Kenny, A Path from Rome (Oxford, Oxford
University
Press, 1986)
First published as 'Snake Oil and Holy Water' in Forbes ASAP, 4 October 1999 U.
First published as 'Snake Oil and Holy Water' in Forbes ASAP, 4 October 1999 U.
Richard-Dawkins-The-Devil-s-Chaplain
But if some of it is false, silly or even wicked, there is nothing to stop the children believing that too.
Now, when the children grow up, what do they do?
Well, of course, they tell it to the next generation of children.
So, once something gets itself strongly believed - even if it is completely untrue and there never was any reason to believe it in the first place - it can go on forever.
Could this be what has happened with religions? Belief that there is a god or gods, belief in Heaven, belief that Mary never died, belief that Jesus never had a human father, belief that prayers are answered, belief that wine turns into blood - not one of these beliefs is backed up by any good evidence. Yet millions of people believe them. Perhaps this is because they were told to believe them when they were young enough to believe anything.
Millions of other people believe quite different things, because they were told different things when they were children. Muslim children are told different things from Christian children, and both grow up utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. Even within Christians, Roman Catholics believe different things from Church of England people or Episcopalians, Shakers or Quakers, Mormons or Holy Rollers, and all are utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. They believe different things for exactly the same kind of reason as you speak English and Ann-Kathrin speaks German.
247
? A PRAYER FOR MY DAUGHTER
Both languages are, in their own country, the right language to speak. But it can't be true that different religions are right in their own countries, because different religions claim that opposite things are true. Mary can't be alive in the Catholic Republic but dead in Protestant Northern Ireland.
What can we do about all this? It is not easy for you to do anything, because you are only ten. But you could try this. Next time somebody tells you something that sounds important, think to yourself: 'Is this the kind of thing that people probably know because of evidence? Or is it the kind of thing that people only believe because of tradition, authority or revelation? ' And, next time somebody tells you that something is true, why not say to them: 'What kind of evidence is there for that? ' And if they can't give you a good answer, I hope you'll think very carefully before you believe a word they say.
Your loving Daddy
248
? 1 2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10
11 12
13
14
15 16
17 18
19
20 21 22
ENDNOTES
http://www. e-fabre. net/virtual library/more hunting wasp/chap04. htm
G. C. Williams, Plan & Purpose in Nature (New York, Basic Books, 1996), p. 157
http://www. apologeticspress. org/bibbul/2001/bb-01-75. htm
Anticipations of the reaction of mechanical and scientific progress upon human life and thought (London, Chapman and Hall, 1902)
J. Huxley, Essays of a Biologist (London, Chatto & Windus, 1926)
http://alephO. clarku. edu/huxley/CE9/E-E. html
R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1976; 2nd edn 1989). R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (London, Longman, 1986; London, Penguin, 2000)
Huxley (1926), ibid.
J. Huxley, Essays of a Humanist (London, Penguin, 1966)
Theodosius Dobzhansky, 'Changing Man', Science, 155 (27 January 1967), 409
First published as 'Hall of Mirrors' in Forbes ASAP, 2 October 2000
Published in the UK as Intellectual Impostures (London, Profile Books, 1998). My review of this book is reprinted on page 47 as 'Postmodernism Disrobed' P. Gross and N. Levitt, Higher Superstition (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)
D. Patai and N. Koertge, Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies (New York, Basic Books, 1994)
R. Dawkins, River Out of Eden (New York, Basic Books, 1995)
This interpretation of illusions is the one offered by our greatest living authority on them, Richard Gregory, Eye and Brain, 5th edn (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998)
L. Wolpert, The Unnatural Nature of Science (London, Faber & Faber, 1993) From P. Cavalieri and P. Singer (eds. ), The Great Ape Project (London, Fourth Estate, 1993)
R. Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow (London, Allen Lane/Penguin Press,
1998)
First published in The Observer, 16 November 1997
First published in the Sunday Telegraph, 18 October 1998
Review of Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, Intellectual Impostures (London,
249
? ENDNOTES
Profile Books, 1998); published in the US as Fashionable Nonsense (New York, Picador USA, 1998). Nature, 394 (9 July 1998), 141-3
P. B. Medawar, Pluto's Republic (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982) Originally published in The Guardian, 6 July 2002
H. G. Wells, The Story of a Great Schoolmaster: being a plain account of the life and ideas of Sanderson ofOundle (London, Chatto & Windus, 1924) Sanderson ofOundle (London, Chatto & Windus, 1926)
Originally published as the Foreword to the Student Edition of The Descent of Man (London, Gibson Square Books, 2002)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35 36
37
38
39 40 41 42
43 44
45
46
23 24 25
26 27
250
'Letter to Wallace, 26 February 1867' in Francis Darwin (ed. ), Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 3 (London, John Murray, 1888), p. 95
H. Cronin, The Ant and the Peacock (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991)
W. D. Hamilton, Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 2 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001)
A. Zahavi and A. Zahavi, The Handicap Principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997)
R. A. Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1930)
My own attempt at explaining it constitutes Chapter 8 of The Blind Watchmaker. For an authoritative modern survey of sexual selection, see M. Andersson, Sexual Selection (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994)
W. G. Eberhard, Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1988)
D. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995) M. Ghiselin, The Triumph of the Darwinian Method (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969)
R. Dawkins, 'Higher and Lower Animals: a Diatribe' in E. Fox-Keller and E. Lloyd (eds. ), Keywords in evolutionary biology (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1992)
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, chapter XX of 1st edn, chapter XIX of 2nd edn
http://members. shaw. ca/mcfetridge/darwin. html
http://www. workersliberty. org/wlmags/wl61/dawkins. htm
Fisher (1930), ibid.
Letter dated 'Tuesday, February, 1866'. Published in James Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, vol. 1 (London, Cassell, 1916). Reproduced by courtesy of the British Library, thanks to Dr Jeremy John Fisher (1930), ibid.
W. D. Hamilton, 'Extraordinary Sex Ratios' (1966). Reprinted in his Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 1 (Oxford, W. H. Freeman, 1996)
E. L. Charnov, The Theory of Sex Allocation (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1982)
A. W. F. Edwards, 'Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio: Fisher's Sources', American Naturalist, 151 (1998), 564-9
? R. L. Trivers, 'Parental investment and sexual selection' in B. Campbell (ed. ), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (Chicago, Aldine, 1972), pp. 136-79 R. Leakey, The Origin of Humankind (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994) S. Pinker, The Language Instinct (London, Penguin, 1994)
S. J. Gould, Ontogeny and Phytogeny (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1977)
J. Diamond, The Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee (London, Radius, 1991) D. Morris, Dogs: The ultimate dictionary of over 1000 dog breeds (London, Ebury Press, 2001)
C. Vila, J. E. Maldonado and R. K. Wayne, 'Phylogenetic Relationships, Evolution, and Genetic Diversity of the Domestic Dog', Journal of Heredity, 90 (1999), 71-7
G. Miller, The Mating Mind (London, Heinemann, 2000)
From M. H. Robinson and L. Tiger (eds. ), Man and Beast Revisited (Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991)
R. Dawkins, 'Universal Darwinism' in D. S. Bendall (ed. ), Evolution from Molecules to Men (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 403-25. R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (New York, W W. Norton, 1986), Chapter 11
C. Singer, A Short History of Biology (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1931)
W. Bateson, quoted in E. Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1982) G. C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1966)
R. A. Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1930)
Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, p. 31
Peter Atkins, The Second Law (New York, Scientific American Books, 1984), and Galileo's Finger (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003) are characteristically lucid
R. Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable (London, Penguin, 1996), chapter 3
E. Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1982)
F. H. C. Crick, Life itself (London, Macdonald, 1982)
R. Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype (San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1982/ Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 174-6. See also Endnote 36 and Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, chapter 11
Originally published in the Skeptic, 18, No. 4, December 1998 (Sydney, Australia)
Originally published in the Daily Telegraph, 17 July 1993, under the title 'Don't panic; take comfort, it's not all in the genes'
D. H. Hamer et at. , 'A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation', Science, 261 (1993), 321-7
Originally published in J. Brockman (ed. ), The Next Fifty Years (New York, Vintage Books, 2002)
ENDNOTES
251
? ENDNOTES
71
72 73
74
75
76
77
78 79
80 81
82
83 84 85 86
87
88 89
90 91
92 93
See also the splendid article by Polly Toynbee in The Guardian of 5 October 252
S. Brenner, 'Theoretical Biology in the Third Millennium', Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 354 (1999), 1963-5
Page 25.
D. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Boston, Little Brown, 1990). D. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995)
Foreword to S. Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999)
J. D. Delius, 'The Nature of Culture' in M. S. Dawkins, T. R. Halliday and R. Dawkins (eds. ), The Tinbergen Legacy (London, Chapman & Hall, 1991) 'Culturgen' was proposed by C. J. Lumsden and E. O. Wilson in Genes, Mind and Culture (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1981). Completely unknown to me when I coined 'meme' in 1976, the German biologist Richard Semon wrote a book called Die Mneme (English translation The Mneme (London, Allen & Unwin, 1921)) in which he adopted the 'mneme' coined in 1870 by the Austrian physiologist Ewald Hering. I first learned of this in a review of The Selfish Gene by Peter Medawar, who described the 'mneme' as 'a word of conscious etymological rectitude'
Originally published in B. Dahlbom (ed. ), Dennett and His Critics: Demystifying Mind (Oxford, Blackwell, 1993)
D. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Boston, Little Brown, 1990), p. 207
H. Thimbleby, 'Can viruses ever be useful? ', Computers and Security, 10 (1991), 111-14
Sir Thomas Browne, Religio Medici (1635), I, 9
A. Zahavi, 'Mate selection - a selection for a handicap', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 53 (1975), 205-14
A. Grafen, 'Sexual selection unhandicapped by the Fisher process', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 144 (1990), 473-516. A. Grafen, 'Biological signals as handicaps', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 144 (1990), 517-46
M. Kilduff and R. Javers, The Suicide Cult (New York, Bantam, 1978)
A.
