of the May Kalends, nupiii Jlinni od tocliA, but it seems to us, that
bennchAijx
ioUows rommAe, on the next line.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v4
3 This is to be found, in the Historic Dissertation* concerning the
Article vh. —» See " Acta Sanctorum,"
tomus ii. , Aprilis xx. Among the preter- mitteii saints, p. 841.
people of both races with a knowleiige of the Christian Religion and with excellent mo- rals. See "Historise Scotorum," lib. ix. ,p. clxvi.
' In " Generalis Sanctorum. " Catalogus
' These are said to have been : Sermones
ad Fratres, lib. i. , Sanctae Vilae Reyula, lib.
i. , Episiolaead Columbam magistrum, lib. i. , Meditaiiones, lib. i.
'For this statement, Joannes Leslaetis, Hist. Scot. , lib. iv. . p. clii. , is quoted.
'
They promised more regarding him, if
authentic could be at the particulars found,
9tb of June, when treating about St. Co- lumba.
' Thus do we read, in the "Menologium
"
S. Columba: discipuli. "—Bisliop Forbes' "Kalendars of Scottish Saints," p. 197.
'Domitius is enumerated, among the twelve companions of . St. Columba, who left Ireland, when the holy man was about to found lona
Scotorum :" xxi.
In Scotia Domitii Abbatis
these arc said to have visited various territories of the Scots and Picts, where by their labours, exhortations, teachings and writings, they imbued the
See Rev. William Reeves' "Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Down, Connor
;
and,
i.
' See Thomas Dempster's "HistoriaEc- clesiastica Gentis Scotorum," tomus i. , lib. iv. , num. 367, — 202, 203.
and Dromore," Appendix LL. , p. 377.
' See " Monasticon Hibernicum," p. 766.
Article
pp. '
272 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 22.
country of St. Runiold. s as postfixed to his Acts. In the Tallagh Martyrology, the festival " Rufini Glinn da loclia" is entered, at the x. of the Kalends of
May, corresponding with the 22nd of April. ^ In tiiis instance, tlierefore, nothing is to be found, which warrants an assumption, that he was bishop. Nor, do we find any reference to him, in the Annals of the Four Masters. He seems to iiave liad a rehgious connexion, both with Bangor and with
Glendalough ; and, probably, he exercised the monastic profession, in both places. WeareincUnedtobelieve,however,thatRufinpossiblyreceivedhis
education, only at Bangor; for, his name does not appear in the list of its abbots, or bishops, which has come down to our times. It may be, that this
holy man, attracted by the reputation of the great St. Kevin,' left Bangor, to place himself under direction of such a master of the spiritual life, and, in his
quiet retreat, at Glendalough ; for, both appear to have lived as contempora- ries,' some time after that monastic establishment had been built by the
founder. Here, at the entrance to a gorge, within over-topping mountains, andbelowthedeepUpperLake,themonasterywassituated; and,afterwards a city grew up,' the chief traces of which are now to be found, in what the inhabitants are accustomed to " The Seven
Churches," although, indeed, the ruins of no less than ten are to be distinguished. " Our most pre-
9, p. 158.
s His Life will be found, on the 1st of
"Calendar of
' See his Life, at the 3rd of June.
" According to Mr. Hills.
" See " The Ecclesiastical Architecture
and Round Towers of Ireland," ii. , part
sect, i. , subsect. i. , iv. , vii. Annexed are elegant and accurate woodcuts, repre- senting the doorway of Our Lady's
July.
' See Rev. Dr.
Kelly's Irish Saints," &c. , p. xxii.
designate
sumptions and ignorant of ])rofessing antiquaries, the Rev. Edward Ledwich, has assumed to treat about the details and technicalities of the architectural figures and remains. This writer could only find seven churches, in Glenda- lough, although he counted, one of these, the ivy church, twice under different names. " But, very different has been the careful treatment of his subject,
3 In " Sancti Rumoldi Martyris inclyti, Arcliiepiscopi Dubliniensis, Mechliniensium Apostoli, &c. , Acta," &c. , per R. P. F. Hugonem Vardeum. Tins posthumous work
was ediied, by Fatlier Thomas O'Sheerin,
and published, at Louvaiii, in 1662, 4to. 1864.
* See sect. num. 9,
land," v. , 548. p.
