, and to Mr C. E. A. W. Oldham, C. S. I. , Mr Ghulam
Yazdani, Director of Archaeology, Hyderabad State, and to the late
S. Ahmad Hasan, C. I. E. , for throwing light on a number of obscuri-
ties. During the printing of the volume the University Press has
given invaluable help to reconcile discrepancies and avoid blemishes.
7
R. B.
January 1937


## p. ix (#13) ##############################################

TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL PLAN
PAGE
1-20
21-44
45-59
70-107
108-155
156-182
183-221
222-259
260-280
281-318
Babur
Humayun, 1530-1540°
Sher Shah, the Sur dynasty, Humayun, 1555-1556
Akbar, 1556-1573
Akbar, Mystic and Prophet, 1573-1805
Jahangir
Shah Jahan
Aurangzib, 1658-1681
Independent kingdoms of the Deccan and rise of the Marathas
Aurangzib, 1681-1707
Bahadur Shah 1, Jahandar Shah, Farrukh-siyar, Rafi-ud-Darajat and
Rafi-ud-Daula
Muhammad Shah
The Hyderabad State, 1724-с. i761
Growth of the Maratha power to 1761
Ahmad Shah, 'Alamgir II to 1761
The Revenue System of the Mughuls
The History of Burma
Monuments of the Mughul period
Bibliographies
Chronology, India
Chronology, Burma
Dynasties and Genealogical Tables
Index
1
319-340
341-376
377-391
392-427
428-418
449-475
476-522
523-576
577-601
602-614
615-613
617-627
629-633
CHAPTER I
BABUR
By SIR E. DENISON Ross, C. I. E. , Ph. D. , D. Litt. , Director of the
School of Oriental Studies, London.
The situation in Persia and Turkestan
Wars and intrigues in Babur's youth
Babur's birth and parentage
Early vicissitudes
Babur establishes himself in Kabul
His first raid into India
Babur assumes title of emperor
Babur and Shah Isma'il
Hopes of rule in Samarqand abandoned
Buhlul Lodi
The four invasions of India
*Alam Khan and Daulat Khan
Babur subdues the Punjab
The battle of Panipat
Babur's description of India
Babur settles in Hindustan
War against the Rajputs
o ter voor ons WON
10
11
12
13
14
15
16


## p. x (#14) ###############################################

х
CONTENTS
PACE
The battle of Khanua
Babur's illness and death
His character
Memoirs and poems
17
18
19
20
CHAPTER II
21
22
23
2+
25
26
27
28
29
HUMAYUN
By SIR RICHARD BURN, C. S. I. , F. R. A. S. B. , M. A.
Humayun divides the empire
The difficulties before him
Humayun invades Gujarat
Capture of Mandu and Champaner
Humayun fails to hold Gujarat
Return to Mandu
Gujarat lost, and revolt in eastern provinces
Expedition against Sher Khan
Chunar taken and Bihar and Bengal invaded
Gaur occupied and then abandoned
Humayun's retreat from Bengal
Hindal and Kamran fail to help him
Sher Khan routs Mughul army at Chausa
Humayun again defeated by Sher Khan near Kanauj
Humayun flees to the Punjab
Schemes for a place of refuge
Failure to occupy Sind
Marriage to Hamida Begam
Hopes of aid in Rajputana
Humayun takes refuge in Persia
Capture of Qandahar and Kabul
Kamran in revolt
Character of Humayun
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
১৪
39
40
41
42
43
CHAPTER III
SHER SHAH AND THE SUR DYNASTY.
THE RETURN OF HUMAYUN
By Lt. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG, K. C. I. E. , C. S. I. , C. M. G. ,
C. B. E. , M. A.
The Sur Afghans
45
Early life of Farid (Sher) Khan
46
Sher Khan enters Babur's service
47
Dissensions among the Afghans
48
Humayun defeats Mahmud Lodi
49
Sher Khan's son takes Bengal
50
Humayun defeated at Chausa and Kanauj
51
Sher Khan's administration of Bengal
52
Puran Mal of Raisen
53
Operations against the Rajputs
54
Death of Sher Shah and character
55
His methods of administration
56
1