Kenny, A Path from Rome (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986)
First published as 'Snake Oil and Holy Water' in Forbes ASAP, 4 October 1999 U. Goodenough, The Sacred Depths of Nature (New York, Oxford University Press Inc. , 1999)
C. Sagan, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (New York, Ballantine, 1997)
V. J. Stenger, The Unconscious Quantum (Buffalo, NY, Prometheus Books, 1996) The 'separate magisteria' thesis was promoted by S. J. Gould, an atheist bending over backwards far beyond the call of duty or sense, in Rocks ofAges: science and religion in the fullness of life (New York, Ballantine, 1999)
First published in The Independent, 8 March 1997
Originally published in Freethought Today (Madison, Wis. ), 18: 8 (2001)
(http://www. ffrf. org/). The text was revised for a special 'After Manhattan' edition of The New Humanist (Winter 2001)
http://www. biota. org/people/douglasadams/index. html
? 2001, http://guardian. co. uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,563618,00. html http://www. guardian. co. uk/Archive/ Article/0,4273,4257777,00. html
W. D. Hamilton, Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 2 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001)
John Diamond, C: Because cowards get cancer too (London, Vermilion, 1998) Published in The Guardian, 14 May 2001
The full text of his speech may be seen at http://www. biota. org/people/ douglasadams/index. html http://www. americanatheist. org/win98-99/T2/silverman. html
00
01
03
04
Break the Science Barrier with Richard Dawkins, Channel 4, Equinox Series, 1996
Times Literary Supplement, 11 September 1992. Originally published in Japanese as 'My Intended Burial and Why', Insectarium, 28 (1991), 238-47. Reprinted in English under the same title in Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 12 (2000), 111-22 W. D. Hamilton, 'Innate social aptitudes of man: an approach from evolutionary genetics' in R. Fox (ed. ), Biosocial Anthropology (London, Malaby Press, 1975) W. D. Hamilton, Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 1: Evolution of Social Behaviour (Oxford, W. H. Freeman and Stockton Press, 1996). Volume 2 (Evolution of Sex) has now appeared (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001), with this eulogy as its Foreword
John Diamond, Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations (London, Vintage, 2001) K. Sterelny, Dawkins vs Gould: Survival of the Fittest (Cambridge, Icon Books, 2001)
A. Brown, The Darwin Wars: How Stupid Genes Became Selfish Gods (London, Pocket Books, 2000)
Lays of Ancient Rome
S. J. Gould, 'Self-help for a hedgehog stuck on a molehill' (review of R. Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable), Evolution, 51 (1997), 1020-3
S. J. Gould, 'The Pattern of Life's History' in J. Brockman (ed. ), The Third Culture (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 64
P. B. Medawar, Art of the Soluble (London, Penguin, 1969)
Review of S. J. Gould, Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History (London, Andre Deutsch, 1978). First published in Nature, 276 (9 November 1978), 121-3
Reprinted as 'Caring Groups and Selfish Genes' in S. J. Gould, The Panda's Thumb (New York, W. W. Norton, 1980)
G. C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 22-5 and 56-7
P. B. Medawar, Pluto's Republic (New York, Oxford University Press Inc. , 1982)
S. J. Gould, Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (New York, W. W Norton, 1983)
P. B. Medawar, The Hope of Progress (London, Methuen, 1972)
R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, 2nd edn (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 271-2. See also R. Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 116-17, 239-47
ENDNOTES
253
? ENDNOTES
us Review of S. J. Gould, Wonderful Life (London, Hutchinson Radius, 1989). Published in the Sunday Telegraph, 25 February 1990
119
Daily Telegraph, 22 January 1990
120 R e v i e w 0 f s. J. Gould, Full House (New York, Harmony Books, 1996); published
in the UK as Life's Grandeur (London, Jonathan Cape, 1996). In Evolution, 51:3 June 1997), 1015-20
I have devoted a whole article to attacking the idea of progress in this sense: R. Dawkins, 'Progress' in E. Fox Keller and E. Lloyd (eds. ), Keywords in evolutionary biology (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 263-72
122
123
124
125
126 127 128
129
130
131
132
133
134 135
136
137
138
139
121
254
J. Maynard Smith, 'Time in the Evolutionary Process', Studium Generate, 23 (1970), 266-72
D. W. McShea, 'Metazoan complexity and evolution: is there a trend? ', Evolution, 50 (1996), 477-92
J. W. S. Pringle, 'On the parallel between learning and evolution', Behaviour, 3 (1951), 90-110
J. Huxley, The Individual in the Animal Kingdom (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1912)
J. Huxley, Essays of a Biologist (London, Chatto & Windus, 1926)
S. Pinker, The Language Instinct (London, Viking, 1994)
M. Ridley, 'Coadaptation and the inadequacy of natural selection', Brit. J. Hist. Sci. , 15 (1982), 45-68
R. Dawkins and J. R. Krebs, 'Arms races between and within species', Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 205 (1979), 489-511
H. Jerison, Evolution of the brain and intelligence (New York, Academic Press, 1973)
J. Maynard Smith, 'Genes, Memes and Minds', New York Review of Books, 30 (30 November 1995). Review of D. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea
R. Leakey and R. Lewin, The Sixth Extinction (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996)
G. A. Wray, J. S. Levinton and L. H. Shapiro, 'Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla', Science 27A (1996), 568
http://www. arn. org/docs/pjweekly/pj_weekly_011202. htm
S. J. Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 2002)
D. Barash, 'Grappling with the Ghost of Gould', Human Nature Review, 2 (9 July 2002), 283-92
Foreword to H. Croze and J. Reader, Pyramids of Life (London, Harvill Press, 2000)
Originally published as article on E. Huxley, Red Strangers (London, Chatto, 1964) in the Financial Times, 9 May 1998; later as Foreword to the book, republished by Penguin Books (1999)
Angus, Maisie and Travers McNeice, The Lion Children (London, Orion Books, 2001)
? 140
141 142
143 144
First published as 'All Our Yesterdays' in the Sunday Times, 31 December 1995
R. Leakey, The Origin of Humankind (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994) I. Douglas-Hamilton and O. Douglas-Hamilton, Among the Elephants (London, Viking, 1975). I. Douglas-Hamilton and O. Douglas-Hamilton, Battle for the Elephants (London, Doubleday, 1992)
P. Matthiessen, The Tree where Man was Born (London, Harvill Press, 1998) Published in J. Brockman and K. Matson (eds. ), How Things Are (New York, Morrow, 1995)
ENDNOTES
255
? A Shropshire Lad, 177-178
Abortion, see Ethics
Acquired characteristics, Inheritance of,
see Lamarckian theory Adams, Douglas, 139, 156-157, 163,
165-170 Adaptations
As state of order, 85
Ecosystems are not, 226 Lamarckian cannot explain, 90 Only cumulative evolution builds
complex, 87, 212
Result of nonrandom guiding
mechanism, 88 Adaptive radiation, 214
Agassiz, Louis, 198 Ageing
Medawar/Williams theory of, 132
W. D. Hamilton on, 173, 177 Agnostic conciliation, 149-150 Alpha globin, see Globin 'Alternative' medicine, 36, 179-186 Amino acid, 97, 113
Ammophila, see Digger wasp Ancestor, Common, 101
Of all living species, 66, 96
Of apes, 22-23
Of Cambrian phyla, 215, 216
Of humans and chimpanzees, 23-25,
74, 114
Of vertebrates, 98
Angier, Natalie, 171
Archimedes, 80f
Ardipithecus, 74
Assumption, Doctrine of, 151, 244, 245 Astrology, 6, 43
Aunger, Robert, 127f Australopithecus, 24, 74, 75, 114, 239 Autumn leaves, Hamilton on, 173 Axelrod, Robert, 173
Axolotl, 75
Bacteria
Animal as community of, 227
Antibiotic resistance among, 29
'Age of, 209
Balkin, J. M. , 127f
Barash, David, 222
Barlow, Horace, 94f
Bartz, Stephen, 172
Bateson, William, 79
Baudrillard, Jean, 50
Bauplan, 216
Benedict XIV, 151
Bentham, Jeremy, 25
Beta globin, see Globin Bipedality, 74-75
Birch, Martin, 176
Bishop of Oxford, 80f
Bit, 93, 94
Blackmore, Susan, 117, 123, 127f Blair, Tony, 6, 27, 156f
Blind Watchmaker, The, 11, 83f Bloom, H, 127f
Blueprint vs. Recipe, 89, 105 Boswell, James, 179
Boyer, Pascal, 118f
Bozzi, Luisa, 173, 174
Bradman, Sir Donald, 27
Brain, Human
As data duplicator, 135-136
As meme habitat, 124, 126, 128, 137 Enlargement of, 74-75
Enormous due to sexual selection, 77 Thwarts Darwinian designs, 11 Constructs useful model of world, 46
Braininess, as evolutionary progress, 209-214