' Among the Poems of William Cullen
Bryant, these lines following, taken from Church, and cross carved on the soffit "A Forest Hymn," pp. 89, 90, seem to ac- of its lintel ; doorway of the Reefert
cord with their state of life — Church window in :;
"There have been holy men, who hid themselves
Deep in the woody wilderness, and gave
Their lives to thought and prayer, till dral
they outlived
The generation born wilh them, nor seemed
Lessagedthanthehoarytreesandrocks Aroundthem. "
;
face of its architraves and cornice ; plan of
themouldingsofits pilasters or mouldings atitsangles; existingremainsofitsmould-
Lamp,"
ments in tympanum of doorway inthepriest's ;
cathedml church ; sculptures on the frieze of the interior face of the east window; mould-
onarchivolt,andsectionofthe
ing pilasters
of the same window; dooiway in the west wall of the cathedral church ; pilasters in the chancel arch of the monastery church, at
heading "Vox Hibernica," and under it as No. XX—. , is a versified description of—Glenda- lough theCityofthe—TwoLakes byA. ua B. , and beginning :
"Fair city of the Lakes! the day is long gone past,
When choral voices lent rich echoes to the blast,"
^ See the Article of Mr. Hills, in the "Gentleman's Magazine," part i. , A. D,
"
Notes on the Architecture of Ire-
the east wall of Trinity Church ; window in the south wall of the chancel of Trinity Church ; view of the interior of Trinity Church ; specimen of the inner masonry of west end of the cathe-
view of the arched recess on the east front of the priest's house ; sculptures on the two faces of its capitals ornaments on the
;
vol. viii. , No. 28 of ings, wilh one their bases ; sculptured orna-
9 In "The
July 14th, 1855, pp. 460, 461, there is a house interior of the east window of the
April 22. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 273
by a more modern antiquary ; and, no student can forget, to read the valu- able observations of the learned George Petrie, LL. D. ," referring to the antiquities of Glenda-
lough. Thesearestill
within ready access, to the tourist and visi- tor, who may desire
to linger even for days
and nights, in the
midst of most roman- ;
Moonlight View m Glendalough, County of Wicklow. likely,StRufinhadbeeninterredatGlendalough. AccordingtoWard'9and
Glendalough ; devices on the capitals of its
south side ; capilalf> of its outer pier ; orna-
ments on the bases of its coUimns—four dis-
'3 The annexed
engraving, by Mrs. Millard,
tinct illustrations ; specimen of the bases of
the piers on its north side ; ornaments on the
base —on stones which formed its ; sculptures
six
arch-mouldings illustrations ; sculpture
on one of the stones which formed the arch-
— stones which formed moulding; sculptureson
the arch-moulding seven illustrations; sculptureon one ofthestoneswhich formed the
arch-moulding;ground-planofoneofthepiers in the same chancel arch ; other sculptured stones found near the monastery church— three illustrations ; ground-plan of one side of the church arch-way ; sepulchral cross at the Reefert church ; doorway of the Tower at Glendalough; view of St. Kevin's bouse ;
from a photograph by Frederick W. Mares,
'
,
tic scenery. '3 St. Kevin is said to have
[died,intheyear6i7,or jeiS;'* while St. Rufus
,is made to precede '5 5 St. Colman, Abbot of
|Glendalough, who de- ; parted on the 2nd
:of December, 659. '*
jTherefore, we may ^suppose him to have 5 lived, about the mid-
* die of the seventh cen-
^tury.
fregarding St. Rufin, \ and the position he is jmade to occupy, we ^should be inclined to
iSinfer, that he must
,
have immediately suc- ceededSt. Kevin. Our
presents a moonlight view of Glendalough.
'* See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
FourMasters,"vol. i. ,
'5 At least, such is the order found in
who follows the
Archdall, arrangement,
set down, by Ward.
*See ibid. , pp. 270, 271.
as
'' In Butler's
"
Lives of the Fathers,
From notices
-
holy bishop's name,
Rufin, sometimes ren-
dered Rufus,'7 usually occurs after that of
It is
doorway of St. Kevin's house ; gateway of the Cashel ; ground-plan of this gateway.
Molibba; but, the date for his death has not
transpired. '*
pp. 240, 24l,andn. (h).
Martyrs and other principal Saints," vol. iv. , April xxii. , and in the "Circle of the Seasons," St. Rufus or Rufuo, Anchoret at Glendalough, near Dublin, is entered at the
22nd of April.
'• "
See Joseph Nolan's History and S
274 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 22.
Archdall," St. Rufin's commemoration was observed, on the 22nd of April.
His name appears, in theMariyrologyofTallagh," at the same date, and it isen- tered,as Rufin Glinn da loclia, while to this should probably beadded, Bennchair.
of '= that veneration was Donegal, paid,
It is in the registered,
Martyrology
on this day, to RuifRne, Bishop of Gleann-da-loch, and of Bennchar. The
name of this saint has received the Latin form, Ruffinus. 'J At the x. of the
May Kalends—corresponding with April 22nd—the Irish Calendar,'^ which is in the Royal Irish Academy,'5 has an entry of this saint, in connexion with
GlendaloughandBangor. UndertheheadofGlenn-da-locha,DualdMac Firbis enters, Ruifin, Bishop of Glenn-da-locha, and of Bangor, at April 22nd. '* Furtherparticularswecannotmakeout,regardingthepresentearly saint, who found a daily need for Christ to obtain righteousness, strength and sanctification, sitting on a throne of grace himself, yet becoming the great introducer of disciples to His own Heavenly Father, the Christian's God. ^'
Article II. —St. Toma, or Tomae. As observed, in the Article imme- diately preceding, it seems to us, that Tommae, set down in the Martyrology of Tallagh,' at this date, and having Bennchair succeeding the name, should be the correct reading. A festival, in honour of Toma, is entered, on this day,intheMartyrologyofDonegal. ^ Undersuchform,thenameofthis saint is not there connected with any place, nor do we find his period.
Article III. —St. Neachtain, Mac Ua Baird. Although venial sin does not turn us from God, yet does it lessen our love for Him. It loves some created things, not in God, nor for God. ' Because it is sin, and because God is holy, no matter how light it may be, it opposes God, and therefore it becomes hostile to Him. Such frailty the servants of God seek even to avoid. The name of Nechtan mac h Baird is mentioned, in the Martyrology of Tal- lagh,= at the 22nd of April, and without any further designation. There is a St. Nectan, mentioned by Colgan,3 and whose feast he ascribes, to the 8th of January, or to the 22nd of April ; so that this notice throws little additional light on his individuality. This day, we read, also, as set down, in the Martyrology of Donegal,'* that Neachtain mac Ua Baird, was venerated.
Antiquities of Glendalough," chap, iii. ,
''See this reflection, more fully wrought out in "The Star of Bethlehem. "
Article n. — ' Edited Rev. Dr. by
Kelly, p. xxii. There we find Tommae
Bennchair, and this, too, corresponds with the Franciscan version, Commie t)enn-
ch^ip.
' Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp.
lies," on Venial Sin, sect, i. , p. 276.
p.
20.
'9
See his Acts of
Saint at Rumold,
p. 158.
'• See "Monasticon Hibemicum," p.
766.