## p. xi (#15) ##############################################

CONTENTS
xi
Construction of roads and buildings
Succession of Islam Shah
Rebellion of the Niyazis
Persecution of the nobles
Death of Islam Shah. Messianic propaganda
Activities of Shah 'Ala'i
Character of Islam Shah
Succession of Muhammad 'Adil Shah
Influence of Himu
Ibrahim Shah assumes independence
Ahmad Khan claims sovereignty as Sikandar Shah
Humayun invades India
Defeat of Sikandar Shah
Death of Humayun, and succession of Akbar
PACE
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
65
E6
67
68
69
CHAPTER IV
70
71
SH2SHEETB2
AKBAR, 1556-1573
By LT. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG.
Problems before the new emperor
Himu takes Delhi
Battle of Panipat
Sikandar Shah surrenders
Factions at the court
The "foster-father cohort"
Akbar's education
Bairam Khan dismissed
Rebellion and death of Bairam Khan
Invasion of Malwa
Akbar's feats of daring
Rebellion in eastern provinces
Akbar marries princess of Amber
Merta captured. Rebellion in Malwa
Murder of Atga Khan
Akbar shakes off evil influences
Confusion at Kabul
Expedition against Gakkhars
Muzaffar 'Ali appointed Diwan
Reduction of Garha-Katanga
Malwa rebellion quelled
Agra fort begun
Afghan invasion of Bihar defeated
Attempts to reform administration
Uzbegs in India rebel
Operations against the Uzbegs
Uzbegs defeated and pardoned
Muhammad Hakim invades Punjab but retires
Rebellion of the Mirzas
Akbar's sport near Lahore
Final suppression of the Uzbegs
Expedition against the Rana of Chitor
Fortress of Chitor taken
Massacre at Chitor
Dispersal of the "foster-father cohort”
Capture of Ranthambhor and Kalinjar
72
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76
77
78
79
80
81
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xii
CONTENTS
PAGE
102
103
104
105
106
107
Birth of Akbar's children
Invasion of Gujarat
Gujarat subdued
Operations against the Mirzas
The Mirzas dispersed
Akbar's religious misgivings
CHAPTER V
AKBAR, MYSTIC AND PROPHET
By Lt. -COLONEL. SIR WOLSELEY HAIC.
Akbar suppresses revolt in Gujarat
Todar Mal revises land revenue settlement in Gujarat
Imperial administrative reforms
Discontent caused by reforms
Abu-'l-Fazl and Badauni arrive at court
Invasion of Bengal
Bengal occupied
The "Hall of Worship"
Religious dissensions
Fresh campaign against the Rana
Bengal finally subdued
Submission of minor Rajput chiefs and of Khandesh
Rebellion in Gujarat
Akbar's religious meditations
Muslim sectarian disputes
Akbar assumes spiritual authority
The Infallibility Decree
Discontent of orthodox divines
The first Jesuit mission
The Jesuits unable to convert Akbar
-Widespread rebellion
Rebels declare for Muhammad Hakim
Akbar marches against Muhammad Hakim
Muhammad Hakim submits
Akbar's hostility to the Portuguese
The "Divine Faith"
Examination of various creeds
Exclusion of Islam
Disturbances in Bengal and Gujarat
Administrative Reforms
"Divine Era" introduced
Expeditions into Kashmir and tribal areas
Kashmir annexed. Frontier operations
Berar invaded. Sind annexed
Akbar visits Kashmir
Death of Raja Todar Mal
Reduction of disorder in Bengal
Second Christian mission
Rebellion in Kashmir
Qandahar surrendered to Mughuis
Third Christian mission
Famine from 1595 to 1599
Successes in the Deccan
Akbar sets out for the Deccan
103
109
109
110
111
112
113
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
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138.
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## p. xiii (#17) ############################################

