No More Learning

DO NOT Stow in the hollowed vessel the whole of thy substance;
Leave thou more behind, and carry the less for a cargo.
Hateful is it to meet with a loss on the watery billows;
Hateful too if, loading excessive weight on a wagon,
Thou shouldst crush thine axle and so thy burden be wasted.
Keep thou due moderation; all things have a fitting occasion.
CLOSING LINES
DIFFERENT men praise different days: they are rare who do know
them.
Often a day may prove as a stepmother, often a mother:
Blessed and happy is he who, aware of all that concerns them,
Wisely works his task, unblamed in the sight of immortals,
Judging the omens aright, and succeeds in avoiding transgression.
Translation taken by permission from The School of Homer,' by William C
Lawton


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7333
PAUL HEYSE
(1830-)
AUL HEYSE stands among the foremost modern German writers,
and his reputation is not confined to his native land. A cult-
Sugan ured cosmopolitan of literature, there is much in his work
to appeal to all who are sensitive to the presentation of life in artis-
tic form, with grace, charm, and power.
Johann Ludwig Paul Heyse-to give him his full baptismal name
was born at Berlin, March 15th, 1830, the son of a distinguished
philologist of that city, both father and grandfather being scholars of
importance. By blood he is half Jew. At
first he studied classical philology at the
Berlin University under Böckh and Lach-
mann; but in 1849 at Bonn took up the study
of the Romance languages and literatures.
His dissertation in 1852 for his doctorate, on
the subject of the refrain in Troubadour
poetry, shows his early literary leanings.
Next came the "grand tour," so fruitful
in rounding out and ripening the education
of a young man of gifts. The libraries of
Italy and Switzerland were ransacked for
books bearing on his Romance studies. In
1854 he was called to Munich to join the
circle of writers gathered there by King
Max, and he has ever since made that centre of art and music his
home. By 1850, at the age of twenty, he was writing poems and
plays, and had begun to publish his long list of works, which in
1893 numbered twenty-four volumes. Of these, the majority are col-
lections of short tales and novelettes, characterized by artistic beauty,
delicate sentiment, picturesque description, and poetic feeling, often
tinged with melancholy, and at times sensuous to the point of dubious
ethics. Excellent examples of these short stories-to some, Heyse's
best literary endeavor - may be found in The Book of Friendship. '
A tale as widely known outside of Germany as any he has written
is 'L'Arrabbiata,' a charming Italian idyl of peasant life. His early
poems-lyric, epic, and dramatic-testify to his culture, warmth of
temperament, and inventive power; and he has never ceased to do

PAUL HEYSE


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PAUL HEYSE
work of this sort, though it is minor compared with his fiction. His
best known epic is perhaps Thekla,' published in 1858. Many of
his plays have had more or less vogue on the stage: by his 'Sabine
Women' in 1859 he won the dramatic prize offered by King Maximil-
ian; and 'Hans Lange,' which the eminent Danish critic Brandes
calls both "beautiful" and "national," is regarded as a drama of high
merit. In other leading plays Heyse treats historical subjects in a
romantic manner, making them pleasing and impressive. In 1884 he
received from the Kaiser for his dramatic compositions the Schiller
prize, a much coveted honor. The influence of Italy and of Italian
culture is observable all through his writings, imparting a certain suav-
ity and sweetness, sometimes with a consequent loss of strength. He
reflects the foreign stimulus as does Pierre Loti in France.
It is likely that Heyse has been most widely enjoyed, and has ap-
pealed to the greatest number of readers, by his short stories. It is
quite true that they represent him in many of his most delightful
moods. Yet for depth and power his two "purpose" novels, 'Children
of the World' and 'In Paradise,' are more typical and have helped
to give him international fame. Few modern works of fiction have
aroused so much interest. Many editions have appeared, many trans-
lations been made. These novels stand for a class of literature which
has developed rapidly under the present literary creed of realism.
Such works propound grim problems, or preach reform, or attack
social abuses. Familiar examples in English are Madame Grand's
The Heavenly Twins' and Mrs. Ward's 'Robert Elsmere. A com-
mon trait of this "purpose" literature, as it is called, is its power,
seriousness, and frequent sadness. It is a later phase of the intel-
lectual and moral storm and stress which earlier in the century, and
under the influence of the romantic spirit, breathed from the lyrics
of Heine and the plays of Goethe. When Children of the World'
appeared in 1870, it made a sensation, because of both its ability and
its teaching. It was warmly praised, bitterly attacked; but its spir-
itual significance and artistic charm were generally conceded. 'In
Paradise,' which followed two years later in 1875, also recognized as
having great strength and fine art, called out a storm of protest for
its conception of life: it cries up the hedonism which makes personal
happiness the aim and test of action. Individual freedom, liberty to
grow in spite of the conventions of society or politics or religion, is
the keynote in both novels. "There is but one real nobility," Heyse
makes some one say: "to be true to one's best self. " This is the
individualistic note of Ibsen. Heyse's motto is, "Follow nature. "
Comparing the two books, 'Children of the World' may be pre-
ferred for its healthier tone, better construction and taste, and more
pleasing solution. It is full of capitally drawn scenes of Bohemian


