He knew that
though his strength was good for the commencement of a hard
day's work, it would not hold out for him as it used to do.
though his strength was good for the commencement of a hard
day's work, it would not hold out for him as it used to do.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v25 - Tas to Tur
He turned one glance upon her from under his eye-
brows, but he did not speak.
"With all that I have nothing to do," said the bishop.
"Nothing whatever, my lord," said Mr. Crawley.
"But, bishop, I think that you have," said Mrs. Proudie.
"The judgment formed by the magistrates as to the conduct of
one of your clergymen makes it imperative upon you to act in
the matter. "
"Yes, my dear, yes; I am coming to that. What Mrs. Proudie
says is perfectly true. I have been constrained most unwillingly
to take action in this matter. It is undoubtedly the fact that you
## p. 15050 (#634) ##########################################
15050
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
must at the next assizes surrender yourself at the court-house
yonder, to be tried for this offense against the laws. "
"That is true. If I be alive, my lord, and have strength suf-
ficient, I shall be there. "
"You must be there," said Mrs. Proudie. "The police will
look to that, Mr. Crawley. " She was becoming very angry in
that the man would not answer her a word. On this occasion
again he did not even look at her.
"Yes; you will be there," said the bishop. "Now that is, to
say the least of it, an unseemly position for a beneficed clergy-
man. "
"You said before, my lord, that it was an unfortunate position;
and the word, methinks, was better chosen. "
་་
"It is very unseemly, very unseemly indeed," said Mrs.
Proudie; "nothing could possibly be more unseemly. The bishop
might very properly have used a much stronger word. "
"Under these circumstances," continued the bishop, "looking
to the welfare of your parish, to the welfare of the diocese, and
allow me to say, Mr. Crawley, to the welfare of yourself also-"
"And especially to the souls of the people," said Mrs. Proudie.
The bishop shook his head. It is hard to be impressively
eloquent when one is interrupted at every best turned period,
even by a supporting voice. "Yes;-and looking of course to
the religious interests of your people, Mr. Crawley, I came to
the conclusion that it would be expedient that you should cease
your ministrations for a while. " The bishop paused, and Mr.
Crawley bowed his head. "I therefore sent over to you a gen-
tleman with whom I am well acquainted - Mr. Thumble — with a
letter from myself, in which I endeavored to impress upon you,
without the use of any severe language, what my convictions
were. "
-
"Severe words are often the best mercy," said Mrs. Proudie.
Mr. Crawley had raised his hand, with his finger out, preparatory
to answering the bishop. But as Mrs. Proudie had spoken he
dropped his finger and was silent.
"Mr. Thumble brought me back your written reply," contin-
ued the bishop, "by which I was grieved to find that you were
not willing to submit yourself to my counsel in the matter. "
"I was most unwilling, my lord. Submission to authority is
at times a duty;- and at times opposition to authority is a duty
also. "
## p. 15051 (#635) ##########################################
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
15051
Opposition to just authority cannot be a duty, Mr. Craw-
«<
ley,»
"Opposition to usurped authority is an imperative duty," said
Mr. Crawley.
"And who is to be the judge? " demanded Mrs. Proudie.
Then there was silence for a while; when, as Mr. Crawley made
no reply, the lady repeated her question. "Will you be pleased
to answer my question, sir? Who, in such a case, is to be the
judge? » But Mr. Crawley did not please to answer. "The man
is obstinate," said Mrs. Proudie.
"I had better proceed," said the bishop. "Mr. Thumble
brought me back your reply, which grieved me greatly. "
"It was contumacious and indecent," said Mrs. Proudie.
The bishop again shook his head, and looked so unutterably
miserable that a smile came across Mr. Crawley's face. After all,
others besides himself had their troubles and trials. Mrs. Proudie
saw and understood the smile, and became more angry than
ever. She drew her chair close to the table, and began to fidget
with her fingers among the papers. She had never before en-
countered a clergyman so contumacious, so indecent, so unrev-
erend, so upsetting. She had had to do with men difficult to
manage, the archdeacon, for instance; but the archdeacon had
never been so impertinent to her as this man.
She had quar-
reled once openly with a chaplain of her husband's, a clergyman
whom she herself had introduced to her husband, and who had
treated her very badly, but not so badly, not with such unscru-
pulous violence, as she was now encountering from this ill-
clothed beggarly man, this perpetual curate, with his dirty broken
boots, this already half-convicted thief! Such was her idea of
Mr. Crawley's conduct to her, while she was fingering the papers,
simply because Mr. Crawley would not speak to her.
"I forget where I was," said the bishop. "Oh, Mr. Thumble.
came back, and I received your letter;- of course I received it.
And I was surprised to learn from that, that in spite of what
had occurred at Silverbridge, you were still anxious to continue
the usual Sunday ministrations in your church. "
"
"I was determined that I would do my duty at Hogglestock
as long as I might be left there to do it," said Mr. Crawley.
"Duty! " said Mrs. Proudie.
-
―――――
—
"Just a moment, my dear," said the bishop. "When Sunday
came, I had no alternative but to send Mr. Thumble over again
to Hogglestock. It occurred to us - to me and Mrs. Proudie- »
## p. 15052 (#636) ##########################################
15052
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
"I will tell Mr. Crawley just now what has occurred to me,”
said Mrs. Proudie.
"Yes; just so. And I am sure that he will take it in good
part. It occurred to me, Mr. Crawley, that your first letter might
have been written in haste. >>
-
"It was written in haste, my lord: your messenger was
waiting. "
"Yes; just so. Well, so I sent him again, hoping that he
might be accepted as a messenger of peace. It was a most dis-
agreeable mission for any gentleman, Mr. Crawley. "
"Most disagreeable, my lord. "
"And you refused him permission to obey the instructions
which I had given him! You would not let him read from your
desk, or preach from your pulpit. "
"Had I been Mr. Thumble," said Mrs. Proudie, "I would
have read from that desk and I would have preached from that
pulpit. "
Mr. Crawley waited a moment, thinking that the bishop might
perhaps speak again; but as he did not, but sat expectant, as
though he had finished his discourse and now expected a reply,
Mr. Crawley got up from his seat and drew near to the table.
"My lord," he began, "it has all been just as you have said.
did answer your first letter in haste. "
―
"The more shame for you," said Mrs. Proudie.
"And therefore, for aught I know, my letter to your Lordship
may be so worded as to need some apology. "
"Of course it needs an apology," said Mrs. Proudie.
"But for the matter of it, my lord, no apology can be made,
nor is any needed. I did refuse to your messenger permission
to perform the services of my church, and if you send twenty
more, I shall refuse them all,-till the time may come when it
will be your Lordship's duty, in accordance with the laws of the
Church, as borne out and backed by the laws of the land, to pro-
vide during my constrained absence for the spiritual wants of
those poor people at Hogglestock. "
"Poor people, indeed," said Mrs. Proudie. "Poor wretches! "
"And my lord, it may be that it shall soon be your Lordship's
duty to take due and legal steps for depriving me of my benefice
at Hogglestock; - nay, probably for silencing me altogether as to
the exercise of my sacred profession! "
"Of course it will, sir. Your gown will be taken from you,"
said Mrs. Proudie. The bishop was looking with all his eyes up
## p. 15053 (#637) ##########################################
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
15053
at the great forehead and great eyebrows of the man, and was so
fascinated by the power that was exercised over him by the other
man's strength that he hardly now noticed his wife.
"It may well be so," continued Mr. Crawley. "The circum-
stances are strong against me; and though your Lordship has
altogether misunderstood the nature of the duty performed by
the magistrates in sending my case for trial,- although, as it
seems to me, you have come to conclusions in this matter in
ignorance of the very theory of our laws, — »
"Sir! " said Mrs. Proudie.
"Yet I can foresee the probability that a jury may discover
me to have been guilty of theft. "
"Of course the jury will do so," said Mrs. Proudie.
"Should such verdict be given, then, my lord, your interfer-
ence will be legal, proper, and necessary. And you will find
that, even if it be within my power to oppose obstacles to your
Lordship's authority, I will oppose no such obstacle.
There is,
I
believe, no appeal in criminal cases. "
"None at all," said Mrs. Proudie. "There is no appeal
against your bishop. You should have learned that before. "
« But till that time shall come, my lord, I shall hold my own
at Hogglestock as you hold your own here at Barchester. Nor
have you more power to turn me out of my pulpit by your mere
voice, than I have to turn you out of your throne by mine.
If
you doubt me, my lord, your Lordship's ecclesiastical court is
open to you. Try it there. "
"You defy us, then? " said Mrs. Proudie.
"My lord, I grant your authority as bishop to be great, but
even a bishop can only act as the law allows him. "
"God forbid that I should do more," said the bishop.
<< Sir, you will find that your wicked threats will fall back
upon your own head," said Mrs. Proudie.
"Peace, woman," Mr. Crawley said, addressing her at last.
The bishop jumped out of his chair at hearing the wife of his
bosom called a woman. But he jumped rather in admiration than
in anger.
He had already begun to perceive that Mr. Crawley
was a man who had better be left to take care of the souls at
Hogglestock, at any rate till the trial should come on.
"Woman! " said Mrs. Proudie, rising to her feet as though
she really intended some personal encounter.
"Madam," said Mr. Crawley, "you should not interfere in
these matters. You simply debase your husband's high office.
