42c2: saptakrtvo devdmd ca manusydms ca samsrtya
samdhdvya
duhkhasydntam karoti.
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maivam voca iti sydd vacaniyam / tat kasya hetoh / asthanam anavakdio yac catuhkadevarasya sopdnasya prathamasopdnakadevaram anabhiruhya dvitiyakadevaram abhiroksyati .
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/ evam ihdpi nedam sthdnam vidyate yad duhkhasatyam adrspvd samudayasatyam draksyati.
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tathd Aryananda aha / kim nu bhadanta caturnam dryasatydnam anupurvdbhisamayah / .
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purvasutrav adydvat / tadyathdnanda ya evam vaded aham catuspadikdyd nihfrenyah nihsrenipddam anabhiruhya prdsddam abhiroksydmiti.
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Authenticity of these Sutras, Samghabhadra in "Nirvana" (1924), p.
24.
180. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 533a24. /o duhkhe niskdnkso nirvicikitso buddhe'pi sa iti. See also Samyukta, TD 2, p. Illa6.
? 181. kdnksd = vicikitsd; or kdnksd - niscaydbhildsa and vicikitsd = vimati.
182. According to the Mahayana, five spheres excluding dhydndntara.
183. See ii. English trans, p. 278, and below vi. 65.
The Suttanipdta, 226, knows an dnantarikasamddhi; the Anguttara has zdanda
dnantarika which destroys the defilements; Visuddhimagga 675 explains: "because the good transworldly dharmas ripen without interval (anantaravipdka). "
According to the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka, darsanamdrga ends at the first moment of the Pramudita sphere (above, note I64d). There then comes bhdvandmdrga which ends with the dnantarya called Vajropama: tato'nye dvitiyddayah ksand ydvad vajropamdkhya dnantaryamdrgo yasmdd anantaram samantaprabhd buddhabhUmir avdpyate . . .
184. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 465cll: The dnantaryamdrga cuts off the defilements, because it cuts off the possession of the defilements in such a manner that they no longer continue; he also realizes extinction {nirodha) because he acquires possession of visamyoga in such a manner that it springs forth. Vimuktimdrga realizes extinction because it arises at the same time as does the possession of visamyoga.
185. There is cutting off of the prdpti of the defilements, expulsion of the thief by the first path; by the second, prdpti of "disconnection," the closing of the door. On the acquisition and the loss of the prdptis, ii. 40.
186. The eight samyojananikdyas to be abandoned by each of the eight jndnas (duhkha- dharmajndna, duhkhe'nvayajndna, samudaye dharmajndna, . . . marge'nvayajndna) and that to be abandoned through bhavand.
The Sutra also says: iti hi bhiksavo jndnavadhydh klesdh / vidyudupamam cittam.
187. As for the category "to be abandoned through bhavand," it is abandoned through the jndnas: in the path which follows the path of seeing, there is no longer any place for the
ksdntis. Anantaryamdrga, like vimuktimdrga, is jndnas.
Here we can understand v. 6, English trans, p. 775 and 861.
In darsanamdrga, the defilements are expelled by the ksdntis; in pure bhdvandmdrga,
which is only a new seeing of the Truths and in which the ksdntis no longer have any place, the defilements are expelled by the jndnas.
Only Twenty-eight anusayas are expelled in a definitive manner by darsanamdrga, and are thus expelled by the ksdntis. The other ten are expelled by a bhdvanamdrga which is either pure (in the case of the Aryan) or impure (in the case of the Prthagjana); in these two cases they are expelled by jndnas (vii. 9).
[Nevertheless, it is solely through a pure bhdvanamdrga that the anusayas of bhavdgra are expelled. ]
188. Atthasalini, 43: "The path of Srotaapanna is called dassana because it is the seeing of Nirvana for the first time . . . The paths that follow do not see anything that has not been seen previously (aditthapubbam kim ci na passati) and are thus called bhavand. "
189. The first Jnana sees the duhkha of Kamadhatu which has already been seen by the first ksdnti; but it belongs to a pudgala qualified as adrstadrsti "seeing that which has not been seen," for the adrstadarsana, "seeing of non-view" continues {pravartate) with respect to samudaya, etc.
190. According to the Tibetan: yathddrstabhdvandt. Paramartha: "As he cultivates anew that which has been s e e n . . . " Hsiian-tsang: "As it is similar to the cultivation of what has been seen . . . "
191. The fifteenth moment sees all the mdrga, with the exception of itself: it forms part of the mdrga and it is seen by the sixteenth moment. Thus this belongs to someone who sees that which has not been seen before.
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192. Lunga and keddram (neuter) are lexically interesting.
193. That is to say: the seventeenth moment is only the repetition of the sixteenth, etc.
prdbandhika, prakarsaka, vi. l7b, 42a.
194. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 279a21: Why is he called a iraddhdnusdrin? . . . See vi. 63a-c. These two Saints are free from premature death, ii. 45a-b, English trans, p. 236, iii. 85c.
The definitions of the Abhidhamma {saddhanusdrin -saddhavimutta dhammdnusdrin -dipphipatta) correspond (for example PuggalapanHatti, p. 15); see also Visuddhimagga, 659.
195. ii. 2a-b; p. 155 of the English translation.