## p. 7335 (#129) ###########################################

PAUL HEYSE
7335
student life: the art, literature, and philosophy of the day are reflected
in its pages; and the character-drawing and situations have compel-
ling interest. The hero is conducted through an unconventional, emo-
tional love experience, to find peace and happiness at last.
The story
thus avoids the disagreeable extreme of too many "purpose" novels.
Heyse is what the Germans call a dichter. This does not mean
poet in the narrow English sense, which makes the word denote the
writer of literature in verse form; but rather a writer who, whether
in prose or poetry, and perhaps never penning a line of formal verse,
has in his work the qualities of romance, imagination, artistic beauty.
There is something of the feminine in Heyse's glowing, plastic work.
A critic has said that he is to German imaginative literature what
Mendelssohn is to German music,-of a lyric rather than dramatic
genius.
The selection is made from one of the long stories, as being more
satisfactory than any excerpt from the shorter tales could be.
BALDER'S PHILOSOPHY
From Children of the World'
Ο
NE beautiful sunny day in November, Edwin had set out on
his daily walk to the university, and Franzelius was pre-
paring to read aloud from a translation of Sophocles, when
Balder, who was reclining near the window in a comfortable arm-
chair sent by Frau Valentin, suddenly laid his pale slender hand
on the book and said: "We won't read to-day, Franzelius: I'd
rather talk about all sorts of things with you. I feel so well
that it's not the least exertion to speak, and the sun is shining so
brightly in the clear sky! Only to see that, is such an incom-
parable happiness that to enjoy it one would gladly endure all
the evils of this life. Don't you think so? "
-
"I can't look at it without thinking that it shines equally
on the just and the unjust, and beholds much more misery than
happiness," replied the printer, looking almost defiantly toward
the sky. "I wish it would die out once for all, and with it this
whole motley lie which we call life. "
"No, Franzel," said Balder quietly, "you are wrong. Even if
the sun knew what it was doing in creating and sustaining life,
there is no cause for shame in such a work. Why do you call
existence a lie, Franzel? Because its end is so abrupt? But
your existence had its beginning as well, and did that beginning


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7336
PAUL HEYSE
ever bespeak a promise of perpetuity? On the contrary, my
dear fellow, there is much honesty in human life: it promises so
little and yet yields us so much. Will you censure it because
it can't be all that we visionary or dissatisfied or unjust people
demand? "
"There's no joy to me in living," muttered the other gloomily,
covering his eyes with his broad hands. "As soon as one need
is satisfied, another takes its place; and he who ventures to dif-
fer from the opinions held by mankind in general never finds
repose. "
"And would life be worth the living if we were sunk in
repose? Is sleeping, living? Or absorption in a dull dream of
existence, such as the beetle has when it climbs up the blade of
grass to reach a dew-drop,-is that leading a worthy life? My
dear fellow, if you drive necessity out of the world, how unneces-
sary it would be to live! "
"You're playing upon words. "
"No, I speak in sober earnest. A short time ago I read a
stanza in Voltaire, which, like many things he says to the masses,
is drawn from his deep hoard of knowledge and contains a pure
gem of truth:
'Oh! who could bear the burden of his life,
The sad remembrance of the whilom strife,
The threat'ning ills that hover round his way,
If the dear God, to ease man of his pain,
Had not so made him thoughtless, careless, vain,
That he might be less wretched in his day? '
Don't grow at the poor translation; it's a hasty improvisation
which I ventured upon because I know you can't bear French.
The sense is faithfully rendered, and it's a sense admirably suited
to the senseless. I know of but one way that leads to real
unhappiness, and that's when a person is vain and frivolous.
And those lines contain much wisdom; for it is just those people
who lack the strength to endure sorrowful recollections of the
past and anxiety concerning their futures, that are so deeply
indebted to Nature for the ability of thoughtlessly and uncon-
sciously enjoying their pitiful present. This will not bring them
happiness, it will only make them less miserable; for the real
bliss of living they will never learn to know. He only can under-
stand that who is capable of quiet reflection, or, if you will, who