## p. 15054 (#638) ##########################################
15054
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
The distaff were more fitting for you. My lord, good morning. "
And before either of them could speak again, he was out of the
room, and through the hall, and beyond the gate, and standing
beneath the towers of the cathedral. Yes, he had, he thought,
crushed the bishop. He had succeeded in crumpling the bishop
up within the clutch of his fist.
He started in a spirit of triumph to walk back on his road
towards Hogglestock. He did not think of the long distance
before him for the first hour of his journey. He had had his
victory, and the remembrance of that braced his nerves and gave
elasticity to his sinews; and he went stalking along the road
with rapid strides, muttering to himself from time to time as he
went along some word about Mrs. Proudie and her distaff. Mr.
Thumble would not, he thought, come to him again,- not, at
any rate, till the assizes were drawing near. And he had resolved
what he would do then. When the day of his trial was near, he
would himself write to the bishop, and beg that provision might
be made for his church, in the event of the verdict going against
him. His friend Dean Arabin was to be home before that time,
and the idea had occurred to him of asking the dean to see to
this. But the other would be the more independent course, and
the better. And there was a matter as to which he was not
altogether well pleased with the dean, although he was so con-
scious of his own peculiarities as to know that he could hardly
trust himself for a judgment. But at any rate, he would apply
to the bishop-to the bishop whom he had just left prostrate in
his palace
when the time of his trial should be close at hand.
Full of such thoughts as these, he went along almost gayly,
nor felt the fatigue of the road till he had covered the first five
miles out of Barchester. It was nearly four o'clock, and the
thick gloom of the winter evening was making itself felt. And
then he began to be fatigued. He had not as yet eaten since he
had left his home in the morning; and he now pulled a crust out
of his pocket and leaned against a gate as he crunched it. There
were still ten miles before him, and he knew that such an addi-
tion to the work he had already done would task him very
severely. Farmer Mangle had told him that he would not leave
Framley Mill till five, and he had got time to reach Framley
Mill by that time. But he had said that he would not return to
Framley Mill, and he remembered his suspicion that his wife and
Farmer Mangle between them had cozened him. No: he would
persevere and walk,- walk, though he should drop upon the
-
## p. 15055 (#639) ##########################################
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
15055
road. He was now nearer fifty than forty years of age, and
hardships as well as time had told upon him.
He knew that
though his strength was good for the commencement of a hard
day's work, it would not hold out for him as it used to do.
He
knew that the last four miles in the dark night would be very
sad with him. But still he persevered; endeavoring, as he went,
to cherish himself with the remembrance of his triumph.
He passed the turning going down to Framley with courage;
but when he came to the further turning, by which the cart
would return from Framley to the Hogglestock road, he looked
wistfully down the road for Farmer Mangle. But Farmer Mangle
was still at the mill, waiting in expectation that Mr. Crawley
might come to him. But the poor traveler paused here barely
for a minute, and then went on; stumbling through the mud,
striking his ill-covered feet against the rough stones in the dark,
sweating in his weakness, almost tottering at times, and calculat-
ing whether his remaining strength would serve to carry him
home. He had almost forgotten the bishop and his wife before
at last he grasped the wicket gate leading to his own door.
"O mamma, here is papa! "
"But where is the cart? I did not hear the wheels," said
Mrs. Crawley.
"O mamma, I think papa is ill. " Then the wife took her
drooping husband by both arms and strove to look him in the
face.
"He has walked all the way, and he is ill," said Jane.
"No, my dear, I am very tired, but not ill. Let me sit down,
and give me some bread and tea, and I shall recover myself. "
Then Mrs. Crawley, from some secret hoard, got him a small
modicum of spirits, and gave him meat and tea; and he was
docile, and obeying her behests, allowed himself to be taken to
his bed.
"I do not think the bishop will send for me again," he said,
as she tucked the clothes around him.
## p. 15056 (#640) ##########################################
15056
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
THE MORAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE NOVELIST
From the Autobiography>
VAST proportion of the teaching of the day-greater, prob-
than many of us have acknowledged to ourselves
comes from novels which are in the hands of all readers.
It is from them that girls learn what is expected from them,
and what they are to expect, when lovers come; and also from
them that young men unconsciously learn what are, or should
be, or may be, the charms of love,- though I fancy that few
young men will think so little of their natural instincts and
powers as to believe that I am right in saying so. Many other
lessons also are taught. In these times, when the desire to be
honest is pressed so hard, is so violently assaulted by the ambi-
tion to be great; in which riches are the easiest road to great-
ness; when the temptations to which men are subjected dull
their eyes to the perfected iniquities of others; when it is so hard
for a man to decide vigorously that the pitch which so many are
handling will defile him if it be touched,- men's conduct will
be actuated much by that which is from day to day depicted to
them as leading to glorious or inglorious results.
The
young man who in a novel becomes a hero, perhaps a Member of
Parliament, and almost a prime minister, by trickery, falsehood,
and flash cleverness, will have many followers, whose attempts to
rise in the world ought to lie heavily on the conscience of the
novelists who create fictitious Cagliostros.
Thinking of all this, as a novelist surely must do,-as I cer-
tainly have done through my whole career,—it becomes to him
a matter of deep conscience how he shall handle those charac-
ters by whose words and doings he hopes to interest his readers.
The writer of stories must please, or he will be noth-
ing. And he must teach, whether he wish to teach or no. How
shall he teach lessons of virtue, and at the same time make him-
self a delight to his readers? The novelist, if he have a con-
science, must preach his sermons with the same purpose as the
clergyman, and must have his own system of ethics. If he can
do this efficiently, if he can make virtue alluring and vice ugly,
while he charms his readers instead of wearying them, then I
think Mr. Carlyle need not call him distressed, nor talk of that
long ear of fiction, nor question whether he be or not the most
foolish of existing mortals.
·
•
## p. 15056 (#641) ##########################################
## p. 15056 (#642) ##########################################
ຈ
@nu
TURGÉNIEFF.
## p. 15056 (#643) ##########################################
## p. 15056 (#644) ##########################################
ringe
2
## p. 15057 (#645) ##########################################
15057
IVAN TURGENEFF
(1818-1883)
BY HENRY JAMES
HERE is perhaps no novelist of alien race who more naturally
than Ivan Turgeneff inherits a niche in a Library for Eng-
lish readers; and this not because of any advance or con-
cession that in his peculiar artistic independence he ever made, or
could dream of making, such readers, but because it was one of the
effects of his peculiar genius to give him, even in his lifetime, a
special place in the regard of foreign publics. His position is in this
respect singular; for it is his Russian savor that as much as any-
thing has helped generally to domesticate him.
Born in 1818, at Orel in the heart of Russia, and dying in 1883,
at Bougival near Paris, he had spent in Germany and France the
latter half of his life; and had incurred in his own country in some
degree the reprobation that is apt to attach to the absent, the pen-
alty they pay for such extension or such beguilement as they may
have happened to find over the border. He belonged to the class
of large rural proprietors of land and of serfs; and with his ample
patrimony, offered one of the few examples of literary labor achieved.
in high independence of the question of gain, a character that he
shares with his illustrious contemporary Tolstoy, who is of a type in
other respects so different. It may give us an idea of his primary
situation to imagine some large Virginian or Carolinian slaveholder,
during the first half of the century, inclining to "Northern" views;
and becoming (though not predominantly under pressure of these, but
rather by the operation of an exquisite genius) the great American
novelist - one of the great novelists of the world. Born under a social
and political order sternly repressive, all Turgeneff's deep instincts,
all his moral passion, placed him on the liberal side; with the conse-
quence that early in life, after a period spent at a German university,
he found himself, through the accident of a trifling public utterance,
under such suspicion in high places as to be sentenced to a term of
tempered exile,— confinement to his own estate. It was partly under
these circumstances perhaps that he gathered material for the work
from the appearance of which his reputation dates,-'A Sportsman's
Sketches,' published in two volumes in 1852. This admirable collec-
tion of impressions of homely country life, as the old state of servitude
had made it, is often spoken of as having borne to the great decree
XXV-942
―
## p. 15058 (#646) ##########################################
15058
IVAN TURGENEFF
of Alexander II. the relation borne by Mrs. Beecher Stowe's famous
novel to the emancipation of the Southern slaves. Incontestably,
at any rate, Turgeneff's rustic studies sounded, like 'Uncle Tom's
Cabin,' a particular hour: with the difference, however, of not having
at the time produced an agitation,- of having rather presented the
case with an art too insidious for instant recognition, an art that
stirred the depths more than the surface.
The author was designated promptly enough, at any rate, for
such influence as might best be exercised at a distance: he traveled,
he lived abroad; early in the sixties he was settled in Germany; he
acquired property at Baden-Baden, and spent there the last years of
the prosperous period-in the history of the place of which the
Franco-Prussian War was to mark the violent term. He cast in his
lot after that event mainly with the victims of the lost cause; setting
up a fresh home in Paris,-near which city he had, on the Seine, a
charming alternate residence,—and passing in it, and in the country,
save for brief revisitations, the remainder of his days. His friend-
ships, his attachments, in the world of art and of letters, were numer-
ous and distinguished; he never married; he produced, as the years
went on, without precipitation or frequency; and these were the
years during which his reputation gradually established itself as,
according to the phrase, European,- a phrase denoting in this case,
perhaps, a public more alert in the United States even than else-
where.