= Edited by Rev. Dr. Kelly, p. xxii. In
the Franciscan copy we find, at x.
of the May Kalends, nupiii Jlinni od tocliA, but it seems to us, that bennchAijx ioUows rommAe, on the next line.
'* Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, log.
'3 See ibid. , pp. 462, 463.
'• It notices, nupn e«fpc5linne'0A U>4 Agu)' beAticViop.
"s See, also, the Ordnance Survey Copy, Common Place Book F. , p. 40, there pre- served,
lo8, 109. — Article hi.
'' See "
Academy," Irish MSS. series, vol. i. , part i. , pp. 112, 113.
the Franciscan copy, it seems to us, the
reading is, nechcAn niAC h in biii>'o.
3 See " Trias Thaumaturga," where a saint bearing this name is li>ted, among the disci- pies of St. Patrick. Quinta Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xxiii. , p. 268.
• Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, 109.
Proceedings
of the Royal Irish
See "Ecclesiastical Meditations suitable for Priests on the Mission and Students in Diocesan Semina-
°
Edited by Rev. Dr. Kelly, p. xxii. In
'
April 22. ] LIVES OB THE IRISH SAINTS. 275
Article IV. —St. Culen, or Cuilleann, Bishop of Leamhchoill,
SAID to be the present Lowhill, Queen's County. This saint is
mentioned, at the 22nd of April, in the Martyrology of Tallagh,' as Esp. Culen il Lemchaill. This place has been identified with Lowhill, Queen's
County, by William M. Hennessy,' or with Loughill, near Ballynakill, in the ancient territory of Idough, by Rev. John F. Shearman. The place is thought to bear this name, which signifies Ehn Wood, owing to the growth of such timber in the place. Leamhchoill, or Loughill, is an ancient parochial de- nomination, and mentioned as a dependent parish, in the rural deanery of "UiDuach,"i. c. Odagh,3inthedioceseofOssory. Underformerarrange- ments of the late Protestant Established Church, Loughill was in the parish of Abbeyleix; but,withtheCatholics,italwaysbelongedtothedioceseofOssory. * There was a festival, in honour of Cuilleann, Bishop of Leamhchoill, cele- brated, on this day, as we find recorded, in the Martyrology of Donegal,' 22ndApril. UndertheheadofLeamh-choill,DualdMacFirbisenters,like- wise, Cuillenn, Bishop of Leamh-choill, at April 22nd. *
Article V. —Saints Saighnel, and Luckan of Anmhagh. The
names of Saignen and of Lachain of Armaig are entered, in the Martyrology of
Tallagh,' as having veneration paid to them, at the 22nd of April. The place or time of these holy persons, we are not able to ascertain. The Martyrology
of Donegal,^ on this day, registers a festival, in honour of Saighnel,^ and of Luchan, of Anmhagh.
ArticleVI. —St. AbelmacAedha,orAdam. Atthisdate,afestival
is set down, in the Martyrology of Tallagh,' in honour of Abel, mac Aedha, orrather,Adam. IntheFranciscancopy,weonlyfindtheentry,Abel,mac Aeda. '
Article VII. —Feast of St. Philip, the Apostle. In the Feilire of St. . (Engus,' at the 22nd of April, the commemoration of the Apostle, St. Philipisannounced. IntheMartyrologyofTallagh,'asimilarcommemora-
Article IV. —' Edited
by
Rev. ". Dr.
was a mistake, made the who by compiler,
intended to write the 22nd of April. See ibid. , pp. 436, 437.
' See, also, Appendix to the Introduc-
Kelly, p. xxii. In the Franciscan copy, we
find, e<ipT Cuilen iL temcAiLl.
'"
See Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy," Irish MSS. series, vol. i. , part i. , nn. 25, 29, p. 117.
tion, p. xlvii. — Article vi.
Edited
by
Rev. Dr.
3
served in the " Red Book of Ossory," and made, before the year, 1312.
For the foregoing information, the writer feels indebted to John Hogan, Esq. ,
T. C. , Kilkenny, in a letter, dated The Ormonde House, May ist, 1874.
5 Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, 109.
'See "Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish MSS. series, vol. i. , part i. , pp. 116, 117.
It is called LawhuU, in a taxation, pre-
Kelly, p. xxi.
' In the Irish characters. Abet mAC
•Aet>d. — " "
Article vil. In the Leahbar Breac
copy, we tind the following entry ; its Eng-
lish translation, by the editor—
IJr. Whitley
Stokes, is likewise appended
HOtnAltl pilip AfpAl/ AfAi-obLiu cech c)\echAn tJtAriAinni i]\utn AchA^x 5in lochAHflA techAn.
'May apostle Philip protect us, who is vaster then every sea, a vehement name in the Father's mystery, wide month of a lamp. "
' The Franci-can copy has ptlippi <Xpli, atthe32ndofApril.
Article v. —' Edited
by
Rev. Dr.
Kelly, p. xxii. In the Franciscan copy, we
read, Soignen A5Uf tAchdin -ApmAige.
'
Edited by Urs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, 109. In the table appended to this work, Lucan of Anmhagh's festival is set down for the22iidofSeptember. But,doubtless,this
:
2 76 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
tionisfound. ThefestivalofthisgreatApostleismoregenerallyassigned, however, to the ist of May, when with the other Apostle St. James, the Less, the Church celebrates a feast, in their honour.
Article VIII. —St. Ceallachan. The name of Ceallachan occurs, in the Martyrology of Donegal,' on this day ; but, without any further addi- tion, so that, we cannot very conveniently prosecute the search for his family, place, or period.