196. That is to say in the state of Prthagjana.
197. On the abandoning of the defilements by a worldly path, the sakalabandhana (ii. 36c, English trans, p. 207, vi. 63d), the bhuyovitardga, the vitardga, the dnupUrvaka, see ii. l6c-d, English trans, p. 177; Pali references, ii, note 84.
198. The Abhidhamma reads saddhavimutta. On adhimoksa, Kos'a, ii. 72, vi. 7c. 6; viii. 30. Vydkhyd: iraddhdprajfiddhikatvenddhimoksadrs piprabhdvitatvdd iti / sraddhddhikatve- nddhimoksaprabhdvitatvdc chraddhddhimuktah / sraddhddhiko muktah iraddhddhimukta
iti krtvd / na tu tasya prajfid naivdsti / tayd na tu prabhdvita iti na tanndma labhate / prajnadhikatvena dfspiprabhdvitatvdd drstiprdptah / na tu tasya iraddhd ndstiti purvavad vdcyam / apare tupunar nairuktam vidhim dlambya vydcaksate / iraddhddhipatyena darsanaheyebhyo muktah fraddhddhimuktah / drspyadhipatyena prdptaphalo drspiprdpta iti /?
199. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 464b8; Jndnaprasthdna, TD 26, p. 947a5. It is certain that this ascetic acquires, by means of the Path of Seeing, a pure sukhendriya of the sphere of the Third Dhyana; for, reborn into the Fourth Dhyana or above, he possesses sukhendriya (According to the principle: sukhendriyena caturdhadhydnarupyopapannah prthagjano na samanvdgatah / dryas tu samanvdgatah); for, if his sukhendriya were impure (as was the Third Dhyana that he possessed before entering into the Path of Seeing), he would have lost it by being reborn into another sphere (Fourth Dhyana). Now, if he acquires, through the Path of Seeing, a pure sukhendriya of the Third Dhyana, he is found to possess a path higher than his result, which is a result of Anagamin of the domain of the sphere where he has entered in order to practice the Path of Seeing. This theory is written in the Vibhdsd (asty esa Vibhdsdydm likhitah paksah); but it is not a theory to which one should cling (sa tu na sthdpandpakso laksyate): in fact, the Vibhdsa continues: "Others say" (apare dhuh). These others say that the possessor of a Dhyana who enters into the Path of Seeing depending on a sphere lower than this Dhyana obtains at the sixteenth moment a result of Anagamin of the sphere of the Dhyana that he possesses and also of the domain of all the lower spheres.
200. The Bhdsyamoi 33c-d is quoted in the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka.
201. esa drspdntayogah. That is to say: drspdntayuktir drspdntayogah / dfspdntaprakdra ity apare / tadevam anayd yuktyd anena vd prakdrendnyo'pi drspdnto vaktavya iti sucayati / anyathd hy esa drspdnta ity eva bruydt. The Tibetan translates: esa drstdntaprakdrah. Hsiian-tsang: "Such is the relationship of the defilements and the qualities. "
202. Compare Milinda, 83,290.
203. Mahdvyutpatti, 46. 2: de Itar thogs pa (or na) srid pa Ian bdun pa - saptakrdbhavapa- ramah.
The expression of the Sutra: saptakrtvah paramah is translated in our Bhdsya: mchog tu thogs na Ian bdun pa; the Kdrikd has de Itar thogs na . . .
On the sattakkhattuparama, see Anguttara, i. 233, iv. 381; Visuddhimagga, 709; Nettippakarana, 168,189; below note 210.
? 204. Hsiian-tsang: dpanna signifies he-who-obtains-for-the-first-time. Paramartha: If a person has attained a river, he is called srotadpanna.
205. The "eighth," aspamaka. P'u-kuang mentions two explanations: 1. the srotadpannapha- lapratipannaka, and 2. the person in possession of duhkhe dharmajnanaksanti.
Mahdvastu, i. 120. 9,159. 8 (astamakddikd pudgaldydvad arhatpudgald. ) Discussions on atphamaka, Kathdvatthu, iii. 5-6.
206. The Mahlsasakas think that a Srotaapanna is reborn (at the most) a total of seven times; the Ch'eng-shih lun MfPmW> (TD 32, number 1646) admits fourteen births, not recognizing the intermediate existences. According to the Sarvastivad- ins and the Mahayana, twenty-eight existences.
The Uttarapathakas think that a Srotaapanna is necessarily reborn seven times, Kathdvatthu, xii. 5.
207. The same for the other four skandhas: however one only counts seven "skills" and not thirty-five. One can compare, sufficiently distant, Samyutta, iii. 160-1.
208. See below vi. 54d. 209. Puggalapafinatti, 26.
210. astamam bhavam abhinirvartayati; compare Suttanipdta, 230, Khuddakapdtha, vi. 9. ye driyasaccdni vibhdvayanti . . . na te bhavam atthamam ddiyanti. Kos"a, iv, English trans, p. 679.
Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 240cll. Why does the Srotaapanna live only seven more existences. . . no more, no less? ParSva says: If more, if less, one would produce doubt; that he is born in seven existences does not contradict the dharmalaksana, that is to say the nature of things and is not censurable . . . Furthermore, by the force of action, he takes up seven existences; by the force of the Path he does not take up an eighth. The same way that a person is bitten by a seven-legged-snake, made seven by the force of the primary elements and, by the force of the poison, not made eight. Furthermore, if he takes up eight existences, he would not possess the Path in his eighth birth, for the nature of the Path is such that it cannot be supported in an eighth body of Kamadhatu.
