No More Learning

Besides notes,
criticisms, and essays, on Catullus, Propertius,
Virgil, Moschus, and other authors, he wrote:
(The Emendation of Time) (1583), a work on
chronology and the calendar; (The Treasure
of Time) (1606), in which he rearranged the
whole chronology of classical antiquity; etc.
Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, originally della
Scala. A celebrated classical scholar, Italian
by birth, French by adoption; born at the castle
of La Rocca in 1484; died at Agen, 1558. Ac-
cording to some scholars, no one of the an-
cients could be placed above him, and the age
in which he lived could not show his equal »
in learning and talent. He published an Ora-
tion against Erasmus) (1531), in reply to that
scholar's Ciceronianus); Poems! (1533-74),
in Latin and filling several volumes ; (Comic
Metres); and a variety of dissertations and
essays on classical subjects.
Scarron, Paul (skär-rộn'). A French poet,
dramatist, and novelist; born at Paris about
1610; died there, Oct. 14, 1660. At the age of
30, in consequence of a rheumatic attack, in
which he was treated by a quack doctor, he
became an invalid for life,- deformed and con-
torted, and suffering continual pain. His best
work is the Comic Romance (2 vols. , 1651-
57, but never completed), the story of a band
of strolling actors: it paints manners and
characters with great vividness. In this novel
Scarron draws on Spanish sources, as he does
also in the comedies (The Ridiculous Heir);
Jodelet); (Don Japhet of Armenia); (The
Scholar of Salamanca. ) His travesty of the
Æneid (1648-53) was in its day regarded as a
masterpiece of genuine burlesque humor; but
it is now rated as unworthy of the author's
great talent.
He married in 1652 Françoise
d'Aubigné, who afterward, as Mme. de Mainte-
non, became the wife of Louis XIV.
Schack, Adolph Friedrich, Count von
(shäk). A distinguished German Oriental
scholar and historian of literature; born in
Schwerin, Aug. 2, 1815; died in Rome, April
14, 1894. His works embrace many subjects;
but his especial distinction is as a student and
critic of Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit literature.
He published: (History of Dramatic Art and
Literature in Spain (1845-46); Poetry and Art
of the Arabs in Spain and Sicily) (1865); “His-
tory of the Normans in Sicily) (1889); etc. His
translations of Oriental classics are celebrated,
and include “Hero Songs (or epics) of Firdusi!
(1851), for which he was decorated by the Shah;
(Firdusi? (1853), additional translations; (Stro-
phes of Omar Khayyam' (1878); “Voices from
the Ganges,' a series of Hindu poems; (Mej.
nun and Leila,' the famous story by Jami; etc.
He also wrote original poetry, but not until
he had attained his sixtieth year; among his
verse being Lotus Leaves) (1882), (Memnon
(1885), 'Epistles and Elegies) (1894), etc. He
is the author of an interesting work on Maz-
zini and Unified Italy
Schafarik or Safarik, Pavel Josef (shä'fä.
rik). A celebrated Czech philologist, historian,
and philosopher; born at Kobelarova, in the
county of Gömör in Hungary, May 13, 1795;
died at Prague, June 26, 1861. He began at
an early age to collect Siavic folk-songs (pub-
lished 1823-27). He translated into his native
tongue the Clouds of Aristophanes, and Schil.
ler's Mary Stuart) (1815). His principal work
is (Slavic Antiquities) (1837). His "Ground
Principles of Old-Czechish Grammar) (1845)
marked an epoch in the history of the Czech
language. He wrote also : (History of the
Slavic Language and Literature) (1826); (The
Most Ancient Monuments of the Bohemian
Language) (1840).
Schaff, Philip (shäf). A distinguished Amer-
ican Presbyterian theologian; born in Switz-
erland, 1819; died in New York, 1893. He
came to the United States in 1844, and from
that year until 1863 held the professorship of
church history in the seminary at Mercersburg,
Pa. In 1873 he was appointed professor of
sacred literature in Union Seminary, New York.
He published : Principles of Protestantism);
(History of the Christian Church'; "Creeds
of Christendom'; \ Theological Propedeutics);
(Christ and Christianity); (Critical Edition of
the Heidelberg Catechism); Bible Revision);
(Through Bible Lands); (Progress of Religious
Freedom); (Church and State in the United
States) ; (The Person of Christ); Literature
and Poetry); (A Companion to the Greek
Testament and the English Version); etc. He
edited the Schaff-Herzog "Encyclopædia of Re-
ligious Knowledge); Lange's Commentary';
and other important works.