Ciuentp4I)iiti IBap of ^[pnU
ARTICLE I. —THE BLESSED BRYAN BOROIMHA, KING OF MUNSTER, MONARCH OF IRELAND, AND MARTYR.
iTENJH AND ELEVENTH CENTURIES. ]
CHAPTER I,
INTRODUCTION—SOURCES FOR BIOGRAPHY—FAMILY DESCENT OF BRIAN, SURNAMED BOROIMHA—IRISH GENEALOGIES AND PEDIGREES, ESPECIALLY OF MUNSTER— BRYAN'S BIRTH AND EARLY EDUCATION—DISTINGUISHED FOR HIS MILITARY AND INTELLECTUAL QUALIFICATIONS—HIS FIRST EXPLOITS IN WARFARE.
name and character of Bryan, surnamed Boroimha, have become
THE admirable and illustrious, because of his
truly patriotic
and statesman- like conduct, as shown in the Annals of Ireland, and in very considerable detail. Theservicesrenderedtohiscountry,however,werenotgainedsolely,
in the restricted sphere of provincial warfare, and in civil feuds, although it was his misfortune, sometimes, to take part in the latter. While he had been deemed in life one of the greatest heroes his country has ever produced, he may be regarded, likewise, as one of its wisest rulers. Religious in character and disposition, his example was most edifying, in all his family and social arrangements. He rose from the sovereignty of Munster, to that of the whole island. He retained his high position, for twelve whole years, with credit to himself, and with great advantage to his subjects. The series of events, which
characterized his public career, and mostly taken from the Irish Annals, will be found capable of examination, on trustworthy authorities ; however, the dates sometimes vary, owing to different calculations made by our annalists, without derogating from authenticity, or materially altering the general order of facts narrated. No doubt, in many particulars, we find opposing and con- flicting statements ; but, it was only natural to expect, that tradition must have furnished its quota of mistakes and exaggerations, in describing the career of so popular and renowned a monarch as Bryan, and at a period so remote, as the tenth and eleventh centuries. Bardic inventions and rhapsodies have servedonlytoobscureandtoconfusethebetterknownhistoricnarratives; but.
Article viii. —' Edited by Drs. Todd Chapter i ' He is said to have been a and Reeves, pp. 108, 109. native of Soutli Connauglit, and, in his early
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 277
so much premised, we shall endeavour to give a consecutive account of this
great Irish ruler's actions, and of his place in history, with the authorities for our
statements, except where some criticisms may be judged necessary, to render most probable or more intelligible the general review of his remarkable career.
It has been thought, that soon after the illustrious monarch's death, his
chiefpoet,MacLiag,'hadcomposedinIrishaLifeofBrianBor—omha. A
^
copy of it is said even to be extant—at least a small fragment but this
seems rather doubtful. An extract from this supposed work was given, by General Valiancy, in the first edition of his Irish Grammar ;3 still no perfect
copy of Mac Liag's biography is known to remain. However, the copy of a very old and valuable Tract, relating to the wars of the Danes with the Gaedhils, and written soon after the battle of Clontarf,^ is extant,^ and it has been pub- lished of late. * This gives many historical particulars, about the illustrious monarch Bryan. ' There is an abstract' of the Battle of Clontarf, taken appa-
from this Tract. 9 The Book of Munster '°
ticulars, about this celebrated King; especially in reference to his accession, on the throne of that province, and down to the battle of Clontarf. " The Annals of Tighernach, of Ulster, of Boyle, and of the Four Masters, contain entries regarding his exploits, at the various dates of their respective computa- tions. As a matter of course, all our Irish historians refer to the events of his reign; for, of him it maywellbe observed, that not only duringlife, but to the end of time, he made history, and that too a glorious record. Among these authori- ties maybe mentioned, Rev. Dr. JeofTrey Keating," I'Abbd Ma-Geoghegan,'3
rently
career, as abard, he was attached to the court
of Tadhg O'Kelly, hereditary prince of Ui Maine, an extensive territory",or south-eastern
Connaught, bordering on the RiverShannon.
gives
par-
See Eugene O'Curry's tomsoftheAncientIrish,"editedbyDr. W.
recog-
K. Sullivan, vol. ii. , Lect. vi. , p. 11$.
» This single small leaf, in the handwri- ting of Duald Mac Firbiss, was found by Eugene O'Curry, and laid in between two folios of the Leabhar Buidhe Lecain (H. 2. l6, T. C. IJ. ) It seems to have been written, before the year 1650, and to have been the last leaf of some semi-religious life of the great warrior. It is something more in the nature of a sermon on his life and death, than a historical biography ; yet, this is an inference pronounced dubious, by Eugene O'Curry, who thinks the fragment was not written by Mac Liag, although it is an old
nisedthen,asaweil-knownandveritable
narrative, worthy of finding place in that
collection.
'
It consists of only 14 pages, and these were written in 1 7 10, by John Mac Solly, acelebratedIrishscribe, anativeofStack- alien, near Slane, in the county of Meath. It is now in the Royal Irish Academy's Library, and in the original collection, it bears the class-mark, 13. 5.
» Edward O'Reilly describes the Manu- script, in which it is contained, as A Book of Chronology and Annals on the wars and bat- tles of Ireland, while he ascribes its composi- tion to Mac Liag ; but, Eugene O'Curry, who examined it, believes there is sufficient internal evidence to show, that it was written long after Mac Liag's death. See "Lec- tures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient
piece of composition. See <? iV/. , p. 117. "
3 See Edward O'Reilly's
Chronological Account of nearly Four Hundred Irish wri-
ters," p. Ixxi.
< A much soiled and ancient copy
—
but Irish
History," Lect. vi. , p. 116.
— found
imperfect was by Eugene O'Curry,
about 1840, who cleaned and copied it. Afterwards, a perfect copy in the handwri- ting of Michael O'Clery was found, among the Irish MSS. , in the Burgundian Library. This was borrowed in 1852, when Mr. O'Curry made a fair transcript of it, for Trinity College Library.