211. Samyukta, TD 2, p.
42c2: saptakrtvo devdmd ca manusydms ca samsrtya samdhdvya duhkhasydntam karoti. Vydkhyd ad v. 43c. p. 961.
212. This is also the case for the Urdhvasrotas of the Akanisthaga class, vi. 37b.
213. It is also evident that the text refers to Kamadhatu, since it makes mention of the human realms of rebirth. I observe that Ananda, by his agreement with the Bhagavat, becomes the king of the gods seven times, and a king in Jambudvlpa seven times, Anguttara, i. 228; but he is not a Srotaapanna.
214. An argument which is not in the Vibhasa (note of the Japanese editor) and one which Samghabhadra does not accept {Vydkhyd).
215. Not mentioned in the Vibhasa (note of the Japanese editor). Let us understand that this Saint probably becomes a Ijtsi (isipabbajd).
Wassilieff, 248, followed by Minayef, Recherches, 220, has poorly understood Vasumitra: "According to the Sarvastivadins, one cannot say that the four results are obtained only in the robes of a monk . . . " One should translate: "It is not an absolute rule that the four results of the religious life are obtained one after the other. He who, detached by a worldly path, enters into nydma, becomes a Sakrdagamin or an Anagamin according to the nature of his detachment. " (As explained vi. 30b-d).
On the laity and the obtaining of the results see Kosa iv. English trans, note 115: Rhys Davids, Dialogues, iii. 5 (bibliography).
216. Dtgha iii. 107: ayam puggalo yat h anus in ham tathd patipajjamdno tinnam samyojan-
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dnam parikkhaya sotdpanno bhavissati avinipdtadhammo niyato bodhipardyano ti. i. 233: so tinnam s amy ojan an am parikkhaya sattakkhattuparamo hoti sattakkhattuparam deve ca manuse ca sandhavitvd sarhsdritvd dukkhassa antarh karoti. Elsewhere dukkhassantakaro hoti (Puggalapanfiatti).
According to the Vyakhyd, the Sanskrit Sutra has: srotadpanno bhavaty avinipdtad- harmd niyatam sambodhipardyanah / saptakrtvah paramah saptakrtvo devams" ca manusydms ca samdhdvya samsrtya duhkhasyantarh karoti.
The purity of conduct (prayoga): the rules of morality (sildni) dear to the Aryans; purity of sentiments (d? aya)\ avetyaprasdda (vi. 73b).
218. We can also understand ksdnti = citta, in opposition to prayoga.
219. See the note ad iv. 50. Analogous comparison in Milinda; in Anguttara, i. 250; a bit of
salt defiles a small amount of water, but does not defile the Ganges.
220. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. I47b7, It is called Nirvana (1) because it is extinction of the defilements (klesanirodhdt); (2) because of the calming (hsi ,ft I = nirvdpana, uparama) of the three fires {rdga, dvesa, mohdgni); (3) because there is extinction of the three characteristics (doubtless the three characteristics of "conditioned things," Kosa, ii. 45); (4) because there is disjunction (li jff| ' = viyoga, visamyoga) from the defilements (mala); (5) because there is disjunction from the realms of rebirth (gati)\ (6) because vana = thick forest, nis - leaving, nirvana = leaving the thick forest of the skandhas . . . (7) because vana - all the sufferings of transmigration, nis = to pass beyond (atikrama), nirvana - to pass beyond all the sufferings of transmigration. And six other explanations.
Etymology of the word Nirvana, E. Senart, Nirvana (Album Kern, 1903, p. 101); Pdnini, viii. 2. 50 (Goldstucker, 226); Dhammapada, 283, 344; Visuddhimagga, 293; Compendium, 168.
221. According to one variant: dvitrajanmd, which conforms to Pdnini, ii. 2. 25, v. 4. 73.
On kolankola, Anguttara. i. 233, iv. 381. PuggalapaHHatti, 16 (tinnam samyojandnam
parikkhaya kolankolo hoti dve vd tini vd kuldni samdhdvitvd . . . ). According to Nettippakarana, 189, the kolankola is in the Path of Seeing. Visuddhimagga, 709 (mediocre penetration and faculties).
222. According to the Vyakhyd: What does the Srotaapanna become who is delivered from one or two categories? Some answer that he becomes a kulamkula. The Kdrikd says: "Delivered from three or four categories," by way of an example, or rather in order to indicate the limit, by excluding the abandoning of the fifth category. Others answer that he becomes a saint for five or six births.
223. The ekavicika who has abandoned the eighth category of defilements does not necessarily abandon the ninth, which would include the result of Anagamin and "passage beyond Kamadhatu," (dhdtvatikrama). The ninth category is capable of being an obstacle to the acquisition of the result, phalam vighnayitum samartha. But the same does not hold for the sixth category, because the Sakrdagamin, like the Srotaapanna, exists within Kamadhatu.
224. These two types are mentioned in Dharmasamgraha, Para. 103.
225. That is to say: "having seen the Truths when he was the god TrayastrirhSa, having transmigrated (samsrtya) within two or three families, he obtains Nirvana among the Trayastrirh? as, or among the Four Great Kings, etc. "
226. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 205c3: traydnam samyojdndm prahdndd rdgadvesamohdndm ca tanutvdt sakrddgdmi bhavati (Compare Anguttara, i. 233, iv. 380. Puggalapannatti, 16). Sutra quoted below vi. 53c-d. Abandoning of satkdyadrsti, fflavrata and vicikitsd through the Seeing of the Truths; reduction of the defilements to be abandoned through Meditation.
