No More Learning

18, 1857. His (The Pilgrimage and Other
Poems) (1856) constitutes his most valid title
to fame, although he wrote much and well
on biographical, historical, and literary subjects.
Ellet, Elizabeth Fries. An American prose-
writer; born in Sodus Point, N. Y. , in 1818;
died June 3, 1877. Among her books are a
translation of Silvio Pellico's (Euphemia of
Messina) (1834); Poems, Original and Se-
lected) (1835); (Characters of Schiller) (1842);
Pioneer women of the West) (1852); "Queens
of American Society) (1867); (Court Circles
of the Republic, with Mrs. R. E. Mack (1869);
'The Practical Housekeeper); Evenings at
Woodlawn); "Women Artists in All Ages.
Ellinwood, Frank Fields. An American
clergyman and author; born in Oneida County,
N. Y. , about 1826. He graduated at Ham-
ilton College in 1849; was ordained a minister
in the Presbyterian Church in 1853; and became
secretary of foreign missions for that denomi-
nation in 1871. His chief works are: (The
Great Conquest) (1876); (Oriental Religions
and Christianity) (1892).
Elliot, Sir Gilbert. A Scotch statesman,
philosopher, and poet; born in Teviotdale,
Minto Parish (? ), September 1722; died at
Marseilles, Jan. II, 1777. His song of Amynta,
beginning My sheep I neglected, I broke my
sheep hook,” is famous; and he wrote occas-
ional philosophical papers.
Elliot, Henry Rutherford. An American
journalist and story-writer; born 1849. He has
written : (The Basset Claim, a Story of Life
in Washington); (The Common Chord, a Story
of the Ninth Ward'; and other fictions
Elliot, Jane. A Scotch poet, sister of Sir
Gilbert; born in Teviotdale, 1727; died there,
March 29, 1805. She wrote (The Flowers of
the Forest) (1756), a song of Flodden field.
Elliott, Charles Wyllys. An American nov-
elist and historian; born in Guilford, Conn. ,
May 27, 1817; died Aug. 23, 1883. Settling in
New York, he was one of the founders and
trustees of the Children's Aid Society in 1853,
and in 1857 was one of the commissioners for
laying out Central Park. He published among
other works: (Cottages and Cottage Life)
(1848); (Mysteries, or Glimpses of the Super-
natural) (1852); (The Book of American In-
teriors); Pottery and Porcelain); “Remarkable
Characters and Places in the Holy Land”;
(St. Domingo, its Revolution and its Hero);
(Wind and Whirlwind,' a novel; and others.
Elliott, Charlotte. An English hymn-writer;
born March 17, 1789; died at Brighton, Sept.
22, 1871. Her sacred songs were exceedingly
popular; Just as I Am (1834) being univer-
sally adopted.
Elliott, Ebenezer. An English popular poet;
born in Masborough, near Sheffield, March 17,
1781 ; died at Great Houghton, near Barnsley,
Dec. I, 1849. At first a foundry hand, his poetic
gift was used in denouncing the exploitation
of the proletariat by a capitalistic oligarchy;
yet the bitterness and exaggerated rhetoric one
would expect are wholly absent from Corn
Law Rhymes) (1831) and More Prose and
Verse) (1850).
Elliott, Sir Henry Miers. An English his-
torian; born in. Westminster, 1808; died at
Simon's Town, Cape of Good Hope, Dec. 20,
1853. Long an Indian civil servant, he com-
piled Memoirs of the History, Folk Lore,
and Distribution of the Races of the North-
western Provinces of India) (1869), and (The
History of India as Told by its Own Histo-
rians : The Muhammedan Period (1867-77),
which appeared posthumously.
Elliott, Henry Wood. An American prose-
writer; born in Cleveland, O. , Nov. 13, 1841.
