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Internal order.
c. The economic side ideals of the terrorists.
d. Constructive work (Stephens in Yale Rev. , Nov. '95).
e. Dissensions the factions devour each other.
D. THE DIRECTORY. Constitution of the Year III. A revolution
in favor of the middle classes.
E. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE YEAR VIII. The Consulate and
Napoleon.
F. RESULTS.
1. To France.
a. Political in national and local government.
b. Social and civil (the Code).
c. Religious (the Concordat) ultratn on tanism.
d. Economic the peasantry, land, trade.
2. To Europe at the time,
a. Political.
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b. Civil and economic.
The wars of the Republic and of Napoleon motives and
characteristics.
Q. LATER RESULTS.
We may note, to sum up, three chief principles of the Revolu-
tion.
1. Civil liberty.
2. Political liberty constructively, democracy ; destructively,
the abolition of monarchies by divine right; government
must be by as well as for the people.
3. Nationality, as opposed to the medieval idea of a State.
Napoleon, as the last of the benevolent despots, maintains
the first, temporarily suppresses the second, and tries to
use the third selfishly and deceitfully, but "finds it a
boomerang. "
Or: The French Revolution established the principles of
civil liberty, and prepared the way for the two great
movements of this century National Autonomy and
"Triumphant Democracy. "
"The history of the nineteenth century is precisely the history
of all the work the Revolution did leave. The Revolution was a
creating force, even more than a destroying one ; it was an inex-
haustible source of fertile influences; it not only cleared the ground
of the old society, but it manifested all the elements of the new so-
ciety. " FREDERIC HARRISON.
Note that the constructive influences could not be seen in
proper proportion until after 1848.
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? 111. FRANCE-THE THREE SUPPLEMENTARY REVOLU-
TIONS, 1830, 1848, 1870 FROM NAPOLEON THE
GREAT TO NAPOLEON THE LITTLE.
A. THE RESTORATIONS OF 1814 AND 1815.
1. The two treaties and the terms.
B. UNDER THE BOURBONS.
Louis XVIII and Charles X, 1815-30
1. The charter. Van Laun, II, 151-4 ; Fyffe, II, 14-16 ; Con-
temp. Sources; I, 3, for text.
2. Struggle of the reaction. Mueller, 90-101 ; Fyffe, II, 16-
19, 31-77, 356-48 ; Lodge, 657-60.
Reactionary elements the old clergy and returned etni-
grees ; their program ; Louis sides with the constitution-
alists until the rapid liberal gains and the unfortunate
assassination of the Due de Berry drive him into the
arms of the reactionists, 1820; progress of the contest
to Charles X's appointment of Polignac.
3. The Revolution of 1830. Fyffe, II, 368-81 ; Lodge, 660-
62 ; Mueller, 99-112 ; Van Laun, II, 267-86 ; Latimer,
14-33 ; Blanc.
a. The "July Ordinances. "
b. "The Three Days. "
c. Louis Philippe and Lafayette Republic or Monarchy f
d. Results abroad.
C. THE JULY MONARCHY (ORLEANS).
Fyffe, II, 414-18; Mueller, 186-201; Van Laun, II, 287-362;
Guizot's Louis Philippe ; Adams, 256-86 ; Lamartine's For-
ty-Eight; Latimer, 34-92; Michaud; St. Armand.
1. The "Citizen King. "
2. Constitutional changes ; the character of the Revolution ;
a "constitutional monarchy"; charter, slightly modified,
imposed upon the king; power in the hands of the mid-
dle classes.
3. Ministries and policies.
a. Succession of short ministries of virtual minorities,
1830-40.
b. Guizot, 1840-48 "Parliamentary government" a "cor-
rupt government by an incorruptible minister. "
4. Problems.
a. Foreign : the Eastern Question ; the Spanish marriage ;
South Sea Islands.
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? 15
b. Domestic: drift toward socialism (Louis Blanc); de-
mands for electoral reform and the removal of "place-
men. " Mill and Adams; St. Armand.