? Footnotes 1063 227. The ekavicika is the ekabijin of the Paji lists, who is inferior to a Sakadagamin.
Visuddhimagga, 709 (lively penetration and faculties).
228. The ascetic who successively acquires all the results {dnupUrvika) becomes a Srotaapanna by abandoning three bonds, satkdyadrsti, stlavrataparamars'a, and vicikitsd, through the Path of Seeing; then abandoning kdmacchanda and vydpdda through the Path of Meditation, he becomes an Anagamin. The ascetic who is qualified as a kdmavitardga, that is to say who, before entering onto the Path of Seeing, has abandoned kdmacchanda and vydpdda through the worldly path of meditation, becomes an Anagamin by abandoning satkdyadrsti, silavratapardmarsa and vicikitsd through the Path of Seeing.
229. See Anguttara, iv. 70, 380 (Sanskrit redaction Vydkhyd, iii. l2d, Cosmologie bouddhique, 138). Samyutta, v. 201, Puggalapann~atti, 16-17, 70, Visuddhimagga, 677, Compendium, 69, 149.
To the Sanskrit upapadyaparinirvdyin {-utpannaparinirvrrti of our Kdrikd) there corresponds upahacca, upapajjaparinibbdyin; see Kathdvatthu, iv. 2, Cosmologie bouddhique, 235.
230. Utpannasyeti. Yasomitra contests this reading by reason of the rule anyapaddrthe bahuvrihih. The scribe has omitted the letter e (lekhakenaikdro'tra vindsitah): it should read: utpanne'sya. We would have: utpanne janmani parinirvrtir asyety utpannaparinirvr- tih. There follows a rather long discussion.
231. Absent in the Tibetan, but given by Paramartha.
232. "Obtains Nirvana," parinirvdti, that is to say, "brings about the extinction of all the
vices" (sarvdfravaksayam karoti). Vydkhyd.
233. Paramartha and Hsuan-tsang have: "not a long time" = quickly = na cirdt; but the e
234. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 167cl3, definition of sopadhisesanirvdna: "If of an Arhat, of a person in whom the vices are completely destroyed, the life continues (shou ming yu ts'un
W^ifaWM* *>> dyuhparyantah . . . : "the limit of life is still preserved"), the series of the primary elements and of derived matter is not cut off, the series of thoughts continue one after the other by reason of a body endowed with the five organs: as there remains a support (# = upadhi), the destruction of the bonds that this Arhat obtains, touches, or realizes, is what is called sopadhisesanirvdnadhdtu. "On the two Nirvanas, vi. 64a-b {Anguttara, iv. 77), vi. 65d, vi. 78. We have attempted to sort out some references in our "Nirvana," Paris, 1924 (Beauchesne), p. 171.
235. The first Anagamin also does not possess this mastery; but the action which makes intermediary existence last differs from the action that makes the second Anagamin last: this is why the Nirvana of the first is anupadhisesa.
236. Anguttara, ii. 155, defines (1-2) the sasamkhdraparinibbdyin, who obtains Nirvana with samkharas, either in this life, or after death (3-4), the asamkhdraparinibbdyin who obtains Nirvana without samkharas, either in this life, or after death. Saints 1 and 3 are of strong faculties, 2 and 4 of weak faculties. Saints 3 and 4 cultivate the Dhyanas; saints 1 and 2 are described, without any mention of Dhyana, as asubhdnupassi. . . dhdre pratikulasanntsabba- loke anabhiratasannt sabbasamkhdresu aniccdnupassi and having the thought of death. samkhdra = pubbapayoga, Visuddhi, 453.
237. Opinion of the Sautrantikas. The Anagamins are evidently placed in a decreasing order of merit, in an increasing order of the length of their lives in Rupadhatu.
238. One says urdvamsrotas, as one says urdhvamdamika, urdhvamdahika or even cirantana. 239. We also have akanisthaparama (below note 245).
Tibetan has, mi chi bar = "without dying. "
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On the mixing of Dhyanas vi. 42. On the heaven of the Akanisthas, iii. 72c, vi. 43a. This is the summit of Rupadhatu, the eighth heaven of the Suddhavasas. The Compendium has the Anagamin who has cultivated the Fifth Dhyana rise to the Suddhavasas; it stops below those who have practiced the first four (see p. 69,149).
240. One would call him bhavdgraga or bhavdgraparama. The naivasamjndndsamjnd is the Fourth Arupya, thus "the summit of existence. "
241. Dharmasamgraha, Para. 103: pluto'rdhaplutah sarvastanaplutah (let us correct: sarvasthdnacyutah).
242. ekam api sthdndntaram vilanghya. Paramartha: "From the First Dhyana (=Brahma- kayika), he is born among the Suddhavasas and, going beyond 'another' place, he is born among the Akanisthas. " Hsiian-tsang: "From there, successively, he is reborn among the lower Suddhavasas, and, in the interval, goes beyond one place, he is born among the Akanisthas. "
243. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 423cl8; Madhyama, TD 1, p. 547a9 (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 272bl5): A Brahma-deva thinks: "This place is eternal, not subject to change. . . one has never seen that one arrives here; even more one does not go beyond this place . . . ": compare Digha, i. 17 and see iv. 44b-d, iv. 96 (English trans, note 439).
