No More Learning

7, 101, 104-5; Prussia and, 46-49, 5? 2, 65-'J? 86, 88n, 90, 118-1? 121-22, 124-2? 332-33; Rhenish princes and, 6o-62; Russia and, 49, 58-59, 61, 67, 69-'Jo, 73-74, 88n, 97, 105, 120, 124, 127, 332; Spain and, 58, 6o-62, 6? 71, 74, 89, 91, 9? 10+ 1o6-8, 124; Sweden and, 49, 58-59, 61? 2, 67, 69, 74, 96, 124; Switzerland and, 71, 96, 1 1 1-12, 115-16; United States and, 96. Seealso France
fundamentalism, 350. See also Islamic funda- mentalism
Furet, Fran? ois, 50n, 52n
Gallipoli, 305
Genet, Edward Charles, 273-75, 282
Geneva, 86, 88n
Genoa, 188, 204
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich 236
geography, 19n, 329; American revolution and,
286--87, 329; Mexican revolution and, 329 George III, King (of England), Sm, 83 George V, King (of England), 172
Georgia, 166, 182, 304, 329
Germany, 300; Communist groups in (German Communist Party [KPD)), 187, 189-90, 193, 335-36; KPD, "March action" by, 187-88; In- dependent Socialist Party in, 187; Reichs- wehr in, 335-36; Social Democratic Party in, 185, 196; Spartacist movement in, 159, 167, 187. See also Prussia; specific revolutions
Ghorbanifar, Manucher, 227, 264
Gilan, Republic of, 18o
Girondins, 64-71, 73-76, 78-So, 85n, 89-90,
92, 94n, 99, 112, 120, 122-23, 125, 333, 335,
340
Glen Springs, Texas, incident, 290 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 232111, 233 Gordji, Vahid, 235-36, 257 Gower, Lord, 61
Great Britain. See England
Greece, 41n, 155n, 182, 190, 3oo-301; and
Byzantine Empire, 301
Greenville, Treaty of, 275
Gregoire, Henri, 67, 79
Grenada: New Jewel Movement in, 2, 336n;
U. S. invasion of, 41n, 343n
Grenville, Lord, 59, 82-83, 84n, 86, 1 14-16, 1 19,
121
Groener, Wilhelm, 186
Gromyko, Andrei, 23m, 232
Guatemala, U. S. -sponsored coup in, 35-36,
41n, 336n
Guevara, Che, 24, 38
Gulf Cooperation Council, 244? See also Persian
Gulf states
Gulf War (1991), 229
Guomindang (GMD), 197? 9; Chinese revolu- tion and, 311-14, 316-17, 322-23, 332; Great Northern Campaign of, 198; Soviet friend- ship treaty with, 314
Gustav Adolphus, King (of Sweden), 121
hajj, 244-45
Hamilton, Alexander, 272-74, 277, 281, 283, 286 Hanover, 89
Hapsburgs, 48, 128
Harbin, 141, 152
Harington, Charles ("Tim"), 305
Hashemi, Mehdi, 219
[3571
? Hebert, Jacques-Rene, 93
Hebertists, 93, 96, 98, 99n
Helder Peninsula, 1 1 6
Herault de Sechelles, Marie-Joseph, 94Il Hesse-CastG! I, 89
Hesse-Darmstadt, 89
Hezbollah, 245-46, 249, 262
Hicks, W. L. , 146
Hoche, Louis-Lazare, 107
Holland: Dutch Patriot Party and, 83, 87. See
also French revolution
Holy Roman Empire. See French revolution Hoover-Nansen plan, 162-{;4, 166 Horvath, Dmitri, 141, 152
House, Edward, 138, 290n, 298
Howe, Geoffrey, 234
Huang Hua, 3 1 5 n
Huerta, Victoriano, 288, 292-93, 295 Hungary, 158, 190, 336n; Soviet republic in,
165, 175, 205, 335
Hussein, Saddarn, 219, 232, 238, 240, 258n, 263;
miscalculations by, 240, 253
identity, 34o-42. See also critical theory ideology, 3, 5-9, 14, 22-30, 33-34, 38-43, 45-46,
329, 334-35, 338-39, 341-42, 344, 35o; of American rrevolution, 29, 270, 276, 28o-86, 329; of Chinese revolution, 29, 31o-12, 314-16, 323, 325-27, 340; of Eastern Euro- pean revolutions, 345-46, 349; of former So- viet Union, 348-49; of French revolution, 28, 4! r53' 62, 72, 7! r8o, B! r90, 95, 1Q9, 122-23, 126-28, 284, 297; of Iranian revolution, 8, 28-29, 213-16, 220, 223, 237-38, 241-42, 245-47, 253-54, 259n, 261, 264-{i7, 284, 297' 335, 340; of Mexican revolution, 297, 299, 329; of Russian revolution, 28-29, 13o-33,
142, 145, 15? . -53, 158-6o, 164-{;6, 171-J2, 174-? 5, 178-J? 181-82, 184-94, 201-3, 205, 2o8-9, 284, 297, 340; of Turkish revolution, 299, )09, 329