Article vh. —» See " Acta Sanctorum,"
tomus ii. , Aprilis xx. Among the preter- mitteii saints, p. 841.
people of both races with a knowleiige of the Christian Religion and with excellent mo- rals. See "Historise Scotorum," lib. ix. ,p. clxvi.
' In " Generalis Sanctorum. " Catalogus
' These are said to have been : Sermones
ad Fratres, lib. i. , Sanctae Vilae Reyula, lib.
i. , Episiolaead Columbam magistrum, lib. i. , Meditaiiones, lib. i.
'For this statement, Joannes Leslaetis, Hist. Scot. , lib. iv. . p. clii. , is quoted.
'
They promised more regarding him, if
authentic could be at the particulars found,
9tb of June, when treating about St. Co- lumba.
' Thus do we read, in the "Menologium
"
S. Columba: discipuli. "—Bisliop Forbes' "Kalendars of Scottish Saints," p. 197.
'Domitius is enumerated, among the twelve companions of . St. Columba, who left Ireland, when the holy man was about to found lona
Scotorum :" xxi.
In Scotia Domitii Abbatis
these arc said to have visited various territories of the Scots and Picts, where by their labours, exhortations, teachings and writings, they imbued the
See Rev. William Reeves' "Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Down, Connor
;
and,
i.
' See Thomas Dempster's "HistoriaEc- clesiastica Gentis Scotorum," tomus i. , lib. iv. , num. 367, — 202, 203.
and Dromore," Appendix LL. , p. 377.
' See " Monasticon Hibernicum," p. 766.
Article
pp. '
272 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 22.
country of St. Runiold. s as postfixed to his Acts. In the Tallagh Martyrology, the festival " Rufini Glinn da loclia" is entered, at the x. of the Kalends of
May, corresponding with the 22nd of April. ^ In tiiis instance, tlierefore, nothing is to be found, which warrants an assumption, that he was bishop. Nor, do we find any reference to him, in the Annals of the Four Masters. He seems to iiave liad a rehgious connexion, both with Bangor and with
Glendalough ; and, probably, he exercised the monastic profession, in both places. WeareincUnedtobelieve,however,thatRufinpossiblyreceivedhis
education, only at Bangor; for, his name does not appear in the list of its abbots, or bishops, which has come down to our times. It may be, that this
holy man, attracted by the reputation of the great St. Kevin,' left Bangor, to place himself under direction of such a master of the spiritual life, and, in his
quiet retreat, at Glendalough ; for, both appear to have lived as contempora- ries,' some time after that monastic establishment had been built by the
founder. Here, at the entrance to a gorge, within over-topping mountains, andbelowthedeepUpperLake,themonasterywassituated; and,afterwards a city grew up,' the chief traces of which are now to be found, in what the inhabitants are accustomed to " The Seven
Churches," although, indeed, the ruins of no less than ten are to be distinguished. " Our most pre-
9, p. 158.
s His Life will be found, on the 1st of
"Calendar of
' See his Life, at the 3rd of June.
" According to Mr. Hills.
" See " The Ecclesiastical Architecture
and Round Towers of Ireland," ii. , part
sect, i. , subsect. i. , iv. , vii. Annexed are elegant and accurate woodcuts, repre- senting the doorway of Our Lady's
July.
' See Rev. Dr.
Kelly's Irish Saints," &c. , p. xxii.
designate
sumptions and ignorant of ])rofessing antiquaries, the Rev. Edward Ledwich, has assumed to treat about the details and technicalities of the architectural figures and remains. This writer could only find seven churches, in Glenda- lough, although he counted, one of these, the ivy church, twice under different names. " But, very different has been the careful treatment of his subject,
3 In " Sancti Rumoldi Martyris inclyti, Arcliiepiscopi Dubliniensis, Mechliniensium Apostoli, &c. , Acta," &c. , per R. P. F. Hugonem Vardeum. Tins posthumous work
was ediied, by Fatlier Thomas O'Sheerin,
and published, at Louvaiii, in 1662, 4to. 1864.
* See sect. num. 9,
land," v. , 548. p.