Brenner, Sydney, 112, 113 Bricmont, Jean, 14, 47-53 Bridge, Frederick, 164 Brlggs, Derek, 203 Brockman, John, 62, 241 Brockman, Max, 241 Brodie, R. , 127f
Bromhall, Derek, 37 Brough, James, 204 Brown, Andrew, 187
256
INDEX
? Brown, Gillian, 127f Browne, Sir Thomas, 139 Buchsbaum, Ralph, 109f Buckminsterfullerene, 44 Burgess Shale, 203-205
Caenorhabditis elegans, 108-109 'Cambrian explosion', 192, 216 Cannibalism, 25, 35
Carroll, Lewis, 139
Chaos theory, Misuse of, 50, 147 Chardin, Teilhard de, 196-197, 198 Charles, Prince, 28, 36, 181 Charnov, EX. , 70
Chimpanzee Genome Project, 114 Chromosome
As computer tape, 105
Containing genes for globins, 97-98 Parasitic DNA splices itself seamlessly
into, 129
X chromosome, 62, 104, 106
Circumcision, 124-125
Civil liberties, 32-33
Clark, Ronald, 197
Clarke, Arthur C, 92f, 110
Climbing Mount Improbable, 83f, 187,
188, 212f Cloning
Human, see Ethics
Placenta as clone of baby, 35-36 Studio discussion of, 152-153
Cobb, J. A. , 71
Coevolutionary arms race, 191, 213,
214, 216, 217 Competition
For opposite sex, 65, 71 Survival of macromutations in
absence of, 87
Within species, causing extinction, 191
Complexity (see also Genome: Information content of)
As information content, 100-102
Increase in, 209-217 Complexity theory, Misuse of, 147 Convergence
Modern physics and eastern mysticism, 147-148
Science and religion, 146-151 ' Conway Morris, Simon, 203, 205 Cooperation, Evolution of, 173 Copying, see Fidelity under Gene, Meme Creationism
'Intelligent design', 102, 219-221
Young Earth Creationism, 58 Creationists
Propaganda of, 61, 91
Refusing to debate with, 188-189,
218-221
Regrettable gift of punctuated
equilibrists to, 199
Creator, The
Added to later editions of Origin, 13f Treats genomes of newts capriciously,
97
Litters genomes with pseudogenes, 99
Crick, Francis, 27, 28, 63, 89, 90, 107, 108, 124
Cronin, Helena, 64, 140 Crow, James, 88f
Croze, Harvey, 223, 225-227 Crystals
Alleged magical properties of, 42-43 Structure of lattices, 43-45 Self-assembly of, 45
Cultural relativism, 14-16, 17, 223, 229 Cultural Studies, 52
Culture, 127, 128 (see also Meme) Culturgen, 125
Cupitt, Don, 147 Curie brothers, 45 Cuvier, Georges, 201
Darwin, Charles, 5, 61
His coining of 'Devil's Chaplain', 8 His encyclopaedic knowledge, 66
His near anticipation of Fisher on sex
ratios, 70
His near discovery of Mendelism,
67-69
His 'other' theory, see Sexual
selection
His timeless achievement, 78-79 His disagreement with Wallace, 64 His Victorian outlook, 66, 76
His views on race, 64, 76
Not against punctuationism, 212 On worms, 200
Darwinism
Coining by Wallace, 64
Core, 81-90
Incompatibility with blending
inheritance, 67
Moral implications of, 8-13 Opposing as human being, 11 Universal, 61, 78-90, 127
Data
Independent, 39-41 Compression of, 94
Davies, Paul, 146, 147
Dawkins, Juliet, 233, 241-248 Dawkins' Law of the Conservation of
Difficulty, 6
Death, Forecasting, 33-34
Deleuze, Gilles, 47
Delius, Juan, 124
Dennett, Daniel, 66, 83f, 117, 147, 215
On memes, 127f, 128, 130
Descent of Man, The, 61, 63-77 Design, Illusion of, 79, 225 Determinism see Genetic determinism
INDEX
257
? INDEX
Development (see also Embryology) Complex recipe-like effects of genes
on, 29, 89, 105
Embryonic, Evolutionary change in
terms of, 200-202
Coding for complex life cycles, 99 Point at which foetus 'becomes
human', 22
Rubber band and blanket analogy
for, 105-106
Devil's Chaplain, A, 5, 8-13 Diamond, 43-44, 45, 46 Diamond, Jared, 76
Diamond, John, 36, 179-186 Digger wasp, 8
Disraeli, Benjamin (as typewriter
transubstantiated), 138 DNA
Duplicating, 129 Fingerprinting, 31-32 Information content of, 94, 95 Junk, 97, 99
National database, 32-33 Parasitic, 129, 135
Selfish, 97f, 129
Sequencing, 108-112
Viral, 129
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 12, 58
Dolly (sheep), 34, 36, 37, 118, 152-153 Double Helix, The, 107
Double-blind trials, 36, 180, 181-184,
185
Douglas-Hamilton, Iain and Oria, 236-239 Dusing, Carl, 71
Eberhard, W. C , 66 Ecological community
Of computer viruses, 134
Of genes, 227
Ecosystems, 225-227
Education, 7, 54-60, 232
Edwards, A. W. F. , 71
Einstein, Albert, 6, 16, 46, 79, 146, 147,
149
Eldredge, Niles, 188, 189, 199 Embryology (see also Development)
'Computing' a developing embryo, 113
Preformationistic vs epigenetic, 89 Entropy, 84-85, 96
Environment
Ancestral, 113
Interaction of genes with, 29,113, 227 Epidemiology
Informational, 130
In spread of scientific ideas, 145 Of childhood crazes, 136
Of convictions, 143, 145
Epigenesis, 89
Erectile organ, Mathematical
significance of, 49
Essentialism, 204 Ethics
Conjoined twins, 35
Human-centred view of, 114,
Of abortion, 34, 114
Of chimp/human hybrid, 24-26, 191 Of human cloning, 34
Of stem cell research, 34-35, 114 Reconstructing Lucy, 114-115 Science does not define, 34-36
Eucaryote, 209
Eugenics, 31
Evangelists, Television, 143
Evans, Christopher, 110
Ever Since Darwin, 187, 190-193, 197, 202 Evolution
As art of the developable, 200-202 As central to education, 58
As progressive, 101, 207-217
Does not violate Second Law, 84 Gradualistic, 81, 211-213
Myth of progress to man, 191, 205, 208
Nonadaptive, 81 (see also Neutral theory)
Nonrandom nature of Darwinian, 88 Of computer viruses, 135
Of evolvability, 209, 216
Of vertebrate eye, 212, 213
Positive feedback in, 213
Role of genes in, 222 Evolutionarily stable state, 193 Exam
Pressure, Destructive effects of, 54, 58
Syllabuses, Limited nature of, 58-59 Expression of the Emotions, The, 63, 72 Extended phenotype, 124, 222 Extinction, 21, 26, 34, 103, 114, 191,
205, 214
Fabre, Jean Henri, 8 Faith
As symptom of infection by mind virus, 138
Exercised by belief in impossible things, 139-141
Intolerance to apostates, heretics, and rival faiths, 141
Respect for, 142, 154-155, 156-157 Spread of, compared to scientific
ideas, 145
Suicide in the service of, 142, 158
Feedback, Positive, 125-126, 213 Female choice, see Sexual selection Feynman, Richard, 18
Fidelity in replication, see Gene, Meme Fisher, Kenneth, 59
Fisher, R. A. , 65, 67-72, 82, 86, 172, 213 Fossil, 18, 24, 72, 74-75, 112, 199f,
258
203-205, 210, 212, 225, 235, 239
? Foucault, Michel, 48 Freud, Sigmund, 78 FullHouse, 188,206-217 Fuller, R. Buckminster, 44
Gaia, 173
Galapagos, 79, 82 Galileo, 148
Games, Theory of, 173 Garte, Seymour J. , 69 Gene
As digital information, 105
As recipe, 89, 105
As software subroutine, 28 Cooperative, 126
Duplication and deletion, 97-99 Ecology of, 227
Fidelity in replication, 121-122, 125 For Huntington's Chorea, 33 Frequencies, 67, 80, 222
'Gay', 62, 104-106
Geographical distribution of, 111 Horizontal transmission in viruses,
119-120 Jumping, 129
Longitudinal transmission down generations, 119, 125
Not merely book-keeper, 222
Pool, 67, 80, 102-103, 113, 126, 134,
193, 222, 226, 227 Pseudogene, 96, 97, 98, 99
Role in evolution, 222
Selection, 193
Statistical effect of, 106 Transgenic imports, Revulsion to,
28-29
Genetic atomism, 193, 201
Genetic Book of the Dead, 113, 222 Genetic code, Digital nature of, 28-29,
107-108
'Genetic determinism', 62, 104-106,
193, 197
Genetic engineering, 28-29
Ghiselin, Michael, 66 Gini, Corrado, 71 Gish, Duane P. , 218 Globin, 97-98
God
Cruelty of, 8
Redefining, 147, 149
GodeT's Theorem, Misuses of, 50 Goldberg, Rube, 192 Goodenough, Ursula, 146, 147 Gould, Stephen J. , 101, 187-222 Grafen, Alan, 70, 140, 171
Gray, Asa, 8, 212
Great Ape Project, 5, 114
Gross, Paul, 14, 51, 53
Group selection, 201
Guattari, Felix, 47
Gull, 22, 38
Guthrie, Woody, 33f
Haemoglobin, 97 (see also Globin) Haig, David, 171
Haldane, J. B. S. , 95, 197 Hamilton, Christine, 175 Hamilton, Ruth, 177
Hamilton, W. D. , 64, 70, 164, 171-178 Hardy-Weinberg Law, 67
Hawking, Stephen, 146, 147, 149 Hayles, Katherine, 50
Heber, Bishop, 11
Heisenberg, Werner, 78, 147
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes, 198-202 Higher-level selection, 205, 226 (see also
Group selection) Hinde, Robert, 118f
Hitler, Adolf, 9, 111, 158, 159f Hodgkin, Jonathan, 108-109 Hofstadter, Douglas, 138f, 139 Holloway, John, 195
Holy war, 142 Homeopathy
Double-blind trials of, 181-184
Failure to demonstrate effect of, 36 Homo erectus, 24, 74
Homo habilis, 24, 74, 239 Homosexuality, Genetic factors in,
104-106
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, 8 Housman, A. E. , 177
Hox, 113
Hoyle, Sir Fred, 199, 211-212, 214 Human Genome Diversity Project, 31 Human Genome Project, 30, 109,
110-111 (see also Genome, Human) Humans
As African apes, 23-24, 72-74 Evolution of, 72-77
Genetic closeness to chimpanzees,
72, 191 Hume, David, 179
Genetic fingerprinting, fingerprinting
see DNA
Genetic landscape, 83
Genetically modified foods, 29 Genetics, Molecular, 27-34, 107-115 Genome