India, 112-13, 136, 142, 149, 154, 178, 326, 350 indulgents, 93, 98
intentions, perceptions of, 4, 6, 19, 30, 32-35, 37,
41, 43, 46, 328, 333-34, 336, 33! r40, 343; American revolution and, 270, 279, 284-86, 334; Chinese revolution and, 314-20, 322, 324, 326-27; former Soviet Union and, 348-49; French revolution and, 62, 69, 7J, 79, 88,
12o-22, 128, 338; Iranian revolution and, 210, 226, 238, 243, 253-59, 267-{;8, 338; Mexican revolution and, 287, 2? , 298-99; Russian rev- olution and, 129, 143-44, 147, 155, 164, 170, 172, 175, 178-? 9, 19Q-91, 201-2, 204, 207-9, 338; Turkish revolution and, 29! r300, 307-10
Inter-Allied Railway Agreement, 151 International Workers of the World, 297 intervention, counterrevolutionary, 2, 41-42,
342-43
Ionian Islands, 1 1 3
Iran, 8, 1 1, 34, 41n, 344; 1953 coup in, 224, 336n; Arab allies and, 249; foreign policy of under shah 222-24; France and, normalization of re- lations, 235; Islamic Mujahedin in, 217-18, 235-36, 252, 256-57; Islamic Republic, aims of, 223-24; Islamic Republic, Constitution oi, 223, 25! r6o, 267; Islamic Republic Party in, 216-18, 259n; Majlis in, 217-18, 234; National Front Party in, 212; non-aligned status in, 223-24; Provisional Government in, 216; Rev- olutionary Courts in, 225, 254, 256; Revolu- tionary Guards in, 217-18, 241, 245, 200, 262, 265; Soviet Union, 1921 treaty of friendship with, 222, 231; Soviet Union, economic agree-
ments with, 232; Supreme Council of the Armed Forces in, 212; Tudeh Party in, 218, 23o-31, 252, 257? See also Iranian revolution
Iran-contra Affair, 219, 227-28, 242, 251, 256, 263-{;4
Iranian revolution, 14, 16, 37, 21o-{i8, 287, 310, 327, 329, 350; Algeria and, 229n, 246, 248-50; "Assembly of Experts" and, 216; China and, 237; deaths in, 2m; France and, 234-36, 257, 266; Great Britain and, 233-34, 236, 257, 266; Eastern Europe and, 237; eco- nomic sanctions and, 228, 233-34, 236-37; European Community and, 237; hajj and, 244-45, 26o-{i1, 266; Islamic fundamental- ism and, 210, 213-17, 219-24, 23o-31, 237, 239, 245, 247-49, 253, 200, 262, 266-{;8, 297; Japan and, 237; Kuwait and, 226, 228, 244-45, 258, 261, 265, 335; Libya and, 233,
230, 249, 254; oil and, 224, 228, 233, 237, 250, 253; Persian Gulf states and, 243-45, 250, 254, 256, 258, 261, 335, 344; pragmatists in,
2 1 8-22, 227-28, 2)4, 242, 255-56, 259, 266n, 267; radicals in, 2]8-22, 227, 229, 255-56; Revolutionary Council and, 216; Saudi Ara- bia and, 219, 223, 226, 228, 243-45, 253, 258, 265-{;6, 335; role of clerics in, 211-12, 216-18, 225-26, 230, 240, 246, 256, 263, 267, 284, 3Q! r10; Soviet Union and, 224, 227, 23o-34, 237, 243, 249-52, 254, 257, 263, 267; Sudan and, 229n, 246-47, 254, 26m; Syria and, 223, 230, 246, 249, 253-54, 262; United States and, 2, 21 1-12, 219, 221, 224-30, 233-34, 245, 24! r58, 265-67, 332, 336, 342, 347; and U. S. embassy, seizure of, 216-17, 225-26, 229n, 230, 233-34, 236-37, 249, 252, 255-56, 263; West Germany and, 236-37. See
also Iran
Iran-Iraq War, 8, 41, 219, 226, 228, 231-32, 234,
245n, 24! r50, 257, 26o-61, 265, 330, 332,
343n; ceasefire in, 243; counterinvasion of Iraq by Iran, 241-42, 262, 266; invasion of Iran by Iraq, 238-40, 253, 256, 258, 262, 333, 338, 344; United States in, 342, 355; as war of attrition, 242-43
Iraq, 226-27, 229, 231, 240, 245, 249, 253-55, 257-58, 335; Baath regime in, 237-39, 254,
Index
? ? Index
Iraq (cont. )
26o-61, 265; invasion of Kuwait and, 245, 249; Kurdish insurgency in, 223, 231, 238-39, 249, 257; oil pipelines of, 249; Shiites in, 238, 240,242,26o-63,336 .