Schandorph, Sophus (shän'dorf). A Danish
poet and story-writer; born at Ringsted, May
8, 1837. His early poems were an echo of the


## p. 483 (#499) ############################################

SCHEFER - SCHILLER
483
old Romance poetry; and his dramatic poem
(Out in the Forest) (1868) has a like inspi-
ration. But his native talent was awakened in
1872, chiefly by the lectures of Georg Brandes,
and thenceforth he was a pronounced realist.
The first fruits of the change to realism are
seen in (From the Provinces) (1876), a collec-
tion of short tales, which were followed by
(Youthful Days) (1879); Little Folk) (1880);
(Story of Thomas Fris) (1881); (Reminiscences)
(1889); “William Vang's Student Years) (1894).
Schefer, Leopold (shā'fer). A German poet
and story-writer; born at Muskau, Silesia,
July 30, 1784; died there, Feb. 16, 1862. From
1816 to 1820 he traveled in Austria, Italy,
Greece, the Ionian Islands, Turkey, and Asia
Minor, and th began to publish his long series
of stories. Among them are: (The Countess
Ufeld' (1834); Many Men, Many Minds) (1840),
a story of witchcraft; Divine Comedy at Rome)
(2d ed. 1842); (The Sibyl of Mantua (1852),
a pointed satire on the modern conventicle.
His chief poetical works are: (Vigils) (1842);
(The Layman's Breviary) (1834; 18th ed. 1884);
(The Secular Priest (1846); in these the tone is
moral and religious, leaning toward pantheism;
Hafiz in Hellas, by a Hadji? (1853).
Scheffel, Joseph Viktor von (shef'el). A
prominent German poet and novelist; born at
Karlsruhe, Feb. 16, 1826; died April 9, 1886.
In 1854 he published his famous epic poem,
(The Trumpeter of Säckingen. The historical
novel Ekkehard) came out in 1855. (Gaude.
amus) (1868) is a collection of lyrics, many of
which became favorite student songs. (Mount.
ain Psalms) (1870) is a collection of poems. *
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von
(shel'ling). A celebrated German thinker, one
of the four chief metaphysical philosophers of
Germany; born at Leonberg, Würtemberg, Jan.
27, 1775; died at the Ragaz aths, Switzerland,
Aug. 20, 1854. His system was at first one of
idealistic pantheism, akin to those of Fichte
and Hegel; later his views were interpreted as
furnishing a philosophic basis for Christianity.
He had high poetic gifts. His works include:
On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy)
(1794); (On the Ego as the Principle of Phi.
losophy) (1795); Ideas for a Philosophy of
Nature (1797); (On the Soul of the World)
(1798); "First Sketch of a System of the Phi.
losophy of Nature (1799); (System of Tran-
scendental Idealism) (1800); Bruno; or, The
Divine and Natural Principle of Things (1802);
Philosophy and Religion (1804); (On the
Relation of Art to Nature (1807); ( Philosophic
Researches on the Essence of Human Liberty)
(1809). Four posthumous volumes are of great
importance: Introduction to the Philosophy
of Mythology) (1856); Philosophy of Mythol-
ogv) (1857); Philosophy of Revelation,' in two
divisions, each separately published in 1858.
Schenkendorf, Max von (shenk'en-dorf). A
German poet; born at Tilsit, Dec. II, 1783; died
Dec. 11, 1817. He was educated as a lawyer at
the University of Königsberg; he practiced his
profession until the breaking out of the war in
1813, when he joined the Prussian army, and
with his stirring war-songs inspired his comrades.
His "Gedichte) (1815) is a collection of these
songs.
Scherenberg, Ernst (shā'ren-berg). A Ger-
man poet; born at Swinemünde, July 21, 1839.
His first volume was a collection of poems,
(From the Heart's Depths) (1860), which was
followed by the cycle Banished) (1861 ),
(Storms in Springtide) (1865), etc. He wrote
also the character sketches Prince Bismarck)
(1885), and (Emperor William (1888); and
the dramatic poem (Germania) (1886). He
published in 1874 an anthology, 'Against Rome :
Voices of German Poets.
Schérer, Edmond (shā-răr'). A French es-
sayist and critic of celebrity ; born in Paris,
April 8, 1815; died at Versailles, March 16,
1889. He first attracted general attention in
1860 with a volume entitled Miscellanies of
Religious Criticism, containing studies of Jo-
seph de Maistre, Lamennais, Le P. Gratry,
Veuillot, Taine, Proudhon, Renan, and others.