As colonies of viruses, 134 Chimpanzee, 73, 114
Dinosaur, 115
Human, 30, 31, 32, 72-73, 96, 98,
99, 109, 110-111, 114 Information content of, 96-103 Reconstructing Lucy's, 114-115 Sequencing, 108-113
Genomes, Comparing, 72-73, 96-97, 99 Genotype, 31, 123, 193
Gibbs, Willard, 84
INDEX
259
? INDEX
Humphrey, Nicholas, 118f
Hunter gatherers, 76 Huntington's Chorea, 33, 144 Huxley, Aldous, 49, 75
Huxley, Elspeth, 223, 228-230 Huxley, Julian, 10, 11, 12, 75, 210 Huxley, T. H. , 10, 18, 67, 80 Hyman, L. H. , 208
Hyman, Ray, 184, 185
Ichneumonidae, 8
Imitation, 39, 119, 120 (see also Meme) Immunization against computer viruses,
131 Information
Epidemiology of, 130
Technical definition of, 92-93 Self-replicating, 117, 137 (see also
Meme)
Information technology, Genetics as,
107-108 Information theory, 92-96 Inheritance
Blending, 67
Particulate, 67-69, 80, 82 Lamarckian, 123, 124, Weismannian, 123
Intellectual Impostures, 47-53 'Intelligent design', see Creationism Intermediates, 21-25, 74, 114 Invasion, Evidence in genes of, 111 Irigaray, Luce, 49, 50
Jenkin, Fleeming, 67
Jerison, H. , 214
Johnson, Phillip, 218, 220, 221 Jones, Reverend Jim, 142-143 Judson, Olivia, 171, 176 Jurassic Park, 114, 115
Kamiya, Gary, 51
Kat, Pieter, 232
Kenny, Anthony, 138, 144, 145 Kimura, Motoo, 73, 87, 88 Kinesiology, 184-185
King, Martin Luther, 157 Kinship, Genetic theory of, 173 Koertge, Noretta, 14
Koestler, Arthur, 197
Kroto, Sir Harry, 44
Kuhn, Thomas, 16
Lacan, Jacques, 49
Lacks, Henrietta, 34-35
Ladder of life, 66, 72, 208
Laland, Kevin, 127f
Lamarckian theory, 9, 80, 88-90, 123,
124, 222 Lande, R. , 65
Language
As cultural barrier to gene flow, 77 Development of, 75
Evolution of, 136
Learning by imitation, 119 Quasi-genetic inheritance of, 124
Latour, Bruno, 50 Lawyers
Discontinuous minds of, 21-22 Gloating, 25
Histrionic, gallery-playing, 39
Leakey, Louis, 235
Leakey, Meave, 235, 239
Leakey, Richard, 215, 234, 235, 236,
239, 240 Levinton, J. S. , 216
Levitt, Norman, 14, 51, 53 Lewes, George Henry, 195 Lewin, Roger, 215
Lewis, C. S. , 231
Lion Children, The, 224, 231-233 Lucretius, 80
Lucy, 114-115
Lynch, A. , 127f
Lyotard, Jean-Francois, 50
Macromutation, see Mutation
Maddox, John, 17f
Magisterium, Conceding to religion its
own, 148, 150-151 Marx, Karl, 67, 78, 79 Matson, Katinka, 241 Maxwell's Demon, 85
May, Robert, 112, 173
Maynard Smith, John, 88f, 172, 173,
209, 215, 216f
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 187 Mao Tse Tung, 231
Matthiessen, Peter, 237
Mayr, Ernst, 89
McNeice, Angus, Maisie, Travers and
Oakley, 231-233
McShea, D. W. , 209-210, 214 Medawar, Peter, 6, 48, 107, 132, 188,
190, 194-198, 200, 201-202 Melchett, Lord, 28
Meme Machine, The, 117, 119-127 Meme, 117-127, 128, 129, 145,146f, 222
Analogy with computer virus, 117, 129-130, 137
Analogy with gene, 119-120
As Darwinian replicator, 127 Complex, Coadapted, see Memeplex Fidelity in transmission of, 121-124 Longitudinal and horizontal
transmission of, 121
Natural selection of, 125
Not digital, 121
Oxford Dictionary definition of, 120
Memeplex, 117, 126 (see also Religion) Memetics, 67, 120, 125
260
? Mendel, Gregor, 67, 69, 107 Mendelism, 68-69, 82
Middle Eastern politics, 159 Migration, Evidence in genes of, 111 Migratory mixing, 102
Miliband, David, 6 Mill, John Stuart, 195 Miller, Geoffrey, 77 Miller, Jonathan, 163 Mind
As seeker after pattern, 185
Darwin's materialistic view of, 64,191 Discontinuous, 21-26
Limitations of, 19
Meme hypothesis of, 127
Parasites, see Meme, Memeplex, Virus
of the mind, Religion Symptoms of infection, 137-144
Miracle stories, 150
Missing link, 114, 199
Modern Synthesis, see Neo-Darwinism Molecular biology, see Genetics, Molecular Molecular clock, 72, 73-74, 216 Monotheism, 157
Montgomery of Alamein, Viscount, 231 Moore's Law, 108
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 198 Multicellularity, 217
Mutations
As movement through genetic space, 83-88
Complex effect on developmental processes, 201
Frame-shift, 100
Macromutations, 86-88, 122, 202 Neutral, 73, 81, 192
Provide genetic variation, 102 Random nature of, 85, 88
Rate of, 122
Myhrvold, Nathan, 108 Mystery
As better unsolved, 138
Of the Transubstantiation, 138-139,
141, 144
Of the Trinity, 139
Mysticism, 147
Narrow Roads of Gene Land, 177 Natural Selection
Contributes information to gene pool, 102-103
Distinct from sexual selection, 65 Female preference subject to, 65 Hoyle's misunderstanding of,
211-212, 214
Influences evolution only when
acting on replicators, 222 Meme-based, 125
Neutral mutations hidden from, 192
Nature/nurture cliche, 61
Necker Cube, 16
Nematode worm, see Caenorhabditis
elegans
Neo-Darwinism, 67, 79, 80, 107, 126, 172, 173, 205, 221
Neoteny, 75
Neutral theory, 73, 88
New Age, 42, 45, 46
Newton, Isaac, 16, 49, 55, 178
Nicholls, Kate, 232
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 59 Northern Ireland, 154, 156, 158, 159, 248 Norton-Griffiths, Michael and Annie,
234-235, 236 Nucleotide sequence, 113
Oncogene, 129
Orchid, 212
Origin of Species, On the, 12, 13f, 61, 63,
67, 72, 80, 170, 234 Orrorin, 74
Orthogenesis, 191
Palumbi, Stephen, 220 Parasite
DNA, 129
Lineages favour decreased
complexity, 101, 210, 211 Of the mind, 117, 137 (see also
Meme, Religion) Resistance to, 64 Software, 129 Theory of sex, 173
Parental expenditure/investment, 70, 71 Patai, Daphne, 14
Pater, Walter, 195
Patriotism, Mindless, 55
Peacocks' tails, 140 (see also Sexual selection)
Phenotype, 100, 122, 123, 124, 125, 192, 193
Phylogenetic tree, 112 Physics Envy, 6
Picasso, Pablo, 27
Pierce, Naomi, 171 Piezoelectric effect, 45 Piltdown hoax, 198-199 Pinker, Steven, 211
Pius XII, 151
Placenta, As clone of baby, 35 Planck, Max, 78
Pluto's Republic, 48, 188, 194-197 Pope's message on evolution, 148 Popper, Karl, 16, 196 Postmodernism
Disrobed, 47-53
Meaning of, 7
Postmodernism Generator, 53
Preformationism, 89
Pringle, J. W. S. , 100, 102, 210
INDEX
261
? INDEX
'Pro life', as only pro human life, 22, 114 Procaryote, 209
Progress, Evolutionary, 208, 211-217 Protein, 73, 96, 97, 99, 105, 113, 192 Pseudogene, see Gene
Psychics, 6, 17f, 43
Punctuated equilibrium, 199, 212 Pyramids of Life, 223, 225-227
Quadrumana, 72 Quantum theory
Counter-intuitive nature of, 18 Misuse of, 50, 147
Races
Arising from sexual selection, 63,
76-77
Minimal genetic variation between,
31, 76
Victorian hierarchical view, 66
Radioactive dating, 72, 74 Randi, James, 17f, 183 Random walk, 88
Reader, John, 223, 225-227 Recipe vs. Blueprint, 89, 105 Red Queen Effect, 213
Red Strangers, 223, 228-230 Reductionism, 197
Redundancy (cf. information), 92, 94 Relativity, Theory of, 46, 50, 107 Religion
As cultural barrier to gene flow, 77 As handed-down traditions, 243, 247 As labjel, 158-161
As memeplex, 117, 126
As virus of the mind, 117, 128, 135,
137-145
Epidemiology of, 143
Generating sensations akin to sexual
love, 144
Organized, 117-118
Making scientific claims, 150
Not converging with science, 146-151
Religious
Atrocity, see September 11th 2001 Customs, Quasi-genetic inheritance
of, 124
Lobbies, 152,154
Privilege given to opinions of the,
118, 152-155 Propaganda, 150
Replicator, 11, 126, 127, 135, 137, 222, (see also Gene, Meme, Virus)
Reproductive success, Variance in, 72 Revelation, 243, 245-246
Ridley, Mark, 212
Ridley, Matt, 171
Ring species, 22
River Out of Eden, 14 Robinson, Heath, 192
Ross, Andrew, 52
Rubber Band Analogy, 105-106 Ruse, Michael, 63
Rushdie, Salman, 141, 244f Russell, Bertrand, 5, 54
His teapot, 117-118, 149 Ryder, Richard, 21f
Sagan, Carl, 29, 146, 147 Sahelanthropus, 74
Saltation, 86, 88 {see also Mutation:
macromutation) Sanderson, E W. , 7, 13, 54-60 Schliemann, Heinrich, 239 Science
As frequently counter-intuitive, 18 As proceeding by conjecture and
refutation, 16
Cannot define ethics, 34-36
Its claim to truth, 15
Not converging with religion, 146-151 Not a virus, 145
Spiritual nature of, 27
Wonder of, 43
Scientific method, 14, 32, 145, 156, 181, 195-196
Segmentation
As single macromutation, 86-87 Millipede cf. lobster, 100-101, 210
Selection, see Natural selection, Sexual selection, Higher-level selection
Selection, Unit of, 126 (see also Gene, Meme)
Selfish Gene, The, 97i
Selfishness, 173 Self-replicating
Computer program, 129 Element of culture, 120 Information, 117, 137 Virus, 133, 134
September 11th 2001, 118, 156-161 Sex
Economic view of, 69-72
Parasite theory of, 173
Sex ratio, 69-72, 172, 173 Sexual inequality, 71-72
Sexual recombination, 102, 103 Sexual selection
Darwin's theory of, 63-77, 80 Handicap theory of, 140-141 Positive feedback in evolution, 213 Wallacean view of, 77
Shakespeare, William, 61, 78, 202 Shannon, Claude, 92-96
Shapiro, L. H.