Ireland, 85, 107-8, 113, 124n, 125, 128, 176 Islam, 210
Islamic Call. See AI-Dawa al-lslamiya Islamic fundamentalism, 11, 26, 245-50, 26o,
262, 335? See also Iranian revolution Islamic Jihad, 245-46
Islamic Mujahedin, 256
Islamic Republic of Iran. See Iran Ismit, 305
Isnard, Maximin, 6&-67
Israel, 219, 223, 226, 238, 249, 253-54, 262, 265-66; invasion of Lebanon by, 246; Iran- contra Affair and, 227
Istanbul, 305-6
Italy. See specific revolutions
Jacobins, 28, 40, 51, 55-56, 65-66, 72, 75-76, 7? , 102, 105, 1Q9-10, 115, 117, 124, 127, 276, 284, 309-10, 335; dictatorship of, 91r-99; resurgence of, 103, 111
Jagow, Gottlieb von, 293n
Japan. See specific revolutions
Jay, John, 275
Jay Treaty, 275-76, 283, 286
Jefferson, Thomas, 58, 272-74, 276-79, 281;
"Empire of Liberty" vision of, 281; and strat-
egy of "peaceable coercion," 279
Jemappes, French victory at, So, 83, 119
Joffe, Adolf, 131-32, 157
Jordan, 226
Jordan, Hamilton, 263n
Joseph II, Emperor (of Austria), 48, 58 Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, 102
Jowitt, Kenneth, 350
Kalinin, Mikhail, 170 Kamenev, Lev, n77-78 Kant, Immanuel, 58
Kapp putsch, 174, 187, 205 Karelia, 142
Kars, Treaty of, 182, 306
Kaunitz, Prince Wenzel Anton von, 63n, 69-70,
73n, 74, 75n, 119
Kautsky, Karl, 26
Kazakhstan, 345n
Kemal, Mustaf& Pasha (Ataturk), 181-82, 299,
301-10, 329
Kennan, George F. , 8n, 146
Kennedy, John F. , 324
? Kerensky, Alexander, 130
Kerr, Philip, 16m
Khalkhali, Ayatollah Sadeq, 21? Khamenei, Said Ali, 218, 221, 232, 236n, 249,
265
Khan, Mirza Kuchik, 180
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 8, 24n, 217-19, 223-25, 228, 23D-33, 238-39, 241-43, 245, 248, 253-54, 256, 258-6o, 26fr. 68, 283, 297; death of, 221, 229, 236, 265; exile in Iraq, 212, 234,263;revolutionaryprogramof,212-16, 335; view of Soviet Union of, 214; view of Salman Rushdie of, 220-21, 229; view of United States of, 214, 216. See also Iran; Iran- ian revolution
Khorramshahr, 241
Khuzistan, 239-40, 243, 260, 262
Kim, Kyung-Won, 7
Kim II Sung, 319n
Kolchak, Alexander, 147-53, 158, 163, 173 Korea, . S, 320, 325
Korean War, 310, 319-23; China, intervention of in Korea, 8, 35, 320, 328; deaths in, 326n; North Korean attack in, 319; Soviet Union and, 321; U;N. armistice in, 323; U. S. inter- vention in, 319, 321. See also Chinese revolu- tion
Kornilov revolt, 174
Krasin, Leonid, 176-'78 Kuwait. See Iranian revolution
Lafayette, Marquis de, 54-56, 68, 75
Lansing, Robert, 138, 154, 157, 204, 289n, 291,
298
La Revelliere-Lepeaux, Louis-Marie, 107, 112 Latin America, 350
Latvia, 150, 152-53
Lausanne, 204
Lausanne Conference (1923), 3o6
League of Nations, 195, 201
learning. See socialization
Lebanon, 249; Christians in, 235; civil war in,
246; kidnappings in, 227-29, 235-36, 257, 264; Shiites in, 22&-2- 7, 235, 245-46, 249, 26o, 262, 264
Lebrun, Pierre Helene-Marie, 76, 79, 8m, 83n, 84-88, 89n, 9? 1o8, 121, 127
Lenin, V. 1. , 1on, 11, 220, 240, 2&--27, 33n, 1JD-J2, 1)5, 138n, 142-45, 153-54, 158-59, 161, 162n, 165, 167l11, 169-? 0, 172-74, 176, 181, 186-89, 192--<. JJ, 205, 283, 311; death of, 194; New Economic Policy of, 204. See also Russian revolution
Leopold II, Emperor (of Austria), 56n, 58, 6o-61, 63-64, 69, 73-'J4, 118-19, 121, 343; death of, 71
Levi, Paul, 187
liberalism, 350
Libya, 300. Seealso Iranian revolution Liebknecht, Karl, 159
Liege, 72, 104, 119
Ligurian Republic, 1 12, 117
Lind, John, 295
Lithuania, 150, 152-53, 196 Litvinov, Maxim, 159-60, 200
? [359]
Lefebvre, Georges, 57
? Lloyd George, David, 149, 153n, 154-58, t62-6J, 166, t69, 175-J9, t88, 20J-4, 2o6, J01, J05, J0']-8
Locarno treaty (1925), 195
Lockhart, R. Bruce, 135-36
London conference (1921), 303, 3o8n
Long, Boaz, 291
Louis XVI, 16, 53-55, 58, 6o-63, 65-66, 70, 72,
75-76, 118-19, 336, 341, 343; Constitution of 1791 and, 56, 64, 68; War of the First Coali- tion and, 68. See also French revolution
Louis XVIII, 126. See also Artois, comte d' Louisiana Territory, U. S. acquisition of, 278,
283n, 286
Low Countries. See French revolution Luxemburg, Rosa, 159
Lyons, ? artyn, to3
? acArthur, Douglas, 318n, 322 ? achiavelli, Niccolo, 3m ? ackesy, Piers, 114
? adero, Francisco, 287-88 ? adison, Jame? 272-JJ, 28o ? ailhe, Jean Baptiste, 66-67 ? ajnoon Islands, 242 ? almesbury, Lord, 107
? alta, 113
? anchu dynasty, collapse of, 312
? anchuria, 183, 313, 317; Soviet occupation of, 314
? ao Tse-tung, 27, 34, 38, 3 14-20, 322-23, 325, 327-29; revolutionary ideology of, Jto-312, 315; view of nuclear weapons of, 324-25 . See also Chinese revolution
? aoz, Zev,e 13
? aritsa River, 305
? arshall, George C. , 313, 315-16, 32m ? artinique, 107
? arxism-Lerunism, 8, 14, 26, 28, 131, 145, 327,
346, 350. See also Russian revolution
mass revolution, 12-13, 20, 21n, 29-30, 43, 344?