Tolstoy, his junior by ten years, had meanwhile come to fruition;
though, as in fact happened, it was not till after Turgeneff's death
that the greater fame of War and Peace' and of 'Anna Karénina'
began to be blown about the world. One of the last acts of the elder
writer, performed on his death-bed, was to address to the other
(from whom for a considerable term he had been estranged by cir-
cumstances needless to reproduce) an appeal to return to the exercise
of the genius that Tolstoy had already so lamentably, so monstrously
forsworn. "I am on my death-bed; there is no possibility of my
recovery. I write you expressly to tell you how happy I have been
to be your contemporary, and to utter my last, my urgent prayer.
Come back, my friend, to your literary labors. That gift came to
you from the source from which all comes to us. Ah, how happy
I should be could I think you would listen to my entreaty! My
friend, great writer of our Russian land, respond to it, obey it! "
These words, among the most touching surely ever addressed by
one great spirit to another, throw an indirect light — perhaps I may
even say a direct one-upon the nature and quality of Turgeneff's
artistic temperament; so much so that I regret being without oppor-
tunity, in this place, to gather such aid for a portrait of him as
might be supplied by following out the unlikeness between the pair.
## p. 15059 (#647) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15059
It would be too easy to say that Tolstoy was, from the Russian
point of view, for home consumption, and Turgeneff for foreign: War
and Peace' has probably had more readers in Europe and America
than 'A House of Gentle folk' or 'On the Eve' or 'Smoke,'.
a cir-
cumstance less detrimental than it may appear to my claim of our
having, in the Western world, supremely adopted the author of the
latter works. Turgeneff is in a peculiar degree what I may call
the novelists' novelist, - an artistic influence extraordinarily valuable
and ineradicably established. The perusal of Tolstoy a wonderful
mass of life is an immense event, a kind of splendid accident, for
each of us: his name represents nevertheless no such eternal spell of
method, no such quiet irresistibility of presentation, as shines, close
to us and lighting our possible steps, in that of his precursor. Tol-
stoy is a reflector as vast as a natural lake; a monster harnessed
to his great subject - all human life! - as an elephant might be har-
nessed, for purposes of traction, not to a carriage, but to a coach-
house. His own case is prodigious, but his example for others dire:
disciples not elephantine he can only mislead and betray.
One by one, for thirty years, with a firm, deliberate hand, with
intervals and patiences and waits, Turgeneff pricked in his sharp
outlines. His great external mark is probably his concision: an
ideal he never threw over,-it shines most perhaps even when he is
least brief, and that he often applied with a rare felicity. He has
masterpieces of a few pages; his perfect things are sometimes his
least prolonged. He abounds in short tales, episodes clipped as by
the scissors of Atropos; but for a direct translation of the whole we
have still to wait,- depending meanwhile upon the French and Ger-
man versions, which have been, instead of the original text (thanks to
the paucity among us of readers of Russian), the source of several
published in English. For the novels and 'A Sportsman's Sketches'
we depend upon the nine volumes (1897) of Mrs. Garnett. We touch
here upon the remarkable side, to our vision, of the writer's fortune,
-the anomaly of his having constrained to intimacy even those
who are shut out from the enjoyment of his medium, for whom
that question is positively prevented from existing. Putting aside
extrinsic intimations, it is impossible to read him without the convic-
tion of his being, in the vividness of his own tongue, of the strong
type of those made to bring home to us the happy truth of the
unity, in a generous talent, of material and form,- of their being
inevitable faces of the same medal; the type of those, in a word,
whose example deals death to the perpetual clumsy assumption that
subject and style are -æsthetically speaking, or in the living work-
different and separable things. We are conscious, reading him in a
language not his own, of not being reached by his personal tone, his
individual accent.
-
――
-
## p. 15060 (#648) ##########################################
15060
IVAN TURGENEFF
It is a testimony therefore to the intensity of his presence,
that so much of his particular charm does reach us; that the mask
turned to us has, even without his expression, still so much beauty.
It is the beauty (since we must try to formulate) of the finest pres-
entation of the familiar. His vision is of the world of character
and feeling, the world of the relations life throws up at every hour
and on every spot; he deals little, on the whole, in the miracles of
chance, the hours and spots over the edge of time and space; his
air is that of the great central region of passion and motive, of the
usual, the inevitable, the intimate the intimate for weal or woe.
No theme that he ever chooses but strikes us as full; yet with all
have we the sense that their animation comes from within, and is
not pinned to their backs like the pricking objects used of old in the
horse-races of the Roman carnival, to make the animals run. With-
out a patch of "plot" to draw blood, the story he mainly tells us, the
situation he mainly gives, runs as if for dear life. His first book
was practically full evidence of what, if we have to specify, is finest
in him, the effect, for the commonest truth, of an exquisite envelope
of poetry. In this medium of feeling,-full, as it were, of all the
echoes and shocks of the universal danger and need,-everything in
him goes on; the sense of fate and folly and pity and wonder and
beauty. The tenderness, the humor, the variety of 'A Sportsman's
Sketches' revealed on the spot an observer with a rare imagination.
These faculties had attached themselves, together, to small things
and to great: to the misery, the simplicity, the piety, the patience,
of the unemancipated peasant; to all the natural wonderful life of
earth and air and winter and summer and field and forest; to queer
apparitions of country neighbors, of strange local eccentrics; to old-
world practices and superstitions; to secrets gathered and types disin-
terred and impressions absorbed in the long, close contacts with man
and nature involved in the passionate pursuit of game. Magnificent
in stature and original vigor, Turgeneff, with his love of the chase,
or rather perhaps of the inspiration he found in it, would have been
the model of the mighty hunter, had not such an image been a little
at variance with his natural mildness, the softness that often accom-
panies the sense of an extraordinary reach of limb and play of mus-
cle. He was in person the model rather of the strong man at rest:
massive and towering, with the voice of innocence and the smile
almost of childhood. What seemed still more of a contradiction to so
much of him, however, was that his work was all delicacy and fancy,
penetration and compression.
If I add, in their order of succession, 'Rudin,' 'Fathers and Child-
ren,' 'Spring Floods,' and 'Virgin Soil,' to the three novels I have
(also in their relation of time) named above, I shall have indicated
the larger blocks of the compact monument, with a base resting
## p. 15061 (#649) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15061
deep and interstices well filled, into which that work disposes itself.
The list of his minor productions is too long to draw out: I can only
mention, as a few of the most striking-'A Correspondence,' 'The
Wayside Inn, The Brigadier,' 'The Dog,' 'The Jew,' 'Visions,'
'Mumu,' 'Three Meetings,' 'A First Love,' 'The Forsaken,' 'Assia,'
The Journal of a Superfluous Man,' The Story of Lieutenant Yer-
gunov,' 'A King Lear of the Steppe. ' The first place among his
novels would be difficult to assign: general opinion probably hesi-
tates between 'A House of Gentlefolk' and 'Fathers and Children. '
My own predilection is great for the exquisite 'On the Eve'; though
I admit that in such a company it draws no supremacy from being
exquisite. What is less contestable is that 'Virgin Soil'— published
shortly before his death, and the longest of his fictions-has, although
full of beauty, a minor perfection.
Character, character expressed and exposed, is in all these things
what we inveterately find. Turgeneff's sense of it was the great
light that artistically guided him; the simplest account of him is to
say that the mere play of it constitutes in every case his sufficient
drama. No one has had a closer vision, or a hand at once more
ironic and more tender, for the individual figure. He sees it with
its minutest signs and tricks,- all its heredity of idiosyncrasies, all
its particulars of weakness and strength, of ugliness and beauty, of
oddity and charm; and yet it is of his essence that he sees it in
the general flood of life, steeped in its relations and contacts, strug-
gling or submerged, a hurried particle in the stream. This gives
him, with his quiet method, his extraordinary breadth; dissociates
his rare power to particularize from dryness or hardness, from any
peril of caricature. He understands so much that we almost won-
der he can express anything; and his expression is indeed wholly in
absolute projection, in illustration, in giving of everything the un-
explained and irresponsible specimen. He is of a spirit so human
that we almost wonder at his control of his matter; of a pity so
deep and so general that we almost wonder at his curiosity. The ele-
ment of poetry in him is constant, and yet reality stares through it
without the loss of a wrinkle. No one has more of that sign of the
born novelist which resides in respect unconditioned for the freedom
and vitality, the absoluteness when summoned, of the creatures he
invokes; or is more superior to the strange and second-rate policy
of explaining or presenting them by reprobation or apology,- of tak-
ing the short cuts and anticipating the emotions and judgments about
them that should be left, at the best, to the perhaps not most intel-
ligent reader. And yet his system, as it may summarily be called,
of the mere particularized report, has a lucidity beyond the virtue of
the cruder moralist.
## p. 15062 (#650) ##########################################
15062
IVAN TURGENEFF
If character, as I say, is what he gives us at every turn, I should
speedily add that he offers it not in the least as a synonym, in our
Western sense, of resolution and prosperity. It wears the form of
the almost helpless detachment of the short-sighted individual soul;
and the perfection of his exhibition of it is in truth too often but
the intensity of what, for success, it just does not produce. What
works in him most is the question of the will; and the most constant
induction he suggests, bears upon the sad figure that principle seems
mainly to make among his countrymen. He had seen-he suggests
to us-its collapse in a thousand quarters; and the most general
tragedy, to his view, is that of its desperate adventures and disas-
ters, its inevitable abdication and defeat. But if the men, for the
most part, let it go, it takes refuge in the other sex; many of the
representatives of which, in his pages, are supremely strong-in
wonderful addition, in various cases, to being otherwise admirable.