He has also written : (Criticism and Belief)
(1850); Letters to my Pastor) (1853); (Mis-
cellanies of Religious Criticism' (1860); (Mis-
cellanies of Religious History) (1864); etc. *
Scherer, Wilhelm (shā'rer). An Austrian
philologist; born at Schönbrunn, Austria, April
26, 1841; died Aug. 6, 1866. Among his works
are: (German Studies) (1870); History of
Poetry in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries)
(1875); (From Goethe's Youth' (1879). His
famous History of German Literature (1883)
has been translated into English.
Scherr, Johannes (shår). A German his.
torian; born at Hohenreichberg, Würtemberg,
Oct. 3, 1817; died Nov. 21, 1886. He studied
philosophy and history at Tübingen; became
a prolific writer, and was an accepted critic in
German literature. Among his principal works
are : History of German Literature) (2d ed.
1854); "History of English Literature (1854;
3d ed. 1883); Blücher, his Life and Times) (3
vols. , 1862-63; 4th ed. 1887).
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von
(shil'ler). A great German poet and dramatist;
born in Marbach on the Neckar, Nov. 10, 1759;
died at Weimar, May 9, 1805. His works in-
clude: “The Robbers) (1780-81); (Inquiry into
the Connection between the Animal and Spir-
itual Nature of Man (1780-81); (Fiesco' (1783);
(Love and Intrigue) (1784); (Don Carlos )
(1785); (History of the Revolt of the Nether-
lands from Spanish Rule) (1788); (The Ghost
Seer) (1789); History of the Thirty Years'
War) (1792); (Xenieh' (1796), with Goethe;
(Votive Tablets (1796); "Wallenstein's Camp)
(1798); (The Piccolomini? (1799); (Wallen-
stein's Death) (1799); Maria Stuart) (1800);
(The Maid of Orleans) (1801); (The Bride of
Messina) (1803); (William Tell (1804); De-
metrius, a fragment; and various short poems,
tales, and essays. *
a


## p. 484 (#500) ############################################

484
SCHLEGEL-SCHNEIDER
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (shlā'gel).
A celebrated German Orientalist, critic, and
poet, son of J. A. ; born at Hanover, Sept. 8,
1767; died May 12, 1845, at Bonn, where he
was professor of literature in the university.
His most notable works in literary and art
criticism are: (Lectures on Dramatic Art and
Literature) (3 vols. , 1809-11), translated into
nearly all the languages of Western Europe ;
(On the Theory and History of the Plastic
Arts) (1827). In the field of Orientalism he
wrote (Reflections on the Study of the Asiatic
Languages) (1832), and prepared editions of sev-
eral Indian classics. He translated many of the
plays of Shakespeare, and made the English
dramatist a German classic; his translations of
Dante, Calderon, Camoens, and other foreign
masters of literature are admirable; his origi-
nal poems show consummate art and grace of
form. He is at his best in his sonnets, and in
the elegy (Rome) (1812).
Schlegel, Friedrich von. A distinguished
German critic and philologist, son of J. A. ;
born at Hanover, March 10, 1772; died at Dres-
den, Jan. 12, 1829. He first devoted himself to
the study of Greek antiquity, and in 1794 pub-
lished his great essay (On the Schools of Gre-
cian Poetry); following it with many others
of a like tenor, as (The Greeks and Romans)
(1797), and History of Greek and Roman
Poetry) (1798). In his "Fragments) (1798-1800)
he essayed to establish the theory of a new
romanticism ; in the mean time writing the
unfinished romance (Lucinda,' and a volume
of Poems. To this period also belongs his
tragedy Alarcos,' in which he unsuccessfully
sought to combine romantic and classic ele-
ments. His work (Language and Wisdom of
the Indians) (1808) was a valuable contribution
to the science of language. Among his other
writings are lectures on Modern History)
(1811); History of Ancient and Modern Lit-
erature) (1815); Philosophy of Life. *
Schlegel, Johann Adolf.
A German poet;
born at Meissen, Sept. 18, 1721 ; died at Han-
over, Sept. 16, 1793. Of his poetry only a few
religious poems remain. le translated and
published, with additions of his own, Batteux's
(Restriction of the Fine Arts to a Single Prin-
ciple) (1759).
Schlegel, Johann Elias. A German poet;
born at Meissen, Jan. 17, 1719; died at Soröe
in Denmark, Aug. 13, 1749. He wrote several
tragedies, among them (Hermann' (the ancient
Teutonic hero Arminius) and (Canute); and
two spirited comedies, (The Triumph of Good
Women) and (Mute Beauty.