' Among the Poems of William Cullen
Bryant, these lines following, taken from Church, and cross carved on the soffit "A Forest Hymn," pp. 89, 90, seem to ac- of its lintel ; doorway of the Reefert
cord with their state of life — Church window in :;
"There have been holy men, who hid themselves
Deep in the woody wilderness, and gave
Their lives to thought and prayer, till dral
they outlived
The generation born wilh them, nor seemed
Lessagedthanthehoarytreesandrocks Aroundthem. "
;
face of its architraves and cornice ; plan of
themouldingsofits pilasters or mouldings atitsangles; existingremainsofitsmould-
Lamp,"
ments in tympanum of doorway inthepriest's ;
cathedml church ; sculptures on the frieze of the interior face of the east window; mould-
onarchivolt,andsectionofthe
ing pilasters
of the same window; dooiway in the west wall of the cathedral church ; pilasters in the chancel arch of the monastery church, at
heading "Vox Hibernica," and under it as No. XX—. , is a versified description of—Glenda- lough theCityofthe—TwoLakes byA. ua B. , and beginning :
"Fair city of the Lakes! the day is long gone past,
When choral voices lent rich echoes to the blast,"
^ See the Article of Mr. Hills, in the "Gentleman's Magazine," part i. , A. D,
"
Notes on the Architecture of Ire-
the east wall of Trinity Church ; window in the south wall of the chancel of Trinity Church ; view of the interior of Trinity Church ; specimen of the inner masonry of west end of the cathe-
view of the arched recess on the east front of the priest's house ; sculptures on the two faces of its capitals ornaments on the
;
vol. viii. , No. 28 of ings, wilh one their bases ; sculptured orna-
9 In "The
July 14th, 1855, pp. 460, 461, there is a house interior of the east window of the
April 22. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 273
by a more modern antiquary ; and, no student can forget, to read the valu- able observations of the learned George Petrie, LL. D. ," referring to the antiquities of Glenda-
lough. Thesearestill
within ready access, to the tourist and visi- tor, who may desire
to linger even for days
and nights, in the
midst of most roman- ;
Moonlight View m Glendalough, County of Wicklow. likely,StRufinhadbeeninterredatGlendalough. AccordingtoWard'9and
Glendalough ; devices on the capitals of its
south side ; capilalf> of its outer pier ; orna-
ments on the bases of its coUimns—four dis-
'3 The annexed
engraving, by Mrs. Millard,
tinct illustrations ; specimen of the bases of
the piers on its north side ; ornaments on the
base —on stones which formed its ; sculptures
six
arch-mouldings illustrations ; sculpture
on one of the stones which formed the arch-
— stones which formed moulding; sculptureson
the arch-moulding seven illustrations; sculptureon one ofthestoneswhich formed the
arch-moulding;ground-planofoneofthepiers in the same chancel arch ; other sculptured stones found near the monastery church— three illustrations ; ground-plan of one side of the church arch-way ; sepulchral cross at the Reefert church ; doorway of the Tower at Glendalough; view of St. Kevin's bouse ;
from a photograph by Frederick W. Mares,
'
,
tic scenery. '3 St. Kevin is said to have
[died,intheyear6i7,or jeiS;'* while St. Rufus
,is made to precede '5 5 St. Colman, Abbot of
|Glendalough, who de- ; parted on the 2nd
:of December, 659. '*
jTherefore, we may ^suppose him to have 5 lived, about the mid-
* die of the seventh cen-
^tury.
fregarding St. Rufin, \ and the position he is jmade to occupy, we ^should be inclined to
iSinfer, that he must
,
have immediately suc- ceededSt. Kevin. Our
presents a moonlight view of Glendalough.
'* See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the
FourMasters,"vol. i. ,
'5 At least, such is the order found in
who follows the
Archdall, arrangement,
set down, by Ward.
*See ibid. , pp. 270, 271.
as
'' In Butler's
"
Lives of the Fathers,
From notices
-
holy bishop's name,
Rufin, sometimes ren-
dered Rufus,'7 usually occurs after that of
It is
doorway of St. Kevin's house ; gateway of the Cashel ; ground-plan of this gateway.
Molibba; but, the date for his death has not
transpired. '*
pp. 240, 24l,andn. (h).
Martyrs and other principal Saints," vol. iv. , April xxii. , and in the "Circle of the Seasons," St. Rufus or Rufuo, Anchoret at Glendalough, near Dublin, is entered at the
22nd of April.
'• "
See Joseph Nolan's History and S
274 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 22.
Archdall," St. Rufin's commemoration was observed, on the 22nd of April.
His name appears, in theMariyrologyofTallagh," at the same date, and it isen- tered,as Rufin Glinn da loclia, while to this should probably beadded, Bennchair.
of '= that veneration was Donegal, paid,
It is in the registered,
Martyrology
on this day, to RuifRne, Bishop of Gleann-da-loch, and of Bennchar. The
name of this saint has received the Latin form, Ruffinus. 'J At the x. of the
May Kalends—corresponding with April 22nd—the Irish Calendar,'^ which is in the Royal Irish Academy,'5 has an entry of this saint, in connexion with
GlendaloughandBangor. UndertheheadofGlenn-da-locha,DualdMac Firbis enters, Ruifin, Bishop of Glenn-da-locha, and of Bangor, at April 22nd. '* Furtherparticularswecannotmakeout,regardingthepresentearly saint, who found a daily need for Christ to obtain righteousness, strength and sanctification, sitting on a throne of grace himself, yet becoming the great introducer of disciples to His own Heavenly Father, the Christian's God. ^'
Article II. —St. Toma, or Tomae. As observed, in the Article imme- diately preceding, it seems to us, that Tommae, set down in the Martyrology of Tallagh,' at this date, and having Bennchair succeeding the name, should be the correct reading. A festival, in honour of Toma, is entered, on this day,intheMartyrologyofDonegal. ^ Undersuchform,thenameofthis saint is not there connected with any place, nor do we find his period.
Article III. —St. Neachtain, Mac Ua Baird. Although venial sin does not turn us from God, yet does it lessen our love for Him. It loves some created things, not in God, nor for God. ' Because it is sin, and because God is holy, no matter how light it may be, it opposes God, and therefore it becomes hostile to Him. Such frailty the servants of God seek even to avoid. The name of Nechtan mac h Baird is mentioned, in the Martyrology of Tal- lagh,= at the 22nd of April, and without any further designation. There is a St. Nectan, mentioned by Colgan,3 and whose feast he ascribes, to the 8th of January, or to the 22nd of April ; so that this notice throws little additional light on his individuality. This day, we read, also, as set down, in the Martyrology of Donegal,'* that Neachtain mac Ua Baird, was venerated.
Antiquities of Glendalough," chap, iii. ,
''See this reflection, more fully wrought out in "The Star of Bethlehem. "
Article n. — ' Edited Rev. Dr. by
Kelly, p. xxii. There we find Tommae
Bennchair, and this, too, corresponds with the Franciscan version, Commie t)enn-
ch^ip.
' Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp.
lies," on Venial Sin, sect, i. , p. 276.
p.
20.
'9
See his Acts of
Saint at Rumold,
p. 158.
'• See "Monasticon Hibemicum," p.
766.
= Edited by Rev. Dr. Kelly, p. xxii. In
the Franciscan copy we find, at x.
of the May Kalends, nupiii Jlinni od tocliA, but it seems to us, that bennchAijx ioUows rommAe, on the next line.
'* Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, log.
'3 See ibid. , pp. 462, 463.
'• It notices, nupn e«fpc5linne'0A U>4 Agu)' beAticViop.
"s See, also, the Ordnance Survey Copy, Common Place Book F. , p. 40, there pre- served,
lo8, 109. — Article hi.
'' See "
Academy," Irish MSS. series, vol. i. , part i. , pp. 112, 113.
the Franciscan copy, it seems to us, the
reading is, nechcAn niAC h in biii>'o.
3 See " Trias Thaumaturga," where a saint bearing this name is li>ted, among the disci- pies of St. Patrick. Quinta Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap. xxiii. , p. 268.
• Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, 109.
Proceedings
of the Royal Irish
See "Ecclesiastical Meditations suitable for Priests on the Mission and Students in Diocesan Semina-
°
Edited by Rev. Dr. Kelly, p. xxii. In
'
April 22. ] LIVES OB THE IRISH SAINTS. 275
Article IV. —St. Culen, or Cuilleann, Bishop of Leamhchoill,
SAID to be the present Lowhill, Queen's County. This saint is
mentioned, at the 22nd of April, in the Martyrology of Tallagh,' as Esp. Culen il Lemchaill. This place has been identified with Lowhill, Queen's
County, by William M. Hennessy,' or with Loughill, near Ballynakill, in the ancient territory of Idough, by Rev. John F. Shearman. The place is thought to bear this name, which signifies Ehn Wood, owing to the growth of such timber in the place. Leamhchoill, or Loughill, is an ancient parochial de- nomination, and mentioned as a dependent parish, in the rural deanery of "UiDuach,"i. c. Odagh,3inthedioceseofOssory. Underformerarrange- ments of the late Protestant Established Church, Loughill was in the parish of Abbeyleix; but,withtheCatholics,italwaysbelongedtothedioceseofOssory. * There was a festival, in honour of Cuilleann, Bishop of Leamhchoill, cele- brated, on this day, as we find recorded, in the Martyrology of Donegal,' 22ndApril. UndertheheadofLeamh-choill,DualdMacFirbisenters,like- wise, Cuillenn, Bishop of Leamh-choill, at April 22nd. *
Article V. —Saints Saighnel, and Luckan of Anmhagh. The
names of Saignen and of Lachain of Armaig are entered, in the Martyrology of
Tallagh,' as having veneration paid to them, at the 22nd of April. The place or time of these holy persons, we are not able to ascertain. The Martyrology
of Donegal,^ on this day, registers a festival, in honour of Saighnel,^ and of Luchan, of Anmhagh.
ArticleVI. —St. AbelmacAedha,orAdam. Atthisdate,afestival
is set down, in the Martyrology of Tallagh,' in honour of Abel, mac Aedha, orrather,Adam. IntheFranciscancopy,weonlyfindtheentry,Abel,mac Aeda. '
Article VII. —Feast of St. Philip, the Apostle. In the Feilire of St. . (Engus,' at the 22nd of April, the commemoration of the Apostle, St. Philipisannounced. IntheMartyrologyofTallagh,'asimilarcommemora-
Article IV. —' Edited
by
Rev. ". Dr.
was a mistake, made the who by compiler,
intended to write the 22nd of April. See ibid. , pp. 436, 437.
' See, also, Appendix to the Introduc-
Kelly, p. xxii. In the Franciscan copy, we
find, e<ipT Cuilen iL temcAiLl.
'"
See Proceedings of the Royal Irish
Academy," Irish MSS. series, vol. i. , part i. , nn. 25, 29, p. 117.
tion, p. xlvii. — Article vi.
Edited
by
Rev. Dr.
3
served in the " Red Book of Ossory," and made, before the year, 1312.
For the foregoing information, the writer feels indebted to John Hogan, Esq. ,
T. C. , Kilkenny, in a letter, dated The Ormonde House, May ist, 1874.
5 Edited by Drs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, 109.
'See "Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish MSS. series, vol. i. , part i. , pp. 116, 117.
It is called LawhuU, in a taxation, pre-
Kelly, p. xxi.
' In the Irish characters. Abet mAC
•Aet>d. — " "
Article vil. In the Leahbar Breac
copy, we tind the following entry ; its Eng-
lish translation, by the editor—
IJr. Whitley
Stokes, is likewise appended
HOtnAltl pilip AfpAl/ AfAi-obLiu cech c)\echAn tJtAriAinni i]\utn AchA^x 5in lochAHflA techAn.
'May apostle Philip protect us, who is vaster then every sea, a vehement name in the Father's mystery, wide month of a lamp. "
' The Franci-can copy has ptlippi <Xpli, atthe32ndofApril.
Article v. —' Edited
by
Rev. Dr.
Kelly, p. xxii. In the Franciscan copy, we
read, Soignen A5Uf tAchdin -ApmAige.
'
Edited by Urs. Todd and Reeves, pp. 108, 109. In the table appended to this work, Lucan of Anmhagh's festival is set down for the22iidofSeptember. But,doubtless,this
:
2 76 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
tionisfound. ThefestivalofthisgreatApostleismoregenerallyassigned, however, to the ist of May, when with the other Apostle St. James, the Less, the Church celebrates a feast, in their honour.
Article VIII. —St. Ceallachan. The name of Ceallachan occurs, in the Martyrology of Donegal,' on this day ; but, without any further addi- tion, so that, we cannot very conveniently prosecute the search for his family, place, or period.