CONTENTS
xiii
Death of Sultan Murad
Negotiations with Ahmadnagar
Akbar arrives in Deccan
Disobedience of Salim
Ahmadnagar taken by storm
Annexation of Khandesh
Salim rebellious
Murder of Abu-'l-Fazl
Reconciliation between Salim and Akbar
Misconduct of Salim
John Mildenhall at Akbar's court
Akbar's last illness
Death of Akbar
Character of Akbar
His personal appearance
PAGE
141
145
146
146
147
148
149
149
150
151
151
152
153
154
155
CHAPTER VI
JAHANGIR
By SIR RICHARD BURN.
Jahangir's accession
Khusrav's revolt
Revolts quelled
Fresh plot in favour of Khusrav
Expedition against Mewar
Disasters in the Deccan
Failure of renewed Mughul attack on Ahmadnagar
Rebellion in Bengal
Khurram's success in Mewar
The English and the Mughuls
Nur Jahan's influence
Prince Khusrav
Khurram's negotiations in the Deccan
Roe's agreement with Shah Jahan
Jahangir in Gujarat
Visit to Kashmir
Capture of Kangra
Shah Jahan deputed to the Deccan
Treaties with kingdoms in the Deccan
Death of Khusrav
Loss of Qandahar
Shah Jahan rebels
His success in Bengal and Bihar
Defeat and flight to Deccan
Jahangir's health fails
Mahabat Khan's coup d'état
Death of Malik 'Ambar
Jahangir's last illness
His character
Artistic taste
Love of literature and dress
Politics ard administration
Religious views
156
156
157
158
158
159
160
160
161
162
163
164
165
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167
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xiv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VII
SHAH JAHAN
By SIR RICHARD BURN.
Accession
Petty local disturbances
Rebellion of Khan Jahan
Famine in the Deccan
Khan Jahan defeated
Dissensions in Bijapur
Death of Mumtaz Mahall
King of Ahmadnagar poisoned by Fath Khan
Asaf Khan fails to take Bijapur
Mughul attack on Hooghly
Attack on Ahmadnager by Bijapur
Storming of Daulatabad
Death of Mahabat Khan
Rebellion in Bundelkhand
Peace made with Bijapur
Conditions of peace with Golconda
Shahji enters service of Bijapur
Qandahar surrendered to Mughuls
Campaign in Assam
Annexation of Baglan
War with Portuguese
Insurrection in Kangra
Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Malwa
Plans for invading Transoxiana
Capture of Badakhshan and Balkh
Balkh abandoned
Loss of Qandahar
Failure to recover Qandahar
Disputes with Golconda
Aurangzib enforces terms on Golconda
Aurangzib attacks Bijapur
Shivaji hostile to Mughuls
Aurangzib's complaints against Dara
The struggle for succession
Shah Shuja' defeated
Aurangzib and Murad gain a victory
Battle of Samogarh
Dara's flight and pursuit
Shah Jahan imprisoned at Agra
Aurangzib becomes emperor
Character of Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan's religious intolerance
His administration
Foreign policy
Architecture and literature
Vernacular poems
PAGE
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
199
190
191
192
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CONTENTS
XV
CHAPTER VIII
AURANGZIB (1658 - 1681)
By SIR JADUNATH SARKAR, C. I. E. , D. Litt.
PAGE
Coronation of Aurangzib
Pursuit of Dara Shukoh
Battle against Shuja' at Kora
Struggle with Shuja'
Flight and death of Shuja'
End of Dara Shukoh
Sulaiman and Murad Bakhsh executed
Aurangzib's second coronation
Foreign embassies to Aurangzib
Religious ordinances
Social and administrative reforms
Heretics of Islam
Relations with Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan's last days
Invasion of Assam
Mir Jumla's successes and death
The Magh pirates of Chittagong
Conquest of Chittagong
Rebellions by Yusufzais and Afridis
Wars with frontier Afghans
Amir Khan's pacification of Afghanistan
Action against Hindus
Destruction of temples
Imposition of poll-tax
Persecution of Hindus
Revolts by Jats and Satnamis
Militarisation of the Sikhs
Growth of Sikh power
Govind Singh's death
Marwar seized by Aurangzib
Pillage of Marwar
Invasion of Mewar
Rajputs incite prince Akbar to rebel
Rebellion of Akbar
Mewar regains peace
Relations with states in Deccan
Jay Singh attacks Bijapur
Bahadur Khan defeated by Bijapur
Dilir Khan fails to take Bijapur
Early career of Shivaji
Shivaji visits court at Agra
Full growth of Shivaji's power
Shivaji's death
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
228
229
230
231
232
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
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249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
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258
259
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xvi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER IX
THE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN DURING THE
REIGNS OF JAHANGIR, SHAH JAHAN AND A U-
RANGZIB, AND THE RISE OF THE MARATHA
POWER
By LT. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG.
PAGE
Parviz and Khurram viceroys of the Deccan
260
Shah Jahan's contests with Malik 'Ambar
261
Malik 'Ambar attacks Bijapur
262
Death of Malik 'Ambar
263
Shah Jahan as emperor proceeds to the Deccan
264
Extinction of the Nizam Shahi dynasty
265
Claim to sovereignty over Bijapur and Golconda
266
Terms of peace with Bijapur
267
Rise of Shivaji
268
Aurangzib attacks Golconda
269
Peace made with Golconda
270
Invasion of Bijapur
271
Shivaji kills Afzal Khan
272
Shivaji assumes royal title
273
Cabals in Golconda and Bijapur
274
Aggressions by Shivaji
275
Shivaji raids the Carnatic
276
Attempts to save Golconda and Bijapur
277
Maratha aid to Bijapur
278
Character and achievements of Shivaji
279
CHAPTER X
AURANGZIB (1681-1707)
By SIR JADUNATH SARKAR,
Aurangzib marches to the Deccan
Prince Akbar assumes sovereignty
Campaigns against Shambhuji
Capture of Shambhuji
Raja Ram succeeds
Last siege of Bijapur
Affairs of Golconda
Mughul attacks on Qutb Shah
Shiah-Sunni dissensions
Capture of Golconda fort
Campaign against Maratha forts
Maratha partisan war
Raja Ram at Gingee
Zu-'l-Fiqar Khan besieges Gingee
Raids by Santa and Dhana
Raja Ram's last efforts
Continued sieges of Maratha forts
Capture of Satara and Parli
Khelna and Kondhana taken
281
282
283
284
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
298
297
293
.
.
-- -- --