See also elite revolution.
? atthews, James Tilly, 96, 127
? atsu, 323-24
? aumee rapids, 275
? cFarlane, Robert C. , 227
? earsheimer, John, 340
? erlin de Douai, Phillipe-Antoine, 101 ? exican revolution, 14, 16, 139, 269, 287-99,
310, 327-28, 330, 344; comparison with other revolutions, 287, 297-98; deaths in, 2m; England and, 291-96, 332, 338; France and, 293; Germany and, 289, 291-94, 296, 298, 332; United States and, 2, 287-99, 328-29, 332, 338, 343? See also Mexico.
? exico, J4, 190; civil war in, 28,8 295, 33? ; Con- stitution of (1917), 291, 29? ; Constitutionalist movemenft in, 288, 328, 33? ; foreign in- vestors in, 291-92, 297; murder of U. S. mining engineers in, 290. See also Mexican revolution
? ill, John Stuart, 15
Miners' Federation, 176
Minsk, 168
Mirabeau, Honore-Gabriel Riquetti, comte de,
6on
misinformation, 3o-32, 47, 328, 333, 33&-JB, 344; Chinese revolution and, 322-23; Eastern European revolutions and, 346; French revo- lution and, 74, 89, 12&-28, 338; Iranian revo- lution and, 210, 262-64, 268, 338; Mexican revolution and, 295-96; Russian revolution and, 145-46, 155-56, 174, 179, 20']-8, J38; Turkish revolution and, JoB-(). See also un- certainty
? ississippi Valley, 271, 283 ? itterand, Francois, 235
? odena, 89
Mohtashemi, Ali Akbar, 218, 229n Monge, Gaspard, 86n
? ongolia, Outer, 183-85
? onroe, }ames, 278
? ontagnards, 76, 79-Bo, 9? 9? , 96, 1Q9, 340 Montazeri, Husayn Ali, 218, 242n Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 51 ? oreau, Jean-Victor, 102
Morocco, 195
? ortefontaine, Convention of (18oo), 277 ? ossadegh, Muhammed, 336n
Mosul, 301, 3o6
? urley, J. T. , 78, 8o
Musavi, Mir-Husayn, 218, 232,. 265 Muslims, 131
Naples, 89
Nasser, Carnal Abdel, 237
nationalism, 29, 350; Eastern European revolu-
tions and, 345; former Soviet Union and, 348; revolutionary ideology of, 14; Turkish revolution and, 299, 309
Near East, 136, 154
neo-Fascism in Europe, 351
neorealism, 3-5, 19, 210, 264-65, 267, 28o-83,
340; Chinese revolution and, 310, 318, 323, 324; Eastern European revolutions and, 349? Seealso realism
Netherlands. See French revolution
New Mexico, 294
New Orleans, 275
Nicaragua, 9-10, 27, 34, 40, 41, 250, 298 Nicaraguan revolution, 14, ? ' 336n; deaths
in, 2m; U. S. response to, 2 Nicholas II, Tsar (of Russia), 201, 335 Nicolaevsk, 152
Nile, Battleof, 113
Nimeiri, Jifar, 247
Nixon, Richard, 326
Noel, Phillipe, 96
Nootka Sound dispute, 6o-61 North, Douglass C. , 25
North, Oliver, 227, 256n, 264
Index
? ? ? ? Index
North Korea, 237, 250, 336n; attempt by to ex- port revolution, 319n
Norway, 167
Noulens,Joseph, 136-37
Obregon, Alvaro, 292
Ochakov affair, 85
offense-defense balance, 4, 16, 19, 37-41, 46-47,
269, 328-29, 333-37, 339; American revolu- tion and, 270, 281, 285-86, 328-29, 337; Chi- nese revolution and, 319, 321-23, 327-28, 334; Eastern European revolutions and, 346; French revolution and, 73-74, 119, 122-26, 128, 334; Iranian revolution and, 259-"<i2, 334; Mexican revolution and, 297-98, 328-29, 337; Russian revolution and, 170, 172-74, 205-7, 209, 334; Turkish revolution and, 307, 310, 328-29, 337; War of the First Coalition and, 66-68; See also contagion; counterrevolution; export of revolution; for- eign intervention; revolution: optimism of
Ortega, Daniel, 24n
Ortega, Humberto, 25
Ottoman Empire, 49, 96, 113, 120, '181, 299-303,
31>6-7, 309, 341. See also Turkey; Turkish rev-
olution; specific revolutions Ovaisi, Ghulam, 235
Padua Circular, 64? 5, 69, 73, 120, 127 Pahlavi, Shah Muhammad Reza, 213-14, 216,
222-23, 225, 2J1, 23J, 235, 25? 25? 261, 332, 334; fall of, 211-12, 230, 250, 253, 263, 266, 335; opposition to, 21m; pan-Arabism and, 237-38; Soviet Union and, 222; United States and, 216, 222-23, 225, 255