He edited the Cleveland Daily Herald in 1879;
was sent by the government to Alaska as spe-
cial agent of the Treasury Department. Upon
his return he published Monograph of the
Seal Islands) (1881), and "Our Arctic Province,
Alaska, and the Seal Islands) (1886).
Elliott, Maud (Howe). An American nov-
elist, daughter of Julia Ward Howe; born in
Boston, Mass. , Nov. 9, 1855. Her writings in-
clude : (A Newport Aquarelle) (1883); (The
San Rosario Ranch) (1884), Atalanta in the
South' (1886); Mammon (1888); 'Honor';
and Phyllida.
Elliott, Sarah Barnwell. An American
novelist, granddaughter of Stephen Elliott of
South Carolina. Her best-known works are :
(The Felmeres) (1879); (Jerry); (John Paget,
a novel of New York and Newport.
Elliott, William. A miscellaneous writer;
born in Beaufort, N C. , April 27, 1788, died
there, February 1863. He was educated at
Yale; devoted himself mainly to agriculture
and rural sports. His contributions to the
Southern Review were numerous. His pub-
lished works include an (Address before the St.
Paul's Agricultural Society) (1850); Fiesco,
a tragedy (1850); and (Carolina Sports by
Land and Water) (1856)
Ellis, Edward Sylvester. An American
writer of school text-books and juvenile litera-
ture; born in Ohio in 1840. For some years he
was an instructor at Trenton, N. J. Besides
(The People's Standard History of the United


## p. 168 (#184) ############################################

168
ELLIS - ELVENICH
3
11
1
States) and several school histories, his works
include : (The Boy Pioneer Series) (1883-84);
(The Camp Fires of General Lee (1887); (The
Hunters of the Ozark) (1887); (The Great
River Series) (1888); "Storm Mountain.
Ellis, George. An English versifier; born
in Jamaica (? ), 1753; died April 10, 1815. He
contributed to the Anti-Jacobin and other peri-
odicals; producing also "Poetical Tales by Sir
Gregory Gander' (1778), and other verse.
Ellis, George Edward. An American clergy-
man, biographer, and historical writer; born in
Boston, Mass. , Aug. 8, 1814; died there, Dec. 20,
1894. He was pastor of the Harvard (Unitarian)
Church, Charlestown, Mass. , 1840-69; and held
the professorship of systematic theology in the
Cambridge Divinity School, 1857-63. As presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Historical Society he
has made valuable contributions to early colonial
history. Among his publications may be no-
ticed : (A Half-Century of the Unitarian Contro-
versy) (1857); History of the Battle of Bunker's
Hill (1875); (The Red Man and the White
Man (1882); (The Puritan Age and Rule in
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1629-85);
various memoirs, and several biographies in
Sparks's (American Biography. '
Ellis, Robert. An English classicist; born
1820 (? ); died at Exeter, Dec. 20, 1885. He made
a profound study of Latin and Greek subjects
and philology, his Hannibal's Passage of the
Alps) (1853) being generally known.
Ellis, Robert or Cynddelw. A Welsh clergy-
man and poet; born in Ty'n-y-meini, Llanr-
haiadr yn Mochnant; died at Gartheryr, Aug.
20, 1875. His works include a highly prized
(Awdl (or Ode) on the Resurrection (1849),
and “Poems) (1877) of pleasing inspiration.
Ellis, Sarah Stickney, Mrs. An English
miscellaneous writer, wife of Rev. William ;
born in 1812; died in 1872. For many years
she was principal of a girls' school in Hertford-
shire. Of her numerous works of a moral and
instructive character, the best known are: (The
Poetry of Life) (1838); (Summer and Winter
in the Pyrenees) (1841); (The Wives of Eng.
land) (1843); (The Island Queen) (1846), a
poem ; (Fireside Tales) (1848); and the stories
(The Brewer's Family) (1863); (William and
Mary) (1865); Northern Roses, descriptive of
Yorkshire life.