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PAUL HEYSE
7337
is able to grasp the meaning of both past and future at once.
Perhaps, though you're exactly the opposite of vain and frivolous,
even you won't wholly understand life for a long time as I've
understood it. I have always been best able to enjoy life by
retrospection: and whenever I wished to thoroughly enjoy exist-
ence, I have only needed to awake in myself a vivid remembrance
of the various periods of my life; of my laughing frolicsome
childhood, when I was in the glow of perfect health; then the
first dawn of thought and feeling, the first sorrows of youth
when they came to me, the perception of what a full, healthful
existence must be, and yet at the same time the resignation to
my fate which is usually easy only to men advanced in years.
Don't you believe that one who can experience whenever he
wishes such a fullness of life in himself, to whom for this pur-
pose everything lends its aid,-sorrow and joy, loss and gain,
each showing him a new side of his own nature,- don't you
believe, my dear fellow, that such a fortunate man must consider
it a mistaken conclusion, even if a philosopher gave it utterance,
that it would be better not to be born? To be sure, no one can
deny that there are times when sorrow stifles the desire for exist-
ence, and excites an overwhelming longing for mere unconscious-
But oftentimes the greatest sorrow brings an increase of
our life experience: how could we otherwise understand the tri-
umphant delight which martyrs have felt under torture by fire and
rack? They felt that their torment only confirmed their confi-
dence in the strength of their own souls, pervaded as they were
by an illusion or a truth that their tormentors sought to tear out
or kill.
The worst that could be inflicted upon them served to
develop the highest enjoyment of their personality. And so all
the tragedy of life which a shallow philosophy pronounces to be
the misery of the world, is merely another, higher form of enjoy-
ing life, peculiar to lofty souls. When death steps in at last, it's
like the sleep that comes after a holiday, when people have been
so long in an ecstasy of delight that they are weary at last and
have no strength for future enjoyments. "
ness.
He was silent a moment and wore a rapt expression. Then
he suddenly said:-
"If the festival is over for me, Franzel, you must hold fast to
Edwin. "
-
"What nonsense you are talking! " exclaimed the other.
"You've never been on a fairer way toward recovery than now.
Your sickness was a crisis: Marquard said so himself. "


## p. 7338 (#132) ###########################################

7338
PAUL HEYSE
"Yes, it was a crisis,” replied the invalid, smiling. "It will
decide, indeed has already decided something. Life has pro-
nounced judgment upon this not very durable structure, and writ-
ten down its defects in red ink. Do you really suppose that
Marquard does not know as well as I that the drama is played
out? The slightest agitation, the least imprudence — "
-
"Balder! what are you saying! These are mere fancies, per-
haps a passing weakness->
"You think so because I can speak of the end so quietly?
You ought long ago to have credited me with as much strength
as was needed for that. I know how few are willing to rise
from the table just when the viands are most tempting. And
indeed, Franzel, life never seemed to me so fair as now. How
many kind friends I have gained during these last weeks, how
much beautiful poetry and lofty and profound thoughts I have
enjoyed! But all that's of no avail: man must live and let live,
and there are doubtless others waiting to take their turn.
If you
are sad, Franzel, I must wait for another time to make my last
request; though I do not know how long I may have to linger.
But come, be sensible. You know I love you dearly; indeed, next
to Edwin you have the first place in my heart. But I do not
need to take leave of my brother. My whole life during the last
few years has been only one long farewell. We knew we should
not always remain together, I at least was fully aware of it, so
we have enjoyed all our happiness, as it were, on account. But
when the end comes, I know how it will be: at first he'll be
unable to reconcile himself. And that's why I want to beg you
to keep near him. His needs are great, and there are not many
who can fulfill them. "
――――――――――
―――――
-
"And that is the first thing you ask? " cried the honest friend,
with an emotion he vainly endeavored to repress. "But for
heaven's sake, Balder, what sort of talk is this? You - you really
believe I-we-" He started up and rushed desperately around
the little table in the centre of the room, so that the leaves of the
palms trembled.
"You scarcely understand as yet all that I mean," continued
the invalid quietly. "That you'll always remain his friend is a
matter of course. But to give me any real comfort, you will
have to make a sacrifice. "
"A sacrifice? As if I would not-do you know me so little? "
"I know you to be the most unselfish man under the sun,”
said Balder, smiling. "But it is just this very habit of never


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7339
thinking of yourself, that for his sake and mine you must lay
aside, at least so far as you can do so without being faithless to
yourself. Do you know what will happen if you go on as you
have been doing? In two years, in spite of your friendship, you'll
not set foot in the tun. "
"I? But tell me -"
"It's a very simple matter: because you'll be thinking of your
friends either behind prison bars or in America. Dear Franzel,
must I tell you why you're not fond of living?
Because you
believe that a man only truly lives when he becomes a martyr
to his convictions. I have always loved you for this belief, and
yet I believe it a mistaken one. Test it awhile: say to yourself
that you aid many more by living than you could by your mar-
tyrdom, and you will see that a man can guard his post very
bravely and self-sacrificingly, without foolhardily summoning the
enemy by alarm shots. It would be an inexpressible comfort to
me if you would promise for two years to let alone all 'agitation'
and see how affairs really are. There are currents in which it's
a useless waste of strength to row, because the boat floats onward
of its own accord. I know what it will cost you to do this.
it would be a great joy if this last wish - ”
But
"Say no more," cried the other, suddenly pausing before his
friend, with his tearful eyes turned toward him: "Balder, is it
possible that you that you are about to leave us? And can you
believe if that should happen, that I could continue my life as
if nothing had occurred? When men can no longer behold the
do you suppose I could-that I would Words failed
him; he turned abruptly away, and stood motionless beside the
turning-lathe.
>>>
sun
-
"I did not mean that I thought you could live on the same
as before," said Balder in a lower voice. "But you need a sub-
stitute for what you resign. You must learn to be glad to live,
and I think I know how you would learn to do so most quickly.
You must take a wife, Franzel! ”
"I? What can you be thinking about? How came such an
idea into your head? Just at this time, too--"
"Because it will soon be too late for me to earn a kuppelpelz*
from you. True, I shall scarcely need it. I shall not feel cold
where I lie. But I should like to know of your being warmly
*Reward for match-making.