Could this be what has happened with religions? Belief that there is a god or gods, belief in Heaven, belief that Mary never died, belief that Jesus never had a human father, belief that prayers are answered, belief that wine turns into blood - not one of these beliefs is backed up by any good evidence. Yet millions of people believe them. Perhaps this is because they were told to believe them when they were young enough to believe anything.
Millions of other people believe quite different things, because they were told different things when they were children. Muslim children are told different things from Christian children, and both grow up utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. Even within Christians, Roman Catholics believe different things from Church of England people or Episcopalians, Shakers or Quakers, Mormons or Holy Rollers, and all are utterly convinced that they are right and the others are wrong. They believe different things for exactly the same kind of reason as you speak English and Ann-Kathrin speaks German.
247
? A PRAYER FOR MY DAUGHTER
Both languages are, in their own country, the right language to speak. But it can't be true that different religions are right in their own countries, because different religions claim that opposite things are true. Mary can't be alive in the Catholic Republic but dead in Protestant Northern Ireland.
What can we do about all this? It is not easy for you to do anything, because you are only ten. But you could try this. Next time somebody tells you something that sounds important, think to yourself: 'Is this the kind of thing that people probably know because of evidence? Or is it the kind of thing that people only believe because of tradition, authority or revelation? ' And, next time somebody tells you that something is true, why not say to them: 'What kind of evidence is there for that? ' And if they can't give you a good answer, I hope you'll think very carefully before you believe a word they say.
Your loving Daddy
248
? 1 2 3 4
5 6 7
8 9 10
11 12
13
14
15 16
17 18
19
20 21 22
ENDNOTES
http://www. e-fabre. net/virtual library/more hunting wasp/chap04. htm
G. C. Williams, Plan & Purpose in Nature (New York, Basic Books, 1996), p. 157
http://www. apologeticspress. org/bibbul/2001/bb-01-75. htm
Anticipations of the reaction of mechanical and scientific progress upon human life and thought (London, Chapman and Hall, 1902)
J. Huxley, Essays of a Biologist (London, Chatto & Windus, 1926)
http://alephO. clarku. edu/huxley/CE9/E-E. html
R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1976; 2nd edn 1989). R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (London, Longman, 1986; London, Penguin, 2000)
Huxley (1926), ibid.
J. Huxley, Essays of a Humanist (London, Penguin, 1966)
Theodosius Dobzhansky, 'Changing Man', Science, 155 (27 January 1967), 409
First published as 'Hall of Mirrors' in Forbes ASAP, 2 October 2000
Published in the UK as Intellectual Impostures (London, Profile Books, 1998). My review of this book is reprinted on page 47 as 'Postmodernism Disrobed' P. Gross and N. Levitt, Higher Superstition (Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994)
D. Patai and N. Koertge, Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales from the Strange World of Women's Studies (New York, Basic Books, 1994)
R. Dawkins, River Out of Eden (New York, Basic Books, 1995)
This interpretation of illusions is the one offered by our greatest living authority on them, Richard Gregory, Eye and Brain, 5th edn (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998)
L. Wolpert, The Unnatural Nature of Science (London, Faber & Faber, 1993) From P. Cavalieri and P. Singer (eds. ), The Great Ape Project (London, Fourth Estate, 1993)
R. Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow (London, Allen Lane/Penguin Press,
1998)
First published in The Observer, 16 November 1997
First published in the Sunday Telegraph, 18 October 1998
Review of Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, Intellectual Impostures (London,
249
? ENDNOTES
Profile Books, 1998); published in the US as Fashionable Nonsense (New York, Picador USA, 1998). Nature, 394 (9 July 1998), 141-3
P. B. Medawar, Pluto's Republic (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1982) Originally published in The Guardian, 6 July 2002
H. G. Wells, The Story of a Great Schoolmaster: being a plain account of the life and ideas of Sanderson ofOundle (London, Chatto & Windus, 1924) Sanderson ofOundle (London, Chatto & Windus, 1926)
Originally published as the Foreword to the Student Edition of The Descent of Man (London, Gibson Square Books, 2002)
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35 36
37
38
39 40 41 42
43 44
45
46
23 24 25
26 27
250
'Letter to Wallace, 26 February 1867' in Francis Darwin (ed. ), Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 3 (London, John Murray, 1888), p. 95
H. Cronin, The Ant and the Peacock (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991)
W. D. Hamilton, Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 2 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001)
A. Zahavi and A. Zahavi, The Handicap Principle: a missing piece of Darwin's puzzle (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997)
R. A. Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1930)
My own attempt at explaining it constitutes Chapter 8 of The Blind Watchmaker. For an authoritative modern survey of sexual selection, see M. Andersson, Sexual Selection (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994)
W. G. Eberhard, Sexual Selection and Animal Genitalia (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1988)
D. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995) M. Ghiselin, The Triumph of the Darwinian Method (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969)
R. Dawkins, 'Higher and Lower Animals: a Diatribe' in E. Fox-Keller and E. Lloyd (eds. ), Keywords in evolutionary biology (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1992)
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, chapter XX of 1st edn, chapter XIX of 2nd edn
http://members. shaw. ca/mcfetridge/darwin. html
http://www. workersliberty. org/wlmags/wl61/dawkins. htm
Fisher (1930), ibid.
Letter dated 'Tuesday, February, 1866'. Published in James Marchant, Alfred Russel Wallace: Letters and Reminiscences, vol. 1 (London, Cassell, 1916). Reproduced by courtesy of the British Library, thanks to Dr Jeremy John Fisher (1930), ibid.
W. D. Hamilton, 'Extraordinary Sex Ratios' (1966). Reprinted in his Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 1 (Oxford, W. H. Freeman, 1996)
E. L. Charnov, The Theory of Sex Allocation (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1982)
A. W. F. Edwards, 'Natural Selection and the Sex Ratio: Fisher's Sources', American Naturalist, 151 (1998), 564-9
? R. L. Trivers, 'Parental investment and sexual selection' in B. Campbell (ed. ), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (Chicago, Aldine, 1972), pp. 136-79 R. Leakey, The Origin of Humankind (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994) S. Pinker, The Language Instinct (London, Penguin, 1994)
S. J. Gould, Ontogeny and Phytogeny (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1977)
J. Diamond, The Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee (London, Radius, 1991) D. Morris, Dogs: The ultimate dictionary of over 1000 dog breeds (London, Ebury Press, 2001)
C. Vila, J. E. Maldonado and R. K. Wayne, 'Phylogenetic Relationships, Evolution, and Genetic Diversity of the Domestic Dog', Journal of Heredity, 90 (1999), 71-7
G. Miller, The Mating Mind (London, Heinemann, 2000)
From M. H. Robinson and L. Tiger (eds. ), Man and Beast Revisited (Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991)
R. Dawkins, 'Universal Darwinism' in D. S. Bendall (ed. ), Evolution from Molecules to Men (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 403-25. R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (New York, W W. Norton, 1986), Chapter 11
C. Singer, A Short History of Biology (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1931)
W. Bateson, quoted in E. Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1982) G. C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1966)
R. A. Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1930)
Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, p. 31
Peter Atkins, The Second Law (New York, Scientific American Books, 1984), and Galileo's Finger (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003) are characteristically lucid
R. Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable (London, Penguin, 1996), chapter 3
E. Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1982)
F. H. C. Crick, Life itself (London, Macdonald, 1982)
R. Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype (San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 1982/ Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 174-6. See also Endnote 36 and Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, chapter 11
Originally published in the Skeptic, 18, No. 4, December 1998 (Sydney, Australia)
Originally published in the Daily Telegraph, 17 July 1993, under the title 'Don't panic; take comfort, it's not all in the genes'
D. H. Hamer et at. , 'A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation', Science, 261 (1993), 321-7
Originally published in J. Brockman (ed. ), The Next Fifty Years (New York, Vintage Books, 2002)
ENDNOTES
251
? ENDNOTES
71
72 73
74
75
76
77
78 79
80 81
82
83 84 85 86
87
88 89
90 91
92 93
See also the splendid article by Polly Toynbee in The Guardian of 5 October 252
S. Brenner, 'Theoretical Biology in the Third Millennium', Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 354 (1999), 1963-5
Page 25.
D. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Boston, Little Brown, 1990). D. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995)
Foreword to S. Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999)
J. D. Delius, 'The Nature of Culture' in M. S. Dawkins, T. R. Halliday and R. Dawkins (eds. ), The Tinbergen Legacy (London, Chapman & Hall, 1991) 'Culturgen' was proposed by C. J. Lumsden and E. O. Wilson in Genes, Mind and Culture (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1981). Completely unknown to me when I coined 'meme' in 1976, the German biologist Richard Semon wrote a book called Die Mneme (English translation The Mneme (London, Allen & Unwin, 1921)) in which he adopted the 'mneme' coined in 1870 by the Austrian physiologist Ewald Hering. I first learned of this in a review of The Selfish Gene by Peter Medawar, who described the 'mneme' as 'a word of conscious etymological rectitude'
Originally published in B. Dahlbom (ed. ), Dennett and His Critics: Demystifying Mind (Oxford, Blackwell, 1993)
D. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Boston, Little Brown, 1990), p. 207
H. Thimbleby, 'Can viruses ever be useful? ', Computers and Security, 10 (1991), 111-14
Sir Thomas Browne, Religio Medici (1635), I, 9
A. Zahavi, 'Mate selection - a selection for a handicap', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 53 (1975), 205-14
A. Grafen, 'Sexual selection unhandicapped by the Fisher process', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 144 (1990), 473-516. A. Grafen, 'Biological signals as handicaps', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 144 (1990), 517-46
M. Kilduff and R. Javers, The Suicide Cult (New York, Bantam, 1978)
A.