Ellis, William. An English economic essay-
ist, critic, and text-book writer; born in Lon-
don (? ) of Franco-Italian parentage, January
1800; died there (? ), Feb. 18, 1881. An ardent
disciple of John Stuart Mill, he wrote: (Out-
lines of Social Economy) (1846); “Thoughts
on the Future of the Human Race) (1866);
and many other works of consequence.
Ellwanger, George Herman. An American
writer; born in New York State in 1848. He
is a resident of Rochester, N. Y. Among his
works are: (T Garden's ry); (The ory
of my House); (In Gold and Silver); (Idyl.
lists of the Country-Side, prose; and "Love's
Demesne, a Garland of Contemporary Love
Poems.
Ellwood, Thomas. An English Quaker con-
troversialist; born in Crowell, Oxfordshire,
October 1639; died at Amersham, Bucks, March
1, 1713 (or 1714). His many works include a
“Sacred History) (1705; part ii. , 1709), and he
is noted for his friendship with Milton.
Elmes, James. An English writer on archi-
tecture and general art topics; born in London,
Oct. 15, 1782; died at Greenwich, April 2, 1862.
He wrote: (Sir Christopher Wren' (1823);
(The Arts and Artists) (1825); and similar
works.
Elmham, Thomas. A British historian and
monk, born in North Elmham, Norfolk (? ),
probably about 1390; died about 1440. Little
is known of him beyond the fact that he left
a "Life of Henry V. , in prose and verse, and
a History of St. Augustine's Canterbury Mon-
astery,' which is, in spite of its name, a sort of
general chronicle of the kingdom.
Elmsley, Peter. An English classical scholar;
born in 1773; died at Oxford, March 8, 1825.
Editions of Euripides and other Greek authors
reveal his learning.
Elphinston, James. A Scotch versifier, es-
sayist, and etymologist; born in Edinburgh (? ),
Dec. 6, 1721 ; died at Hammersmith, England,
Oct. 8, 1809. He produced metrical versions of
Martial, Fénelon, and other great writers, an
(English Grammar) (1765), and many other
works. He was a zealous spelling-reformer.
Elsholtz, Franz von (els'hõlts). A German
dramatist (1791-1872); born at Berlin. He won
some fame with his first theatrical piece, Come
Hither, a travesty; and in 1827 was appointed
organizer and director of the Court Theatre at
Gotha. (The Court Lady) was much admired
by Goethe. His plays are published in three
volumes, but not now acted.
Elson, Louis Charles. An American musical
critic, lecturer, and author; born in Boston,
Mass. , April 17, 1848. He studied music at the
Leipsic Conservatory. In 1877 he became assist-
ant editor of the Vox Humana, and in 1879 sole
editor. He is at present musical critic of the
Boston Advertiser, and lecturer at the New
England Conservatory of Music. His works
include : History of Music); History of Ger-
man Song); Curiosities of Music.
Elton, Sir Charles Abraham. An English
minor poet; born at Bristol, Oct. 31, 1778; died
at Bath, June 1, 1853. He was a gallant soldier
and no inelegant verse-maker, his Poems
(1804) and versions of classics being his best-
known work,
Elvenich, Peter Joseph (el văn-ich), A Ger-
man Catholic philosopher; born in Embken,
Jan. 29, 1796; died in Breslau, June 16, 1886.
He is easily first among the champions of
the movement known as Hermesianism, after
George Hermes, its founder; and has written :


## p. 169 (#185) ############################################

ELWYN - EMINE
169
1
(Pius IX. , the Hermesians, and Archbishop
von Geissel) (1848); (The Infallible Pope)
(1875); and other polemics.
Elwyn, Alfred Langdon. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. ,
July 9, 1804; died in Philadelphia, March 15,
1884. He originated the Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Society and Farm School, and was
greatly interested in institutions for the blind
and feeble-minded. He published : Bonaparte,
a poem (1848); (Glossary of Supposed Ameri-
canisms) (1800); Melancholy and its Musings)
(1881).