This is true of such a number-the younger women, the girls, the
"heroines" in especial—that they form in themselves, on the ground
of moral beauty, of the finest distinction of soul, one of the most
striking groups the modern novel has given us. They are heroines
to the letter, and of a heroism obscure and undecorated: it is almost
they alone who have the energy to determine and to act. Elena,
Lisa, Tatyana, Gemma, Marianna — we can write their names and
call up their images, but I lack space to take them in turn. It is by
a succession of the finest and tenderest touches that they live; and
this, in all Turgeneff's work, is the process by which he persuades
and succeeds.
It was his own view of his main danger that he sacrificed too
much to detail; was wanting in composition, in the gift that con-
duces to unity of impression. But no novelist is closer and more
cumulative; in none does distinction spring from a quality of truth
more independent of everything but the subject, but the idea itself.
This idea, this subject, moreover, a spark kindled by the innermost
friction of things,-is always as interesting as an unopened tele-
gram. The genial freedom - with its exquisite delicacy-of his
approach to this "innermost " world, the world of our finer conscious-
ness, has in short a side that I can only describe and commemorate
as nobly disinterested; a side that makes too many of his rivals
appear to hold us in comparison by violent means, and introduce us
in comparison to vulgar things.
Huy James
-
## p. 15063 (#651) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15063
THE DEATH OF BAZAROV
From Fathers and Children'
B
AZAROV's old parents were all the more overjoyed by their
son's arrival, as it was quite unexpected. Arina Vlasyevna
was greatly excited, and kept running backwards and for-
wards in the house, so that Vassily Ivanovitch compared her
to a "hen partridge"; the short tail of her abbreviated jacket
did in fact, give her something of a bird-like appearance. He
himself merely growled, and gnawed the amber mouth-piece of
his pipe; or clutching his neck with his fingers, turned his head
round, as though he were trying whether it were properly
screwed on; then all at once he opened his wide mouth and
went off into a perfectly noiseless chuckle.
"I've come to you for six whole weeks, governor," Bazarov
said to him. "I want to work, so please don't hinder me now. "
"You shall forget my face completely, if you call that hinder-
ing you! " answered Vassily Ivanovitch.
He kept his promise. After installing his son as before in
his study, he almost hid himself away from him, and he kept
his wife from all superfluous demonstrations of tenderness. . "On
Enyusha's first visit, my dear soul," he said to her, "we both-
ered him a little; we must be wiser this time. " Arina Vlasyevna
agreed with her husband; but that was small compensation, since
she saw her son only at meals, and was now absolutely afraid
to address him. "Enyushenka" she would say sometimes; and
before he had time to look round, she was nervously fingering
the tassels of her reticule, and faltering, "Never mind, never
mind, I only" and afterwards she would go to Vassily Ivan-
ovitch, and, her cheek in her hand, would consult him: "If
you could only find out, darling, which Enyusha would like for
dinner to-day,— cabbage broth or beet-root soup? "-"But why
didn't you ask him yourself? "—"Oh, he will get sick of me! "
Bazarov, however, soon ceased to shut himself up: the fever of
work fell away, and was replaced by dreary boredom or vague
restlessness. A strange weariness began to show itself in all his
movements; even his walk, firm, bold, and strenuous, was changed.
He gave up walking in solitude, and began to seek society; he
drank tea in the drawing-room, strolled about the kitchen-garden
with Vassily Ivanovitch, and smoked with him in silence; once
even asked after Father Alexey. Vassily Ivanovitch at first re-
joiced at this change, but his joy was not long-lived. "Enyusha's
## p. 15064 (#652) ##########################################
15064
IVAN TURGENEFF
breaking my heart," he complained in secret to his wife: "it's
not that he's discontented or angry- that would be nothing; he's
sad, he's sorrowful- that's what's so terrible. He's always silent.
If he'd only abuse us! He's growing thin, he's lost his color. "
"Mercy on us, mercy on us! " whispered the old woman: “I
would put an amulet on his neck, but of course he won't allow it. "
Vassily Ivanovitch several times attempted in the most cir-
cumspect manner to question Bazarov about his work, about his
health, and about Arkady. But Bazarov's replies were reluctant
and casual; and once, noticing that his father was trying gradu-
ally to lead up to something in conversation, he said to him in a
tone of vexation, "Why do you always seem to be walking round
me on tiptoe? That way's worse than the old one. " « There,
there, I meant nothing! " poor Vassily Ivanovitch answered hur-
riedly. So his diplomatic hints remained fruitless.
He hoped
to awaken his son's sympathy one day by beginning, apropos of
the approaching emancipation of the peasantry, to talk about
progress; but the latter responded indifferently, "Yesterday I
was walking under the fence, and I heard the peasant boys here
bawling a street song instead of some old ballad. That's what
progress is. "
Sometimes Bazarov went into the village, and in his usual
bantering tone entered into conversation with some peasant.
"Come," he would say to him, "expound your views on life to
me, brother: you see, they say all the strength and future of
Russia lies in your hands; a new epoch in history will be started
by you you give us our real language and our laws. "
The peasant either made no reply, or articulated a few words
of this sort: "Well, we'll try—because, you see, to be sure—”
"You explain to me what your mir is," Bazarov interrupted;
"and is it the same mir that is said to rest on three fishes? "
"That, little father, is the earth that rests on three fishes,"
the peasant would declare soothingly, in a kind of patriarchal,
simple-hearted sing-song: "and over against ours-that is to say,
the mir- we know there's the master's will; wherefore you are
our fathers. And the stricter the master's rule, the better for the
peasant. "
After listening to such a reply one day, Bazarov shrugged his
shoulders contemptuously and turned away, while the peasant
sauntered slowly homewards.
"What was he talking about? " inquired another peasant of
middle age and surly aspect, who at a distance from the door
## p. 15065 (#653) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15065
of his hut had been following his conversation with Bazarov.
"Arrears, eh? "
"Arrears? no indeed, mate! " answered the first peasant, and
now there was no trace of patriarchal sing-song in his voice; on
the contrary, there was a certain scornful gruffness to be heard
in it: "oh, he clacked away about something or other: wanted
to stretch his tongue a bit. Of course, he's a gentleman: what
does he understand? "
«< What should he understand! " answered the other peasant,
and jerking back their caps and pushing down their belts, they
proceeded to deliberate upon their work and their wants. Alas!
Bazarov, shrugging his shoulders contemptuously,- Bazarov, who
knew how to talk to peasants (as he had boasted in his dispute
with Pavel Petrovitch),—did not in his self-confidence even sus-
pect that in their eyes he was all the while something of the
nature of a buffooning clown.
He found employment for himself at last, however. One day
Vassily Ivanovitch bound up a peasant's wounded leg before him,
but the old man's hands trembled, and he could not manage the
bandages; his son helped him, and from time to time began to
take a share in his practice,- though at the same time he was
constantly sneering both at the remedies he himself advised, and
at his father who hastened to make use of them. But Bazarov's
jeers did not in the least perturb Vassily Ivanovitch; they were
positively a comfort to him. Holding his greasy dressing-gown
across his stomach with two fingers, and smoking his pipe, he
used to listen with enjoyment to Bazarov; and the more malicious
his sallies, the more good-humoredly did his delighted father
chuckle, showing every one of his black teeth. He used even to
repeat these sometimes flat or pointless retorts; and would, for
instance, for several days constantly, without rhyme or reason,
reiterate, "Not a matter of the first importance! " simply because
his son, on hearing he was going to matins, had made use of that
expression. "Thank God! he has got over his melancholy! " he
whispered to his wife: "how he gave it to me to-day! It was
splendid! " Moreover, the idea of having such an assistant excited
him to ecstasy, filled him with pride. "Yes, yes," he would
say to some peasant woman, in a man's cloak and a cap shaped
like a horn, as he handed her a bottle of Goulard's extract or a
box of white ointment, "you ought to be thanking God, my
good woman, every minute that my son is staying with me: you
## p. 15066 (#654) ##########################################
15066
IVAN TURGENEFF
will be treated now by the most scientific, most modern method.
Do you know what that means? The Emperor of the French,
Napoleon, even, has no better doctor. " And the peasant woman,
who had come to complain that she felt so sort of queer all over
(the exact meaning of these words she was not able, however,
herself to explain), merely bowed low and rummaged in her
bosom, where four eggs lay tied up in the corner of a towel.
Bazarov once even pulled out a tooth for a passing peddler of
cloth; and though this tooth was an average specimen, Vassily
Ivanovitch preserved it as a curiosity, and incessantly repeated,
as he showed it to Father Alexey, "Just look, what a fang! The
force Yevgeny has! The peddler seemed to leap into the air. If
it had been an oak, he'd have rooted it up! "
"Most promising! " Father Alexey would comment at last;
not knowing what answer to make, and how to get rid of the
ecstatic old man.