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CONTENTS
xvii
E
E
0
1
2
3
54
35
56
57
58
59
70
71
72
33
74
75
76
77
78
79
Aurangzib's last campaign
Maratha methods of spoliation
Aurangzib's last year
Aurangzib's death
Rathor war of liberation
Rebellions of Durga Das
Jat rebellions crushed
Risings in Malwa and Bihar
English East India Company
English traders in India
Mughul attacks on English
European piracy in Indian waters
Agreement between Mughuls and Europeans
Bengal in Aurangzib's reign
Ja'far Khan's administration of Bengal
Rise of Chhatra Sal Bundela
Gondwana affairs
Disorders in Gujarat
Revenues of the empire
India's imports and exports
Aurangzib's character
PAGE
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
317-18
281
282
283
284
284
285
288
CHAPTER XI
BAHADUR SHAH, JAHANDAR SHAH,
FARRUK-SIYAR, RAFI-UD-DARAJAT AND
RAFI-UD-DAULA
By SIR JADUNATH SARKAR.
Contest for succession to Aurangzib
A'zam defeated by Bahadur Shah at Samogarh
War in Rajputana
Sikh revolt
War with Banda the Sikh Guru
Death and character of Bahadur Shah
Fight between Bahadur Shah's sons
Jahandar Shah succeeds to throne
Farrukh-siyar's advance from Patna
Battle between Jahandar and Farrukh-siyar
Jahandar's defeat and flight
Farrukh-siyar's coronation
His new appointments
The Turani and Irani factions
Farrukh-siyar's character
Sayyid brothers break with Farrukh-siyar
Plots against the Sayyids
Sikh Guru Banda captured
Churaman consolidates Jat power
Farrukh-siyar again plots against the Sayyids
Pretence of reconciliation
Farrukh-siyar deposed and murdered
Rafi'-ud-Darajat placed on throne
Niku-siyar proclaimed at Agra
Death of Rafi -ud-Darajat
Rafi-ud-Daula enthroned as Shah Jahan II
Death of Rafi'-ud-Daula and succession of Muhammad Shah
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
339
340
340
340
340
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
298
297
293
.