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel
(shli'er-mäch''er). A noted German theolo-
gian and philosopher; born at Breslau, Nov. 21,
1768; died at Berlin, Feb. 12, 1834. His prin-
ciples of theological criticism are laid down
in (Christian Belief according to the Funda-
mental Doctrines of the Evangelical Church)
(2 vols. , 1821-22); a sequel to this is "Christian
Morals) (1843); to show the consistency of his
principles with the teachings of Christ, he
wrote an Introduction to the New Testament)
and a Life of Jesus (1850). Among his writ-
ings on philosophy are: Dialectics) (1830);
(A System of Ethics) (1835); (Psychology
(1835); Esthetics (1842).
Schliemann, Heinrich (shlē'män). A Ger-
man archæologist; born at Neubuckow in Meck.
lenburg-Schwerin, Jan. 6, 1822 ; died at Naples,
Dec. 26, 1890. His celebrated archæological
explorations and excavations at the sites of
Troy, Mycenæ, Orchomenos, Tiryns, and other
ancient Hellenic cities, are recorded in My-
cenæ (1877); Ilios) (1880); Orchomenos)
(1881); (Troja) (1883); (Tiryns) (1886); (Re.
port on the Excavations at Troy? (1890);
Autobiography (1891).
Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph (shlos'er).
A German historian; born at Jever, Nov. 17,
1776; died at Heidelberg, Sept. 23, 1861. He
wrote: History of the Iconoclast Emperors
of the East) (1812); “History of the World in
Connected Narrative) (9 vols. , 1815-24); "Gen-
eral Historic View of the Ancient World and
its Civilization) (9 vols. , 1826-34); A Judg-
ment of Napoleon and his Latest Traducers
and Panegyrists) (3 vols. , 1892–35).
Schmid, Ferdinand von. See Dranmor.
Schmidt, Heinrich Julian (shmit). A
Prussian journalist and author ; born at Marien-
werder, Prussia, March 7, 1818; died in Berlin,
March 27, 1886. He is the author of History
of Romanticism in the Time of the Reforma.
tion and Revolution) (2 vols. , 1850); (History
of German Literature since Lessing's Death
(1858); History of Intellectual Life in Ger-
many from Leibnitz till Lessing's Death (1870);
and History of German Literature from Leib-
nitz to Our Time) (1886).
Schmidt, Maximilian.
A German story.
writer; born at Eschlkam in Bavaria, Feb. 25.
1832. He is the author of a series of tales of
Bavarian life, as : Popular Stories from the
Bavarian Forest) (4 vols. , 1863-68); (The Tenth
Commandment) (1879); (The Guardian Spirit
of Oberammergau) (1881); (The Good God's
Mantle); (The Golden Saturday) (1883); 'The
Emmet Witch) (1887); "On the Golden Stair!
(1893).
Schneckenburger, Max (shnek'en-bör'ger).
A German verse-writer, author of (The Watch
on the Rhine); born at Thalheim, Feb. 17,
1819; died at Burgdorf near Bern, May 3, 1849.
In the Franco-Prussian war (The Watch on the
Rhine) attained the rank of a national song
and melody; and when the war was over, an
annual pension of 3,000 marks ($750) was set.
tled on his surviving family, and also on the
composer of the melody, Karl Wilhelm.
Schneider, Louis (shni'der). A German actor
and author; born at Berlin, April 29, 1805; died
at Potsdam, Dec. 16, 1878. For almost 30 years
he was one of the foremost actors of comedy
on the German stage. Besides a number of
.
)


## p. 485 (#501) ############################################

SCHOMBURGK-SCHULZE-DELITZSCH
485
novels and tales of life on the stage, he wrote
many successful farces; among them (The
Student on his Travels, (The Offer of Mar-
riage in Helgoland,' (The Orchestra Leader
of Venice. He wrote also King William :
an Account of his Military Life) (1869); and
two other works, entitled Emperor William,
1867-71) (1875), and (From the Life of Em-
peror William, 1849-73' (3 vols. , 1888). He
accompanied William during the campaign in
France.
Schomburgk, Sir Robert Herman (shom'.
bėrk or shom'börk). An English geographical
explorer, whose name has been made familiar
through the recent Venezuela boundary contro-
versy ; born at Freiburg on the L'nstrut, June 5,
1804; died at Schöneberg near Berlin, March
II, 1865.