244. Consequently the Ka^mlrians only count two heavens in the First Dhyana (ii. 41d, iii. 2d).
245. The terms akanisthaparama and bhavdgraparama are given as traditional (nanu cdkanisthaparama . . . ity uktam).
246. On abhinirvrti distinct from upapatti, iii.
180. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 533a24. /o duhkhe niskdnkso nirvicikitso buddhe'pi sa iti. See also Samyukta, TD 2, p. Illa6.
? 181. kdnksd = vicikitsd; or kdnksd - niscaydbhildsa and vicikitsd = vimati.
182. According to the Mahayana, five spheres excluding dhydndntara.
183. See ii. English trans, p. 278, and below vi. 65.
The Suttanipdta, 226, knows an dnantarikasamddhi; the Anguttara has zdanda
dnantarika which destroys the defilements; Visuddhimagga 675 explains: "because the good transworldly dharmas ripen without interval (anantaravipdka). "
According to the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka, darsanamdrga ends at the first moment of the Pramudita sphere (above, note I64d). There then comes bhdvandmdrga which ends with the dnantarya called Vajropama: tato'nye dvitiyddayah ksand ydvad vajropamdkhya dnantaryamdrgo yasmdd anantaram samantaprabhd buddhabhUmir avdpyate . . .
184. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 465cll: The dnantaryamdrga cuts off the defilements, because it cuts off the possession of the defilements in such a manner that they no longer continue; he also realizes extinction {nirodha) because he acquires possession of visamyoga in such a manner that it springs forth. Vimuktimdrga realizes extinction because it arises at the same time as does the possession of visamyoga.
185. There is cutting off of the prdpti of the defilements, expulsion of the thief by the first path; by the second, prdpti of "disconnection," the closing of the door. On the acquisition and the loss of the prdptis, ii. 40.
186. The eight samyojananikdyas to be abandoned by each of the eight jndnas (duhkha- dharmajndna, duhkhe'nvayajndna, samudaye dharmajndna, . . . marge'nvayajndna) and that to be abandoned through bhavand.
The Sutra also says: iti hi bhiksavo jndnavadhydh klesdh / vidyudupamam cittam.
187. As for the category "to be abandoned through bhavand," it is abandoned through the jndnas: in the path which follows the path of seeing, there is no longer any place for the
ksdntis. Anantaryamdrga, like vimuktimdrga, is jndnas.
Here we can understand v. 6, English trans, p. 775 and 861.
In darsanamdrga, the defilements are expelled by the ksdntis; in pure bhdvandmdrga,
which is only a new seeing of the Truths and in which the ksdntis no longer have any place, the defilements are expelled by the jndnas.
Only Twenty-eight anusayas are expelled in a definitive manner by darsanamdrga, and are thus expelled by the ksdntis. The other ten are expelled by a bhdvanamdrga which is either pure (in the case of the Aryan) or impure (in the case of the Prthagjana); in these two cases they are expelled by jndnas (vii. 9).
[Nevertheless, it is solely through a pure bhdvanamdrga that the anusayas of bhavdgra are expelled. ]
188. Atthasalini, 43: "The path of Srotaapanna is called dassana because it is the seeing of Nirvana for the first time . . . The paths that follow do not see anything that has not been seen previously (aditthapubbam kim ci na passati) and are thus called bhavand. "
189. The first Jnana sees the duhkha of Kamadhatu which has already been seen by the first ksdnti; but it belongs to a pudgala qualified as adrstadrsti "seeing that which has not been seen," for the adrstadarsana, "seeing of non-view" continues {pravartate) with respect to samudaya, etc.
190. According to the Tibetan: yathddrstabhdvandt. Paramartha: "As he cultivates anew that which has been s e e n . . . " Hsiian-tsang: "As it is similar to the cultivation of what has been seen . . . "
191. The fifteenth moment sees all the mdrga, with the exception of itself: it forms part of the mdrga and it is seen by the sixteenth moment. Thus this belongs to someone who sees that which has not been seen before.
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192. Lunga and keddram (neuter) are lexically interesting.
193. That is to say: the seventeenth moment is only the repetition of the sixteenth, etc.
prdbandhika, prakarsaka, vi. l7b, 42a.
194. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 279a21: Why is he called a iraddhdnusdrin? . . . See vi. 63a-c. These two Saints are free from premature death, ii. 45a-b, English trans, p. 236, iii. 85c.
The definitions of the Abhidhamma {saddhanusdrin -saddhavimutta dhammdnusdrin -dipphipatta) correspond (for example PuggalapanHatti, p. 15); see also Visuddhimagga, 659.
195. ii. 2a-b; p. 155 of the English translation.
196. That is to say in the state of Prthagjana.
197. On the abandoning of the defilements by a worldly path, the sakalabandhana (ii. 36c, English trans, p. 207, vi. 63d), the bhuyovitardga, the vitardga, the dnupUrvaka, see ii. l6c-d, English trans, p. 177; Pali references, ii, note 84.