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xviii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER XII
MUHAMMAD SHAH
By LT. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
The provinces at Muhammad Shah's accession
Quarrel between the Sayyid brothers
Nizam-ul-Mulk opposes the Sayyids
Assassination of Husain 'Ali
Sayyid 'Abdullah Khan defeated and imprisoned
The heresy of Namud
Nizam-ul-Mulk appointed minister
Rise of the Jats
Nizam-ul-Mulk returns to the Deccan
Battle of Shakarkhelda
Contests for Gujarat
Abhay Singh expels Sarbuland Khan
Muhammad Khan Bangash in Bundelkhand
Maratha raids in Malwa
Insurrection in Allahabad
Baji Rao's raid on Delhi
Nizam-ul-Mulk attacked by Marathas
Peace terms with Marathas
Rise of Nadir Shah
Nadir Shah invades India
Mughul attempts to repel Nadir Shah
Nadir Shah's victory at Karnal
Negotiations for an indemnity
General massacre in Delhi
Nadir Shah's booty
Intrigues against the Turanian faction
Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
Death of Baji Rao Peshwa
Failure of 'Azim-ullah to recover Malwa
The Marathas invade Bengal
Raghuji Bhonsle retires from Bengal
Rise of the Rohilla power
Mughul attack on 'Ali Muhammad Khan
'Umdat-ul-Mulk assassinated
Ahmad Shah Abdali succeeds Nadir Shah
Ahmad Shah invades India
Mughuls repel Ahmad Shah
Reduction in the size of the Delhi empire
The degeneration of the Mughul army
PAGE
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
356
357
357
358
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360
361
362
363
354
355
366
367
368
369
370
371
371
372
373
374
375
1
1
.
1
1
1
CHAPTER XIII
1
1
THE HYDERABAD STATE (1724-1762)
By SIR JADUNATH SARKAR.
Nizam-ul-Mulk assumes independence
The Maratha menace
Nizam-ul-Mulk and Raja Shahu
The Nizam supports Shambhuji of Kolhapur
377
378
379
380
.
1
!


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CONTENTS
xix
PACE
381
381
382
383
384
384
385
386
387
387
388
389
390
391
Palkhed campagin against Baji Rao
Treaty of Shevgaon
Marathas diverted to north
Nazir Jang's rebellion suppressed
The Nawabs of Arcot
Death of Asaf Jah
Character of Asaf Jah
Nazir Jang seizes viceroyalty
Bussy dominates Hyderabad court
Muzaffar Jang and Salabat Jang
Ghazi-ud-din marches to Deccan
Bussy recovers control over Nizam
The Marathas defeat Hyderabad forces
Nizam 'Ali deposes Salabat Jang
CHAPTER XIV
THE RISE OF THE MARATHA EMPIRE
(1707-1761)
By H. G. RAWLINSON, C. I. E. , M. A. , F. R. Hist. S.
(Late Indian Educational Service. )
Accession of Shahu
Balaji Vishvanath
Palaji restores order
Shivaji's Swarajya
Balaji's achievements
Baji Rao succeeds Balaji
The founders of Dhar, Indore and Gwalior
The Nizam leaves Delhi
Baji Rao defeats the Nizam
Treaty of Warna
The Marathas invade Malwa
The Nizam returns to Delhi
Baji Rao fails to annex the Konkan
The Marathas besiege Bassein
English secure free trade in the Deccan
Death and character of Baji Rao
Balaji Baji Rao succeeds
Raghuji Bhonsle overruns the Carnatic
Character of Shahu
Death of Shahu and succession of Ram Raja
Defeat of the Gaikwar
Ram Raja succeeded by Shahu II
The Marathas plunder the Carnatic
They defeat and cripple Hyderabad
Organisation of Maratha government
The Marathas in the North
Ahmad Shah Abdali plunders Delhi and retires
The Marathas advance to Lahore
Ahmad Shah Abdali returns to India
The Bhao Sahib takes the field
The Marathas occupy Delhi
Start of the campaign against the Muslims
The Maratha intrenchment near Panipat
Blockade of the Maratha camp
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
407
408
409
410
411
411
412
413
414
415
416
416
416
417
418
419
420
421
.