Kenny, A Path from Rome (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986)
First published as 'Snake Oil and Holy Water' in Forbes ASAP, 4 October 1999 U. Goodenough, The Sacred Depths of Nature (New York, Oxford University Press Inc. , 1999)
C. Sagan, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (New York, Ballantine, 1997)
V. J. Stenger, The Unconscious Quantum (Buffalo, NY, Prometheus Books, 1996) The 'separate magisteria' thesis was promoted by S. J. Gould, an atheist bending over backwards far beyond the call of duty or sense, in Rocks ofAges: science and religion in the fullness of life (New York, Ballantine, 1999)
First published in The Independent, 8 March 1997
Originally published in Freethought Today (Madison, Wis. ), 18: 8 (2001)
(http://www. ffrf. org/). The text was revised for a special 'After Manhattan' edition of The New Humanist (Winter 2001)
http://www. biota. org/people/douglasadams/index. html
? 2001, http://guardian. co. uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,563618,00. html http://www. guardian. co. uk/Archive/ Article/0,4273,4257777,00. html
W. D. Hamilton, Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 2 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001)
John Diamond, C: Because cowards get cancer too (London, Vermilion, 1998) Published in The Guardian, 14 May 2001
The full text of his speech may be seen at http://www. biota. org/people/ douglasadams/index. html http://www. americanatheist. org/win98-99/T2/silverman. html
00
01
03
04
Break the Science Barrier with Richard Dawkins, Channel 4, Equinox Series, 1996
Times Literary Supplement, 11 September 1992. Originally published in Japanese as 'My Intended Burial and Why', Insectarium, 28 (1991), 238-47. Reprinted in English under the same title in Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 12 (2000), 111-22 W. D. Hamilton, 'Innate social aptitudes of man: an approach from evolutionary genetics' in R. Fox (ed. ), Biosocial Anthropology (London, Malaby Press, 1975) W. D. Hamilton, Narrow Roads of Gene Land, vol. 1: Evolution of Social Behaviour (Oxford, W. H. Freeman and Stockton Press, 1996). Volume 2 (Evolution of Sex) has now appeared (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001), with this eulogy as its Foreword
John Diamond, Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations (London, Vintage, 2001) K. Sterelny, Dawkins vs Gould: Survival of the Fittest (Cambridge, Icon Books, 2001)
A. Brown, The Darwin Wars: How Stupid Genes Became Selfish Gods (London, Pocket Books, 2000)
Lays of Ancient Rome
S. J. Gould, 'Self-help for a hedgehog stuck on a molehill' (review of R. Dawkins, Climbing Mount Improbable), Evolution, 51 (1997), 1020-3
S. J. Gould, 'The Pattern of Life's History' in J. Brockman (ed. ), The Third Culture (New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995), p. 64
P. B. Medawar, Art of the Soluble (London, Penguin, 1969)
Review of S. J. Gould, Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History (London, Andre Deutsch, 1978). First published in Nature, 276 (9 November 1978), 121-3
Reprinted as 'Caring Groups and Selfish Genes' in S. J. Gould, The Panda's Thumb (New York, W. W. Norton, 1980)
G. C. Williams, Adaptation and Natural Selection (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1966), pp. 22-5 and 56-7
P. B. Medawar, Pluto's Republic (New York, Oxford University Press Inc. , 1982)
S. J. Gould, Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes (New York, W. W Norton, 1983)
P. B. Medawar, The Hope of Progress (London, Methuen, 1972)
R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, 2nd edn (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 271-2. See also R. Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 116-17, 239-47
ENDNOTES
253
? ENDNOTES
us Review of S. J. Gould, Wonderful Life (London, Hutchinson Radius, 1989). Published in the Sunday Telegraph, 25 February 1990
119
Daily Telegraph, 22 January 1990
120 R e v i e w 0 f s. J. Gould, Full House (New York, Harmony Books, 1996); published
in the UK as Life's Grandeur (London, Jonathan Cape, 1996). In Evolution, 51:3 June 1997), 1015-20
I have devoted a whole article to attacking the idea of progress in this sense: R. Dawkins, 'Progress' in E. Fox Keller and E. Lloyd (eds. ), Keywords in evolutionary biology (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 263-72
122
123
124
125
126 127 128
129
130
131
132
133
134 135
136
137
138
139
121
254
J. Maynard Smith, 'Time in the Evolutionary Process', Studium Generate, 23 (1970), 266-72
D. W. McShea, 'Metazoan complexity and evolution: is there a trend? ', Evolution, 50 (1996), 477-92
J. W. S. Pringle, 'On the parallel between learning and evolution', Behaviour, 3 (1951), 90-110
J. Huxley, The Individual in the Animal Kingdom (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1912)
J. Huxley, Essays of a Biologist (London, Chatto & Windus, 1926)
S. Pinker, The Language Instinct (London, Viking, 1994)
M. Ridley, 'Coadaptation and the inadequacy of natural selection', Brit. J. Hist. Sci. , 15 (1982), 45-68
R. Dawkins and J. R. Krebs, 'Arms races between and within species', Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 205 (1979), 489-511
H. Jerison, Evolution of the brain and intelligence (New York, Academic Press, 1973)
J. Maynard Smith, 'Genes, Memes and Minds', New York Review of Books, 30 (30 November 1995). Review of D. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea
R. Leakey and R. Lewin, The Sixth Extinction (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996)
G. A. Wray, J. S. Levinton and L. H. Shapiro, 'Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla', Science 27A (1996), 568
http://www. arn. org/docs/pjweekly/pj_weekly_011202. htm
S. J. Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, Mass. , Harvard University Press, 2002)
D. Barash, 'Grappling with the Ghost of Gould', Human Nature Review, 2 (9 July 2002), 283-92
Foreword to H. Croze and J. Reader, Pyramids of Life (London, Harvill Press, 2000)
Originally published as article on E. Huxley, Red Strangers (London, Chatto, 1964) in the Financial Times, 9 May 1998; later as Foreword to the book, republished by Penguin Books (1999)
Angus, Maisie and Travers McNeice, The Lion Children (London, Orion Books, 2001)
? 140
141 142
143 144
First published as 'All Our Yesterdays' in the Sunday Times, 31 December 1995
R. Leakey, The Origin of Humankind (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994) I. Douglas-Hamilton and O. Douglas-Hamilton, Among the Elephants (London, Viking, 1975). I. Douglas-Hamilton and O. Douglas-Hamilton, Battle for the Elephants (London, Doubleday, 1992)
P. Matthiessen, The Tree where Man was Born (London, Harvill Press, 1998) Published in J. Brockman and K. Matson (eds. ), How Things Are (New York, Morrow, 1995)
ENDNOTES
255
? A Shropshire Lad, 177-178
Abortion, see Ethics
Acquired characteristics, Inheritance of,
see Lamarckian theory Adams, Douglas, 139, 156-157, 163,
165-170 Adaptations
As state of order, 85
Ecosystems are not, 226 Lamarckian cannot explain, 90 Only cumulative evolution builds
complex, 87, 212
Result of nonrandom guiding
mechanism, 88 Adaptive radiation, 214
Agassiz, Louis, 198 Ageing
Medawar/Williams theory of, 132
W. D. Hamilton on, 173, 177 Agnostic conciliation, 149-150 Alpha globin, see Globin 'Alternative' medicine, 36, 179-186 Amino acid, 97, 113
Ammophila, see Digger wasp Ancestor, Common, 101
Of all living species, 66, 96
Of apes, 22-23
Of Cambrian phyla, 215, 216
Of humans and chimpanzees, 23-25,
74, 114
Of vertebrates, 98
Angier, Natalie, 171
Archimedes, 80f
Ardipithecus, 74
Assumption, Doctrine of, 151, 244, 245 Astrology, 6, 43
Aunger, Robert, 127f Australopithecus, 24, 74, 75, 114, 239 Autumn leaves, Hamilton on, 173 Axelrod, Robert, 173
Axolotl, 75
Bacteria
Animal as community of, 227
Antibiotic resistance among, 29
'Age of, 209
Balkin, J. M. , 127f
Barash, David, 222
Barlow, Horace, 94f
Bartz, Stephen, 172
Bateson, William, 79
Baudrillard, Jean, 50
Bauplan, 216
Benedict XIV, 151
Bentham, Jeremy, 25
Beta globin, see Globin Bipedality, 74-75
Birch, Martin, 176
Bishop of Oxford, 80f
Bit, 93, 94
Blackmore, Susan, 117, 123, 127f Blair, Tony, 6, 27, 156f
Blind Watchmaker, The, 11, 83f Bloom, H, 127f
Blueprint vs. Recipe, 89, 105 Boswell, James, 179
Boyer, Pascal, 118f
Bozzi, Luisa, 173, 174
Bradman, Sir Donald, 27
Brain, Human
As data duplicator, 135-136
As meme habitat, 124, 126, 128, 137 Enlargement of, 74-75
Enormous due to sexual selection, 77 Thwarts Darwinian designs, 11 Constructs useful model of world, 46
Braininess, as evolutionary progress, 209-214