One day a peasant from a neighboring village brought his
brother to Vassily Ivanovitch, ill with typhus. The unhappy
man, lying flat on a truss of straw, was dying: his body was
covered with dark patches; he had long ago lost consciousness.
brows, but he did not speak.
"With all that I have nothing to do," said the bishop.
"Nothing whatever, my lord," said Mr. Crawley.
"But, bishop, I think that you have," said Mrs. Proudie.
"The judgment formed by the magistrates as to the conduct of
one of your clergymen makes it imperative upon you to act in
the matter. "
"Yes, my dear, yes; I am coming to that. What Mrs. Proudie
says is perfectly true. I have been constrained most unwillingly
to take action in this matter. It is undoubtedly the fact that you
## p. 15050 (#634) ##########################################
15050
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
must at the next assizes surrender yourself at the court-house
yonder, to be tried for this offense against the laws. "
"That is true. If I be alive, my lord, and have strength suf-
ficient, I shall be there. "
"You must be there," said Mrs. Proudie. "The police will
look to that, Mr. Crawley. " She was becoming very angry in
that the man would not answer her a word. On this occasion
again he did not even look at her.
"Yes; you will be there," said the bishop. "Now that is, to
say the least of it, an unseemly position for a beneficed clergy-
man. "
"You said before, my lord, that it was an unfortunate position;
and the word, methinks, was better chosen. "
་་
"It is very unseemly, very unseemly indeed," said Mrs.
Proudie; "nothing could possibly be more unseemly. The bishop
might very properly have used a much stronger word. "
"Under these circumstances," continued the bishop, "looking
to the welfare of your parish, to the welfare of the diocese, and
allow me to say, Mr. Crawley, to the welfare of yourself also-"
"And especially to the souls of the people," said Mrs. Proudie.
The bishop shook his head. It is hard to be impressively
eloquent when one is interrupted at every best turned period,
even by a supporting voice. "Yes;-and looking of course to
the religious interests of your people, Mr. Crawley, I came to
the conclusion that it would be expedient that you should cease
your ministrations for a while. " The bishop paused, and Mr.
Crawley bowed his head. "I therefore sent over to you a gen-
tleman with whom I am well acquainted - Mr. Thumble — with a
letter from myself, in which I endeavored to impress upon you,
without the use of any severe language, what my convictions
were. "
-
"Severe words are often the best mercy," said Mrs. Proudie.
Mr. Crawley had raised his hand, with his finger out, preparatory
to answering the bishop. But as Mrs. Proudie had spoken he
dropped his finger and was silent.
"Mr. Thumble brought me back your written reply," contin-
ued the bishop, "by which I was grieved to find that you were
not willing to submit yourself to my counsel in the matter. "
"I was most unwilling, my lord. Submission to authority is
at times a duty;- and at times opposition to authority is a duty
also. "
## p. 15051 (#635) ##########################################
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
15051
Opposition to just authority cannot be a duty, Mr. Craw-
«<
ley,»
"Opposition to usurped authority is an imperative duty," said
Mr. Crawley.
"And who is to be the judge? " demanded Mrs. Proudie.
Then there was silence for a while; when, as Mr. Crawley made
no reply, the lady repeated her question. "Will you be pleased
to answer my question, sir? Who, in such a case, is to be the
judge? » But Mr. Crawley did not please to answer. "The man
is obstinate," said Mrs. Proudie.
"I had better proceed," said the bishop. "Mr. Thumble
brought me back your reply, which grieved me greatly. "
"It was contumacious and indecent," said Mrs. Proudie.
The bishop again shook his head, and looked so unutterably
miserable that a smile came across Mr. Crawley's face. After all,
others besides himself had their troubles and trials. Mrs. Proudie
saw and understood the smile, and became more angry than
ever. She drew her chair close to the table, and began to fidget
with her fingers among the papers. She had never before en-
countered a clergyman so contumacious, so indecent, so unrev-
erend, so upsetting. She had had to do with men difficult to
manage, the archdeacon, for instance; but the archdeacon had
never been so impertinent to her as this man.
She had quar-
reled once openly with a chaplain of her husband's, a clergyman
whom she herself had introduced to her husband, and who had
treated her very badly, but not so badly, not with such unscru-
pulous violence, as she was now encountering from this ill-
clothed beggarly man, this perpetual curate, with his dirty broken
boots, this already half-convicted thief! Such was her idea of
Mr. Crawley's conduct to her, while she was fingering the papers,
simply because Mr. Crawley would not speak to her.
"I forget where I was," said the bishop. "Oh, Mr. Thumble.
came back, and I received your letter;- of course I received it.
And I was surprised to learn from that, that in spite of what
had occurred at Silverbridge, you were still anxious to continue
the usual Sunday ministrations in your church. "
"
"I was determined that I would do my duty at Hogglestock
as long as I might be left there to do it," said Mr. Crawley.
"Duty! " said Mrs. Proudie.
-
―――――
—
"Just a moment, my dear," said the bishop. "When Sunday
came, I had no alternative but to send Mr. Thumble over again
to Hogglestock. It occurred to us - to me and Mrs. Proudie- »
## p. 15052 (#636) ##########################################
15052
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
"I will tell Mr. Crawley just now what has occurred to me,”
said Mrs. Proudie.
"Yes; just so. And I am sure that he will take it in good
part. It occurred to me, Mr. Crawley, that your first letter might
have been written in haste. >>
-
"It was written in haste, my lord: your messenger was
waiting. "
"Yes; just so. Well, so I sent him again, hoping that he
might be accepted as a messenger of peace. It was a most dis-
agreeable mission for any gentleman, Mr. Crawley. "
"Most disagreeable, my lord. "
"And you refused him permission to obey the instructions
which I had given him! You would not let him read from your
desk, or preach from your pulpit. "
"Had I been Mr. Thumble," said Mrs. Proudie, "I would
have read from that desk and I would have preached from that
pulpit. "
Mr. Crawley waited a moment, thinking that the bishop might
perhaps speak again; but as he did not, but sat expectant, as
though he had finished his discourse and now expected a reply,
Mr. Crawley got up from his seat and drew near to the table.
"My lord," he began, "it has all been just as you have said.
did answer your first letter in haste. "
―
"The more shame for you," said Mrs. Proudie.
"And therefore, for aught I know, my letter to your Lordship
may be so worded as to need some apology. "
"Of course it needs an apology," said Mrs. Proudie.
"But for the matter of it, my lord, no apology can be made,
nor is any needed. I did refuse to your messenger permission
to perform the services of my church, and if you send twenty
more, I shall refuse them all,-till the time may come when it
will be your Lordship's duty, in accordance with the laws of the
Church, as borne out and backed by the laws of the land, to pro-
vide during my constrained absence for the spiritual wants of
those poor people at Hogglestock. "
"Poor people, indeed," said Mrs. Proudie. "Poor wretches! "
"And my lord, it may be that it shall soon be your Lordship's
duty to take due and legal steps for depriving me of my benefice
at Hogglestock; - nay, probably for silencing me altogether as to
the exercise of my sacred profession! "
"Of course it will, sir. Your gown will be taken from you,"
said Mrs. Proudie. The bishop was looking with all his eyes up
## p. 15053 (#637) ##########################################
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
15053
at the great forehead and great eyebrows of the man, and was so
fascinated by the power that was exercised over him by the other
man's strength that he hardly now noticed his wife.
"It may well be so," continued Mr. Crawley. "The circum-
stances are strong against me; and though your Lordship has
altogether misunderstood the nature of the duty performed by
the magistrates in sending my case for trial,- although, as it
seems to me, you have come to conclusions in this matter in
ignorance of the very theory of our laws, — »
"Sir! " said Mrs. Proudie.
"Yet I can foresee the probability that a jury may discover
me to have been guilty of theft. "
"Of course the jury will do so," said Mrs. Proudie.
"Should such verdict be given, then, my lord, your interfer-
ence will be legal, proper, and necessary. And you will find
that, even if it be within my power to oppose obstacles to your
Lordship's authority, I will oppose no such obstacle.
There is,
I
believe, no appeal in criminal cases. "
"None at all," said Mrs. Proudie. "There is no appeal
against your bishop. You should have learned that before. "
« But till that time shall come, my lord, I shall hold my own
at Hogglestock as you hold your own here at Barchester. Nor
have you more power to turn me out of my pulpit by your mere
voice, than I have to turn you out of your throne by mine.
If
you doubt me, my lord, your Lordship's ecclesiastical court is
open to you. Try it there. "
"You defy us, then? " said Mrs. Proudie.
"My lord, I grant your authority as bishop to be great, but
even a bishop can only act as the law allows him. "
"God forbid that I should do more," said the bishop.
<< Sir, you will find that your wicked threats will fall back
upon your own head," said Mrs. Proudie.
"Peace, woman," Mr. Crawley said, addressing her at last.
The bishop jumped out of his chair at hearing the wife of his
bosom called a woman. But he jumped rather in admiration than
in anger.
He had already begun to perceive that Mr. Crawley
was a man who had better be left to take care of the souls at
Hogglestock, at any rate till the trial should come on.
"Woman! " said Mrs. Proudie, rising to her feet as though
she really intended some personal encounter.
"Madam," said Mr. Crawley, "you should not interfere in
these matters. You simply debase your husband's high office.