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XX
CONTENTS
The Marathas issue forth
Battle of Panipat
Slaughter of the Marathas
Completeness of the defeat
Note on Marathi literature
PAGE
422
423
424
425
426-7
CHAPTER XV
AHMAD SHAH, 'ALAMGIRII AND SHAH ALAM
By LT. -COLONEL SIR WOLSELEY HAIG
Ahmad Shah succeeds to the throne
428
Offices of state divided by the nobles
428
Safdar Jang instigates the Bangash Pathans to attack the Rohillas
429
The Bangash defeat Safdar Jang and raid in Oudh
430
Safdar Jang crushes the Bangash with Maratha help
431
Zu-'l-Fiqar Jang in Rajputana
432
Disputed succession to Nizam-ul-Mulk
433
Third invasion by Ahmad Shah Abdali
433
The Punjab and Multan ceded to Afghanistan
434
Disputes between the emperor and Safdar Jang
434
Civil war at Delhi
435
Intizam-ud-Daula becomes minister
436
Ghazi-ud-din replaces Intizam-ud-Daula and deposes Ahmad Shah
436
'Alamgir II succeeds Ahmad Shah
437
Unsuccessful attempt to recover the Punjab
437
Ahmad Shah Abdali sacks Delhi
438
Massacre at Muttra
439
'Ali Gauhar escapes from Delhi
440
The Marathas in Bengal
441
'Ali Vardi Khan expels the Marathas
442
The Marathas retain Orissa
443
Alamgir II assassinated. Shah Jahan Ili succeeds
444
The Marathas occupy the Punjab
445
Ahmad Shah Abdali returns to India
446
A large Maratha army reaches Delhi
447
Battle of Panipat
449
Succession of Shah Alam
448
CHAPTER XVI
THE REVENUE SYSTEM OF THE MUGHUL
EMPIRE
By W. H. MORELAND, C. S. I. , C. I. E.
Local revenues
Sources of central revenue
Preponderance of land revenue
Description of the agrarian system
The position of the peasant
The state's share of produce
Methods of assessment
Arrangements for collection
The revenue system under the Lodi dynasty
Sher Shah's reorganisation
449
450
450
451
452
453
453
454
456
457


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5
CONTENTS
xxi
PAGE
458-60
461
462
462-3
464
465
466
467
467
468-70
471
472
473
474
8
-8
9
0
1
-2
33
33
34
34
35
36
36
37
37
38
39
-40
-41
Assessment under Akbar
Assignments under Akbar
Experiments in direct collection
Akbar's regulation system
Arrangements in the outlying provinces
Grants of land under Akbar
The reign of Jahangir
The reign of Shah Jahan
The assessment of the Deccan
Aurangzib's revenue system
The decline of agriculture
The disappearance of assignments
The extension of farming
The formation of dependencies
CHAPTER XVII
BURMA (1531-1782)
By G. E. HARVEY, Indian Civil Service (retired).
Arakan and its capitals
Muslim Buddhist kings
Chittagong and Portuguese pirates
Coronation sacrifices
The Dutch in Arakan. Shah Shuja
Mughuls take Chittagong
The Toungoo dynasty
Burman Talaing union
Burmese invade Siam
Death of Tabinshwehti
Failure of Smim Htaw's rebellion
Bayinnaung suppresses funeral sacrifices
Capture of Ayuthia
The Ceylon Tooth
Bayinnaung's administration
Contact with outer world
Nandabayin's cruelty
Sack of Pegu
De Brito independent at Syriam
Defeat and crucifixion of De Brito
Minredeippa's brief reign
Compilation of law books
Devastation by Chinese marauders
Yung-li, last of the Ming emperors
Foreign rivals in Mergui
Traders in Syriam
Raids from Manipur
Ava taken by the Talaings
The Alaungpaya dynasty
Alaungpaya captures Rangoon
French ships taken at Syriam
Talaings annihilated
Pegu stormed
Massacre at Negrais
Invasion of Siam
Death of Alaungpaya
42
143
345
146
448
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
148
.
449
450
450
451
452
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453
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456
457