He was commissioned by the British
government to explore British Guiana in 1835,
and after four years spent in that labor re-
turned to England; he revisited the country in
1840, and remained there till 1845. His writings
are: Description of British Guiana) (1840);
(Twelve Views of the Interior of Guiana)
(1841). His brother Richard (1811-91) accom-
panied him on his second voyage, and wrote
(Travels in Guiana and on the Orinoco) (1841).
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. An American
ethnologist and miscellaneous writer, noted as an
Indian authority; born in Albany County, N. Y. ,
March 28, 1793; died in Washington, D. C. ,
Dec. 10, 1864. Thirty years of his life he spent
among the Indians, and through him many
laws were enacted for their protection. Among
his numerous publications are: (Travels in the
Central Portions of the Mississippi Valley)
(1825); "Indian Melodies, a poem (1830); “The
Man of Bronze) (1834); (Algic Researches,' a
book of Indian allegories and legends (1839);
and (The Indian and his Wigwam (1848).
Schopenhauer, Arthur (sho'pen-hou''er). A
celebrated German philosopher; born at Dant-
zic, Feb. 22, 1788; died at Frankfort on the
Main, September 1860. The first great work in
his system of philosophical doctrine, (The
World as Will and Representation (1819; 8th
ed. 1891), was in great part written while he
was still a student at Jena. His other princi-
pal writings are : (The Fourfold Root of the
Principle of the Sufficient Cause) (1813; 5th
ed. 1891); (On Vision and Colors) (1816; 3d
ed. 1870); (The Two Fundamental Problems of
Ethic) (1841 ; 4th ed. 1894); (Parerga and Para-
lipomena) (1851 ; 7th ed. 1891), a collection of
his minor writings; and (posthumously) his
(MS. Remains) and his (Correspondence with
Johann August Becker) (1883). *
Schouler, James (sköʻler). An American
historian; born at Arlington, Mass. , March 20,
1839. He graduated at Harvard; practiced
law, and served in the army during the Civil
War. He is author of legal text-books on
Domestic Relations); Personal Property);
( Bailments); Wills); (Executors and Admin-
istrators. His best-known works are (His-
tory of the United States under the Constitution)
(5 vols. , 1880-91), and Constitutional Studies)
(1896).
Schreiner, olive (shri'ner). A South-African
novelist; born in Cape To 1863. She is
the daughter of a Lutheran minister, and was
married in 1890 to Mr. Cronwright, an Eng-
lishman of the colony. She published her first
and most noted book, (The Story of an African
Farm,' under the pseudonym «Ralph Iron,"
at the age of twenty; Dreams) (1890); Dream
Life and Real Life) (1893); and (Trooper Peter
Halket) (1897). *
Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel
(sho'bart). A German poet; born at Ober-
sontheim, March 24, 1739; died at Stuttgart,
Oct. 10, 1791. Among his lyrics are: (Witch-
eries) ( 1766 ); Death Songs) ( 1767 ); (The
Grave of the Princes); “Ode on Frederick the
Great.
Schubert, Gotthilf Heinrich von (shö'bert).
A German philosopher; born at Hohenstein,
Saxony, April 26, 1780; died at Munich, July
I, 1860. Among his works are: Inklings of
a General History of Life) (1806); Views of
the Night Side of Natural Science) (1808);
(Symbolism of Dreams) (1814); "The Primor-
dial World and the Fixed Stars) (1822); (His-
tory of the Soul) (1830); (Old and New con-
cerning the Inner Life of the Soul (5 vols. ,
1817-44); Ailings and Perturbations of the
Human Soul) (1845).
Schücking, Christoph Bernhard Levin
(shük'ing). A German novelist; born at Clem-
enswerth, Sept. 6, 1814; died at Pyrmont, Aug.
31, 1883. Among his numerous works are: (A
Castle by the Sea) (1843); a volume of (Po-
ems) (1846); (A Son of the People) (1849);
(The Peasants' Prince? (1851); Luther at
Rome) (1870); (Saints and Knights) (1873);
(Life Recollections) (1886).
Schücking, Luise. A German novelist and
dramatist, wife of Levin; born (Von Gall )
1815; died 1855. She wrote the comedy (A
Bad Conscience) (1842); (Stories for Ladies)
(1845); Against the Current) (1851); ( The New
Crusader Knight! (1853).
Schulz, Eduard. See Ferrand.
Schulz, Johann Abraham Peter (shölts).
