On his return to the Peloponnesus, he gain-
ed some advantages over the Arcadians, although the
Thcbans had come to their aid.
ed some advantages over the Arcadians, although the
Thcbans had come to their aid.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, Hist.
Eecles.
, 7, 36.
)
ARCESILAUS, I. son of Battus, king of Cyrene, was
driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B. C.
675. The second of that name died B. C. 550.
(Polyan. , 8, 41. --Herodot. , 4, 159. )--II. A philoso-
pher, bom at Pitane, in . Hulls, and the founder of
what was termed the Middle Academy. The period
of his birth is usually given as 316 B. C. , while ac-
cording to Apollodorus, as cited by Diogenes Laertius
(4, 45), he flourished about B. C. 299. If these num-
bers are accurate, he must have had an early reputa-
tion, as he would at the latter date have been only
seventeen years of age. There is therefore some er-
ror here in the remark of Apollodorus. (Clinton's
fasti Hcllcnici, vol. 1, p. 179, and 367, not. ) Arccs-
ilaus at first applied himself to rhetoric, but subse-
quently passed to the study of philosophy, in which
he had for teachers, first Thcophrastus, then Crantor
the Academician, and probably also Polemo. (Diog.
Latrt. , 4, 24, 29. -- Ctc. . Acad. , 1, 9. ) The state-
ment of Numenius (ap. Eus. , Pr. En. , 14, 5), that
Arcesilaus was the disciple of Polemo at the same
time with Zeno, appears to be ill-grounded, and to in-
volve great chronological difficulties. It is very prob-
ably a mere fiction, designed to suggest some outward
motive for the controversial relation of the Porch and
the-Academy. --Besides the instructors above named,
? ? Arcesilaus is also said to have diligently attended the
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10 that splendour and luxury which the prevailing
rieirs of morality allowed and sanctioned. His
dooba, therefore, as to the possibility of arriving at a
knowledge of the truth, may probably have had no
higher source than a high idea of science, derived
periapt from his study of Plato's works, and compared
? ilh which all human thought may have appeared at
best bat a probable conjecture. --Arcesilaus continued
to Boorish as late as the 134th Olympiad, B. C. 244.
(Katm'i Ptuti UeUcnici, vol. 1, p. 179. -- Kilter's
flutery of Philosophy, vol. 3, p. 600, scqq. )-- III. A
painter of Paras, acquainted, according to Pliny, with
tic art of enamelling-, some time before Aristides, to
whom the invention is commonly assigned! He ap-
pears to have been contemporary with Polvgnotus.
(<<M. , 35, 11. -- SUlif? . Diet. Art. , s. <<. ) -- IV. A
painter, subsequent to the preceding, and who appears
to hare flourished about the 128th Olympiad, B. C.
263. (Win. . 35, 11. SiUig, Diet. Art. , t. >>. ) -- V.
A Kolptor of the first century before our era. His
country is uncertain. (Plin. , 35, 12. --Id. , 36, 5. )
AICHELADS, I. a king of Sparta, of the line of the
Agids, who reigned conjointly with Charilaus. ] >u ?
mg thif reign Lycurgus promulgated his code of laws.
(/Wan. , 3, 2. )--II. A king of Macedonia, natural son
of Perdiccas, who ascended the throne, after making
away with all the lawful claimants to it, about 413
B. C. He proved a very able monarch. Under his sway
Macedonia flourished, literature and the arts were pat-
ronised, and learned men and artists were invited to
his court. Euripides and A cratho, the two tragic poets,
spent the latter part of their days there, and the paint-
er Zeuxia received seven talents (about 8000 dollars)
for adorning with his pencil the royal palace. The cele-
bra! ed philosopher Socrates was also invited to come and
reside with the monarch, but declined. Archelaus died
after a reign of about 14 years. Diodorus Siculus
makes him to have lost his lite by an accidental wound
received in hunting, but Aristotle states that he fell
by a conspiracy. (Dtod. Sic. , 13, 49. -- Id. , 14, 37. --
AnstQt-. Po'it. ,5, 10. --Compare the remarks ofWes-
<<eikn>>, ad Dial. , 14,37. )--III. Son of Amyntas, king
of Macedonia. He was put to death by his half-broth-
er Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. (Justin,
7. \. ) --IV. A native of Cappadocia, and one of the
ablest generals of Mithradates. He disputed with the
Remans the possession of Greece, but was defeated by
Sylia at Chsronca, and again at Orchomenus. Arche-
bui>>. convinced of the superiority of the Romans, pre-
vailed upon Mithradates to make peace with them, and
arranged the terms of the treaty along with Sy lla, whose
esteem he acquired. Some years after he became an
object of suspicion to Mithradates, who thought that he
had favouredtoomuchthe interests ofthe Roman people.