Brenner, Sydney, 112, 113 Bricmont, Jean, 14, 47-53 Bridge, Frederick, 164 Brlggs, Derek, 203 Brockman, John, 62, 241 Brockman, Max, 241 Brodie, R. , 127f
Bromhall, Derek, 37 Brough, James, 204 Brown, Andrew, 187
256
INDEX
? Brown, Gillian, 127f Browne, Sir Thomas, 139 Buchsbaum, Ralph, 109f Buckminsterfullerene, 44 Burgess Shale, 203-205
Caenorhabditis elegans, 108-109 'Cambrian explosion', 192, 216 Cannibalism, 25, 35
Carroll, Lewis, 139
Chaos theory, Misuse of, 50, 147 Chardin, Teilhard de, 196-197, 198 Charles, Prince, 28, 36, 181 Charnov, EX. , 70
Chimpanzee Genome Project, 114 Chromosome
As computer tape, 105
Containing genes for globins, 97-98 Parasitic DNA splices itself seamlessly
into, 129
X chromosome, 62, 104, 106
Circumcision, 124-125
Civil liberties, 32-33
Clark, Ronald, 197
Clarke, Arthur C, 92f, 110
Climbing Mount Improbable, 83f, 187,
188, 212f Cloning
Human, see Ethics
Placenta as clone of baby, 35-36 Studio discussion of, 152-153
Cobb, J. A. , 71
Coevolutionary arms race, 191, 213,
214, 216, 217 Competition
For opposite sex, 65, 71 Survival of macromutations in
absence of, 87
Within species, causing extinction, 191
Complexity (see also Genome: Information content of)
As information content, 100-102
Increase in, 209-217 Complexity theory, Misuse of, 147 Convergence
Modern physics and eastern mysticism, 147-148
Science and religion, 146-151 ' Conway Morris, Simon, 203, 205 Cooperation, Evolution of, 173 Copying, see Fidelity under Gene, Meme Creationism
'Intelligent design', 102, 219-221
Young Earth Creationism, 58 Creationists
Propaganda of, 61, 91
Refusing to debate with, 188-189,
218-221
Regrettable gift of punctuated
equilibrists to, 199
Creator, The
Added to later editions of Origin, 13f Treats genomes of newts capriciously,
97
Litters genomes with pseudogenes, 99
Crick, Francis, 27, 28, 63, 89, 90, 107, 108, 124
Cronin, Helena, 64, 140 Crow, James, 88f
Croze, Harvey, 223, 225-227 Crystals
Alleged magical properties of, 42-43 Structure of lattices, 43-45 Self-assembly of, 45
Cultural relativism, 14-16, 17, 223, 229 Cultural Studies, 52
Culture, 127, 128 (see also Meme) Culturgen, 125
Cupitt, Don, 147 Curie brothers, 45 Cuvier, Georges, 201
Darwin, Charles, 5, 61
His coining of 'Devil's Chaplain', 8 His encyclopaedic knowledge, 66
His near anticipation of Fisher on sex
ratios, 70
His near discovery of Mendelism,
67-69
His 'other' theory, see Sexual
selection
His timeless achievement, 78-79 His disagreement with Wallace, 64 His Victorian outlook, 66, 76
His views on race, 64, 76
Not against punctuationism, 212 On worms, 200
Darwinism
Coining by Wallace, 64
Core, 81-90
Incompatibility with blending
inheritance, 67
Moral implications of, 8-13 Opposing as human being, 11 Universal, 61, 78-90, 127
Data
Independent, 39-41 Compression of, 94
Davies, Paul, 146, 147
Dawkins, Juliet, 233, 241-248 Dawkins' Law of the Conservation of
Difficulty, 6
Death, Forecasting, 33-34
Deleuze, Gilles, 47
Delius, Juan, 124
Dennett, Daniel, 66, 83f, 117, 147, 215
On memes, 127f, 128, 130
Descent of Man, The, 61, 63-77 Design, Illusion of, 79, 225 Determinism see Genetic determinism
INDEX
257
? INDEX
Development (see also Embryology) Complex recipe-like effects of genes
on, 29, 89, 105
Embryonic, Evolutionary change in
terms of, 200-202
Coding for complex life cycles, 99 Point at which foetus 'becomes
human', 22
Rubber band and blanket analogy
for, 105-106
Devil's Chaplain, A, 5, 8-13 Diamond, 43-44, 45, 46 Diamond, Jared, 76
Diamond, John, 36, 179-186 Digger wasp, 8
Disraeli, Benjamin (as typewriter
transubstantiated), 138 DNA
Duplicating, 129 Fingerprinting, 31-32 Information content of, 94, 95 Junk, 97, 99
National database, 32-33 Parasitic, 129, 135
Selfish, 97f, 129
Sequencing, 108-112
Viral, 129
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 12, 58
Dolly (sheep), 34, 36, 37, 118, 152-153 Double Helix, The, 107
Double-blind trials, 36, 180, 181-184,
185
Douglas-Hamilton, Iain and Oria, 236-239 Dusing, Carl, 71
Eberhard, W. C , 66 Ecological community
Of computer viruses, 134
Of genes, 227
Ecosystems, 225-227
Education, 7, 54-60, 232
Edwards, A. W. F. , 71
Einstein, Albert, 6, 16, 46, 79, 146, 147,
149
Eldredge, Niles, 188, 189, 199 Embryology (see also Development)
'Computing' a developing embryo, 113
Preformationistic vs epigenetic, 89 Entropy, 84-85, 96
Environment
Ancestral, 113
Interaction of genes with, 29,113, 227 Epidemiology
Informational, 130
In spread of scientific ideas, 145 Of childhood crazes, 136
Of convictions, 143, 145
Epigenesis, 89
Erectile organ, Mathematical
significance of, 49
Essentialism, 204 Ethics
Conjoined twins, 35
Human-centred view of, 114,
Of abortion, 34, 114
Of chimp/human hybrid, 24-26, 191 Of human cloning, 34
Of stem cell research, 34-35, 114 Reconstructing Lucy, 114-115 Science does not define, 34-36
Eucaryote, 209
Eugenics, 31
Evangelists, Television, 143
Evans, Christopher, 110
Ever Since Darwin, 187, 190-193, 197, 202 Evolution
As art of the developable, 200-202 As central to education, 58
As progressive, 101, 207-217
Does not violate Second Law, 84 Gradualistic, 81, 211-213
Myth of progress to man, 191, 205, 208
Nonadaptive, 81 (see also Neutral theory)
Nonrandom nature of Darwinian, 88 Of computer viruses, 135
Of evolvability, 209, 216
Of vertebrate eye, 212, 213
Positive feedback in, 213
Role of genes in, 222 Evolutionarily stable state, 193 Exam
Pressure, Destructive effects of, 54, 58
Syllabuses, Limited nature of, 58-59 Expression of the Emotions, The, 63, 72 Extended phenotype, 124, 222 Extinction, 21, 26, 34, 103, 114, 191,
205, 214
Fabre, Jean Henri, 8 Faith
As symptom of infection by mind virus, 138
Exercised by belief in impossible things, 139-141
Intolerance to apostates, heretics, and rival faiths, 141
Respect for, 142, 154-155, 156-157 Spread of, compared to scientific
ideas, 145
Suicide in the service of, 142, 158
Feedback, Positive, 125-126, 213 Female choice, see Sexual selection Feynman, Richard, 18
Fidelity in replication, see Gene, Meme Fisher, Kenneth, 59
Fisher, R. A. , 65, 67-72, 82, 86, 172, 213 Fossil, 18, 24, 72, 74-75, 112, 199f,
258
203-205, 210, 212, 225, 235, 239
? Foucault, Michel, 48 Freud, Sigmund, 78 FullHouse, 188,206-217 Fuller, R. Buckminster, 44
Gaia, 173
Galapagos, 79, 82 Galileo, 148
Games, Theory of, 173 Garte, Seymour J. , 69 Gene
As digital information, 105
As recipe, 89, 105
As software subroutine, 28 Cooperative, 126
Duplication and deletion, 97-99 Ecology of, 227
Fidelity in replication, 121-122, 125 For Huntington's Chorea, 33 Frequencies, 67, 80, 222
'Gay', 62, 104-106
Geographical distribution of, 111 Horizontal transmission in viruses,
119-120 Jumping, 129
Longitudinal transmission down generations, 119, 125
Not merely book-keeper, 222
Pool, 67, 80, 102-103, 113, 126, 134,
193, 222, 226, 227 Pseudogene, 96, 97, 98, 99
Role in evolution, 222
Selection, 193
Statistical effect of, 106 Transgenic imports, Revulsion to,
28-29
Genetic atomism, 193, 201
Genetic Book of the Dead, 113, 222 Genetic code, Digital nature of, 28-29,
107-108
'Genetic determinism', 62, 104-106,
193, 197
Genetic engineering, 28-29
Ghiselin, Michael, 66 Gini, Corrado, 71 Gish, Duane P. , 218 Globin, 97-98
God
Cruelty of, 8
Redefining, 147, 149
GodeT's Theorem, Misuses of, 50 Goldberg, Rube, 192 Goodenough, Ursula, 146, 147 Gould, Stephen J. , 101, 187-222 Grafen, Alan, 70, 140, 171
Gray, Asa, 8, 212
Great Ape Project, 5, 114
Gross, Paul, 14, 51, 53
Group selection, 201
Guattari, Felix, 47
Gull, 22, 38
Guthrie, Woody, 33f
Haemoglobin, 97 (see also Globin) Haig, David, 171
Haldane, J. B. S. , 95, 197 Hamilton, Christine, 175 Hamilton, Ruth, 177
Hamilton, W. D. , 64, 70, 164, 171-178 Hardy-Weinberg Law, 67
Hawking, Stephen, 146, 147, 149 Hayles, Katherine, 50
Heber, Bishop, 11
Heisenberg, Werner, 78, 147
Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes, 198-202 Higher-level selection, 205, 226 (see also
Group selection) Hinde, Robert, 118f
Hitler, Adolf, 9, 111, 158, 159f Hodgkin, Jonathan, 108-109 Hofstadter, Douglas, 138f, 139 Holloway, John, 195
Holy war, 142 Homeopathy
Double-blind trials of, 181-184
Failure to demonstrate effect of, 36 Homo erectus, 24, 74
Homo habilis, 24, 74, 239 Homosexuality, Genetic factors in,
104-106
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, 8 Housman, A. E. , 177
Hox, 113
Hoyle, Sir Fred, 199, 211-212, 214 Human Genome Diversity Project, 31 Human Genome Project, 30, 109,
110-111 (see also Genome, Human) Humans
As African apes, 23-24, 72-74 Evolution of, 72-77
Genetic closeness to chimpanzees,
72, 191 Hume, David, 179
Genetic fingerprinting, fingerprinting
see DNA
Genetic landscape, 83
Genetically modified foods, 29 Genetics, Molecular, 27-34, 107-115 Genome