A German musical composer and song-writer;
born at Lüneburg, March 30, 1747 ; died at
Schwedt, June 10, 1800. Among the most pop-
ular of his songs are: (On the Rhine, On the
Rhine); Lo, the Heavens, How Clear); "Last
Hour of the Year. His oratorios and choruses,
his songs from Racine's Athalie,' and his operas
(Minona) and Aline, rank among the best
productions of his time.
Schulze, Ernst (shöits'é). A German poet ;
born at Celle, March 22, 1789; died there, June
29, 1817. He wrote an epic romance, Cecilia)
(1818); “The Magic Rose) (1818), a romantic
narrative poem, his best work; “Miscellaneous
Poems) (1820).
Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann (shölts'ė.
dāl'ich). A German social economist; born
(


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486
SCHUMANN-SCOTT
at
at Delitzsch, Aug. 29, 1808; died at Potsdam,
April 29, 1883. He wrote: (Chapters of a
German Workingman's Catechism (1863), an
anti-socialist tract; (The Laboring Classes
and Associationism in Germany) (2d ed. 1863);
(Money-Advance and Credit Associations as
People's Banks) (5th ed. 1876).
Schumann, Robert (shö' män). A noted
German songwright, composer, and musical
critic; born at Zwickau, Saxony, July 8, 1810;
died at Endenich near Bonn, July 29, 1856. He
was educated at Heidelberg; in 1843 became
professor of composition in the conservatory
of Leipsic; and in 1850 musical director at
Düsseldorf. While engaged in that place he
became insane. His works include almost
every art form except oratorio. He wrote four
symphonies, several cantatas, an opera, a mass,
sonatas, concertos, quartets for strings and also
for voices, pieces for the piano, the organ, and
a number of songs. His Collected Writings
on Music and Musicians) appeared in 1854.
Schurman, Jacob Gould. President of Cor-
nell University ; born in Freetown, Prince Ed-
ward's Island, May 22, 1854. He won the Gil-
chist Dominion scholarship, 1875; graduated
at London University, 1877; was professor of
philosophy in Acadia College, 1880-82; in
Dalhousie College, Halifax, 1882-86. He be-
came professor of philosophy at Cornell Uni-
versity, and has been president since 1892. He
has published: (Kantian Ethics) (1881), (The
Ethical Import of Darwinism' (1887), and
(Agnosticism and Religion'; and contributed
to many reviews, essays on important subjects.
Schurz, Carl (shorts). A German-American
journalist and statesman of eminence; born
near Cologne, Prussia, March 2, 1829. His
most famous speeches are : (The Irrepressible
Conflict) (1858); (The Doom of Slavery) (1860);
" (The Abolition of Slavery as a War Measure)
(1862); and (Eulogy on Charles Sumner) (1874).
He has published a volume of speeches (1865);
a "Life of Henry Clay) (1887); and an essay,
(Abraham Lincoln. *
Schuyler, Eugene. An American writer of
note; born in Ithaca, N. Y. , Feb. 26, 1840; died
in Cairo, Egypt, July 18, 1890. He was United
States secretary of legation at St. Petersburg
(1870–76); secretary of legation and consul-
general at Constantinople (1876-78); and min-
ister to Greece (1882-84). His works include:
(Turkestan: Notes of a Journey in Russian
Turkestan, Khokand, Bokhara, and Kuldja)
(1876); Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia)
(2 vols. , 1884); and American Diplomacy and
the Furtherance of Commerce (1886).
Schwab, Gustav (shväb). A German poet
and philosophical writer ; born in Stuttgart, June
19, 1792; died Nov. 4, 1850. His poems exhibit
purity and feeling. Many of his ballads be-
came very popular. His Poems) appeared in
2 vols. , 1828-29; a second revised edition, New
Collection, in 1838. The best of his prose
works is the Life of Schiller) (1840).
Schwartz, Marie Sophie (shvärtz). A Swed-
ish novelist; born at Borås, July 4, 1819; died
at Stockholm, May 7, 1894. Her stories deal
for the most part with the problems of labor;
among them are: Labor Ennobles) (1859);
(The Nobleman's Daughter (1860); Birth and
Breeding' (1861); 'Changing Fortunes) (1871);
A Child of the Time) (1873).
Schwatka, Frederick (shwät kä). An Amer-
ican geographical explorer; born at Galena,
II. , Sept. 29, 1849; died at Portland, Or. , Nov.
2, 1892. He graduated from West Point in
1871; commanded an expedition in search of
relics of Sir John Franklin's party, 1878–80 ;
made two tours of exploration in Alaska (1883
and 1886). Among his writings are : Along
Alaska's Great River) (1885); Nimrod in the
North) (1885); (The Children of the Cold)
(1886).