"Well aware of the cruelty of the monarch, Archelaus
fled to the Romans, who gave him a friendly reception.
Plutarch thinks that he had been actually unfaithful
to M itUradates. and that the present which he received
from Sylla, of ten thousand acres in Euboea, was a
strong confirmation of this. He informs us, however,
at the game time, that Sylla, in his commentaries, de-
fended Archelaus from the censures which had been
east upon him. (Pint. , Vit. Syll. , c. 23. ) -- V. Son
of the preceding, remained attached to the Romans
after the death of his father, and was appointed by
Pompey high-priest at Comana. As the temple at
Comaaa had an extensive territory attached to it, and
a large number of slaves, the high-priest was in fact a
? ? kind of king. This tranquil office, however, did not
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ARC
same nourishment, the slime in which they were bom.
At first they were of very brief duration, and subse-
quently only acquired the faculty of propagating their
species. Men were distinct from the other kinds, and
became the ruling race. Mind, however, was inborn
in all animals alike, and all have a body for use, only
some a more perishable, others a more durable one.
The fundamental principle of Archelaus in ethics was
as follows: " Good and evil are not by nature, but by
convention. " (Diog. Laert. ,Z,l6. --Orig. Phil. , 9. --
hitter's History of Philosophy, 1, 319, seqq. )
Archemorus. Vid. Opheltes.
Archias, I. a Corinthian, leader of the colony that
founded Syracuse. Vid. Syracuse. --II. A Greek poet,
a nativo of Antioch, who came to Rome in the consul-
ship of Marius and Catulus (B. C. 102). He soon be-
came intimate with the most distinguished men in this
latter city, and accompanied Lucullus to Sicily, and,
on returning with him to that province, received the
rights of Roman citizenship at the municipal town of
Heraclca, in southern Italy. A conflagration, how-
ever, having destroyed the records of this place, a cer-
tain Grating contested judicially his title to the rights
and privileges of a Roman citizen. Cicero, his friend
and former pupil, defended Archias in a brilliant ora-
tion, which has come down to us, and which contains
noc only the praises of Mb old instructor, but a beauti-!
ful eulogium also on the culture of letters. The poet
gained his cause. Archias before this had composed
a poem on the war with the Cimbri, and had commen-
ced another on the consulship of Cicero. There re-
main, however, of his productions, only some epigrams
in the Anthology. It is difficult to reconcile the eu-
logiums which Cicero heaps on Archias, with the ex-
treme mediocrity of the pieces that have reached us.
A servile imitator of I. eonidas the Tarentine, and of
Antipater, he handles the same themes which they had
selected before him, and only produces, after all, un-
faithful copies. Two or three pieces are somewhat
superior to the rest, but still we must take it for grant-
ed that his poem on the Cimbrian war was a very dif-
ferent production from any of his epigrams, or else
that Cicero's vanity got the better of his judgment, and
that, in praising Archias, he felt he was praising him-
self. (Cic, pro Arch)
Archidamus, I. son of Theopompus, king of Spar-
ta, died before his father. --II. Another king of Sparta,
son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles. He as-
cended the throne about 620 B. C. --III. Son of Zeux-
idainus, of the line of the Proclidee. He ascended
the Spartan throne B. C. 476, his father having died
without becoming king. Laconia was desolated by an
earthquake about the 12th year of his reign, and after
this the Messenians revolted. Archidamus displayed
great coolness and ability amid these events, and finally
reduced the Messenians to submission, having taken
the fortress of Ithoine after a siege of ten years. He
opposed the Peloponnesian war, but, his counsel not
having been followed, he took the command of the
confederate army, and made many invasions of Attica.
He died B. C. 428--IV. Son of Agesilaus, of the line
of the Proclids. Before coming to the throne, he had
the command of the troops which the Lacedemonians
sent to the aid of their countrymen after the battle of
Leuctra.