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7340
PAUL HEYSE
sheltered. And I know from experience I've been 'married'
to Edwin-that the world looks much brighter seen with four
eyes than with two. "
"You see," he continued, as his friend still stood motionless,
boring a hole in the bench with the point of a file, "Edwin will
find a wife in time who will make him happy: then you would
be left again with nothing but mankind to clasp to your heart;
and beautiful and sublime as the idea is, it's not all you need -
and that's why you get over-excited, and the thought of martyr-
dom overcomes your judgment. So I think a little wife who
would know how to love and value you, would by her mere
presence instruct you every day in the doctrine that Edwin has
so often represented to you in vain, that you should husband
your energies for the future, and not prematurely sacrifice your
life without cause. There is no danger of your becoming faith-
less to your convictions from mere selfish pleasure in your home.
And then, how can a socialist who knows nothing except from
hearsay of family life, upon which basis the whole structure of
society rests, who knows nothing of where the shoe pinches the
father of a family, talk to married men about what they owe to
themselves and others? ”
As he uttered these words a bewitchingly cunning expression
sparkled in the sick boy's beautiful eyes. He almost feared that
Franzelius would turn, and looking in his face penetrate the
secret design, the purpose of attacking him on his weakest side;
so, rising, he limped to the stove and put in a few sticks of
wood. While thus employed, he continued in a tone of apparent
indifference:-
-
"You mustn't suppose I'm saying all this at random. No, my
dear fellow, I've a very suitable match in view for you: a young
girl who's as well adapted to your needs as if I'd invented or
ordered her expressly for you. Young, very pretty, with a heart
as true as gold, fond of work and fond of life too, as she ought
to be, if she is to wed with one who doesn't care to live; not
a princess, but a child of working people. Haven't you guessed
her name yet? Then I must help you: she writes it Reginchen. ”
"Balder! You're dreaming! No, no, I beseech you, say no
more about that: you've too long—"
"I am astonished," continued the youth, rising as he spoke
and moving toward the bed, "that you didn't understand me read-
ily and meet me half-way. Where have your eyes been, that


## p. 7341 (#135) ###########################################

PAUL HEYSE
7341
you've not seen that you have stood high in the dear girl's
favor for years? Even I have noticed it! I tell you, Franzel,
the little girl is a treasure. I have known her all these years,
and love her as dearly as a sister, and the man to whom I
don't begrudge her I must love like a brother. Therefore, blind
dreamer, I wanted to open your eyes, that I may close mine in
peace. To be sure, I'm by no means certain that you've not
already bestowed your heart elsewhere, and my brotherly hint
may be too late.
At any rate, whatever you do you should do
quickly, for the young girl's sake. She seems to have taken
your long absence to heart: her mother says she is by no means
well yet, and eats and sleeps very little. I should like to see
my little sister well and happy again before I - "
He could not finish the sentence. He had been seated on
the bed while speaking; and now he laid his head on the pillow
and closed his eyes, as if wearied with the unusual exertion of
conversing. Suddenly he felt his hands seized; Franzelius had
meant to embrace him, but instead he threw himself down beside
the bed, and with his head resting on Balder's knees, he gave
way to such violent and uncontrollable emotion that the youth was
obliged to make every exertion to soothe him into composure.
At last he rose. He tried to speak, but his voice failed.
"You - you're-oh! Heaven forgive me, forgive me! I'm not
worthy! " was all he could stammer. Then he started up and
rushed out of the room.
Balder had sunk back on the bed and closed his eyes again.
His pale face was almost transfigured; he looked like a hero
resting after a victory, and for the moment did not even feel the
pain in his chest. The room was perfectly still; the sunlight
played amid the palm leaves; the mask of the youthful prisoner,
suffused with a rosy light which came from the open door of the
stove, seemed to breathe and whisper to its image on the narrow
couch: "Die! -your death shall be painless!
" But a sudden
thought roused Balder from this anticipation of eternal repose.
He rose and dragged himself to the turning-lathe, where with a
trembling hand he unlocked the drawer. "It's fortunate that I
thought of it! " he murmured. "What if they had found it! "
He drew out the portfolio in which he kept his collection of
verses. On how many pages was the image of the child whom
he secretly loved, described with all the exaggerated charms his
solitary yearning had invested her with; to how much imaginary


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7342
PAUL HEYSE
happiness these simple sheets bore witness! And yet he could
now let them slide through his fingers without bitterness. Had
not his feelings been sacred and consoling to him at the time?
What had happened which could strip the bloom and fragrance
of this spring from his heart? There would be no summer,
but did that make less beautiful the season of blossoming?
read a verse here and there in an undertone, now and then
altering a word that no longer satisfied him, and smiling at him-
self for polishing verses which no human eye had seen or ever
would see. Many he had quite forgotten, and now found them
beautiful and touching. When he had turned the last page, he
took the pencil and wrote on a loose scrap of paper that he laid
in the drawer in place of the volume of poems, the following
lines, which he wrote without effort and without revision:
GOOD-NIGHT, thou lovely world, good-night:
Have I not had a glorious day?
Unmurmuring, though thou leav'st my sight,
I to my couch will go away.
Whate'er of loveliness thou hast,
Is it not mine to revel in?
Though many a keen desire does waste
My heart, it ne'er alone has been.
Delusion's veil of error blind
Fell quite away from soul and eye;
Clearer my path did upward wind
To where life's sunny hill-tops lie.
No idol false is there adored;
Humanity's eternal powers,
O'er which the light of Heaven is poured,
Stand self-contained in passion's hours.
High standing on the breeze-swept peak,
Below may I with rapture see
The land whereof no man may speak
Save him who fares there wearily.
This is the rich inheritance
The children of the world shall own,
When crossed the wearisome expanse,
And fate's supreme decrees are known.
---