Schwegler, Albert (shveg'ler). A German
philosopher and theologian; born at Michel-
bach, Würtemberg, Feb. 10, 1819; died
Tübingen, Jan. 5, 1857. His best-known work
is his History of Philosophy) (1848; IIth ed.
1882). It has been translated into most Euro-
pean languages; into English by J. H. Seelye
in America (1856), and by J. H. Stirling in Eng-
land (1867). His History of Greek Philoso-
phy) was published in 1859.
Schweinfurth, Georg August (shvin'fört).
A Russian explorer; born at Riga, Dec. 29,
1836. He studied at Heidelberg, Munich, and
Berlin. He investigated the fora and fauna
of the valley of the Nile (1864-66), and is the
author of Nile Vegetation (1862); (Contri-
bution to the Flora of Ethiopia) (1867); (Re-
liquiæ Kotschyaræ) (1868); (In the Heart of
Africa) (2 vols. , 1874).
Scollard, Clinton. An American poet; born
in Clinton, N. Y. , Sept. 18, 1861. In 1888 he
was made assistant professor of rhetoric at
Hamilton College, and later professor of Eng-
lish literature. Among his publications are :
(Pictures in Song) (1884); (With Reed and
Lyre) (1886); (Old and New World Lyrics)
(1888); (Giovio and Gilulia' (1891); (Songs of
Sunrise Lands) (1892); and an edition of Ford's
Broken Heart) (1895).
Scott, Alexander. A Scotch poet; born
about 1525; died about 1584; "the Anacreon
of old Scotch poetry. ” Of his writings thirty-
six short poems remain; the most important of
these are (A New Yeir Gift to Quene Mary)
and (The Justing at the Drum.
Scott, Andrew. A Scottish poet; born in
Bowden, Roxburghshire, 1757; died there, May
22, 1839. He served in the British army in
this country during the Revolution, and was
with Cornwallis at the surrender of Yorktown.
While he was encamped on Staten Island he
wrote his noted verses (Betsey Roscoe) and
(The Oak-Tree. After the war he returned
to his native land, and published Poems,
Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect) (1811), and
(Poems on Various Subjects) ( 1826).
.
(


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SCOTT-SCRIBE
487
ness
)
Scott, Clement William. An English dram-
atist and critic; born at London, 1841. He
wrote: (Lays of a Londoner) (1882); (Lays
and Legends) (1888); the dramas (The Cape
Mail, (Odette,' and “Sister Mary?
Scott, Duncan Campbell. A Canadian poet;
born at Ottawa, Ont. , 1862. He is author of
(The Magic House) (1893).
Scott, Frederick George. A Canadian verse-
writer; born 1861. He wrote: (The Soul's
Quest) (1888); (My Lattice, and Other Poems)
(1894).
Scott, Lydia, Lady. An English miscella-
neous writer. Besides stories, as (Flirtation,
Marriage in High Life,' and 'The Henpecked
Husband' (1848), she wrote: Exposition of
the Types and Antitypes of the Old and New
Testament) (1856); (Incentives to Bible Study)
(1860); “The Dream of a Life) (1862).
Scott, Michael. A Scottish philosopher of
the 13th century. Of his life little is known.
His nationality even is in doubt: the Italians
and the Spaniards claimed him as their coun-
tryman as well as the Scots. His great learn-
ing won for him the reputation of being a
magician. His acquaintance with Arabic en-
abled him to translate into Latin the works of
Avicenna and Averroes, and the Arabic ver-
sions of Aristotle with the commentaries of
Averroes. His own writings treat of astrology,
alchemy, and the occult sciences in general;
among them are treatises (On the Sun and
Moon, (On Palmistry, (On Physiognomy and
Human Procreation.
Scott, Patrick. A British poet, author of
(Oriental Musings, and Other Poems) (1840);
Love in the Moon, a poem (1852); (Thomas
à Becket, and Other Poems) (1853); (Foot-
paths between Two Worlds, and Other Poems
(1859).
Scott, Sir Walter. The celebrated Scotch
novelist and poet; born in Edinburgh, Aug.
15, 1771; died at Abbotsford, Sept. 21, 1832.