On his return to the Peloponnesus, he gain-
ed some advantages over the Arcadians, although the
Thcbans had come to their aid. Having ascended the
? ? throne (B. C. 361), he prevailed upon the Lacedemo-
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ed to Ihe
taw me ancients as one of the greatest poets that
Ure<<shad produced. Cicero classes him with Homer,
Supbocles, and Pindar (Orat. , I); and in an epigram
a the Anthology (vol. 2. p. 286), the Emperor Ha-
fa remarks that the Muses, fearing for the glory
of Homer, inspired Arehilochus with the idea of com-
posing in iambics. One production of this poet's,
in particular, his Hymn, in honour of Hercules, was
the subject of high eulogium ; this piece he himself
lung at the Olympic games. The anniversary of his
birth was celebrated, as in the case of Homer; and
Ibe rhapsodists recited his verses as they did those of
Ihe Iliad. Blame, however, attaches itself to the bit-
ter and vindicate spirit that characterized his verses,
is well to the indecency which pervaded them; and it
is probably to this latter cause that we must ascribe
the loss of his poems, of which we possess only a few
fragments, preserved as citations in the writings of
Atlrnsus, St. Clement of Alexandrea, StobEUs, the
Kboliasts, &e. If the ancients speak of the Fables
of Archilochus, it is not because he ever published any
collections of apologues, but because he was accus-
tomed to give life and movement to his iambics by
introducing into them occasionally this spieces of com-
position. The fragments of Archilochus were publish-
ed by H. Stephens and Kroben in their respective
collections, and by Brunck in his Analccta. An edi-
tion of them by Laebcl, with a critical commentary,
appeared from the I^eipsic press in 1812, and also in
an enlarged form in 1819, 8vo.
ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician
among the ancients, a native of Syracuse in Sicily,
and related to King Hiero. He flourished about 250
B C. Under what masters he studied, or how much
of his extraordinary knowledge he acquired from his
predecessors, is not known. That he travelled into
ETypt appears certain; but it is probable that, in his
scientific acquaintance with that country, he commu-
nicated more than he received, and that he owes the
great name which he has transmitted to posterity to
his own vigorous and inventive intellect. He was
equally skilled in the science of astronomy, geome-
try, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics, in all of which
h^ excelled, and produced many extraordinary inven-
tions His ingenuity in solving problems had in Ci-
cero's days become proverbial; and his singular in-
genuity in the invention and construction of warlike
engines is much dwelt upon by Livy. His knowledge
of the doctrine of specific gravities is proved by the
well-known story of his discovery of the mixture of
? ilver with gold in King Micro's crown, which fraud he
detected by comparing the quantity of water displace;!
by equal weights of gold and silver. The thought oc-
curred to him while in the bath, on observing that he
displaced abulk of water equal to his own body; when,
at once, perceiving a train of consequences, he ran
naJceJ out of the bath into the street, exclaiming,
EPp. yjto, "I have found it'. " This part of the story,
however, is regarded by some as a mere exaggeration.
(. Btojr. Vain. , vol. 2, p. 379. ) To show Hiero the
wonderful effects of mechanic power, he is said, by
the help of ropes and pulleys, to have drawn towards
him, with perfect ease, a galley which lay on the shore,
manned and loaded. His intimate acquaintance with
the powers of the lever is evinced by his famous decla-
ration to the same monarch: A. '- irov CTU, xat rdv
xatTuov ncvijau, "Give me where I may stand, and I
? ? will move the world. " But his greatest efforts of me-
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ARC
regarded as the first truly complete one of the works
of Archimedes. Translations have also appeared in
some of the modem languages. That of Peyrard, in
French (1807, 4to, and 1808, 2 vols. 8vo), is most
deserving of mention. Delambre has appended to this
version a memoir on the Arithmetic of the Greeks; a
subject of great interest, as we have very scanty data
left us on this point. A review of tliis translation is
given in the London Quarterly, vol. 3, p. 89, seqq.
(Compare Hutton's Math. Diet. -- Aikin's G. Diet.
--Saxii Onomast. -- Biogr. Univ. , vol. 2, p. 378,
seqq. )
Archippe, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an
earthquake, and lost in Lake Fucinus. It is thought
by Holstenius, on the authority of some people of the
country who had seen vestiges of it, to have stood be-
tween the villages of Transaqua and Ortuccia, on the
spot which retains the name of Areiprelc. (Hoist. ,
Adnot. , p. 164. )
Archippus, I. a king of Italy, from whom perhaps the
town of Archippe received its name. He was one of
the allies of Turnus. (Virg. , AZn. , 7, 752. )--II. An
Athenian comic poet, who gained the prize but once
(Olymp. 91), according to Suidas. For some of the
titles of his pieces, consult Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. , vol.
1, p. 747, and Schweighaeuser's Index Auctorum to
Athenreus (Animadv. , vol. 9, p. 47).
Archontes, the name of the chief magistrates of \
Athens. At first the archons were for life, and on
their death the office descended to their children.
This arrangement took place after the death of Codrus,
the Athenian state having been previously governed by
kings. The first of these perpetual archons was Me-
don, son of Codrus, from whom the thirteen following
<<nd hereditary archons were named Medontidre, as be-
ing descended from him. In the first year of the sev-
enth Olympiad, the power of the archons was curbed
by their being allowed to hold the office only for ten
years. These are what are termed decennial archons.