## p. 7343 (#137) ###########################################

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7343
O brother, who art seeking still
For love and joy where I have sought,
I would your path with blessings fill
When to its end my life is brought.
Ah! brother, could we two aspire
Together to the glorious height-
Hence, tears! some part of my desire
Is thine. Thou lovely world, good-night!
COUNTESS TOINETTE SETS OUT FOR "THE PROMISED LAND »
From Children of the World'.
HE note inclosed in the doctor's letter ran as follows:
THE
-
-
"You will be alarmed, my dear friend, that I already
write you again. But fear nothing: it is for the last time,
and means little more than the card inscribed P. P. C. which
we leave with our friends before a long separation. I am going
away on a journey, dear friend, far enough away to enable you.
to feel perfectly secure from any molestation on my part. How
this has come about is a long story. Suffice it to say, that it is
not envy of the laurels won by my beautiful fair-haired sister-in-
law-I mean those she will undoubtedly win as a high-born,
intellectual, and pious traveler that induces me also to seek a
change of air. If that which I breathe were but conducive to
my health,- if I could but sleep and wake, laugh and weep,
like other men and women,-I certainly would not stir from the
spot. But even my worst enemy could hardly fail to understand
that matters cannot go on any longer as they are; so I prefer
to go. The 'promised land' has long allured me. I should have
set out for it before, if I had not had much to expect, to hope,
and to wait for, and been hindered by a multitude of as I
now see-very superfluous scruples, which are at last successfully
conquered.
"Do you know that since I saw you I have made the acquaint-
ance of your dear wife? A very, very pleasant acquaintance; if
I had only made it a few years sooner, it might have been very
useful to me. Well, even now it is not too late to rejoice that
you have what you need, the happiness you desire, in such a
noble, wise, and loving life companion. Give my kindest remem-
brances to her. In my incognito I may have behaved strangely.
-


## p. 7344 (#138) ###########################################

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PAUL HEYSE
But the idea of assuming it flashed upon me so suddenly, and
with the help of my faithful maid it was carried so quickly into
execution, that I had no time to consider what rôle I should
play; so everything was done on the spur of the moment. To be
sure, I had at first a vague idea of proposing that you should
accompany me on the great journey. But one glance into your
home quickly told me that you must be happiest there; that your
'promised land' is the room where your desk and the artist
table of your wife stand so quietly and peacefully side by side.
"Farewell, dear friend'! I should like to talk with you still
longer, to philosophize, as we used to call it; but what would
be the use? Or has any sage ever given a satisfactory answer
to the question, of how the commandment that the sins of the
fathers must be visited on the children can be made to harmonize
with the idea of a just government of the world? Why should
a freak of nature, an abnormal creation, be expected to fulfill all
the grave and normal demands we are justified in making upon
ordinary human beings? Or why are we usually punished by the
gratification of our wishes, and allowed to perceive what we ought
to have desired, only when it cannot be attained?
"A fool, you know, can propound more questions than ten
philosophers can answer. Perhaps I shall receive special enlight-
enment in the 'promised land. ' My memory is stored with much
that is beautiful; even many a trial that I have experienced in
the gray twilight of this strange, cold, inhospitable world was
not borne wholly without recompense. I would not give up even
my sorrows for the dull happiness of commonplace wiseacres, who
in their limited sphere think all things perfectly natural, and cling
closely to their clod.
"Farewell, my dear friend. Let me hope that you will always,
wherever I may be, remember me with as much sympathy as the
great and pure happiness you enjoy will allow, and that you will
wish a pleasant journey to
TOINETTE. "
-