He wrote : Disputatio Juridica) (1792), a legal
thesis; (The Chase) (1796), comprising trans-
lations from the German; (Goetz of Berlich-
ingen' (1799), a translation from Goethe ;
Apology for Tales of Terror) (1799); “The
Eve of St. John: A Border Ballad) (1800);
(Ballads) (1801); Minstrelsy of the Scottish
Border) (1802-3); Lay of the Last Minstrel)
(1805); Ballads and Lyrical Pieces) (1806),
reprints of various poems; (Marmion) (1808);
"Life of Dryden) (no date); (The Lady of
the Lake) (1810); “Vision of Don Roderick)
(1811); (Rokeby) (1813); “The Bridal of Trier.
main) (1813); Abstract of Eyrbiggia Saga)
(1814); (Waverley) (1814); "Life of Swift)
(1814), prefixed to Works; (The Lord of the
Isles) (1815); (Guy Mannering) (1815); (The
Field of Waterloo (1815); Paul's Letters to
his Kinsfolk) (1815); “The Antiquary) (1816);
(Tales of my Landlord, Collected and Arranged
by Jedediah Cleishbotham : Black Dwarf,
Old Mortality) (1817, really 1816); (Harold the
Dauntless) (1817); (The Search after Happi-
(1817); (Rob Roy) (1818); (Tales of
my Landlord, 2d series : Heart of Midlothian)
( 1818 ); (Tales of my Landlord, 3d series :
The Bride of Lammermoor, A Legend of
Montrose) (1819); “Description of the Regalia
of Scotland) (1819); (Ivanhoe) (1820); (The
Monastery) (1820); (The Abbot) (1820); (Ken-
ilworth) (1821); Account of George III. 's
Coronation (1821); (The Pirate) (1822); "Hal-
idon Hill (1822); (The Fortunes of Nigel
(1822); (Peveril of the Peak) (1822); "Quentin
Durward) (1823); (St. Ronan's Well (1824);
(Redgauntlet) (1824); (Tales of the Crusa-
ders: The Betrothed, The Talisman (1825);
“Thoughts on the Proposed Change of Cur-
rency) (1826); (Woodstock) (1826); Life of
Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French,
with a Preliminary View of the French Rev-
olution) (1827); (Chronicles of the Canon-
gate : The Two Drovers, The Highland Widow,
The Surgeon's Daughter' (1827); (Tales of
a Grandfather) (1st series, 1828; 2d series,
1829; 3d series, Scotland, 1830; 4th series,
France, 1830); Chronicles of the Canongate,
2d series: St. Valentine's Day; or, The Fair
Maid of Perth) (1828); My Aunt Margaret's
Mirror, (The Tapestried Chamber,' and (The
Laird's Jock,' in the Keepsake (1828); (Reli-
gious Discourses, by a Layman) (1828); (Anne
of Geierstein) (1829); History of Scotland”
(1830); Demonology and Witchcraft) (1830);
(House of Aspen,' in the Keepsake (1830);
Doom of Devorgoil : Auchindrane, or the Ayr-
shire Tragedy) (1830); Essays on Ballad
Poetry) (1830); (Tales of my Landlord, 4th
series : Count Robert of Paris, Castle Danger-
ous) (1832); and many articles for the Edin-
burgh and Quarterly reviews, historical essays,
etc. *
Scott, William Bell. A Scottish poet; born
near Edinburgh, Sept. 12, 1811; died Nov. 22,
1890. He was a distinguished painter and ar-
chæologist. He published: Hades, and Other
Poems) (1839); (The Year of the World: A
Philosophical Poem (1846); a Memoir of his
brother David (1850); antiquarian (Gleanings
in the North of England (1849-51); (Chorea
Sancti Viti? (1851); Poems) (1854); another
volume of Poems) (1875).
Scotus Erigena, Joannes (skö'tus e-rij'en-ä).
A renowned mediæval philosopher of the 9th
century. He was an Irishman, as indicated by
the surnames Scotus (which in that age meant
Irish) and Erigena (of Irish extraction). His
life seems
to have been passed mostly in
France. He was a Platonist rather than an
Aristotelian, His greatest work is (Of the
Division of Nature, in which he holds for
the identity of philosophy and religion, and
repels the claim of authority in matters of re-
ligious belief.
Scribe, Augustin Eugène (skrēb). A French
dramatist; born in Paris, Dec. 24, 1791 ; died Feb.
20, 1861. For nearly forty years he was the
most conspicuous playwright living. His works
:


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488
SCUDDER-SEELY
are seldom placed upon the stage now. His
collected ((Euvres) (70 vols.