Pahlavi family, 235, 341
Paine, Thomas, 32n
Pakistan, 326, 350
Palestine Liberation Organization, 230 Palitana, 3o8
Panikkar, K. M. , 322
Paris, Treaty of, 271
Paris Commune, 76; second, 92
Paris Peace Conference, 160, 167, 182, 203,
301-3. See also Versailles, Treaty of Parra! , 290, 296
Parthanopean Republic, 114
Pasha, Enver, 307
Pastor, Robert, 10
Paul I, Tsar (of ! Russia), 11on, 114
Pelaez, Manuel, 291
Peng Dehuai, 32m
People's Republic of China (PRC). See China,
People's Republic of
Pershing, John J. , 290
Persia, relations of with Soviet Union, 179--82,
185, 196, 202, 204. See also Iran
Persian Gulf, 223, 225; U. S. naval escort in, 228,
Persian Gulf states: Gulf Cooperation Council and, 244, 258, 261? 2; Iraq and, 245; Shiite population in, 243-44, 260. See also Iranian revolution
Petrograd, 135
Pichegru, Jean-Charles, 105n
Pichon, Stephen, t6on
Piedmont, 111
Pillnitz, Declaration of, 64? 5, 69, 7J, 120, 127 Pilsudski, Joseph, 168, 171, 173, 197, 203 Pinckney, Edward, 274n
Pinckney's Treaty, 275, 286
Pitt, William, 58-59, 61? 2, 82n, 83-86, 88, 91,
98n, 105, 110, 114n, 116-17, 119, 121
Plan ofSanDiego, 290n
Poincare, Rene, 189
Poland, 8, 11, 336; Constitution of 1791, 172; in-
vasion of Russia by, 168; Russo-Polish War and, 167-75, 202, 327, 335; Socialist Party in, 171. See also French revolution; Russian rev- olution; Russo-Polish War
Portugal, 89
Prinkipo proposal, 1? 1, 163, 204 prisoners of war, German and Austrian,
136-37, 142, 146, 207
propaganda, 335; Iranian revolution and, 225, 244, 26? 1; Jacobin, 76; Russian revolution and, 145, 164? 6, t76-'79, 195, 204-5
Provence, comte de, 54
Prussia: formal convention of with Austria (1791), 63, 65; mobilization of forces by (1792), 72; territorial ambitions of, 62? 3, n War of the First Coalition and, 74, 77-78, 79n, 82, 89n, 9t, 96"""97, 101, 103-4, to8; War of the Second Coalition and, 1 10, 1 13-14. See also French revolution; Germany
(2otbzadeh, Sadeq, 23tn, 251n, 264 Quasi-War of 1797-tSoo, 275-77, 284, 337n Quemoy, 323-24, 325n
Quiberon, raid, 104, 124, 336
Radek, Karl, 159n, 16? , 181, 193
Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi-, 218-19, 220n, 221, 228-29, 232-34, 237, 242, 244-46, 256, 258, 265? 7
Rajai, Mohammed, 217, 235
Rajavi, Masoud, 235
Randolph, John, 28o
Rapallo agreement, 189
Rastatt, Congress of, 111
Reagan, Ronald, 8, 228, 251
realism, vii, 3, 18, 339-42; Chinese revolution
and, 326. See also neorealism
"red scare" (in United States), 40
Regan, Donald, 251
Reign of Terror, 51
Reubell, Jean-Fran? ois, 102, 106-,-'7 1 1 1-12, 285n revolution: definition of, 12; modernization
234, 236, 242
and, 349-50; optimism of, 5, 26-27, 39, 45,
? ? revolution: definition of (cont. )
66-67, 74; portrayal of opponents of, 25-26; revolutionary personality, to-n; revolu- tionary process, 19-21; sense of universal meaning of, 27-28; violence of, zo-zt; vul- nerability of, 39, 45? See also contagion; coun- terrevolutioll\; export of revolution; offense-defense balance
revolution, reciprocal relationship of with war,
329-30
Rhenish princes. See French revolution Rhineland, 95n, 98, 104-6, 1 1 2
Riga, Treaty of, 170
Rimsky-Korsakov, General A. M. , 115 Robespierre, Maximilien, 11, 72, 93? 4, 96, 98,
117, 283; execution of, 99
Roider, Karl A. , 116
Roland, Georges, 76n
Romanov dynasty, collapse of, 130, 332 Roman Republic, 111, 114
Roosevelt, Franklin, 312-13, 316n Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 51
Ruhr, 188-89
Rumania, 133, 155n
Rumbold, Horace, 305
Rushdie, Salman, zzo-21, 233-34, 236, 266,
26?
Rusk, Dean, 4on, 313n, 322n, 3?