Ciuentp4I)iiti IBap of ^[pnU
ARTICLE I. —THE BLESSED BRYAN BOROIMHA, KING OF MUNSTER, MONARCH OF IRELAND, AND MARTYR.
iTENJH AND ELEVENTH CENTURIES. ]
CHAPTER I,
INTRODUCTION—SOURCES FOR BIOGRAPHY—FAMILY DESCENT OF BRIAN, SURNAMED BOROIMHA—IRISH GENEALOGIES AND PEDIGREES, ESPECIALLY OF MUNSTER— BRYAN'S BIRTH AND EARLY EDUCATION—DISTINGUISHED FOR HIS MILITARY AND INTELLECTUAL QUALIFICATIONS—HIS FIRST EXPLOITS IN WARFARE.
name and character of Bryan, surnamed Boroimha, have become
THE admirable and illustrious, because of his
truly patriotic
and statesman- like conduct, as shown in the Annals of Ireland, and in very considerable detail. Theservicesrenderedtohiscountry,however,werenotgainedsolely,
in the restricted sphere of provincial warfare, and in civil feuds, although it was his misfortune, sometimes, to take part in the latter. While he had been deemed in life one of the greatest heroes his country has ever produced, he may be regarded, likewise, as one of its wisest rulers. Religious in character and disposition, his example was most edifying, in all his family and social arrangements. He rose from the sovereignty of Munster, to that of the whole island. He retained his high position, for twelve whole years, with credit to himself, and with great advantage to his subjects. The series of events, which
characterized his public career, and mostly taken from the Irish Annals, will be found capable of examination, on trustworthy authorities ; however, the dates sometimes vary, owing to different calculations made by our annalists, without derogating from authenticity, or materially altering the general order of facts narrated. No doubt, in many particulars, we find opposing and con- flicting statements ; but, it was only natural to expect, that tradition must have furnished its quota of mistakes and exaggerations, in describing the career of so popular and renowned a monarch as Bryan, and at a period so remote, as the tenth and eleventh centuries. Bardic inventions and rhapsodies have servedonlytoobscureandtoconfusethebetterknownhistoricnarratives; but.
Article viii. —' Edited by Drs. Todd Chapter i ' He is said to have been a and Reeves, pp. 108, 109. native of Soutli Connauglit, and, in his early
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 277
so much premised, we shall endeavour to give a consecutive account of this
great Irish ruler's actions, and of his place in history, with the authorities for our
statements, except where some criticisms may be judged necessary, to render most probable or more intelligible the general review of his remarkable career.
It has been thought, that soon after the illustrious monarch's death, his
chiefpoet,MacLiag,'hadcomposedinIrishaLifeofBrianBor—omha. A
^
copy of it is said even to be extant—at least a small fragment but this
seems rather doubtful. An extract from this supposed work was given, by General Valiancy, in the first edition of his Irish Grammar ;3 still no perfect
copy of Mac Liag's biography is known to remain. However, the copy of a very old and valuable Tract, relating to the wars of the Danes with the Gaedhils, and written soon after the battle of Clontarf,^ is extant,^ and it has been pub- lished of late. * This gives many historical particulars, about the illustrious monarch Bryan. ' There is an abstract' of the Battle of Clontarf, taken appa-
from this Tract. 9 The Book of Munster '°
ticulars, about this celebrated King; especially in reference to his accession, on the throne of that province, and down to the battle of Clontarf. " The Annals of Tighernach, of Ulster, of Boyle, and of the Four Masters, contain entries regarding his exploits, at the various dates of their respective computa- tions. As a matter of course, all our Irish historians refer to the events of his reign; for, of him it maywellbe observed, that not only duringlife, but to the end of time, he made history, and that too a glorious record. Among these authori- ties maybe mentioned, Rev. Dr. JeofTrey Keating," I'Abbd Ma-Geoghegan,'3
rently
career, as abard, he was attached to the court
of Tadhg O'Kelly, hereditary prince of Ui Maine, an extensive territory",or south-eastern
Connaught, bordering on the RiverShannon.
gives
par-
See Eugene O'Curry's tomsoftheAncientIrish,"editedbyDr. W.
recog-
K. Sullivan, vol. ii. , Lect. vi. , p. 11$.
» This single small leaf, in the handwri- ting of Duald Mac Firbiss, was found by Eugene O'Curry, and laid in between two folios of the Leabhar Buidhe Lecain (H. 2. l6, T. C. IJ. ) It seems to have been written, before the year 1650, and to have been the last leaf of some semi-religious life of the great warrior. It is something more in the nature of a sermon on his life and death, than a historical biography ; yet, this is an inference pronounced dubious, by Eugene O'Curry, who thinks the fragment was not written by Mac Liag, although it is an old
nisedthen,asaweil-knownandveritable
narrative, worthy of finding place in that
collection.
'
It consists of only 14 pages, and these were written in 1 7 10, by John Mac Solly, acelebratedIrishscribe, anativeofStack- alien, near Slane, in the county of Meath. It is now in the Royal Irish Academy's Library, and in the original collection, it bears the class-mark, 13. 5.
» Edward O'Reilly describes the Manu- script, in which it is contained, as A Book of Chronology and Annals on the wars and bat- tles of Ireland, while he ascribes its composi- tion to Mac Liag ; but, Eugene O'Curry, who examined it, believes there is sufficient internal evidence to show, that it was written long after Mac Liag's death. See "Lec- tures on the Manuscript Materials of Ancient
piece of composition. See <? iV/. , p. 117. "
3 See Edward O'Reilly's
Chronological Account of nearly Four Hundred Irish wri-
ters," p. Ixxi.
< A much soiled and ancient copy
—
but Irish
History," Lect. vi. , p. 116.
— found
imperfect was by Eugene O'Curry,
about 1840, who cleaned and copied it. Afterwards, a perfect copy in the handwri- ting of Michael O'Clery was found, among the Irish MSS. , in the Burgundian Library. This was borrowed in 1852, when Mr. O'Curry made a fair transcript of it, for Trinity College Library.