## p. 15054 (#638) ##########################################
15054
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
The distaff were more fitting for you. My lord, good morning. "
And before either of them could speak again, he was out of the
room, and through the hall, and beyond the gate, and standing
beneath the towers of the cathedral. Yes, he had, he thought,
crushed the bishop. He had succeeded in crumpling the bishop
up within the clutch of his fist.
He started in a spirit of triumph to walk back on his road
towards Hogglestock. He did not think of the long distance
before him for the first hour of his journey. He had had his
victory, and the remembrance of that braced his nerves and gave
elasticity to his sinews; and he went stalking along the road
with rapid strides, muttering to himself from time to time as he
went along some word about Mrs. Proudie and her distaff. Mr.
Thumble would not, he thought, come to him again,- not, at
any rate, till the assizes were drawing near. And he had resolved
what he would do then. When the day of his trial was near, he
would himself write to the bishop, and beg that provision might
be made for his church, in the event of the verdict going against
him. His friend Dean Arabin was to be home before that time,
and the idea had occurred to him of asking the dean to see to
this. But the other would be the more independent course, and
the better. And there was a matter as to which he was not
altogether well pleased with the dean, although he was so con-
scious of his own peculiarities as to know that he could hardly
trust himself for a judgment. But at any rate, he would apply
to the bishop-to the bishop whom he had just left prostrate in
his palace
when the time of his trial should be close at hand.
Full of such thoughts as these, he went along almost gayly,
nor felt the fatigue of the road till he had covered the first five
miles out of Barchester. It was nearly four o'clock, and the
thick gloom of the winter evening was making itself felt. And
then he began to be fatigued. He had not as yet eaten since he
had left his home in the morning; and he now pulled a crust out
of his pocket and leaned against a gate as he crunched it. There
were still ten miles before him, and he knew that such an addi-
tion to the work he had already done would task him very
severely. Farmer Mangle had told him that he would not leave
Framley Mill till five, and he had got time to reach Framley
Mill by that time. But he had said that he would not return to
Framley Mill, and he remembered his suspicion that his wife and
Farmer Mangle between them had cozened him. No: he would
persevere and walk,- walk, though he should drop upon the
-
## p. 15055 (#639) ##########################################
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
15055
road. He was now nearer fifty than forty years of age, and
hardships as well as time had told upon him.
He knew that
though his strength was good for the commencement of a hard
day's work, it would not hold out for him as it used to do.
He
knew that the last four miles in the dark night would be very
sad with him. But still he persevered; endeavoring, as he went,
to cherish himself with the remembrance of his triumph.
He passed the turning going down to Framley with courage;
but when he came to the further turning, by which the cart
would return from Framley to the Hogglestock road, he looked
wistfully down the road for Farmer Mangle. But Farmer Mangle
was still at the mill, waiting in expectation that Mr. Crawley
might come to him. But the poor traveler paused here barely
for a minute, and then went on; stumbling through the mud,
striking his ill-covered feet against the rough stones in the dark,
sweating in his weakness, almost tottering at times, and calculat-
ing whether his remaining strength would serve to carry him
home. He had almost forgotten the bishop and his wife before
at last he grasped the wicket gate leading to his own door.
"O mamma, here is papa! "
"But where is the cart? I did not hear the wheels," said
Mrs. Crawley.
"O mamma, I think papa is ill. " Then the wife took her
drooping husband by both arms and strove to look him in the
face.
"He has walked all the way, and he is ill," said Jane.
"No, my dear, I am very tired, but not ill. Let me sit down,
and give me some bread and tea, and I shall recover myself. "
Then Mrs. Crawley, from some secret hoard, got him a small
modicum of spirits, and gave him meat and tea; and he was
docile, and obeying her behests, allowed himself to be taken to
his bed.
"I do not think the bishop will send for me again," he said,
as she tucked the clothes around him.
## p. 15056 (#640) ##########################################
15056
ANTHONY TROLLOPE
THE MORAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE NOVELIST
From the Autobiography>
VAST proportion of the teaching of the day-greater, prob-
than many of us have acknowledged to ourselves
comes from novels which are in the hands of all readers.
It is from them that girls learn what is expected from them,
and what they are to expect, when lovers come; and also from
them that young men unconsciously learn what are, or should
be, or may be, the charms of love,- though I fancy that few
young men will think so little of their natural instincts and
powers as to believe that I am right in saying so. Many other
lessons also are taught. In these times, when the desire to be
honest is pressed so hard, is so violently assaulted by the ambi-
tion to be great; in which riches are the easiest road to great-
ness; when the temptations to which men are subjected dull
their eyes to the perfected iniquities of others; when it is so hard
for a man to decide vigorously that the pitch which so many are
handling will defile him if it be touched,- men's conduct will
be actuated much by that which is from day to day depicted to
them as leading to glorious or inglorious results.
The
young man who in a novel becomes a hero, perhaps a Member of
Parliament, and almost a prime minister, by trickery, falsehood,
and flash cleverness, will have many followers, whose attempts to
rise in the world ought to lie heavily on the conscience of the
novelists who create fictitious Cagliostros.
Thinking of all this, as a novelist surely must do,-as I cer-
tainly have done through my whole career,—it becomes to him
a matter of deep conscience how he shall handle those charac-
ters by whose words and doings he hopes to interest his readers.
The writer of stories must please, or he will be noth-
ing. And he must teach, whether he wish to teach or no. How
shall he teach lessons of virtue, and at the same time make him-
self a delight to his readers? The novelist, if he have a con-
science, must preach his sermons with the same purpose as the
clergyman, and must have his own system of ethics. If he can
do this efficiently, if he can make virtue alluring and vice ugly,
while he charms his readers instead of wearying them, then I
think Mr. Carlyle need not call him distressed, nor talk of that
long ear of fiction, nor question whether he be or not the most
foolish of existing mortals.
·
•
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## p. 15056 (#642) ##########################################
ຈ
@nu
TURGÉNIEFF.
## p. 15056 (#643) ##########################################
## p. 15056 (#644) ##########################################
ringe
2
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15057
IVAN TURGENEFF
(1818-1883)
BY HENRY JAMES
HERE is perhaps no novelist of alien race who more naturally
than Ivan Turgeneff inherits a niche in a Library for Eng-
lish readers; and this not because of any advance or con-
cession that in his peculiar artistic independence he ever made, or
could dream of making, such readers, but because it was one of the
effects of his peculiar genius to give him, even in his lifetime, a
special place in the regard of foreign publics. His position is in this
respect singular; for it is his Russian savor that as much as any-
thing has helped generally to domesticate him.
Born in 1818, at Orel in the heart of Russia, and dying in 1883,
at Bougival near Paris, he had spent in Germany and France the
latter half of his life; and had incurred in his own country in some
degree the reprobation that is apt to attach to the absent, the pen-
alty they pay for such extension or such beguilement as they may
have happened to find over the border. He belonged to the class
of large rural proprietors of land and of serfs; and with his ample
patrimony, offered one of the few examples of literary labor achieved.
in high independence of the question of gain, a character that he
shares with his illustrious contemporary Tolstoy, who is of a type in
other respects so different. It may give us an idea of his primary
situation to imagine some large Virginian or Carolinian slaveholder,
during the first half of the century, inclining to "Northern" views;
and becoming (though not predominantly under pressure of these, but
rather by the operation of an exquisite genius) the great American
novelist - one of the great novelists of the world. Born under a social
and political order sternly repressive, all Turgeneff's deep instincts,
all his moral passion, placed him on the liberal side; with the conse-
quence that early in life, after a period spent at a German university,
he found himself, through the accident of a trifling public utterance,
under such suspicion in high places as to be sentenced to a term of
tempered exile,— confinement to his own estate. It was partly under
these circumstances perhaps that he gathered material for the work
from the appearance of which his reputation dates,-'A Sportsman's
Sketches,' published in two volumes in 1852. This admirable collec-
tion of impressions of homely country life, as the old state of servitude
had made it, is often spoken of as having borne to the great decree
XXV-942
―
## p. 15058 (#646) ##########################################
15058
IVAN TURGENEFF
of Alexander II. the relation borne by Mrs. Beecher Stowe's famous
novel to the emancipation of the Southern slaves. Incontestably,
at any rate, Turgeneff's rustic studies sounded, like 'Uncle Tom's
Cabin,' a particular hour: with the difference, however, of not having
at the time produced an agitation,- of having rather presented the
case with an art too insidious for instant recognition, an art that
stirred the depths more than the surface.
The author was designated promptly enough, at any rate, for
such influence as might best be exercised at a distance: he traveled,
he lived abroad; early in the sixties he was settled in Germany; he
acquired property at Baden-Baden, and spent there the last years of
the prosperous period-in the history of the place of which the
Franco-Prussian War was to mark the violent term. He cast in his
lot after that event mainly with the victims of the lost cause; setting
up a fresh home in Paris,-near which city he had, on the Seine, a
charming alternate residence,—and passing in it, and in the country,
save for brief revisitations, the remainder of his days. His friend-
ships, his attachments, in the world of art and of letters, were numer-
ous and distinguished; he never married; he produced, as the years
went on, without precipitation or frequency; and these were the
years during which his reputation gradually established itself as,
according to the phrase, European,- a phrase denoting in this case,
perhaps, a public more alert in the United States even than else-
where.