Russia, 26, 28, 304; alliance of with Austria, 48; Allied intervention in. 41, 141-43; All-Rus- sian Provisional Government in, 147; Cen- tral Committee of, 14m, 159, zoo; Communist Party of, 194; Congress of Sovi- ets in, 13 1-32, 139; Constituent Assembly of, 138; elites in, 347; foreign debts of, 132, 195? 6; intervention in, explanation of, 152-58; Maritime Province of, 152; "Near Abroad" and, 348-49; Ottoman Empire and, 300; Poland, invasion of (1792), 74, 336; Po- litical Committee and, 163; Provisional Gov- ernment of, 130, 133; railway network in, 136; Red Cross delegates from, death of, 159, 172; "Red Terror" in, 143, 157; War of the Second Coalition and, 110, 113-16; Triple Entente intervention in, 132-47, 151, 158-6o, 202, 204-6, zo8, 240, 334, 338; tsarist, 136,
181, 202. See also ! Russian civil war; Russian
revolution; Soviet Union; specific revolutions Russian civil war, 156-68, 186, 202, 204-6, 284;
England and, 147-55, t6o-6t, 167, 336; France and, 147-48, t5o-55, 157, t6o, 163, 165, 336; United States and, 151, 153, 157, 16o, 162; "Volunteer Army" and, 148-49. See also Russia; Russian revolution; Soviet Union; Whites
Russian revolution, 14, 16, 129-209, 210, 241, 287, 310, 327, 329, 344; Austria and, 1 18-27, 175; deaths in, zm; England and, 131, 133-37, 139-44, 175-76, 178-81, 184, 205, 207, 347; European response to, 2; France
and, 133-37, 139-44, 15m, 179, 182-84, 188-89, 202-5, 207, 347; Germany and, 13o-38, 14Q-47? 150n, 151-55? 159? 168, 170-Jl, 174-75, 202, 205; Italy and, 135; Japan and, 133-34, 136-37, 139-43, 151-53, 155, 202; Poland and, 155n, 159, 177, 186, 189, 195-97, zo8; Triple Entente and, 149, t66-67, 171-J2, 174-75, 185-86, t88, zo3, 205, zo8; Ukraine and, 133-34, 136, 150, 165, 169, 173, 207; United States and, 2, 133-43, 184, 190n, 202, 207. See also Bolshevik party; Russia; Russian civil war; Soviet Union
Russo-Japanese Fishery Convention (1907), 184 Russo-Polish war, 8, t69-J6, 178, 186, 202, zo8,
243, 327; peace agreement (Treaty of Riga), 170; Polish invasion of Russia, 168, 203; So- viet counteroffensive, 169-Jo, 192, 205
Russo-Turkish war, 48, 62
al-Sadr, Muhammed Baqir, 238c-4o Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de, 93-94, 99 Sakhalin Island, 152
Sami, Bekir, 303
Sarnsun, 301
Sandinistas, 9-10, 26, 336n. See also Nicaragua Sanei, Ayatollah Hassan, 26?
San lldefonso, Treaty of (18oo), 278
Sanjavi, Karim, 230, 2541\
Santo Domingo, 91, 104, 110
Sardinia, 89, 91, 98, to6, to8
Saud, Prince, 245
Saudi Arabia, Shiite population in, 24,4 261. See
also Iranian revolution
Savoy,79, 89, 120
Saxony, 189
Scheidt, River, French decision to open, So, 83,
87, 119, 121
Scott, Hugh L. , 290n
Second Coalition, War of the, 46, 109-17, 1 1 9 security competitio? post-revolution, 1, 5-6,
15, 18, 32-33? 37? 44-45, 269, 327, 331-33; American revolution and, 286, 332; Chinese revolution and, 310, 325-26, 332; Eastern Eu- ropean revolutions and, 345-46; French rev- olution and, 118, 332; hanian revolution and, 250, 253, 259, 332; Mexican revolution and, 287, 294, 332; Russian revolution and, 133, 174, 201, 207-8, 332; Turkish revolution and, 332
security dilemma, 5, 33, 123, 125, 340; Russian revolution and, 172
Seven Years War, 47, 270
sevres, Treaty of, 302-6, 3o8n, 332
Shah of Iran. See Pahlavi, Shah Muhammad
Reza
Shah, Reza, 18o
Shanghai, 1? , 199
Shariatrnadari, Kazem, 218
Shatt al-Arab waterway, 223, 238, 240 Shays's rebellion, 284
Index
? ? ? Index
Shenyang (Mukden), 318
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 233
Shiism, 14, 248, 259n, 335
Siberia, 136, 141, 146-47, 149-51, 155, 185 Sick, Gary, 25m, 263
Sieyes, Emmanuel Joseph, Abbe, 51, 103, 117 Sino-Soviet treaty, 183
Sisson, Edgar, 136
Skocpol, Theda, 13
Smyrna (Izmir), occupation by Greece, 301 socialization of states, 43, 340; American revo-
lution and, 270, 283, 340; Chinese revolution and; 326, 340; French revolution and, 340; Iranian revolution and, 21o-11, 264-67, 340; Mexican revolution and, 340; Russian revo- lution and, 208, 210, JoB, 340; Turkish revo- lution and, 340
Somalia, attack on Ethiopia by, 8
South Africa, 265
South Yemen, 223, 230, 249, z54 Soviet-Afghan treaty (19z1), 181
Soviet Union, 8, 167, 324; Sixth All-Russian