198. The Abhidhamma reads saddhavimutta. On adhimoksa, Kos'a, ii. 72, vi. 7c. 6; viii. 30. Vydkhyd: iraddhdprajfiddhikatvenddhimoksadrs piprabhdvitatvdd iti / sraddhddhikatve- nddhimoksaprabhdvitatvdc chraddhddhimuktah / sraddhddhiko muktah iraddhddhimukta
iti krtvd / na tu tasya prajfid naivdsti / tayd na tu prabhdvita iti na tanndma labhate / prajnadhikatvena dfspiprabhdvitatvdd drstiprdptah / na tu tasya iraddhd ndstiti purvavad vdcyam / apare tupunar nairuktam vidhim dlambya vydcaksate / iraddhddhipatyena darsanaheyebhyo muktah fraddhddhimuktah / drspyadhipatyena prdptaphalo drspiprdpta iti /?
199. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 464b8; Jndnaprasthdna, TD 26, p. 947a5. It is certain that this ascetic acquires, by means of the Path of Seeing, a pure sukhendriya of the sphere of the Third Dhyana; for, reborn into the Fourth Dhyana or above, he possesses sukhendriya (According to the principle: sukhendriyena caturdhadhydnarupyopapannah prthagjano na samanvdgatah / dryas tu samanvdgatah); for, if his sukhendriya were impure (as was the Third Dhyana that he possessed before entering into the Path of Seeing), he would have lost it by being reborn into another sphere (Fourth Dhyana). Now, if he acquires, through the Path of Seeing, a pure sukhendriya of the Third Dhyana, he is found to possess a path higher than his result, which is a result of Anagamin of the domain of the sphere where he has entered in order to practice the Path of Seeing. This theory is written in the Vibhdsd (asty esa Vibhdsdydm likhitah paksah); but it is not a theory to which one should cling (sa tu na sthdpandpakso laksyate): in fact, the Vibhdsa continues: "Others say" (apare dhuh). These others say that the possessor of a Dhyana who enters into the Path of Seeing depending on a sphere lower than this Dhyana obtains at the sixteenth moment a result of Anagamin of the sphere of the Dhyana that he possesses and also of the domain of all the lower spheres.
200. The Bhdsyamoi 33c-d is quoted in the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka.
201. esa drspdntayogah. That is to say: drspdntayuktir drspdntayogah / dfspdntaprakdra ity apare / tadevam anayd yuktyd anena vd prakdrendnyo'pi drspdnto vaktavya iti sucayati / anyathd hy esa drspdnta ity eva bruydt. The Tibetan translates: esa drstdntaprakdrah. Hsiian-tsang: "Such is the relationship of the defilements and the qualities. "
202. Compare Milinda, 83,290.
203. Mahdvyutpatti, 46. 2: de Itar thogs pa (or na) srid pa Ian bdun pa - saptakrdbhavapa- ramah.
The expression of the Sutra: saptakrtvah paramah is translated in our Bhdsya: mchog tu thogs na Ian bdun pa; the Kdrikd has de Itar thogs na . . .
On the sattakkhattuparama, see Anguttara, i. 233, iv. 381; Visuddhimagga, 709; Nettippakarana, 168,189; below note 210.
? 204. Hsiian-tsang: dpanna signifies he-who-obtains-for-the-first-time. Paramartha: If a person has attained a river, he is called srotadpanna.
205. The "eighth," aspamaka. P'u-kuang mentions two explanations: 1. the srotadpannapha- lapratipannaka, and 2. the person in possession of duhkhe dharmajnanaksanti.
Mahdvastu, i. 120. 9,159. 8 (astamakddikd pudgaldydvad arhatpudgald. ) Discussions on atphamaka, Kathdvatthu, iii. 5-6.
206. The Mahlsasakas think that a Srotaapanna is reborn (at the most) a total of seven times; the Ch'eng-shih lun MfPmW> (TD 32, number 1646) admits fourteen births, not recognizing the intermediate existences. According to the Sarvastivad- ins and the Mahayana, twenty-eight existences.
The Uttarapathakas think that a Srotaapanna is necessarily reborn seven times, Kathdvatthu, xii. 5.
207. The same for the other four skandhas: however one only counts seven "skills" and not thirty-five. One can compare, sufficiently distant, Samyutta, iii. 160-1.
208. See below vi. 54d. 209. Puggalapafinatti, 26.
210. astamam bhavam abhinirvartayati; compare Suttanipdta, 230, Khuddakapdtha, vi. 9. ye driyasaccdni vibhdvayanti . . . na te bhavam atthamam ddiyanti. Kos"a, iv, English trans, p. 679.
Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 240cll. Why does the Srotaapanna live only seven more existences. . . no more, no less? ParSva says: If more, if less, one would produce doubt; that he is born in seven existences does not contradict the dharmalaksana, that is to say the nature of things and is not censurable . . . Furthermore, by the force of action, he takes up seven existences; by the force of the Path he does not take up an eighth. The same way that a person is bitten by a seven-legged-snake, made seven by the force of the primary elements and, by the force of the poison, not made eight. Furthermore, if he takes up eight existences, he would not possess the Path in his eighth birth, for the nature of the Path is such that it cannot be supported in an eighth body of Kamadhatu.
211. Samyukta, TD 2, p.
42c2: saptakrtvo devdmd ca manusydms ca samsrtya samdhdvya duhkhasydntam karoti. Vydkhyd ad v. 43c. p. 961.