D. THE THIRD REVOLUTION.
1. The Year of Revolutions, 1848. Adams, 289-400; Lati-
mer, ch. V. ; Mill; Ely, and references for BGuizot and
Adams for one side ; Lamartine and Mill for the other.
a. The banquets and the ministry ; the barricades and the
national guard. (St. Armand for a full account. )
b. The Provisional Government.
1) Creation.
2) Composition (the Moderates Lamartine, and the
Reds Ledru Rollin, and the Socialists Louis
Blanc.
3) Its "Hundred Days. " Adams; Mill; Ely; Lamartine;
Poolers Index for many periodical articles; espe-
cially Frazer, 90: 437, and Dublin Review, 33: 134.
a) The national workshops the Paris mob.
b) Taxation.
c) Other decrees.
d) Dissensions and attacks.
e) The elections for
c. The new Constituent Assembly (universal suffrage).
1) The workshop riots.
2) Cavaignac's Dictatorship. The "Four Days. "
2. The Second Republic, 1848-52. Murdock; Latimer; and
references above.
a. Constitution universal suffrage, single chamber, elec-
tive president.
b. Louis Napoleon ; election to assembly ; president.
c. The coup d'etat, 1851, and the Plebiscit.
E. THE SECOND EMPIRE. 1852-70.
As before ; especially Murdock, Adams, and Latimer.
1. General foreign policy ("L' Empire, c'est la paix 1 '! )
a. Marriage; relations with England (Morley's Cob-
den, Vol. II. gives an excellent picture).
b. Successes.
1) Crimean War.
2) Italy, 859. Nice and Savoy.
c. France and the pope (the turning point in foreign
policy).
d. Failures, 1860-70.
1) American Rebellion (Morley's Cobden, II. 413).
2) Mexico.
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? 16
3) Germany the Rhine frontier, the Austro-Prus-
sian War, Luxemburg, etc,
2. Home administration.
a. Centralization.
b. Plebiscites and elections. Adams, 402-72.
c. The press.
d. Finances, etc.
3. Fall of the Empire.
a.
Growth of the opposition in the Chambers.
b. The Prussian War collapse of the French military-
S3 T stem.
(See Freeman's Federal Government, 316, for invective against
Napoleon. )
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? IV. FRANCE UNDER THE THIRD REPUBLIC.
A. THE REVOLUTION OF 1870.
1. The government of national defense dictatorship of Gam-
betta (good brief account, Fyfie, III, 447-62).
2. The National Assembly of Bordeaux the government of
Thiers.
a. Negotiations for peace with Germany, and the terms.
b. Struggle with the Commune (Lissagary; Fetridge; Har-
rison in Fortnightly, Aug. , 1871, in which see other
articles ; Latimer; Simon's Thiers.
B. THE THIRD REPUBLIC BY ADMINISTRATIONS.
Simon; Laveleye; Latimer; MarzialL
1. Thiers 1871-3 ; "Liberator of the Territory. "
2. McMahon 1873-9. Wilson, 197-200; Burgess, see index;
Nation, 19:69; Catholic World, 25:558; Dublin Review,
73. 462 ; Temple Bar, 71:45 ; Latimer, 402-9.
Last struggle of the re-action.
a. Count de Chatnbord and the White Flag.
b. The Constitution.
c. Responsibility of Ministers to the Deputies.
3. Grevy 1879-87. Gambetta and Ferry.
a. Colonization.
b. The French Culturkampf. An. Ency. '79-90.
c. Expulsion of the Princes. An. Ency. , '86, and Latimer.
d. Re-election and fall of Grevy.
4. Ca-not 1887-94.
a. Boulanger. An. Ency. , Latimer and Poolers Index.
b. France and the Pope 1892-3. An. Ency. , Harper, 79,
* and Review of Reviews.
c. The crisis of 1893; the Panama scandal; strikes and
riots; elections of 1893; anarchistic plots and assas-
sination of Carnot.