Congress of, 159; Afghanistan and, 178-82, 185, 188, 195-96, zo? 2o4, 336n; Afghanistan, invasion of, ZJI-JZ, 237, 243, z51, 254; in Asia, diplomacy of, 17C)-85; Austria, recognition of, 190; China and, 197-99, 335; Communist Party of, zo8; Eng- land and, 190, 195-96, zoo; France and, 190, 195-96, zoo; Eastern Europe and, 336n; Ger- many and, 195-96, zoo; Germany, rap- prochement with, 167, 185-91, 195; glasnost in, 233; Italy and, 190; Japan and, 1824l5; Muslim population in, z3o; "peaceful coex- istence" strategy of, 16? n, 175-91, 195, zoo; peace offensive of, 158-60, 162; Persia, friendship treaty with, 180, 188, 195; recog- nition by international community, 190; Red Army and, 14S-51, 156, t6z, 16S-71, 174, 176, 335; Russian civil war and, 14S-49, 158; "socialism in one country" doctrine and, 191-201; Triple IEntente, detente with, 166-68, zoz; Turkey and, 179, 18141z, 185, 196, zoz, zo4; Turkey, friendship treaty with, 18z, 188, 195; war scare of 1927, 19')-ZOt; World Economic Conference, delegation to, zoo. See also Russia; Russian revolution; spe- cific revolutions
Spain. See specific revolutions
spirals of hostility, 33-35, 45, 328, 334, 342;
American revolution and, z8z, 286, 337; Chi- nese revolution and, 314, 31S-19, 328; East- ern European revolutions and, 346; former Soviet Union and, 348; French revolution and, 74, 88, 12o-22, 1z7, 33z; Iranian revolu- tion and, z1o, 254, 256-59; Mexican revolu- tion and, z94, z96, 337; Russian revolution and, 17z, 191; Turkish revolution and, 3z8,
Spitzbergen, 167
Stalin, Josef, 193-95, 198-99, 314, 318 Stalinism, 199-201
Steinhardt, Karl, 164
Stresemann, Gustav, 189
Stuart,J. Leighton, 315n, 316
Sudan, National Islamic Front in, 246-47. See also Iranian revolution
Sullivan, William, z63n
Sun Yat-sen, 197-98
Sunni Islam, 248
Suvorov, Alexander, 115-16
Sweden, 190. See also French revolution Switzerland, z72; "Helvetic Republic" in,
1 1 1-12, 1 14-15, 117. See also French revolu-
tion
sympathizers, revolutionary, 36-37, 39, 4o-41, 45, 334; Chinese revolution and, 3zz; French revolution and, 56, 76, 84, 89. See also conta- gion
Syria, 113; Baath regime in, 237, z65. See also Iranian revolution
Taiwan, 313, 316-17, 318n, 319-zo; U. S. defense
agreement with, 324
Taiwan Straits, U. S. Navy in, 319, JZ5 Talleyrand, Charles, 1 12-13, z76-? 7, z8z, 285n Texas, z94
Thomson, Basil (Sir), 176-78
ThraC? J01, J05-6
threat, perception of. See intentions, percep-
tions of
Thugut, Franz Maria, Baron von, 1 1o-11,
1 14-16 Tobago, 91
Toulon, 98, 104, 1 1z
trans-Baikal region, 134, 15z trans-Caspian region, 142 transcaucasia 134, 14z, 152-53, 159, 182 Trans-Siberian Railway, 134, 137, 151 Trinidad, 1 17
Triptite Agreement (1917) 30m
Triple Entente: and policy of containment, 166, 2o6; response of to Soviet peace initiative, 16o-64; Supreme Allied Council of, 188, JOZ-); Supreme War Council of, 137. See also Russia; Russian revolution; Turkish revolu- tion
Trotsky, Leon, 131-3z, 135, 138n, 148, 162n,
171-7), 188, 194, 199, 261n
Truman, Harry 313, 316-17, 319, 321, 322n al-Tufayli, Sheikh, 245
Tunisia, 246, 248
al-Turabi, Hassan, 247
Turkey, 49, 59, 61-62, 113, 135, 142; Assembly and Representative Committee of, 301-z; British ultimatum to, 305; Central Powers and, 307; communist movement in, 18141z; Greece and, 304-6; National Assembly of, 3o6; National Congress of, 30z; Nationalist movement in, z99, 301-10, 3z8, 3JZ; Society
? 337
? ? Turkey (cont. )
for the Defense of the Rights of Eastern Ana? tolia and, 302; Soviet Union, friendship treaty with, 303-4; Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, friendship treaty with, 304; west- ernization in, 3o6, 310. See also Ottoman Em- pire; Turkish revolution; specific revolutions
Turkish revolution, 14, 16, 269, 299-310, 328-)o, 332, 344-45; compared with other revolutions, 299, 309-10; France and, 3om, 303-5, 307? ; Great Britain and, 299, 302-10, 328, 332; Greece and, 299, 302-3, 307? , 310, 328-29; It<? ly and, 301, 302n, 303-5, 307; Na- tional Pact and, 302, 304, 3o6; Soviet Union and, )03-5, 307, 3 1 0; Triple Entente and, )QO-)OJ, 306-J', 310, 329, 332, 338. Seealso Ottoman Empire; Turkey
Turkish Straifts, 182, 300, 302, 305-6 Turner, Stansfield, 25m
Tuscany, 89, 103
Ukraine, 348; famine in, 203; revolution of 1989, 345n
uncertainty, 3o-32, 37, 40, 45, 1o8, 328, 333, 336-38; Chinese revolution and, 323, 338; Eastern European revolutions and, 346; French revolution and, 126-28, 338; Iranian revolution and, 210, 262-64, 268, 338; Mexi- can revolution and, 296, 338; Russian revo- lution and, 129, 147, 152, 157-58, 163-64, 174, 178, 203, 207? , 338; Turkish revolution, 308-9, 338. See also misinformation
Ungern-Sternberg, Baron von, 184
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U. S. S. R. ).