Ely, Richard Theodore. An American po-
litical economist; born in Ripley, N. Y. , April
13, 1854. He graduated at Columbia, and
afterward studied at Heidelberg. Since 1892
he has been professor of political economy
at Wisconsin University. He has published :
(French and German Socialism in Modern
Times); The Past and Present of Political
Economy); “Taxation in American States and
Cities); Problems of To-Day); Political
Economy); (Social Aspects of Christianity);
"Outlines of Economics); and others.
Elyot, Sir Thomas. An English diplomatist
and moral essayist; born 1490; died March 20,
1546. He wrote: (The Governour) (1531), a
system of training young gentlemen for gov-
ernment places; (Of the Knowledge which
Maketh a Wise Man) (1533); (The Castel
of Helth) (1534), in which he poached on the
profession's preserves, and was roundly abused
by them: but the book sold.
Elze, Karl (elts'ė). A German historian of
literature (1821-89); born at Dessau. His spe-
cialty was English literature; he was professor
of English philology in the University of Halle
(1875-89. One of his first works was compil-
ing a Treasury of English Song. He pro-
duced critical editions of Shakespeare and
other English dramatists, and wrote biogra-
phies of Byron and other English authors.
Specially noteworthy is his (Outline of English
Philology. "Westward (1860) contains trans-
lations of English and American poems.
Emants, Marcellus (em'änts). A Dutch
poet and descriptive writer; born at Voorburg
near The Hague, Aug. 12, 1848. His travels
gave play to his keen observation and his
poetical imagination: Among his best are : (A
Journey through Sweden' (1877); Monaco)
(1878); (Along the Nile) (1884); (From Spain)
(1886). He holds a permanent place in the
literature of the Low Countries through his
charming narrative poems "Lilith) (1879); 'The
Shimmer of the Gods) (1883).
Embury, Emma Catherine. An American
poet; born in New York city in 1806; died in
Brooklyn, N. Y. , Feb. 10, 1863. Much of her
work for periodicals was over the pen-name
"Ianthe. ” Among her published works are :
"Guido and Other Poems) (1828); Female Edu-
cation); (The Blind Girl, and Tales); 'Love's
Token Flowers) (1846); and Poems) (1869).
Emerson, Mrs. Ellen (Russell). An Amer-
ican author; born in Massachusetts in 1837.
Her works are : (Indian Myths) (1884); Masks,
Heads, and Faces, with Considerations Re-
specting the Rise and Development of Art. '
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. An eminent Amer-
ican philosopher, poet, essayist, and lecturer;
born in Boston, May 25, 1803; died at Con-
cord, Mass. , April 27, 1882. At first a Unita-
rian minister in Boston, he resigned his pulpit
in 1832, retiring to Concord, where his home
became a centre of intellectual influence. The
works of Emerson comprise the following: (An
Historical Discourse delivered before the Citi-
zens of Concord” (1835); Nature (1836); Car-
lyle's "Sartor Resartus, (edited : 1836); an ora-
tion, (The American Scholar) (1837); (Carlyle's
Essays, (edited : 1838); Method of Nature,
an oration (1841); Essays) (1841); Carlyle's
(Past and Present) (edited : 1843); Man the
Reformer) (1844), a lecture; ( The Young Ameri-
ican) (1844), a lecture; ' Essays) (second series,
1844); (An Address) (1844); Poems) (1847);
(Nature: Addresses and Lectures ) ( 1849 );
(Representative Men,' seven lectures (1850);
(English Traits) (1856); Miscellanies) (1856);
(The Conduct of Life) (1860); May Day and
Other Pieces) (1867); "Society and Solitude)
(1870); (Tribute to Walter Scott) (1871); "Let-
ters and Social Aims) (1876); “Selected Poems)
(1876); (The Fortune of the Republic) (1878),
a lecture; (Complete Works) (1883–84); (Nat-
ural History of Intellect, and Other Papers)
(1893).