212. This is also the case for the Urdhvasrotas of the Akanisthaga class, vi. 37b.
213. It is also evident that the text refers to Kamadhatu, since it makes mention of the human realms of rebirth. I observe that Ananda, by his agreement with the Bhagavat, becomes the king of the gods seven times, and a king in Jambudvlpa seven times, Anguttara, i. 228; but he is not a Srotaapanna.
214. An argument which is not in the Vibhasa (note of the Japanese editor) and one which Samghabhadra does not accept {Vydkhyd).
215. Not mentioned in the Vibhasa (note of the Japanese editor). Let us understand that this Saint probably becomes a Ijtsi (isipabbajd).
Wassilieff, 248, followed by Minayef, Recherches, 220, has poorly understood Vasumitra: "According to the Sarvastivadins, one cannot say that the four results are obtained only in the robes of a monk . . . " One should translate: "It is not an absolute rule that the four results of the religious life are obtained one after the other. He who, detached by a worldly path, enters into nydma, becomes a Sakrdagamin or an Anagamin according to the nature of his detachment. " (As explained vi. 30b-d).
On the laity and the obtaining of the results see Kosa iv. English trans, note 115: Rhys Davids, Dialogues, iii. 5 (bibliography).
216. Dtgha iii. 107: ayam puggalo yat h anus in ham tathd patipajjamdno tinnam samyojan-
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dnam parikkhaya sotdpanno bhavissati avinipdtadhammo niyato bodhipardyano ti. i. 233: so tinnam s amy ojan an am parikkhaya sattakkhattuparamo hoti sattakkhattuparam deve ca manuse ca sandhavitvd sarhsdritvd dukkhassa antarh karoti. Elsewhere dukkhassantakaro hoti (Puggalapanfiatti).
According to the Vyakhyd, the Sanskrit Sutra has: srotadpanno bhavaty avinipdtad- harmd niyatam sambodhipardyanah / saptakrtvah paramah saptakrtvo devams" ca manusydms ca samdhdvya samsrtya duhkhasyantarh karoti.
The purity of conduct (prayoga): the rules of morality (sildni) dear to the Aryans; purity of sentiments (d? aya)\ avetyaprasdda (vi. 73b).
218. We can also understand ksdnti = citta, in opposition to prayoga.
219. See the note ad iv. 50. Analogous comparison in Milinda; in Anguttara, i. 250; a bit of
salt defiles a small amount of water, but does not defile the Ganges.
220. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. I47b7, It is called Nirvana (1) because it is extinction of the defilements (klesanirodhdt); (2) because of the calming (hsi ,ft I = nirvdpana, uparama) of the three fires {rdga, dvesa, mohdgni); (3) because there is extinction of the three characteristics (doubtless the three characteristics of "conditioned things," Kosa, ii. 45); (4) because there is disjunction (li jff| ' = viyoga, visamyoga) from the defilements (mala); (5) because there is disjunction from the realms of rebirth (gati)\ (6) because vana = thick forest, nis - leaving, nirvana = leaving the thick forest of the skandhas . . . (7) because vana - all the sufferings of transmigration, nis = to pass beyond (atikrama), nirvana - to pass beyond all the sufferings of transmigration. And six other explanations.
Etymology of the word Nirvana, E. Senart, Nirvana (Album Kern, 1903, p. 101); Pdnini, viii. 2. 50 (Goldstucker, 226); Dhammapada, 283, 344; Visuddhimagga, 293; Compendium, 168.
221. According to one variant: dvitrajanmd, which conforms to Pdnini, ii. 2. 25, v. 4. 73.
On kolankola, Anguttara. i. 233, iv. 381. PuggalapaHHatti, 16 (tinnam samyojandnam
parikkhaya kolankolo hoti dve vd tini vd kuldni samdhdvitvd . . . ). According to Nettippakarana, 189, the kolankola is in the Path of Seeing. Visuddhimagga, 709 (mediocre penetration and faculties).
222. According to the Vyakhyd: What does the Srotaapanna become who is delivered from one or two categories? Some answer that he becomes a kulamkula. The Kdrikd says: "Delivered from three or four categories," by way of an example, or rather in order to indicate the limit, by excluding the abandoning of the fifth category. Others answer that he becomes a saint for five or six births.
223. The ekavicika who has abandoned the eighth category of defilements does not necessarily abandon the ninth, which would include the result of Anagamin and "passage beyond Kamadhatu," (dhdtvatikrama). The ninth category is capable of being an obstacle to the acquisition of the result, phalam vighnayitum samartha. But the same does not hold for the sixth category, because the Sakrdagamin, like the Srotaapanna, exists within Kamadhatu.
224. These two types are mentioned in Dharmasamgraha, Para. 103.
225. That is to say: "having seen the Truths when he was the god TrayastrirhSa, having transmigrated (samsrtya) within two or three families, he obtains Nirvana among the Trayastrirh? as, or among the Four Great Kings, etc. "
226. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 205c3: traydnam samyojdndm prahdndd rdgadvesamohdndm ca tanutvdt sakrddgdmi bhavati (Compare Anguttara, i. 233, iv. 380. Puggalapannatti, 16). Sutra quoted below vi. 53c-d. Abandoning of satkdyadrsti, fflavrata and vicikitsd through the Seeing of the Truths; reduction of the defilements to be abandoned through Meditation.
? Footnotes 1063 227. The ekavicika is the ekabijin of the Paji lists, who is inferior to a Sakadagamin.
Visuddhimagga, 709 (lively penetration and faculties).