See Soviet Union
United Fruit Company, in Guatemala, 35 United Irishmen, 128
United Nations, 230; and arms embargo on
Iran (Resolution 598), 234, 236; Korean War
and, 319-20, 323
United States, 34-35, 37; Alien and Sedition laws of, 276; atomic weapons of, 321; Cen- tral Intelligellcl e Agency (CIA) of, 318; com- merce, importance of, 272-75, 277, 27? 1, 286; Congress of, 28o; Constitution of, 272, 274; and "Dixie Mission" to China, 315n; and "dual containment" policy, 229; election of 1796, 276; and Embargo Act, 279, and em- bargo on Iran, 228, 255, 257; England and, 272-? 5, 277, 27? 1, 28), 285? 6; expansion- ism of, 275, 277? 1; in Far East, policy of, 313; Federalists in, 272-77, 2? 4; France and, 271? , 282? 3, 285? 6; French Revolu- tion and, 273, 282, 286; hostage rescue at- tempt by, 225-26, 230, 255; Indians and, 275, 28o; Lebanon and, 226, 246, 266; Lebanon, hostages in, 227-29, 264; militia movement in, 351; mobitnzation against Mexico by, 290; National Security Council of, 227; neutrality of, 273-75, 282; Non-Importation Act, 279;
Non-Intercourse Act, 279; naval escort of in Persian Gulf, 228, 252, 258n; and "Punitive Expedition" to Mexico, 2? 1, 293, 294n, 298; Rapid Depioyment Force (RDF) and, 251, 258n; relations with revolutionary states, vii, 2, 9, 40; Republicans in, 272? 4; Russia, decision to intervene in, 139-40, 146, 152; Senate of, 278; Soviet ideology, view of, 8; Spain and, 275-76, 278, 286;Vera Cruz, oc- cupation of by, 88-89. See also American rev- olution; specific revolutions
Valmy, Battle of, 77, 82? 3, 1 1 9
Van Evera, Stephen, 339n
Varennes, 120
Velayati, Ali Akbar, 218, 2)2-JJ, 245, 265 Vendee rebellion, 91, 284
Vendemiaire uprising, 100, 103
Venice, 89, 128
Venizelos, Elftherios, 303, 308
Vera Cruz, 288-89, 294-<;15, 298
Versailles, Treaty of, 186, 189. See also Paris
Peace Conference
Vietnam, 41n, 324-26, 336n; and invasion of
Cambodia, 326
Villa, Francisco "Pancho," 288-91, 295-<;16, 337"
Vincennes incident, 228
Vladivostok, 134, 136-37, 14o-41, 146, 152, 183,
207
Vologda, 145
von Seeckt, Helmut, 186 Vorontsov, Yuli, 232
Waltz, Kenneth, 3
Wandycz, Pyotr, 171-72
War of 1812, 27? 0, 282, 286
War of the First Coalition. See First Coalition,
War of the
War of the Second Coalition. See Second Coali- tion, War of the
Warsaw Pact, 344
Washington, George, 275, 329
Webster, William, 146
Weimar Republic, 185, 202
Weinberger, Caspar, 252
West, Duval, 296
West Indies, 271, 274, 279
Westphalia, Treaty of, 56n, 342 Weygand, Maxime, 173n
Whiskey rebellion, 284
Whites, 147-48, 149n, 150, 153n, 155-59,
161-66, 171-7? 175-76, 18), 20J-J, JJ6. See
also Russian civil war William of Orange, 47 Williams, David, 127 Wilno, 168, 172
Wilson, Henry (Sir), 154, 178
Wilson, Woodrow: "Fourteen Points" speech by, 138; Mexican revolution and, 288-91, 293-<;15, 297-<;19, 343; Ottoman Empire and,
Index
.
? ? ? Index
Wilson, Woodrow (cont. )
300; Russian revolution and, 138-41, 145n, 146, 151? 0, 162, 176, 203-4 2of,. . J;
windows of opportunity, 5, 22, 32-33, 44? 327-28, 333-34; French revolution and, 119; Iranian revolution and, 239-40, 253; Russian revolution and, 173, 175, 202; Turkish revo- lution and, 307, 309, 328
329, 332
World War II, 312-13, 315, 317 Wrangel, Pyotr, 148, 172 Wuhan, 199
Yalta summit, 314
Yao Yilin, 315n
Yazdi, Ibrahim, 225, 254111, 264
Yeltsin, Boris, 347111
Young. Andrew, 263n
Young Turk movement, 181, 300, 309; and
Committee on Union and Progress (CUP),
307-8
Yudenich, Nikolai, and "Northwestern White Army," 148, 150, 158, 173
Zapata, Emiliano, 288, 291, 296n
Zeeland, 86
Zhou En-lai, 315, 320n, 322
Zinoviev, Grigory, 132, 162n, 165, 187, 193, 195,
199
? ? World Trade Center, bombing of, 229n
World War I, 133, 143, 150, 154, 158-59, 171, 185, 201, 203, 205, 207, 291, 293, 297-300,
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