## p. 7345 (#139) ###########################################

7345
THOMAS HEYWOOD
(15-? -16-? )
W
E HAVE Thomas Heywood's own word that he was the author
of the whole or chief part of two hundred and twenty plays.
For years he wrote his dramas and acted in them with
Henslowe's company, or that of the Lord Admiral, or at the theatre
of the Red Bull in London; and composed, too, many of the Lord
Mayor's pageants.
Yet so modest was he about his own achieve-
ments, and so careless of fame, that he made no effort to preserve
his work, and now we have only twenty-three plays and a variety of
scattered fragments. From these we may gather many hints of his
genial and gifted mind; but of his actual life we know little. There
is evidence that he was of good family, a fellow of Peterhouse Col-
lege, Cambridge, and remarkably well read; and that he early went
to London. Even the dates of his birth and death are lost; but he
was probably about ten years younger than "mellifluous Will" Shake-
speare, and must have known him well and many other celebrities of
that brilliant period.
He too felt the spirit of the English Renaissance, and wrote under
the influence of its overwhelming, sometimes rude, vigor and spon-
taneity. As a popular actor he must have been kept busy; yet for
years he found time to write something every day, scribbling off what
occurred to him wherever he might be, and often on the blank side
of his tavern bills. He watched the ardent city life with more criti-
cal vision than was common in that simpler-minded time; took note
of all, as his prose writing shows; and was, as Symonds says, “among
our earliest professional littérateurs. "
The anthology of poets of all ages and lands, which he planned
but never finished, has been much regretted by scholars. He him-
self was primarily a poet, and scattered through his plays are dainty,
breezy lyrics of "April morning freshness," which show an easy mas-
tery of metre. But he is best known as a dramatist; and his readers
must admire his eloquent expression of deep feeling, and a delicacy
of taste often lacking in his contemporaries.
He first tried historical plays; but although these contain fine
passages, they are less satisfactory than his later work. There is a
suggestion of the realist in Heywood; for he seldom left home for
his subjects, but sought them in English men and women of his time.
XIII-460


## p. 7346 (#140) ###########################################

7346
THOMAS HEYWOOD
He excelled in strong and simple situations, and in able touches
which depicted character and developed a homely every-day atmo-
sphere; but his work is very uneven, showing many technical faults.
of uneven metre and interrupted rhyme, and his finest passages are
sometimes followed by jagged doggerel unworthy a schoolboy.
wrote too rapidly to take much heed of form, and when not mastered
by an emotional instinct for the fitting expression, he was careless of
minor points.
Among his best known plays are The English Traveller,' a study
of character; The Fair Maid of the West,' which has an adventur-
ous ring much like that of Kingsley's Westward Ho'; and 'A Woman
Killed with Kindness. ' The last is well sustained, and in its capable
character-drawing and eloquent blank verse is considered his master-
piece. Henslowe records in his diary that he paid Heywood three
pounds for it. The slight plot-the story of a faithless wife whose
husband sends her to a manor-house where she must live separated
from him and from her children, although in comfort, and who dies
there of her bitter repentance-is of less interest than the natural-
ness of the emotion, and the lofty moral feeling for which Heywood
is especially noteworthy.
SONG
From The Rape of Lucrece ›
OME, list and hark;
The bell doth toll
For some but now
Departing soul.
C
And was not that
Some ominous fowl,
The bat, the night-
Crow, or screech-owl?
To these, I hear
The wild wolf howl,
In this black night
That seems to scowl.
All these my black
Book shall enroll,
For hark! still, still
The bell doth toll
For some but now
Departing soul.


## p. 7347 (#141) ###########################################

THOMAS HEYWOOD
7347
APULEIUS'S SONG
From The Rape of Lucrece ›
PACE
ACK, clouds, away, and welcome day;
With night we banish sorrow:
Sweet air, blow soft; mount, lark, aloft,
To give my love good-morrow:
Wings from the wind to please her mind,
Notes from the lark I'll borrow:
Bird, prune thy wing; nightingale, sing,
To give my love good-morrow.
To give my love good-morrow,
Notes from them all I'll borrow.
Wake from thy nest, robin-redbreast;
Sing, birds, in every furrow;
And from each bill let music shrill
Give my fair love good-morrow.
Blackbird and thrush in every bush-
Stare, linnet, and cock-sparrow-
You pretty elves, amongst yourselves,
Sing my fair love good-morrow.
-
To give my love good-morrow,
Sing, birds, in every furrow.
WITH
HARVEST SONG
From The Silver Age >
TH fair Ceres, Queen of grain,
The reaped fields we roam, roam, roam!
Each country peasant, nymph, and swain
Sing their harvest home, home, home!
Whilst the Queen of plenty hallowes
Growing fields as well as fallowes.
Echo double all our lays,
Make the Champions found, found, found,
To the Queen of harvest praise
That sows and reaps our ground, ground, ground.
Ceres, Queen of plenty, hallowes
Growing fields as well as fallowes.
Tempest hence, hence winds and hails,
Tares, cockles, rotten flowers, flowers, flowers;


## p. 7348 (#142) ###########################################

7348
THOMAS HEYWOOD
Our song shall keep time with our flails -
When Ceres sings none lowers, lowers, lowers.
She it is whose godhood hallowes
Growing fields as well as fallowes.
SONG
From The Fair Maid of the Exchange
E LITTLE birds that sit and sing
Amidst the shady valleys,
YⓇ
And see how Phyllis sweetly walks,
Within her garden alleys;
Go, pretty birds, about her bower;
Sing, pretty birds, she may not lower;
Ah me! methinks I see her frown!
Ye pretty wantons, warble.
So tell her through your chirping bills,
As you by me are bidden;
To her is only known my love,
Which from the world is hidden.
Go, pretty birds, and tell her so;
See that your notes strain not too low,
For still methinks I see her frown:
Ye pretty wantons, warble.
So tune your voices' harmony,
And sing, I am her lover;
Strain loud and sweet, that ev'ry note
With sweet content may move her.
And she that hath the sweetest voice
Tell her I will not change my choice;
Yet still, methinks, I see her frown:
Ye pretty wantons, warble.
Oh, fly! make haste! see, see, she falls
Into a pretty slumber!
Sing round about her rosy bed,
That waking she may wonder.
Say to her, 'tis her lover true
That sendeth love to you, to you:
And when you hear her kind reply,
Return with pleasant warbling.