5. Casimir-Perier 1894.
Anti-anarchistic legislation.
Resignation.
6. Faure 1895.
Scandals and cabinet crises The Bourgeoise mininstry
and socialistic measures. Question of responsibility to
senate again in 1896.
Politics todav.
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? C. FRANCE TODAY.
Year Book; An. Ency. ; Lebon and Pelet, "France as It Is;"
Lavasseur, "La France;" Wilson; Burgess; Edwards; Lati-
mer, "Europe in Africa" (Madagascar).
1. Constitution of 1875. Wilson and Burg-ess.
a. Central administration.
b. Local government.
c. The judiciary.
2. The church.
3. Education.
4. Army and navy.
5. Land; finance; industry; peasantry. Baudrillart, Con-
temp. , May, 1886; Zinke, Fortnightly, Nov. and Dec. ,
1878 ; Arnold, Fortnightly, Nov. , 1878.
6. Colonies and dependencies.
a. North Africa.
b. Asia Siam. (See periodicals for 1893 and 1894. )
c. Madagascar.
In Europe area, 204,092 square miles (2% times Minnesota);
population census of 189138,343,192.
Algeria area, 184,474 square miles; population, 4,154,732.
Colonies area, 2,484,783 square miles; population, 43,741,-
554 (not including protectorates).
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? V. GERMANY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Sitnes: Germany.
'Menzcl: History of Germany.
*Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, from chap. XIX.
Hildebrand: German Thought.
Tuttle: Prussia.
Tuttle: German Political Leaders.
Schaffle: Impossibility of Social Democracy.
Leibnecht: Social Democracy, in Forum, Feb. , '95.
*Seeley\ Life of Stein.
*Grant Duff: Studies in European Politics.
*Lowe: Prince Bismarck.
Busclr. Our Chancellor.
Whitman: Imperial Germany.
Baring- Gould; German} 7 ", Past and Present.
Von Sybel: The German Empire.
*Smith: William I. and the German Empire.
Ely: French and German Socialism,
*Dawson: German Socialism.
*Dawson: Bismarck and State Socialism.
Dawson : Germany and the Germans.
Malleson: Rebuilding of the German Empire.
Headlam: German Empire.
Ely: In International Review, May, '82, on Bismarck and
Socialism.
Lavelaye: The European Terror, in Fortnightly, April, '83.
A. SUMMARY TO 1648.
1. The old empire; common misapprehensions and causes for
them; importance of correct view ; continuity of the em-
pire; re-union of West and East, 476; attempt to restore
seat of government to Rome (800) by Leo and Karl, and
the result in the first real division into two rival empires.
Office of the Eastern Empire to 1453.
2. The Holy Roman Empire, 800-1806: Karl; Otto, 962;
dual headship; tenth to thirteenth centuries, strongest
state in Christendom; seventeenth and eighteenth, the
weakest,
a. Shifting of territory.
Conquests from Slavs by Saxon emperors, the Hansa,
and the Teutonic Knights.
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? b. Decay of the Empire and disappearance of German king-
dom after the Hohenstaufens. (Great Interregnum. )
1) Causes of decay.
a) Italian and non-German polrcy. (The crown
of the German kings ''crushed by the loftier
imperial diadem. ")
b) Rivalry between the two heads.
c) Growing feudalism (decentralization).
2) Opportunity for these enemies in the elective char-
acter of the headship. The Golden Bull.
3) The Reformation and religious wars. (Opportun-
ity of Charles V. ) Death of the idea of universal
empire.
3. Peace of Westphalia economic waste (set back 200 years)
political disintegration and loss of territory.
B. CONDITION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, or from the Peace
of Westphalia, 1648, to French Revolutionary Wars. (No
history, but not happy. )
Biedermann, Deutchland im Achtzehnten Jahrhundert, con-
densed in Fyffe, vol.