As colonies of viruses, 134 Chimpanzee, 73, 114
Dinosaur, 115
Human, 30, 31, 32, 72-73, 96, 98,
99, 109, 110-111, 114 Information content of, 96-103 Reconstructing Lucy's, 114-115 Sequencing, 108-113
Genomes, Comparing, 72-73, 96-97, 99 Genotype, 31, 123, 193
Gibbs, Willard, 84
INDEX
259
? INDEX
Humphrey, Nicholas, 118f
Hunter gatherers, 76 Huntington's Chorea, 33, 144 Huxley, Aldous, 49, 75
Huxley, Elspeth, 223, 228-230 Huxley, Julian, 10, 11, 12, 75, 210 Huxley, T. H. , 10, 18, 67, 80 Hyman, L. H. , 208
Hyman, Ray, 184, 185
Ichneumonidae, 8
Imitation, 39, 119, 120 (see also Meme) Immunization against computer viruses,
131 Information
Epidemiology of, 130
Technical definition of, 92-93 Self-replicating, 117, 137 (see also
Meme)
Information technology, Genetics as,
107-108 Information theory, 92-96 Inheritance
Blending, 67
Particulate, 67-69, 80, 82 Lamarckian, 123, 124, Weismannian, 123
Intellectual Impostures, 47-53 'Intelligent design', see Creationism Intermediates, 21-25, 74, 114 Invasion, Evidence in genes of, 111 Irigaray, Luce, 49, 50
Jenkin, Fleeming, 67
Jerison, H. , 214
Johnson, Phillip, 218, 220, 221 Jones, Reverend Jim, 142-143 Judson, Olivia, 171, 176 Jurassic Park, 114, 115
Kamiya, Gary, 51
Kat, Pieter, 232
Kenny, Anthony, 138, 144, 145 Kimura, Motoo, 73, 87, 88 Kinesiology, 184-185
King, Martin Luther, 157 Kinship, Genetic theory of, 173 Koertge, Noretta, 14
Koestler, Arthur, 197
Kroto, Sir Harry, 44
Kuhn, Thomas, 16
Lacan, Jacques, 49
Lacks, Henrietta, 34-35
Ladder of life, 66, 72, 208
Laland, Kevin, 127f
Lamarckian theory, 9, 80, 88-90, 123,
124, 222 Lande, R. , 65
Language
As cultural barrier to gene flow, 77 Development of, 75
Evolution of, 136
Learning by imitation, 119 Quasi-genetic inheritance of, 124
Latour, Bruno, 50 Lawyers
Discontinuous minds of, 21-22 Gloating, 25
Histrionic, gallery-playing, 39
Leakey, Louis, 235
Leakey, Meave, 235, 239
Leakey, Richard, 215, 234, 235, 236,
239, 240 Levinton, J. S. , 216
Levitt, Norman, 14, 51, 53 Lewes, George Henry, 195 Lewin, Roger, 215
Lewis, C. S. , 231
Lion Children, The, 224, 231-233 Lucretius, 80
Lucy, 114-115
Lynch, A. , 127f
Lyotard, Jean-Francois, 50
Macromutation, see Mutation
Maddox, John, 17f
Magisterium, Conceding to religion its
own, 148, 150-151 Marx, Karl, 67, 78, 79 Matson, Katinka, 241 Maxwell's Demon, 85
May, Robert, 112, 173
Maynard Smith, John, 88f, 172, 173,
209, 215, 216f
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 187 Mao Tse Tung, 231
Matthiessen, Peter, 237
Mayr, Ernst, 89
McNeice, Angus, Maisie, Travers and
Oakley, 231-233
McShea, D. W. , 209-210, 214 Medawar, Peter, 6, 48, 107, 132, 188,
190, 194-198, 200, 201-202 Melchett, Lord, 28
Meme Machine, The, 117, 119-127 Meme, 117-127, 128, 129, 145,146f, 222
Analogy with computer virus, 117, 129-130, 137
Analogy with gene, 119-120
As Darwinian replicator, 127 Complex, Coadapted, see Memeplex Fidelity in transmission of, 121-124 Longitudinal and horizontal
transmission of, 121
Natural selection of, 125
Not digital, 121
Oxford Dictionary definition of, 120
Memeplex, 117, 126 (see also Religion) Memetics, 67, 120, 125
260
? Mendel, Gregor, 67, 69, 107 Mendelism, 68-69, 82
Middle Eastern politics, 159 Migration, Evidence in genes of, 111 Migratory mixing, 102
Miliband, David, 6 Mill, John Stuart, 195 Miller, Geoffrey, 77 Miller, Jonathan, 163 Mind
As seeker after pattern, 185
Darwin's materialistic view of, 64,191 Discontinuous, 21-26
Limitations of, 19
Meme hypothesis of, 127
Parasites, see Meme, Memeplex, Virus
of the mind, Religion Symptoms of infection, 137-144
Miracle stories, 150
Missing link, 114, 199
Modern Synthesis, see Neo-Darwinism Molecular biology, see Genetics, Molecular Molecular clock, 72, 73-74, 216 Monotheism, 157
Montgomery of Alamein, Viscount, 231 Moore's Law, 108
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 198 Multicellularity, 217
Mutations
As movement through genetic space, 83-88
Complex effect on developmental processes, 201
Frame-shift, 100
Macromutations, 86-88, 122, 202 Neutral, 73, 81, 192
Provide genetic variation, 102 Random nature of, 85, 88
Rate of, 122
Myhrvold, Nathan, 108 Mystery
As better unsolved, 138
Of the Transubstantiation, 138-139,
141, 144
Of the Trinity, 139
Mysticism, 147
Narrow Roads of Gene Land, 177 Natural Selection
Contributes information to gene pool, 102-103
Distinct from sexual selection, 65 Female preference subject to, 65 Hoyle's misunderstanding of,
211-212, 214
Influences evolution only when
acting on replicators, 222 Meme-based, 125
Neutral mutations hidden from, 192
Nature/nurture cliche, 61
Necker Cube, 16
Nematode worm, see Caenorhabditis
elegans
Neo-Darwinism, 67, 79, 80, 107, 126, 172, 173, 205, 221
Neoteny, 75
Neutral theory, 73, 88
New Age, 42, 45, 46
Newton, Isaac, 16, 49, 55, 178
Nicholls, Kate, 232
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 59 Northern Ireland, 154, 156, 158, 159, 248 Norton-Griffiths, Michael and Annie,
234-235, 236 Nucleotide sequence, 113
Oncogene, 129
Orchid, 212
Origin of Species, On the, 12, 13f, 61, 63,
67, 72, 80, 170, 234 Orrorin, 74
Orthogenesis, 191
Palumbi, Stephen, 220 Parasite
DNA, 129
Lineages favour decreased
complexity, 101, 210, 211 Of the mind, 117, 137 (see also
Meme, Religion) Resistance to, 64 Software, 129 Theory of sex, 173
Parental expenditure/investment, 70, 71 Patai, Daphne, 14
Pater, Walter, 195
Patriotism, Mindless, 55
Peacocks' tails, 140 (see also Sexual selection)
Phenotype, 100, 122, 123, 124, 125, 192, 193
Phylogenetic tree, 112 Physics Envy, 6
Picasso, Pablo, 27
Pierce, Naomi, 171 Piezoelectric effect, 45 Piltdown hoax, 198-199 Pinker, Steven, 211
Pius XII, 151
Placenta, As clone of baby, 35 Planck, Max, 78
Pluto's Republic, 48, 188, 194-197 Pope's message on evolution, 148 Popper, Karl, 16, 196 Postmodernism
Disrobed, 47-53
Meaning of, 7
Postmodernism Generator, 53
Preformationism, 89
Pringle, J. W. S. , 100, 102, 210
INDEX
261
? INDEX
'Pro life', as only pro human life, 22, 114 Procaryote, 209
Progress, Evolutionary, 208, 211-217 Protein, 73, 96, 97, 99, 105, 113, 192 Pseudogene, see Gene
Psychics, 6, 17f, 43
Punctuated equilibrium, 199, 212 Pyramids of Life, 223, 225-227
Quadrumana, 72 Quantum theory
Counter-intuitive nature of, 18 Misuse of, 50, 147
Races
Arising from sexual selection, 63,
76-77
Minimal genetic variation between,
31, 76
Victorian hierarchical view, 66
Radioactive dating, 72, 74 Randi, James, 17f, 183 Random walk, 88
Reader, John, 223, 225-227 Recipe vs. Blueprint, 89, 105 Red Queen Effect, 213
Red Strangers, 223, 228-230 Reductionism, 197
Redundancy (cf. information), 92, 94 Relativity, Theory of, 46, 50, 107 Religion
As cultural barrier to gene flow, 77 As handed-down traditions, 243, 247 As labjel, 158-161
As memeplex, 117, 126
As virus of the mind, 117, 128, 135,
137-145
Epidemiology of, 143
Generating sensations akin to sexual
love, 144
Organized, 117-118
Making scientific claims, 150
Not converging with science, 146-151
Religious
Atrocity, see September 11th 2001 Customs, Quasi-genetic inheritance
of, 124
Lobbies, 152,154
Privilege given to opinions of the,
118, 152-155 Propaganda, 150
Replicator, 11, 126, 127, 135, 137, 222, (see also Gene, Meme, Virus)
Reproductive success, Variance in, 72 Revelation, 243, 245-246
Ridley, Mark, 212
Ridley, Matt, 171
Ring species, 22
River Out of Eden, 14 Robinson, Heath, 192
Ross, Andrew, 52
Rubber Band Analogy, 105-106 Ruse, Michael, 63
Rushdie, Salman, 141, 244f Russell, Bertrand, 5, 54
His teapot, 117-118, 149 Ryder, Richard, 21f
Sagan, Carl, 29, 146, 147 Sahelanthropus, 74
Saltation, 86, 88 {see also Mutation:
macromutation) Sanderson, E W. , 7, 13, 54-60 Schliemann, Heinrich, 239 Science
As frequently counter-intuitive, 18 As proceeding by conjecture and
refutation, 16
Cannot define ethics, 34-36
Its claim to truth, 15
Not converging with religion, 146-151 Not a virus, 145
Spiritual nature of, 27
Wonder of, 43
Scientific method, 14, 32, 145, 156, 181, 195-196
Segmentation
As single macromutation, 86-87 Millipede cf. lobster, 100-101, 210
Selection, see Natural selection, Sexual selection, Higher-level selection
Selection, Unit of, 126 (see also Gene, Meme)
Selfish Gene, The, 97i
Selfishness, 173 Self-replicating
Computer program, 129 Element of culture, 120 Information, 117, 137 Virus, 133, 134
September 11th 2001, 118, 156-161 Sex
Economic view of, 69-72
Parasite theory of, 173
Sex ratio, 69-72, 172, 173 Sexual inequality, 71-72
Sexual recombination, 102, 103 Sexual selection
Darwin's theory of, 63-77, 80 Handicap theory of, 140-141 Positive feedback in evolution, 213 Wallacean view of, 77
Shakespeare, William, 61, 78, 202 Shannon, Claude, 92-96
Shapiro, L. H.