228. The ascetic who successively acquires all the results {dnupUrvika) becomes a Srotaapanna by abandoning three bonds, satkdyadrsti, stlavrataparamars'a, and vicikitsd, through the Path of Seeing; then abandoning kdmacchanda and vydpdda through the Path of Meditation, he becomes an Anagamin. The ascetic who is qualified as a kdmavitardga, that is to say who, before entering onto the Path of Seeing, has abandoned kdmacchanda and vydpdda through the worldly path of meditation, becomes an Anagamin by abandoning satkdyadrsti, silavratapardmarsa and vicikitsd through the Path of Seeing.
229. See Anguttara, iv. 70, 380 (Sanskrit redaction Vydkhyd, iii. l2d, Cosmologie bouddhique, 138). Samyutta, v. 201, Puggalapann~atti, 16-17, 70, Visuddhimagga, 677, Compendium, 69, 149.
To the Sanskrit upapadyaparinirvdyin {-utpannaparinirvrrti of our Kdrikd) there corresponds upahacca, upapajjaparinibbdyin; see Kathdvatthu, iv. 2, Cosmologie bouddhique, 235.
230. Utpannasyeti. Yasomitra contests this reading by reason of the rule anyapaddrthe bahuvrihih. The scribe has omitted the letter e (lekhakenaikdro'tra vindsitah): it should read: utpanne'sya. We would have: utpanne janmani parinirvrtir asyety utpannaparinirvr- tih. There follows a rather long discussion.
231. Absent in the Tibetan, but given by Paramartha.
232. "Obtains Nirvana," parinirvdti, that is to say, "brings about the extinction of all the
vices" (sarvdfravaksayam karoti). Vydkhyd.
233. Paramartha and Hsuan-tsang have: "not a long time" = quickly = na cirdt; but the e
234. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 167cl3, definition of sopadhisesanirvdna: "If of an Arhat, of a person in whom the vices are completely destroyed, the life continues (shou ming yu ts'un
W^ifaWM* *>> dyuhparyantah . . . : "the limit of life is still preserved"), the series of the primary elements and of derived matter is not cut off, the series of thoughts continue one after the other by reason of a body endowed with the five organs: as there remains a support (# = upadhi), the destruction of the bonds that this Arhat obtains, touches, or realizes, is what is called sopadhisesanirvdnadhdtu. "On the two Nirvanas, vi. 64a-b {Anguttara, iv. 77), vi. 65d, vi. 78. We have attempted to sort out some references in our "Nirvana," Paris, 1924 (Beauchesne), p. 171.
235. The first Anagamin also does not possess this mastery; but the action which makes intermediary existence last differs from the action that makes the second Anagamin last: this is why the Nirvana of the first is anupadhisesa.
236. Anguttara, ii. 155, defines (1-2) the sasamkhdraparinibbdyin, who obtains Nirvana with samkharas, either in this life, or after death (3-4), the asamkhdraparinibbdyin who obtains Nirvana without samkharas, either in this life, or after death. Saints 1 and 3 are of strong faculties, 2 and 4 of weak faculties. Saints 3 and 4 cultivate the Dhyanas; saints 1 and 2 are described, without any mention of Dhyana, as asubhdnupassi. . . dhdre pratikulasanntsabba- loke anabhiratasannt sabbasamkhdresu aniccdnupassi and having the thought of death. samkhdra = pubbapayoga, Visuddhi, 453.
237. Opinion of the Sautrantikas. The Anagamins are evidently placed in a decreasing order of merit, in an increasing order of the length of their lives in Rupadhatu.
238. One says urdvamsrotas, as one says urdhvamdamika, urdhvamdahika or even cirantana. 239. We also have akanisthaparama (below note 245).
Tibetan has, mi chi bar = "without dying. "
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On the mixing of Dhyanas vi. 42. On the heaven of the Akanisthas, iii. 72c, vi. 43a. This is the summit of Rupadhatu, the eighth heaven of the Suddhavasas. The Compendium has the Anagamin who has cultivated the Fifth Dhyana rise to the Suddhavasas; it stops below those who have practiced the first four (see p. 69,149).
240. One would call him bhavdgraga or bhavdgraparama. The naivasamjndndsamjnd is the Fourth Arupya, thus "the summit of existence. "
241. Dharmasamgraha, Para. 103: pluto'rdhaplutah sarvastanaplutah (let us correct: sarvasthdnacyutah).
242. ekam api sthdndntaram vilanghya. Paramartha: "From the First Dhyana (=Brahma- kayika), he is born among the Suddhavasas and, going beyond 'another' place, he is born among the Akanisthas. " Hsiian-tsang: "From there, successively, he is reborn among the lower Suddhavasas, and, in the interval, goes beyond one place, he is born among the Akanisthas. "
243. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 423cl8; Madhyama, TD 1, p. 547a9 (Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 272bl5): A Brahma-deva thinks: "This place is eternal, not subject to change. . . one has never seen that one arrives here; even more one does not go beyond this place . . . ": compare Digha, i. 17 and see iv. 44b-d, iv. 96 (English trans, note 439).
244. Consequently the Ka^mlrians only count two heavens in the First Dhyana (ii. 41d, iii. 2d).
245. The terms akanisthaparama and bhavdgraparama are given as traditional (nanu cdkanisthaparama . . . ity uktam).
246. On abhinirvrti distinct from upapatti, iii.