Seventy years after this the office was made annual,
and continued so ever after. These annual archons
were nine in number, and none were chosen but such
as were descended from ancestors who had been free
citizens of the republic for three generations. They
were also to be without any personal defect, and must
show that they had been dutiful towards their parents,
had borne arms in the service of their country, and were
possessed of a competent estate to support the office
with dignity. They took a solemn oath that they
would observe the laws, administer justice with impar-
tiality, and never suffer themselves to be corrupted.
If they ever received bribes they were compelled by
the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of
gold, of equal weight with their body. (Plut, Vit.
Solon, c. 19. -- Pollux, 8, 9, 85. ) They possessed
the entire power of punishing malefactors with death.
The cfccf among them was called Archon; the year
took its denomination from him, and hence he was I
also called liruwfioc. He determined all causes be-1
tween man and wife, and took care of legacies and
wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, I
and punished drunkenness with uncommon severity.
If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time
of his office, the misdemeanor was punished with death.
The second of the archons was called Basileux: it
was his office to keep good order, and to remove all
causes of quarrel in the families of those who were
? ? dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane
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iimitol confidence of his fellow-citizens, that, contrary
to the usual custom, he was appointed seven different
tunes to the responsible office of general, and never
eipenenced either check or defeat. (Diog. Laert. , 8.
T9. --Menage, ad Loc. . ^Elian makes it six times.
Vor. Hist. , 7, 14. ) Archytas was eminently distin-
guished for his self-command and purity of conduct;
mil is uniting with arare knowledge of mankind1 such
achildhke feeling of universal love, and such simple-
ness of manners, that he lived with the inmates of his
buse a real father of a 1 i m 11 y Amid all his public
avocations, however, he still found leisure to devote
to the most important discoveries in science, and to
the composition of many works of a very diversified
character. His discoveries were exclusively in the
mathematical and kindred sciences. He was occu-
pied not merely with theoretical, but also practical
mechanics; and his inventions in this department of
study imply a considerable advance in their cultivation.
He ai-,1 published a musical system, which was re-
ferred to by all succeeding theoretical students of the
art (Ptolcm. , Harm. , 1. 13. --Boelh. , de Mus. ) He
wrote, moreover, a treatise on agriculture. (Varro, de
fi. fi. , 1,1. --Colum. , 1, 1. ) Ot his philosophical doc-
irinennany accounts have come down to us; but wher-
ever our information on this head is derived exclusive-
ly from writers of later date, we cannot be too much
on our guard, lest we should adopt anything which
rests merely on supposititious writing, since nearly all
lh* fragments attributed to him are spurious. These
fragments have been preserved by Stobteus and others,
and edited from him by Gale, in his Opuscula Mytkolo-
ftta (Can/air. , 1671, 12mo), among the \lv6ayopeiav
u-oexaafuLTia. They are given, however, more fully
ind carrectly by Orellius, in his Opuscula Gracorum,
&c. , vol. 2, p. 234, xeqq. --Aristotle, who was an in-
dustrious collector from the Pythagoreans, is said to
have borrowed from Archytas the general arrangements
which are usually called his " Ten Categories. "--The
mm of the moral doctrines of Archytas is, that virtue
is to be pursued for its own sake in every condition of
life; that all excess is inconsistent with virtue; that
the mind is more injured by prosperity; and that there
is no pestilence so destructive to human happiness as
pleasure. It is probable that Aristotle was indebted
to Archytas for many of his moral ideas; particularly
for the notion which runs through his ethical pieces,
that virtue consists in avoiding extremes. Archytas
perished by shipwreck, and his death is made a sub-
ject of poetical description by Horace, who cele-
brates him as a geometer, mathematician, and astron-
omer. (Od. . 1, 28. --Ritler, History of the Pythag.
Pluio*. , p. 67. --Id. , Hist. Anc. Phil. , vol. 1, p. 350,
ffq. )
ARCITENENS, an epithet applied to Apollo, as bear-
ing a bow (arms and teneo). The analogous Greek
expression is rojodopoc. (Virg. , JEn. , 3, 75, &c. )
A ncrTsus, a cyclic bard, born at Miletus. He was
confessedly a very ancient poet, nay, he is even termed
a disciple of Homer. The chronological accounts
place him immediately after the commencement of the
Olympiad. Arctinus composed a poem consisting of
91OO verses. (Heeren, Bibliothek der Alien Lit. , &c. ,
pt. 4, p. 61. ) It opened with the arrival of the Ama-
zons at Troy, which event followed immediately after
the death of Hector. The action of the epic of Arcti-
nus was connected with the following principal events.
Achilles kills Penthesilea, and then, in a fit of anger,
? ? puts to death Thersites, who had ridiculed him for his
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? AKD
ARE
was forgotten or neglected, and Helicc and Cynosura
appear in fable as two nymphs, the nurses of Jove.