Tolstoy, his junior by ten years, had meanwhile come to fruition;
though, as in fact happened, it was not till after Turgeneff's death
that the greater fame of War and Peace' and of 'Anna Karénina'
began to be blown about the world. One of the last acts of the elder
writer, performed on his death-bed, was to address to the other
(from whom for a considerable term he had been estranged by cir-
cumstances needless to reproduce) an appeal to return to the exercise
of the genius that Tolstoy had already so lamentably, so monstrously
forsworn. "I am on my death-bed; there is no possibility of my
recovery. I write you expressly to tell you how happy I have been
to be your contemporary, and to utter my last, my urgent prayer.
Come back, my friend, to your literary labors. That gift came to
you from the source from which all comes to us. Ah, how happy
I should be could I think you would listen to my entreaty! My
friend, great writer of our Russian land, respond to it, obey it! "
These words, among the most touching surely ever addressed by
one great spirit to another, throw an indirect light — perhaps I may
even say a direct one-upon the nature and quality of Turgeneff's
artistic temperament; so much so that I regret being without oppor-
tunity, in this place, to gather such aid for a portrait of him as
might be supplied by following out the unlikeness between the pair.
## p. 15059 (#647) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15059
It would be too easy to say that Tolstoy was, from the Russian
point of view, for home consumption, and Turgeneff for foreign: War
and Peace' has probably had more readers in Europe and America
than 'A House of Gentle folk' or 'On the Eve' or 'Smoke,'.
a cir-
cumstance less detrimental than it may appear to my claim of our
having, in the Western world, supremely adopted the author of the
latter works. Turgeneff is in a peculiar degree what I may call
the novelists' novelist, - an artistic influence extraordinarily valuable
and ineradicably established. The perusal of Tolstoy a wonderful
mass of life is an immense event, a kind of splendid accident, for
each of us: his name represents nevertheless no such eternal spell of
method, no such quiet irresistibility of presentation, as shines, close
to us and lighting our possible steps, in that of his precursor. Tol-
stoy is a reflector as vast as a natural lake; a monster harnessed
to his great subject - all human life! - as an elephant might be har-
nessed, for purposes of traction, not to a carriage, but to a coach-
house. His own case is prodigious, but his example for others dire:
disciples not elephantine he can only mislead and betray.
One by one, for thirty years, with a firm, deliberate hand, with
intervals and patiences and waits, Turgeneff pricked in his sharp
outlines. His great external mark is probably his concision: an
ideal he never threw over,-it shines most perhaps even when he is
least brief, and that he often applied with a rare felicity. He has
masterpieces of a few pages; his perfect things are sometimes his
least prolonged. He abounds in short tales, episodes clipped as by
the scissors of Atropos; but for a direct translation of the whole we
have still to wait,- depending meanwhile upon the French and Ger-
man versions, which have been, instead of the original text (thanks to
the paucity among us of readers of Russian), the source of several
published in English. For the novels and 'A Sportsman's Sketches'
we depend upon the nine volumes (1897) of Mrs. Garnett. We touch
here upon the remarkable side, to our vision, of the writer's fortune,
-the anomaly of his having constrained to intimacy even those
who are shut out from the enjoyment of his medium, for whom
that question is positively prevented from existing. Putting aside
extrinsic intimations, it is impossible to read him without the convic-
tion of his being, in the vividness of his own tongue, of the strong
type of those made to bring home to us the happy truth of the
unity, in a generous talent, of material and form,- of their being
inevitable faces of the same medal; the type of those, in a word,
whose example deals death to the perpetual clumsy assumption that
subject and style are -æsthetically speaking, or in the living work-
different and separable things. We are conscious, reading him in a
language not his own, of not being reached by his personal tone, his
individual accent.
-
――
-
## p. 15060 (#648) ##########################################
15060
IVAN TURGENEFF
It is a testimony therefore to the intensity of his presence,
that so much of his particular charm does reach us; that the mask
turned to us has, even without his expression, still so much beauty.
It is the beauty (since we must try to formulate) of the finest pres-
entation of the familiar. His vision is of the world of character
and feeling, the world of the relations life throws up at every hour
and on every spot; he deals little, on the whole, in the miracles of
chance, the hours and spots over the edge of time and space; his
air is that of the great central region of passion and motive, of the
usual, the inevitable, the intimate the intimate for weal or woe.
No theme that he ever chooses but strikes us as full; yet with all
have we the sense that their animation comes from within, and is
not pinned to their backs like the pricking objects used of old in the
horse-races of the Roman carnival, to make the animals run. With-
out a patch of "plot" to draw blood, the story he mainly tells us, the
situation he mainly gives, runs as if for dear life. His first book
was practically full evidence of what, if we have to specify, is finest
in him, the effect, for the commonest truth, of an exquisite envelope
of poetry. In this medium of feeling,-full, as it were, of all the
echoes and shocks of the universal danger and need,-everything in
him goes on; the sense of fate and folly and pity and wonder and
beauty. The tenderness, the humor, the variety of 'A Sportsman's
Sketches' revealed on the spot an observer with a rare imagination.
These faculties had attached themselves, together, to small things
and to great: to the misery, the simplicity, the piety, the patience,
of the unemancipated peasant; to all the natural wonderful life of
earth and air and winter and summer and field and forest; to queer
apparitions of country neighbors, of strange local eccentrics; to old-
world practices and superstitions; to secrets gathered and types disin-
terred and impressions absorbed in the long, close contacts with man
and nature involved in the passionate pursuit of game. Magnificent
in stature and original vigor, Turgeneff, with his love of the chase,
or rather perhaps of the inspiration he found in it, would have been
the model of the mighty hunter, had not such an image been a little
at variance with his natural mildness, the softness that often accom-
panies the sense of an extraordinary reach of limb and play of mus-
cle. He was in person the model rather of the strong man at rest:
massive and towering, with the voice of innocence and the smile
almost of childhood. What seemed still more of a contradiction to so
much of him, however, was that his work was all delicacy and fancy,
penetration and compression.
If I add, in their order of succession, 'Rudin,' 'Fathers and Child-
ren,' 'Spring Floods,' and 'Virgin Soil,' to the three novels I have
(also in their relation of time) named above, I shall have indicated
the larger blocks of the compact monument, with a base resting
## p. 15061 (#649) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15061
deep and interstices well filled, into which that work disposes itself.
The list of his minor productions is too long to draw out: I can only
mention, as a few of the most striking-'A Correspondence,' 'The
Wayside Inn, The Brigadier,' 'The Dog,' 'The Jew,' 'Visions,'
'Mumu,' 'Three Meetings,' 'A First Love,' 'The Forsaken,' 'Assia,'
The Journal of a Superfluous Man,' The Story of Lieutenant Yer-
gunov,' 'A King Lear of the Steppe. ' The first place among his
novels would be difficult to assign: general opinion probably hesi-
tates between 'A House of Gentlefolk' and 'Fathers and Children. '
My own predilection is great for the exquisite 'On the Eve'; though
I admit that in such a company it draws no supremacy from being
exquisite. What is less contestable is that 'Virgin Soil'— published
shortly before his death, and the longest of his fictions-has, although
full of beauty, a minor perfection.
Character, character expressed and exposed, is in all these things
what we inveterately find. Turgeneff's sense of it was the great
light that artistically guided him; the simplest account of him is to
say that the mere play of it constitutes in every case his sufficient
drama. No one has had a closer vision, or a hand at once more
ironic and more tender, for the individual figure. He sees it with
its minutest signs and tricks,- all its heredity of idiosyncrasies, all
its particulars of weakness and strength, of ugliness and beauty, of
oddity and charm; and yet it is of his essence that he sees it in
the general flood of life, steeped in its relations and contacts, strug-
gling or submerged, a hurried particle in the stream. This gives
him, with his quiet method, his extraordinary breadth; dissociates
his rare power to particularize from dryness or hardness, from any
peril of caricature. He understands so much that we almost won-
der he can express anything; and his expression is indeed wholly in
absolute projection, in illustration, in giving of everything the un-
explained and irresponsible specimen. He is of a spirit so human
that we almost wonder at his control of his matter; of a pity so
deep and so general that we almost wonder at his curiosity. The ele-
ment of poetry in him is constant, and yet reality stares through it
without the loss of a wrinkle. No one has more of that sign of the
born novelist which resides in respect unconditioned for the freedom
and vitality, the absoluteness when summoned, of the creatures he
invokes; or is more superior to the strange and second-rate policy
of explaining or presenting them by reprobation or apology,- of tak-
ing the short cuts and anticipating the emotions and judgments about
them that should be left, at the best, to the perhaps not most intel-
ligent reader. And yet his system, as it may summarily be called,
of the mere particularized report, has a lucidity beyond the virtue of
the cruder moralist.
## p. 15062 (#650) ##########################################
15062
IVAN TURGENEFF
If character, as I say, is what he gives us at every turn, I should
speedily add that he offers it not in the least as a synonym, in our
Western sense, of resolution and prosperity. It wears the form of
the almost helpless detachment of the short-sighted individual soul;
and the perfection of his exhibition of it is in truth too often but
the intensity of what, for success, it just does not produce. What
works in him most is the question of the will; and the most constant
induction he suggests, bears upon the sad figure that principle seems
mainly to make among his countrymen. He had seen-he suggests
to us-its collapse in a thousand quarters; and the most general
tragedy, to his view, is that of its desperate adventures and disas-
ters, its inevitable abdication and defeat. But if the men, for the
most part, let it go, it takes refuge in the other sex; many of the
representatives of which, in his pages, are supremely strong-in
wonderful addition, in various cases, to being otherwise admirable.