## p. 7349 (#143) ###########################################

THOMAS HEYWOOD
7349
O
FRANKFORD'S SOLILOQUY
From A Woman Killed with Kindness'
GOD! O God! that it were possible
To undo things done; to call back yesterday!
That time could turn up his swift sandy glass,
To untell the days, and to redeem these hours!
Or that the sun
Could, rising from the West, draw his coach backward,-
Take from the account of time so many minutes,
Till he had all these seasons called again,
These minutes and these actions done in them.
HIERARCHY OF ANGELS
M
ELLIFLUOUS Shakespeare, whose enchanting quill
Commanded mirth or passion, was but Will;
And famous Jonson, though his learned pen
Be dipped in Castaly, is still but Ben.
Fletcher and Webster, of that learned pack
None of the meanest, was but Jack;
Dekker but Tom, nor May, nor Middleton,
And he's but now Jack Ford that once was John.
SHEPHERDS' SONG
WⓇ
E THAT have known no greater state
Than this we live in, praise our fate;
For courtly silks in cares are spent,
When country's russet breeds content.
The power of sceptres we admire,
But sheep-hooks for our use desire.
Simple and low is our condition,
For here with us is no ambition:
We with the sun our flocks unfold,
Whose rising makes their fleeces gold;
Our music from the birds we borrow,
They bidding us, we them, good-morrow.
Our habits are but coarse and plain,
Yet they defend from wind and rain;
As warm too, in an equal eye,
As those bestained in scarlet dye.


## p. 7350 (#144) ###########################################

7350
THOMAS HEYWOOD
The shepherd, with his homespun lass,
As many merry hours doth pass,
As courtiers with their costly girls,
Though richly decked in gold and pearls;
And though but plain, to purpose woo,
Nay, often with less danger too.
Those that delight in dainties' store,
One stomach feed at once, no more;
And when with homely fare we feast,
With us it doth as well digest;
And many times we better speed,
For our wild fruits no surfeits breed.
If we sometimes the willow wear,
By subtle swains that dare forswear,
We wonder whence it comes, and fear
They've been at court, and learnt it there.


## p. 7351 (#145) ###########################################

7351
THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON
(1824-)
M
Y LITERARY life, such as it has been," writes Colonel Higgin-
son, "affords no lesson greatly worth recording, unless it
be the facility with which a taste for books may be trans-
mitted and accumulated from one generation to another, and then
developed into a lifelong pursuit by a literary environment. To go no
further back, my paternal ancestors in America were Puritan clergy-
men, who wrote many books, a few of which are still quoted. .
My father wrote several pamphlets, and my mother some children's
books, in one or two of which I figured; my
eldest brother wrote a little book against
slavery. All this must surely have been
enough to guarantee a little infusion of
printer's ink into my blood. Then as to
externals: my father, having lost a mod-
erate fortune by Jefferson's embargo, came
to Cambridge [Massachusetts] and became
-steward- or, as it is now called, bursar
of Harvard College. He built a house, in
which I was born, at the head of a street
then called Professors' Row, because so
many professors lived on it.
"I was thus born and cradled within THOMAS W. HIGGINSON

the college atmosphere, and amid a world
of books and bookish men, the list of these last including many
since famous who were familiar visitors at our house.
My
first nurse, if not a poet, was the theme of poetry, being one Rowena
Pratt, the wife of Longfellow's Village Blacksmith'; and no doubt
her singing made the heart of her young charge rejoice, as when she
sang in that Paradise to which the poet has raised her. Later I
'tumbled about in a library,' as Holmes recommends, and in the
self-same library where he practiced the like gymnastics.
At
home the process could be repeated in a comfortable library of Queen
Anne literature in delightful little old-fashioned editions, in which I
began to browse as soon as the period of 'Sandford and Merton' and
Miss Edgeworth's 'Frank' had passed.
"It passed early, for it was the custom in those days to teach
children to read, and sometimes to write, before they were four years
•