(Aral. , 1'htzn. , 30, seqq.
ARCESILAUS, I. son of Battus, king of Cyrene, was
driven from his kingdom in a sedition, and died B. C.
675. The second of that name died B. C. 550.
(Polyan. , 8, 41. --Herodot. , 4, 159. )--II. A philoso-
pher, bom at Pitane, in . Hulls, and the founder of
what was termed the Middle Academy. The period
of his birth is usually given as 316 B. C. , while ac-
cording to Apollodorus, as cited by Diogenes Laertius
(4, 45), he flourished about B. C. 299. If these num-
bers are accurate, he must have had an early reputa-
tion, as he would at the latter date have been only
seventeen years of age. There is therefore some er-
ror here in the remark of Apollodorus. (Clinton's
fasti Hcllcnici, vol. 1, p. 179, and 367, not. ) Arccs-
ilaus at first applied himself to rhetoric, but subse-
quently passed to the study of philosophy, in which
he had for teachers, first Thcophrastus, then Crantor
the Academician, and probably also Polemo. (Diog.
Latrt. , 4, 24, 29. -- Ctc. . Acad. , 1, 9. ) The state-
ment of Numenius (ap. Eus. , Pr. En. , 14, 5), that
Arcesilaus was the disciple of Polemo at the same
time with Zeno, appears to be ill-grounded, and to in-
volve great chronological difficulties. It is very prob-
ably a mere fiction, designed to suggest some outward
motive for the controversial relation of the Porch and
the-Academy. --Besides the instructors above named,
? ? Arcesilaus is also said to have diligently attended the
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10 that splendour and luxury which the prevailing
rieirs of morality allowed and sanctioned. His
dooba, therefore, as to the possibility of arriving at a
knowledge of the truth, may probably have had no
higher source than a high idea of science, derived
periapt from his study of Plato's works, and compared
? ilh which all human thought may have appeared at
best bat a probable conjecture. --Arcesilaus continued
to Boorish as late as the 134th Olympiad, B. C. 244.
(Katm'i Ptuti UeUcnici, vol. 1, p. 179. -- Kilter's
flutery of Philosophy, vol. 3, p. 600, scqq. )-- III. A
painter of Paras, acquainted, according to Pliny, with
tic art of enamelling-, some time before Aristides, to
whom the invention is commonly assigned! He ap-
pears to have been contemporary with Polvgnotus.
(<<M. , 35, 11. -- SUlif? . Diet. Art. , s. <<. ) -- IV. A
painter, subsequent to the preceding, and who appears
to hare flourished about the 128th Olympiad, B. C.
263. (Win. . 35, 11. SiUig, Diet. Art. , t. >>. ) -- V.
A Kolptor of the first century before our era. His
country is uncertain. (Plin. , 35, 12. --Id. , 36, 5. )
AICHELADS, I. a king of Sparta, of the line of the
Agids, who reigned conjointly with Charilaus. ] >u ?
mg thif reign Lycurgus promulgated his code of laws.
(/Wan. , 3, 2. )--II. A king of Macedonia, natural son
of Perdiccas, who ascended the throne, after making
away with all the lawful claimants to it, about 413
B. C. He proved a very able monarch. Under his sway
Macedonia flourished, literature and the arts were pat-
ronised, and learned men and artists were invited to
his court. Euripides and A cratho, the two tragic poets,
spent the latter part of their days there, and the paint-
er Zeuxia received seven talents (about 8000 dollars)
for adorning with his pencil the royal palace. The cele-
bra! ed philosopher Socrates was also invited to come and
reside with the monarch, but declined. Archelaus died
after a reign of about 14 years. Diodorus Siculus
makes him to have lost his lite by an accidental wound
received in hunting, but Aristotle states that he fell
by a conspiracy. (Dtod. Sic. , 13, 49. -- Id. , 14, 37. --
AnstQt-. Po'it. ,5, 10. --Compare the remarks ofWes-
<<eikn>>, ad Dial. , 14,37. )--III. Son of Amyntas, king
of Macedonia. He was put to death by his half-broth-
er Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. (Justin,
7. \. ) --IV. A native of Cappadocia, and one of the
ablest generals of Mithradates. He disputed with the
Remans the possession of Greece, but was defeated by
Sylia at Chsronca, and again at Orchomenus. Arche-
bui>>. convinced of the superiority of the Romans, pre-
vailed upon Mithradates to make peace with them, and
arranged the terms of the treaty along with Sy lla, whose
esteem he acquired. Some years after he became an
object of suspicion to Mithradates, who thought that he
had favouredtoomuchthe interests ofthe Roman people.
"Well aware of the cruelty of the monarch, Archelaus
fled to the Romans, who gave him a friendly reception.