He also contributed much to the Dial,
and edited the Massachusetts Quarterly Re-
view (1847-50). *
Emerton, Ephraim. An American historical
writer; born in Salem, Mass. , Feb. 18, 1851.
Graduating from Harvard in 1871, he studied
two years at Berlin and Leipsic, the latter
giving him his Ph. D. in 1876. The same year
he was appointed instructor at Harvard, and
in 1882 professor of ecclesiastical history. His
works include : (An Introduction to the Study
of Mediæval History); (Synopsis of the His.
tory of Continental Europe); (The Practical
Method in Higher Historical Instruction);
(Mediæval Europe, 814-1300. '
Emerton, James Henry. An American nat-
uralist; born in Salem, Mass. , 1847. He has
distinguished himself by his illustrations for
many scientific works, and is the author of
(Notes and Additions) to a second edition of
Hentz's (Spiders of the United States) (1875);
(Structures and Habits of Spiders) (1877); and
"Life on the Sea-Shore) (1880).
Emine, Nikita Ossipovich. An Armenian
historian and distinguished scholar; born near
Ispahan, Persia, about 1815; died in Moscow,
Jan. 7, 1891. He was educated at the Lazareff
Institute for Oriental Tongues and at the Uni-
versity, Moscow Russian learning is indebted
to him for his translation into Russian of all
the Armenian historians. His monumental work,
a History of Armenia,' is known to the world
through a French translation.
LE
:
(


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170
EMINESCI - ENGLISH
Eminescu, Michael (ă-min-es’kö). The great
lyric poet of Roumania (1849-89); born at
Bucharest. He was for a time editor of The
Times, a strong Conservative journal, and the
fierceness of political strife would seem to have
spoilt his fine poetical genius. He died in a
madhouse. His fame is built on his first vol-
ume of Poems' notable alike for the depth
and elevation of the thought and the melodi.
ousness of the verse; they are mostly elegio.
satiric, and touch questions political, social,
religious, and moral. Some of his poems have
been rendered into German by Carmen Sylva.
Emparan, Diego de (em-pär'än). A distin-
guished Mexican controversial writer; born in
Puebla, April 5, 1718; died in Ravenna, Italy,
about 1807. His book (The Jesuits and the
Pope (1746), published soon after entering the
priesthood, gained him five years' imprison-
ment. The year after his release he issued a
bitter criticism of the Church dignitaries, for
which he was deposed from the priesthood
and imprisoned in the castle of Sant Angelo,
but released later. His work was burned by
the executioner; the single copy saved from
the flames is now in the National Academy of
Mexico. His works include : (The Tombs of
Mohammed and Christ); Voltaire and his
School”; “Science and Superstition); and (Re-
ligion and Hygiene.
Empedocles (em-ped'o-klēz). A celebrated
Sicilian Greek philosopher; born at Agrigen-
tum about B. C. 500; died probably in the
Peloponnesus about B. C. 440. He was phy-
sician, philosopher, and seer, and a poet too,
for his treatises or speculations were written in
verse. We have some considerable fragments
of his work on Nature (or Natural Things)
or Natural Philosophy'). Of another of his
works, on 'Lustrations or (Purifications, there
remain but a few short fragments. *
Empis, Adolphe (em-pe'). A French dram-
atist (1795-1868); born at Paris. His comedies
combine true humor, elegance and keen obser-
vation, with a wholesome moral tone. Among
his works are: (Lambert Symnel; or, The Polit-
ical Manikin (1826); (Generous Through
Vanity) (1827); (Mother and Daughter) (1830);
(Stockjobbery; or, The Fashionable Trade)
(1835); "Lord Novart) (1836); and “The Heir-
ess) (1844). His strongest work, “The Wives
of Henry VIII. ,' failed of success, but is a
happy imitation of Shakespeare.