## p. 7352 (#146) ###########################################

THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON
7352
old- -a practice now happily discontinued. Another more desirable
custom prevailed in the household, for my mother read aloud a great
deal in the evening; and I thus became familiar with Scott's novels,
as I sat gazing in the fire or lay stretched in delicious indolence upon
the hearth-rug. . . . Lowell and Story were my schoolmates, though
five years older; and when to all this early circle of literary per-
sons was added the unconscious weight of academic influence behind,
with all the quaint bookish characteristics of that earlier Cambridge, it
will be seen that merely to have lived in such a milieu was the begin-
ning of a literary training. This must be my justification for dwell-
ing on items which would otherwise be without interest to any one
but myself: they indicate the class of influences which not only made
a writer out of me, but accomplished a similar result for Hedge,
Holmes, Margaret Fuller, Lowell, and Norton.
"My father's financial losses secured for me a valuable combina-
tion of circumstances-the tradition of social refinement united with
the practice of economy. This last point was further emphasized by
his death when I was ten years old; and I, as the youngest of a
large family, was left to be brought up mainly by women, and for-
tunately by those whom I was accustomed to seeing treated with
intellectual respect by prominent men. Their influence happily coun-
teracted a part of that received from an exceedingly rough school to
which I was sent at eight years old.
"At thirteen I entered Harvard College, being already very tall
for my age and of mature appearance, with some precocity of intel-
lect and a corresponding immaturity of character. . . . I graduated
at about the time when young men now enter college-seventeen
and a half years; and spent two years in teaching before I came
back for post-graduate studies to Cambridge. Those two years were
perhaps the most important in my life. Most of them were passed
in the family of a cousin. . . . All my experience of college
instructors had given me no such personal influence as that of my
cousin, and it so fell in with the tendencies of that seething period —
the epoch of Brook Farm, of receding Transcendentalism, of dawning
Fourierism that it simply developed more methodically what would
probably have come at any rate.
When I came to him I
had begun the study of the law, and all my ambition lay that way;
but his unconscious attrition, combined with the prevailing tenden-
cies of the time, turned me from that pursuit and from all 'bread
studies, as they used to be called, toward literature and humani-
tarian interests.
·
"I came back to Cambridge expecting to fit myself for some
professorship in philology, or metaphysics, or natural science. Not
knowing exactly what the result would be, I devoted two happy


## p. 7353 (#147) ###########################################

THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON
7353
years to an immense diversity of reading, in which German litera-
ture on the whole predominated. . . . Circumstances and influences
drew me at last aside to the liberal ministry; a thing which I have
never regretted, though it occupied me only temporarily, and I grav-
itated back to literature at last. "
These fragments of a sketch which Colonel Higginson wrote for
the Forum in 1886 clearly forecast the general character of his life;
but they do not adequately indicate the humanity and the benevolent
sympathy with the oppressed which have given that life its crowning
grace. After leaving the theological school in 1847, he was settled
over the first religious society of Newburyport. He became not long
after-in 1850-a candidate for Congress on the Free Soil ticket.
After his defeat, his antislavery principles having become distasteful
to his parish, he resigned his charge and undertook the ministry of
the Free Church at Worcester. The year following this settlement,—
that is, in 1853,- he was at the head of the body of men who attacked
the Boston court-house for the rescue of Anthony Burns the fugitive
slave. He played a manful part throughout the political imbroglio
which preceded the Civil War, and in 1856 assisted in forming Free
State emigrant parties for Kansas. Journeying to the very heart of
the turbulent district, he served as a soldier with the free settlers
against the pro-slavery invaders from Missouri. In 1858 he retired
from the ministry and devoted himself to literature. 'Thalatta,' a
collection of verse relating to the sea, to which he contributed and
which he in part edited, was published in 1853.
Immediately following the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Higgin-
son recruited several companies of Massachusetts volunteers, and in
1862 organized the regiment of South Carolina volunteers, the first
regiment of blacks mustered into the Federal service. With such
crude soldiery he made raids into the interior, at one time penetrat-
ing so far south as Florida, and capturing Jacksonville. In 1864 he
retired from service on account of general debility caused by a
wound. Some years later he removed from Newport to his birth-
place, Cambridge, where he established a permanent home. In 1880-81
he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives,
and in 1889 was made State military and naval historian.
Higginson's identification with nearly every movement of his time
looking to the amelioration of human life has been complete, and
he has never been backward in declaring his adherence during the
unpopular phases of the questions; such, for instance, as concern slav-
ery, and the right of women to make the most of themselves always
and everywhere. His sympathies with the questions involved in the
latter issue, in fact, the justice of giving to women higher educa-
tion, equal opportunities with men in the business world, and political


## p. 7354 (#148) ###########################################

7354
THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON
enfranchisement,- have given rise to many of his happiest and most
popular essays. It is as an essayist that he is best known. The ele-
gance of his style, the precision and finish of his diction, and his high
obedience to art, are not unfair evidence that Addison and his Spec-
tator had a permanent influence over the youthful mind, in the com-
fortable library of Queen Anne literature of which he speaks in the
fragments quoted above. His amenity of manner, grace of feeling,
and gleaming humor, belong wholly to our own half of the nineteenth
century; and the very essence of Queen Anne's age of wigs — an
artificiality that covered and concealed nature-is replaced in him
by a sane and simple naturalness.
Colonel Higginson's published volumes are numerous; but nearly
all are collections of essays, in which literature, outdoor life, history,
and heroic philanthropy in a wide sense, furnish the chief themes.
'Army Life in a Black Regiment' may be regarded as a chapter of
autobiography, or as a memorable leaf in the story of the great
Civil War. His romance Malbone' is largely a transcript from act-
ual life, the chief character being drawn from the same friend of
Higginson who figures as Densdeth in Winthrop's 'Cecil Dreeme.