Plutarch thinks that he had been actually unfaithful
to M itUradates. and that the present which he received
from Sylla, of ten thousand acres in Euboea, was a
strong confirmation of this. He informs us, however,
at the game time, that Sylla, in his commentaries, de-
fended Archelaus from the censures which had been
east upon him. (Pint. , Vit. Syll. , c. 23. ) -- V. Son
of the preceding, remained attached to the Romans
after the death of his father, and was appointed by
Pompey high-priest at Comana. As the temple at
Comaaa had an extensive territory attached to it, and
a large number of slaves, the high-priest was in fact a
? ? kind of king. This tranquil office, however, did not
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same nourishment, the slime in which they were bom.
At first they were of very brief duration, and subse-
quently only acquired the faculty of propagating their
species. Men were distinct from the other kinds, and
became the ruling race. Mind, however, was inborn
in all animals alike, and all have a body for use, only
some a more perishable, others a more durable one.
The fundamental principle of Archelaus in ethics was
as follows: " Good and evil are not by nature, but by
convention. " (Diog. Laert. ,Z,l6. --Orig. Phil. , 9. --
hitter's History of Philosophy, 1, 319, seqq. )
Archemorus. Vid. Opheltes.
Archias, I. a Corinthian, leader of the colony that
founded Syracuse. Vid. Syracuse. --II. A Greek poet,
a nativo of Antioch, who came to Rome in the consul-
ship of Marius and Catulus (B. C. 102). He soon be-
came intimate with the most distinguished men in this
latter city, and accompanied Lucullus to Sicily, and,
on returning with him to that province, received the
rights of Roman citizenship at the municipal town of
Heraclca, in southern Italy. A conflagration, how-
ever, having destroyed the records of this place, a cer-
tain Grating contested judicially his title to the rights
and privileges of a Roman citizen. Cicero, his friend
and former pupil, defended Archias in a brilliant ora-
tion, which has come down to us, and which contains
noc only the praises of Mb old instructor, but a beauti-!
ful eulogium also on the culture of letters. The poet
gained his cause. Archias before this had composed
a poem on the war with the Cimbri, and had commen-
ced another on the consulship of Cicero. There re-
main, however, of his productions, only some epigrams
in the Anthology. It is difficult to reconcile the eu-
logiums which Cicero heaps on Archias, with the ex-
treme mediocrity of the pieces that have reached us.
A servile imitator of I. eonidas the Tarentine, and of
Antipater, he handles the same themes which they had
selected before him, and only produces, after all, un-
faithful copies. Two or three pieces are somewhat
superior to the rest, but still we must take it for grant-
ed that his poem on the Cimbrian war was a very dif-
ferent production from any of his epigrams, or else
that Cicero's vanity got the better of his judgment, and
that, in praising Archias, he felt he was praising him-
self. (Cic, pro Arch)
Archidamus, I. son of Theopompus, king of Spar-
ta, died before his father. --II. Another king of Sparta,
son of Anaxidamus, succeeded by Agasicles. He as-
cended the throne about 620 B. C. --III. Son of Zeux-
idainus, of the line of the Proclidee. He ascended
the Spartan throne B. C. 476, his father having died
without becoming king. Laconia was desolated by an
earthquake about the 12th year of his reign, and after
this the Messenians revolted. Archidamus displayed
great coolness and ability amid these events, and finally
reduced the Messenians to submission, having taken
the fortress of Ithoine after a siege of ten years. He
opposed the Peloponnesian war, but, his counsel not
having been followed, he took the command of the
confederate army, and made many invasions of Attica.
He died B. C. 428--IV. Son of Agesilaus, of the line
of the Proclids. Before coming to the throne, he had
the command of the troops which the Lacedemonians
sent to the aid of their countrymen after the battle of
Leuctra.
On his return to the Peloponnesus, he gain-
ed some advantages over the Arcadians, although the
Thcbans had come to their aid. Having ascended the
? ? throne (B. C. 361), he prevailed upon the Lacedemo-
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ed to Ihe
taw me ancients as one of the greatest poets that
Ure<<shad produced. Cicero classes him with Homer,
Supbocles, and Pindar (Orat. , I); and in an epigram
a the Anthology (vol. 2. p. 286), the Emperor Ha-
fa remarks that the Muses, fearing for the glory
of Homer, inspired Arehilochus with the idea of com-
posing in iambics. One production of this poet's,
in particular, his Hymn, in honour of Hercules, was
the subject of high eulogium ; this piece he himself
lung at the Olympic games. The anniversary of his
birth was celebrated, as in the case of Homer; and
Ibe rhapsodists recited his verses as they did those of
Ihe Iliad. Blame, however, attaches itself to the bit-
ter and vindicate spirit that characterized his verses,
is well to the indecency which pervaded them; and it
is probably to this latter cause that we must ascribe
the loss of his poems, of which we possess only a few
fragments, preserved as citations in the writings of
Atlrnsus, St. Clement of Alexandrea, StobEUs, the
Kboliasts, &e. If the ancients speak of the Fables
of Archilochus, it is not because he ever published any
collections of apologues, but because he was accus-
tomed to give life and movement to his iambics by
introducing into them occasionally this spieces of com-
position. The fragments of Archilochus were publish-
ed by H. Stephens and Kroben in their respective
collections, and by Brunck in his Analccta. An edi-
tion of them by Laebcl, with a critical commentary,
appeared from the I^eipsic press in 1812, and also in
an enlarged form in 1819, 8vo.
ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated mathematician
among the ancients, a native of Syracuse in Sicily,
and related to King Hiero. He flourished about 250
B C. Under what masters he studied, or how much
of his extraordinary knowledge he acquired from his
predecessors, is not known. That he travelled into
ETypt appears certain; but it is probable that, in his
scientific acquaintance with that country, he commu-
nicated more than he received, and that he owes the
great name which he has transmitted to posterity to
his own vigorous and inventive intellect. He was
equally skilled in the science of astronomy, geome-
try, mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics, in all of which
h^ excelled, and produced many extraordinary inven-
tions His ingenuity in solving problems had in Ci-
cero's days become proverbial; and his singular in-
genuity in the invention and construction of warlike
engines is much dwelt upon by Livy. His knowledge
of the doctrine of specific gravities is proved by the
well-known story of his discovery of the mixture of
? ilver with gold in King Micro's crown, which fraud he
detected by comparing the quantity of water displace;!
by equal weights of gold and silver. The thought oc-
curred to him while in the bath, on observing that he
displaced abulk of water equal to his own body; when,
at once, perceiving a train of consequences, he ran
naJceJ out of the bath into the street, exclaiming,
EPp. yjto, "I have found it'. " This part of the story,
however, is regarded by some as a mere exaggeration.
(. Btojr. Vain. , vol. 2, p. 379. ) To show Hiero the
wonderful effects of mechanic power, he is said, by
the help of ropes and pulleys, to have drawn towards
him, with perfect ease, a galley which lay on the shore,
manned and loaded. His intimate acquaintance with
the powers of the lever is evinced by his famous decla-
ration to the same monarch: A. '- irov CTU, xat rdv
xatTuov ncvijau, "Give me where I may stand, and I
? ? will move the world. " But his greatest efforts of me-
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regarded as the first truly complete one of the works
of Archimedes. Translations have also appeared in
some of the modem languages. That of Peyrard, in
French (1807, 4to, and 1808, 2 vols. 8vo), is most
deserving of mention. Delambre has appended to this
version a memoir on the Arithmetic of the Greeks; a
subject of great interest, as we have very scanty data
left us on this point. A review of tliis translation is
given in the London Quarterly, vol. 3, p. 89, seqq.
(Compare Hutton's Math. Diet. -- Aikin's G. Diet.
--Saxii Onomast. -- Biogr. Univ. , vol. 2, p. 378,
seqq. )
Archippe, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an
earthquake, and lost in Lake Fucinus. It is thought
by Holstenius, on the authority of some people of the
country who had seen vestiges of it, to have stood be-
tween the villages of Transaqua and Ortuccia, on the
spot which retains the name of Areiprelc. (Hoist. ,
Adnot. , p. 164. )
Archippus, I. a king of Italy, from whom perhaps the
town of Archippe received its name. He was one of
the allies of Turnus. (Virg. , AZn. , 7, 752. )--II. An
Athenian comic poet, who gained the prize but once
(Olymp. 91), according to Suidas. For some of the
titles of his pieces, consult Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. , vol.
1, p. 747, and Schweighaeuser's Index Auctorum to
Athenreus (Animadv. , vol. 9, p. 47).
Archontes, the name of the chief magistrates of \
Athens. At first the archons were for life, and on
their death the office descended to their children.
This arrangement took place after the death of Codrus,
the Athenian state having been previously governed by
kings. The first of these perpetual archons was Me-
don, son of Codrus, from whom the thirteen following
<<nd hereditary archons were named Medontidre, as be-
ing descended from him. In the first year of the sev-
enth Olympiad, the power of the archons was curbed
by their being allowed to hold the office only for ten
years. These are what are termed decennial archons.