Enault, Louis (en-o'). A French story-teller
and writer of travels; born at Isigny in 1822.
He wrote books of travel and fiction based
on extensive journeys. The travel sketches
comprise : Constantinople and Turkey); (Nor-
way); (The Mediterranean); (London. The
more notable of his stories are: “The Virgin
of the Libanus); (Love in Lapland”; (The
Baptism of Blood); (Tragic Loves.
Encina, Juan del (en-thë'nä). A celebrated
Spanish dramatist; born at Salamanca, about
1409 ; died there about 1534. His first volume
of poems, (The Song-Book,' contained also a
dissertation on (The Art of Castilian Poesy)
or "The Art of Poetic Invention. His lyrics
are full of charm and lively wit. He wrote
fourteen dramas : eight are shepherd-plays or
eclogues, the rest are pieces for Church holy
seasons. He made the Jerusalem pilgrimage,
and described it in the poem (Tribagia; or,
The Sacred Way of Jerusalem. '
Encisco, Diego Ximenez de (en-thēs'ko).
A Spanish dramatist; born in Andalusia. He
flourished in the sixteenth century, and his
works are quite noted, although little is known
of his life. His best-known play is 'The
Medicis of Florence. )
Endicott, Charles Moses. Junius Amer-
icanus. ) An American historical writer; born
in Danvers, Mass. , 1793; died in Northampton,
Mass. , in 1863. He contributed to the New
England Historical and Genealogical Register
and to the Boston Gazette. He wrote a Life
of John Endicott'; 'The Persian Poet, a Tra-
gedy); (Essays on the Rights and Duties of
Nations); and (Three Orations.
Engel, Eduard (eng'el). A German literary
critic; born at Stolp in Pomerania, Nov. 12,
1851. He made a German translation of
Italian Love-Songs) (1875); and wrote (Lord
Byron: An Autobiography from Journals and
Letters) (1876); “Psychology of French Litera-
ture) (1884); "Did Bacon Write Shakespeare's
Plays ? ) (History of English Literature : With
Appendix, American Literature. )
In his two
published collections of short stories -- (Wall
to Wall' (1890); and (Exiled and Other Stories
(1891) -- he appears as a moderate realist.
Engel, Johann Jakob. A German philos-
opher (1741-1802); born at Parchim in Meck-
lenburg. He was professor of philosophy and
philology in Berlin, and afterward preceptor
to the future Frederic William III. Æsthetic
criticism and art theory owe him much. His
Philosopher for All the World, often reprinted,
consisting of narratives, dialogues, letters, and
essays, his (First Foundations for a Theory of
the Different kinds of Poetry,' and above all
his (Herr Lorenz Stark,' with its fine delinea-
tion of everyday life, give him a place among
the leading representatives of serious literature
in his time.
English, George Bethune. An American
controversial writer; born in Cambridge, Mass. ,
March 7, 1787; died in Washington, D. C. , Sept.
20, 1828. He graduated at Harvard, studied
law, and left it for theology. In 1813 he wrote
a book, "The Grounds of Christianity Exam-
ined,' to which Edward Everett wrote a reply.
English responded with (Five Smooth Stones
out of the Brook. Besides these, he published
replies to William Ellery Channing's two ser-
mons on "Infidelity) (1813).
English, Thomas Dunn. An American
writer ; born in Philadelphia, June 29, 1819.
He graduated from the University of Penn-
sylvania in 1842, and wrote the famous song
(


## p. 171 (#187) ############################################

ENGLISH - ÉPINAY
171
He es-
(Ben Bolt' in 1843. He published (American
Ballads) in 1882, and has also written a con-
siderable amount of miscellany.
English, William. An Irish poet; born in
Newcastle, Limerick (? ); died at Cork, Jan.
13, 1778. His themes were those of humble
life; the well-known ballad (Cashel of Mun-
ster) is a fine specimen of Gaelic vernacular.