This is true of such a number-the younger women, the girls, the
"heroines" in especial—that they form in themselves, on the ground
of moral beauty, of the finest distinction of soul, one of the most
striking groups the modern novel has given us. They are heroines
to the letter, and of a heroism obscure and undecorated: it is almost
they alone who have the energy to determine and to act. Elena,
Lisa, Tatyana, Gemma, Marianna — we can write their names and
call up their images, but I lack space to take them in turn. It is by
a succession of the finest and tenderest touches that they live; and
this, in all Turgeneff's work, is the process by which he persuades
and succeeds.
It was his own view of his main danger that he sacrificed too
much to detail; was wanting in composition, in the gift that con-
duces to unity of impression. But no novelist is closer and more
cumulative; in none does distinction spring from a quality of truth
more independent of everything but the subject, but the idea itself.
This idea, this subject, moreover, a spark kindled by the innermost
friction of things,-is always as interesting as an unopened tele-
gram. The genial freedom - with its exquisite delicacy-of his
approach to this "innermost " world, the world of our finer conscious-
ness, has in short a side that I can only describe and commemorate
as nobly disinterested; a side that makes too many of his rivals
appear to hold us in comparison by violent means, and introduce us
in comparison to vulgar things.
Huy James
-
## p. 15063 (#651) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15063
THE DEATH OF BAZAROV
From Fathers and Children'
B
AZAROV's old parents were all the more overjoyed by their
son's arrival, as it was quite unexpected. Arina Vlasyevna
was greatly excited, and kept running backwards and for-
wards in the house, so that Vassily Ivanovitch compared her
to a "hen partridge"; the short tail of her abbreviated jacket
did in fact, give her something of a bird-like appearance. He
himself merely growled, and gnawed the amber mouth-piece of
his pipe; or clutching his neck with his fingers, turned his head
round, as though he were trying whether it were properly
screwed on; then all at once he opened his wide mouth and
went off into a perfectly noiseless chuckle.
"I've come to you for six whole weeks, governor," Bazarov
said to him. "I want to work, so please don't hinder me now. "
"You shall forget my face completely, if you call that hinder-
ing you! " answered Vassily Ivanovitch.
He kept his promise. After installing his son as before in
his study, he almost hid himself away from him, and he kept
his wife from all superfluous demonstrations of tenderness. . "On
Enyusha's first visit, my dear soul," he said to her, "we both-
ered him a little; we must be wiser this time. " Arina Vlasyevna
agreed with her husband; but that was small compensation, since
she saw her son only at meals, and was now absolutely afraid
to address him. "Enyushenka" she would say sometimes; and
before he had time to look round, she was nervously fingering
the tassels of her reticule, and faltering, "Never mind, never
mind, I only" and afterwards she would go to Vassily Ivan-
ovitch, and, her cheek in her hand, would consult him: "If
you could only find out, darling, which Enyusha would like for
dinner to-day,— cabbage broth or beet-root soup? "-"But why
didn't you ask him yourself? "—"Oh, he will get sick of me! "
Bazarov, however, soon ceased to shut himself up: the fever of
work fell away, and was replaced by dreary boredom or vague
restlessness. A strange weariness began to show itself in all his
movements; even his walk, firm, bold, and strenuous, was changed.
He gave up walking in solitude, and began to seek society; he
drank tea in the drawing-room, strolled about the kitchen-garden
with Vassily Ivanovitch, and smoked with him in silence; once
even asked after Father Alexey. Vassily Ivanovitch at first re-
joiced at this change, but his joy was not long-lived. "Enyusha's
## p. 15064 (#652) ##########################################
15064
IVAN TURGENEFF
breaking my heart," he complained in secret to his wife: "it's
not that he's discontented or angry- that would be nothing; he's
sad, he's sorrowful- that's what's so terrible. He's always silent.
If he'd only abuse us! He's growing thin, he's lost his color. "
"Mercy on us, mercy on us! " whispered the old woman: “I
would put an amulet on his neck, but of course he won't allow it. "
Vassily Ivanovitch several times attempted in the most cir-
cumspect manner to question Bazarov about his work, about his
health, and about Arkady. But Bazarov's replies were reluctant
and casual; and once, noticing that his father was trying gradu-
ally to lead up to something in conversation, he said to him in a
tone of vexation, "Why do you always seem to be walking round
me on tiptoe? That way's worse than the old one. " « There,
there, I meant nothing! " poor Vassily Ivanovitch answered hur-
riedly. So his diplomatic hints remained fruitless.
He hoped
to awaken his son's sympathy one day by beginning, apropos of
the approaching emancipation of the peasantry, to talk about
progress; but the latter responded indifferently, "Yesterday I
was walking under the fence, and I heard the peasant boys here
bawling a street song instead of some old ballad. That's what
progress is. "
Sometimes Bazarov went into the village, and in his usual
bantering tone entered into conversation with some peasant.
"Come," he would say to him, "expound your views on life to
me, brother: you see, they say all the strength and future of
Russia lies in your hands; a new epoch in history will be started
by you you give us our real language and our laws. "
The peasant either made no reply, or articulated a few words
of this sort: "Well, we'll try—because, you see, to be sure—”
"You explain to me what your mir is," Bazarov interrupted;
"and is it the same mir that is said to rest on three fishes? "
"That, little father, is the earth that rests on three fishes,"
the peasant would declare soothingly, in a kind of patriarchal,
simple-hearted sing-song: "and over against ours-that is to say,
the mir- we know there's the master's will; wherefore you are
our fathers. And the stricter the master's rule, the better for the
peasant. "
After listening to such a reply one day, Bazarov shrugged his
shoulders contemptuously and turned away, while the peasant
sauntered slowly homewards.
"What was he talking about? " inquired another peasant of
middle age and surly aspect, who at a distance from the door
## p. 15065 (#653) ##########################################
IVAN TURGENEFF
15065
of his hut had been following his conversation with Bazarov.
"Arrears, eh? "
"Arrears? no indeed, mate! " answered the first peasant, and
now there was no trace of patriarchal sing-song in his voice; on
the contrary, there was a certain scornful gruffness to be heard
in it: "oh, he clacked away about something or other: wanted
to stretch his tongue a bit. Of course, he's a gentleman: what
does he understand? "
«< What should he understand! " answered the other peasant,
and jerking back their caps and pushing down their belts, they
proceeded to deliberate upon their work and their wants. Alas!
Bazarov, shrugging his shoulders contemptuously,- Bazarov, who
knew how to talk to peasants (as he had boasted in his dispute
with Pavel Petrovitch),—did not in his self-confidence even sus-
pect that in their eyes he was all the while something of the
nature of a buffooning clown.
He found employment for himself at last, however. One day
Vassily Ivanovitch bound up a peasant's wounded leg before him,
but the old man's hands trembled, and he could not manage the
bandages; his son helped him, and from time to time began to
take a share in his practice,- though at the same time he was
constantly sneering both at the remedies he himself advised, and
at his father who hastened to make use of them. But Bazarov's
jeers did not in the least perturb Vassily Ivanovitch; they were
positively a comfort to him. Holding his greasy dressing-gown
across his stomach with two fingers, and smoking his pipe, he
used to listen with enjoyment to Bazarov; and the more malicious
his sallies, the more good-humoredly did his delighted father
chuckle, showing every one of his black teeth. He used even to
repeat these sometimes flat or pointless retorts; and would, for
instance, for several days constantly, without rhyme or reason,
reiterate, "Not a matter of the first importance! " simply because
his son, on hearing he was going to matins, had made use of that
expression. "Thank God! he has got over his melancholy! " he
whispered to his wife: "how he gave it to me to-day! It was
splendid! " Moreover, the idea of having such an assistant excited
him to ecstasy, filled him with pride. "Yes, yes," he would
say to some peasant woman, in a man's cloak and a cap shaped
like a horn, as he handed her a bottle of Goulard's extract or a
box of white ointment, "you ought to be thanking God, my
good woman, every minute that my son is staying with me: you
## p. 15066 (#654) ##########################################
15066
IVAN TURGENEFF
will be treated now by the most scientific, most modern method.
Do you know what that means? The Emperor of the French,
Napoleon, even, has no better doctor. " And the peasant woman,
who had come to complain that she felt so sort of queer all over
(the exact meaning of these words she was not able, however,
herself to explain), merely bowed low and rummaged in her
bosom, where four eggs lay tied up in the corner of a towel.
Bazarov once even pulled out a tooth for a passing peddler of
cloth; and though this tooth was an average specimen, Vassily
Ivanovitch preserved it as a curiosity, and incessantly repeated,
as he showed it to Father Alexey, "Just look, what a fang! The
force Yevgeny has! The peddler seemed to leap into the air. If
it had been an oak, he'd have rooted it up! "
"Most promising! " Father Alexey would comment at last;
not knowing what answer to make, and how to get rid of the
ecstatic old man.
One day a peasant from a neighboring village brought his
brother to Vassily Ivanovitch, ill with typhus. The unhappy
man, lying flat on a truss of straw, was dying: his body was
covered with dark patches; he had long ago lost consciousness.