Seventy years after this the office was made annual,
and continued so ever after. These annual archons
were nine in number, and none were chosen but such
as were descended from ancestors who had been free
citizens of the republic for three generations. They
were also to be without any personal defect, and must
show that they had been dutiful towards their parents,
had borne arms in the service of their country, and were
possessed of a competent estate to support the office
with dignity. They took a solemn oath that they
would observe the laws, administer justice with impar-
tiality, and never suffer themselves to be corrupted.
If they ever received bribes they were compelled by
the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi a statue of
gold, of equal weight with their body. (Plut, Vit.
Solon, c. 19. -- Pollux, 8, 9, 85. ) They possessed
the entire power of punishing malefactors with death.
The cfccf among them was called Archon; the year
took its denomination from him, and hence he was I
also called liruwfioc. He determined all causes be-1
tween man and wife, and took care of legacies and
wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, I
and punished drunkenness with uncommon severity.
If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time
of his office, the misdemeanor was punished with death.
The second of the archons was called Basileux: it
was his office to keep good order, and to remove all
causes of quarrel in the families of those who were
? ? dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane
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iimitol confidence of his fellow-citizens, that, contrary
to the usual custom, he was appointed seven different
tunes to the responsible office of general, and never
eipenenced either check or defeat. (Diog. Laert. , 8.
T9. --Menage, ad Loc. . ^Elian makes it six times.
Vor. Hist. , 7, 14. ) Archytas was eminently distin-
guished for his self-command and purity of conduct;
mil is uniting with arare knowledge of mankind1 such
achildhke feeling of universal love, and such simple-
ness of manners, that he lived with the inmates of his
buse a real father of a 1 i m 11 y Amid all his public
avocations, however, he still found leisure to devote
to the most important discoveries in science, and to
the composition of many works of a very diversified
character. His discoveries were exclusively in the
mathematical and kindred sciences. He was occu-
pied not merely with theoretical, but also practical
mechanics; and his inventions in this department of
study imply a considerable advance in their cultivation.
He ai-,1 published a musical system, which was re-
ferred to by all succeeding theoretical students of the
art (Ptolcm. , Harm. , 1. 13. --Boelh. , de Mus. ) He
wrote, moreover, a treatise on agriculture. (Varro, de
fi. fi. , 1,1. --Colum. , 1, 1. ) Ot his philosophical doc-
irinennany accounts have come down to us; but wher-
ever our information on this head is derived exclusive-
ly from writers of later date, we cannot be too much
on our guard, lest we should adopt anything which
rests merely on supposititious writing, since nearly all
lh* fragments attributed to him are spurious. These
fragments have been preserved by Stobteus and others,
and edited from him by Gale, in his Opuscula Mytkolo-
ftta (Can/air. , 1671, 12mo), among the \lv6ayopeiav
u-oexaafuLTia. They are given, however, more fully
ind carrectly by Orellius, in his Opuscula Gracorum,
&c. , vol. 2, p. 234, xeqq. --Aristotle, who was an in-
dustrious collector from the Pythagoreans, is said to
have borrowed from Archytas the general arrangements
which are usually called his " Ten Categories. "--The
mm of the moral doctrines of Archytas is, that virtue
is to be pursued for its own sake in every condition of
life; that all excess is inconsistent with virtue; that
the mind is more injured by prosperity; and that there
is no pestilence so destructive to human happiness as
pleasure. It is probable that Aristotle was indebted
to Archytas for many of his moral ideas; particularly
for the notion which runs through his ethical pieces,
that virtue consists in avoiding extremes. Archytas
perished by shipwreck, and his death is made a sub-
ject of poetical description by Horace, who cele-
brates him as a geometer, mathematician, and astron-
omer. (Od. . 1, 28. --Ritler, History of the Pythag.
Pluio*. , p. 67. --Id. , Hist. Anc. Phil. , vol. 1, p. 350,
ffq. )
ARCITENENS, an epithet applied to Apollo, as bear-
ing a bow (arms and teneo). The analogous Greek
expression is rojodopoc. (Virg. , JEn. , 3, 75, &c. )
A ncrTsus, a cyclic bard, born at Miletus. He was
confessedly a very ancient poet, nay, he is even termed
a disciple of Homer. The chronological accounts
place him immediately after the commencement of the
Olympiad. Arctinus composed a poem consisting of
91OO verses. (Heeren, Bibliothek der Alien Lit. , &c. ,
pt. 4, p. 61. ) It opened with the arrival of the Ama-
zons at Troy, which event followed immediately after
the death of Hector. The action of the epic of Arcti-
nus was connected with the following principal events.
Achilles kills Penthesilea, and then, in a fit of anger,
? ? puts to death Thersites, who had ridiculed him for his
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was forgotten or neglected, and Helicc and Cynosura
appear in fable as two nymphs, the nurses of Jove.
(Aral. , 1'htzn. , 30, seqq.