Ennes, Antonio (en'nās). A Portuguese
dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1848. He was
for some years prominent in journalism, and
afterward held high government offices. His
first play, (The Lazarists,' had extraordinary
success in Portugal and Brazil, and long held
the stage. It was followed by the comedy
"Eugenia Milton' (1874), and the dramas (The
Troubadours); (The Mountebank); (The Emi-
gration); (A Divorce. The last was translated
into Italian and French.
Ennius, Quintus (en'i-us). A Roman poet ;
born at Rudiæ in Calabria, 239 B. C. ; died in
169 B. C. While a centurion in the army, he was
induced by Cato the elder to visit Rome, and
came into close association with Scipio Afri-
canus and the other great men there. A Ca-
labrian with Greek culture, he was doubtless
the most learned Latin of his time.
sayed nearly every kind of poetry,- narrative
or epic (in his metrical (Annals'), dramatic
(tragedy and comedy), didactic (on natural
philosophy, theology or mythology, and gas-
tronomy). Nothing of his has come down to
us complete, but many considerable fragments
are preserved in the works of classic writers
and anthologists. *
Enriquez Gomez, Antonio (en-rē'keth).
[Properly Enriquez de Paz. ) A Spanish poet;
born about 1600 at Segovia. His Jewish blood
brought him under suspicion and persecution;
he filed to Amsterdam, professed Judaism, and
was burned in effgy at Seville in 1660. The
dramas (Cardinal de Albornoz) and (Fernan
Mendez Pinto, written before exile, found great
popular favor; his later ones were entered un-
der the name of Calderon, and were mostly
very successful.
Ensor, George. An Irish political writer;
born in Dublin, 1769; died at Ardress, Armagh,
Dec. 3, 1843. His attacks on the English gov-
ernment of Ireland, especially the pamphlets
(On National Government) (1810) and (The
Poor and their Relief (1823), are very sarcastic
and suffused with hatred of the oppressor.
Eötvös, Baron József (ėt-vesh). A Hun.
garian novelist and statesman; born at Buda,
in September 1813; died Feb. 2 or 3, 1871.
The comedies (The Critics) (1830) and (The
Merry Wedding Party) (1833), and the tragedy
"Revenge) (1834), were his first productions.
His best-known novel is (The Village Notary)
(1845), scarifying the Hungarian system of
county government; (The Carthusian' is per-
haps finer as literature. He wrote also histor-
ical novels, as (Hungary in 1514) and (The
Peasants' War in Hungary); and books on
political and social questions, among them:
Observations on Prison Reform' (1842); Influ-
ence of the Dominant Ideas of the Nineteenth
Century upon the State) (1851); “Equal Rights
of the Nationalities in Austria' (2d ed. 1851). *
Epicharmos (ep-i-kär'mus). An ancient
Greek comic poet; born in the island of Cos,
540 B. C. , but lived at Syracuse. He is the
founder of the Doric-Sicilian comedy, so-called.
Only a few fragments of his works survive;
they were mostly travesties of myths, with some
scenes from life. They were witty dialogues
containing homely aphorisms.
Epictetus (ep-ik-tē'tus). A Greek Stoic phi-
losopher; born at Hierapolis in Phrygia, about
50 A. D. A slave and then a freedman at
Rome, he taught philosophy there till 94, when
all philosophers were banished by Domitian;
apparently returned later and lived into Ha-
drian's reign. The essential tenets of Stoicism
are nowhere more clearly or feelingly set forth
than by him. No writings of his are known;
but his maxims were gathered and published
in the Encheiridion, or Handbook, and the
Commentaries,' in eight books, of which four
are lost.