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xxii
CONTENTS
PAGE
Manipur raided
512
Ava reoccupied
513
Invasion of Siam
514
Sixth siege of Ayuthia
515
Chinese invasion of Burma
516
Chinese repulsed and peace made
517
Manipur occupied
518
Burmese triumphs
519
Siamese expel Burmese from Siam
520
Singu murdered
521
Bodawpaya succeeds
522
CHAPTER XVIII
MONUMENTS OF THE MUGHUL PERIOD
By PER BROWN, A. R. C. A. , F. R. A. S. B. , Secretary and Curator,
Victoria Memorial Hall, Calcutta, formerly Principal of the
Government School of Art and Keeper of the Government Art
Gallery, Calcutta.
Neglected cities of northern India
523
Babur's new buildings
521
Humayun's capital at Delhi
525
Conclusion of the Sayyid-Afghan style
526
Sher Shah's tomb at Sasaram
527
Other tombs of the Surs
528
The Purana Qil'a
529
The Qil'a-i-Kuhna Masjid
533
Tombs of Adham Khan and Humayun
532
Bridge at Jaunpur
535
Fort at Agra
536
Palaces in Agra fort
537
Fort at Lahore
538
Fathpur Sikri
539
Plan of Fathpur Sikri
540
Jodh Bai's palace
541
Houses of Miriam and the Turkish Sultana
542
The Diwan-i-Khas
543
The Jami' Masjid
543
Buland Darwaza
545
Tomb of Salim Chishti
546
547
Temples at Brindaban
Palaces in Rajputana
548
Mughul gardens
549
550
Akbar's tomb
551
Jahangir's tomb
Tombs of Khan Khanan and i'timad-ud-Daula
552
553
Buildings in white marble
Shah Jahan's palaces and mosques
554
555
Delhi fort
557
Fountains and gardens at Delhi
558
Diwan-i-Am and Jami' Masjid
559
Mosques at Delhi and Agra
559
Tile decoration
561
Wazir Khan's Mosque, Lahore
561
The Taj Mahall


## p. xxiii (#27) ###########################################

CONTENTS
xxiii
Its architectural technique
Aurangzib's neglect of architecture
Aurangabad
Mosque at Benares; tomb of Safdar Jang
Sind
Deccan style at Bijapur
The Gol Gumbaz
The Jami' Masjid, Bijapur
Khandesh
PAGE
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
573
575
LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES
General
Numismatic
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter III
Chapters IV and v
Chapter VI
Chapter VII
Chapters VIII and x
Chapter IX
Chapter XI
Chapter XII
Chapter XIII
Chapter XIV
Chapter XV
Chapter XVI
Chapter XVII
Chapter XVIII
577
577
577
578
579
579
580
582
582
587
588
589
590
592
594
595
596
600
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES
India
Burma
: : : : : : : : :
DYNASTIC LISTS AND GENEALOGICAL
TABLES
602
615
1. The Mughul emperors of India
2. The Sur Dynasiy
3. The Marathas
4. The Peshwas
5. The Nawabs of Oudh
6. The Nizams of Hyderabad
7.