The latest English translation of
the latter, Col. Higginson's (1891), is entitled
(The Discourses of Epictetus. *
Epicurus (ep-i-kū’rus). famous Grecian
philosopher; lived from about 341 B. C. to 270
B. C. He was a teacher of philosophy rather as
a rule of life than as a system of knowledge,
and began to teach when he was about 32 years
old, first at Mitylene, then at Lampsacus; but
his great school was at Athens, where he set-
tled about 305 B. C. His discipleship there
led a life of austere abstemiousness in common,
after the manner of a conventual establishment,
but the membership comprised both men and
Their common dwelling was a country-
house surrounded by a garden, which yielded
to the labor of the brethren the simple material
of their frugal fare. Of his numerous writings
little remains. According to him the supreme
good of life is found in pleasure, but not in the
momentary gratification of sense, rather in the
delight inseparable from the practice of virtue.
Rightly interpreted, the doctrine of Epicurus is
as adverse to all sensualism as that of La Trappe;
but the Epicurean doctrines were in time mis-
interpreted and misunderstood, and Epicurean-
ism became a synonym of self-indulgent and
sensuous pleasure.
Épinay, Madame de la Live d' (ep-e-nā').
A notable French writer of memoirs; born at
Valenciennes, March 11, 1726; died April 17,
1783. Having a worthless husband, she culti-
vated intellectual society - Grimm, D'Holbach,
Diderot, Rousseau; for the latter she erected
in her château garden at Montmorency a cot-
tage, «The Hermitage. She published a val-
ued work on education, (The Conversations
of Emilie); Letters to my Son); and My
Happy Moments. ) Her posthumously pub-
lished (Memoirs) constitute a charming auto-
biography written with the freedom of an artist.
1
women.
1
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172
ERASMUS-ESCHERNY
Erasmus, Desiderius (er-az'mus). (A Latin
paraphrase of his Dutch name. ) A celebrated
Dutch humanist; born at Rotterdam, 1405 or
1467; died July 12, 1536. All his writings are
in Latin. He made a collection of Adages)
(1500), with applications to the time; wrote a
very popular volume of Colloquies) (1521);
and a sweeping satire, “The Praise of Folly:
His editions of works of the ancients -- Cicero,
Seneca, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, etc.
- are innumerable; and he made an elegant
translation of the New Testament, which was
used by Luther in his German version. In
his later years he was caught up in the general
polemic current and wrote against the new
doctrines; his treatise on “Free-Willy calling
forth a reply from Luther in a pamphlet en-
titled (On Slave Will. ? (Complete Works, 10
vols. folio, 1703-6. ) *
Erben, Karl Jaromir (er'ben). A Bohemian
poet, dramatist, and scholar; born in Miletin,
Nov. 7, 1811; died in Prague, Nov. 21, 1870. A
comedy,' The Brewers' (1837); Bohemian Folk
Songs and Proverbs) (1864); (Melodies) (1844-
47); and many philological studies, speak for
his genius and versatility.
Erceldoune, Thomas of. (Called the Rhymer,
and Learmont. ) A Scotch poet and seer, who
fourished probably between 1220 and 1297, and
wrote a poem called (Sir Tristrem. He occu-
pies a very conspicuous position in the annals
of Anglo-Saxon literature, but not very much
is known of his life, and there is even some
dispute respecting his authorship of various
pieces attributed to him.
Ercilla y Zuñiga, Alonso de (ār-thēl'yä ē
THön-ye'gä). A Spanish poet; born in Bermeo,
Aug. 7, 1533; died 1595. He served against the
Araucanian natives of Chili, and wrote a
historico-epical poem, "The Araucanian Wo.
man,' in 37 cantos, which apart from a few
episodes is a faithful narrative of what he saw.
In its portraiture of character it is admirable,
and in its literary form it is classical. Cer.
vantes in Don Quixote) ranks it with the
finest of the Italian epics.
Erckmann-Chatrian (erk'män-shä-trē-on').
Joint name of two French novelists: Émile
Erckmann, born at Pfalzburg, May 20, 1822;
and Alexandre Chatrian, born near the same
town, Dec. 18, 1826, died Sept. 5, 1890.