meanness of his birth is
mentioned
also by Aelian (Comp.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
A daughter of Mithridates, who married
Cleopatra died in B. c. 30, in the thirty-ninth | Tigranes, king of Armenia. She seems to have
Erns
♡SAI
dell
ICCHE
## p. 803 (#823) ############################################
CLEOPHON.
803
CLEOSTRATUS.
been a woman of great courage and spirit. (Plut. -κάπι τώδ' ανίσταται ανήρ τις αθυρόγλωσσος,
Luc. 22; Appian, Mith. 108; Justin. xxxvii. 3. ) K. T. 1. ) The second occasion was after the battle
13. A courtezan of the emperor Claudius. (Tac. of Arginusae, B. C. 406, and the third after that of
Ann. xi. 30. )
Aegospotami in the following year, when, resisting
14. A wife of the poet Martial, who has written the demand of the enemy for the partial demolition
an epigram relating to her. (Epig. iv. 21. ) [J. E. B. ] of the Long Walls, he is said to have threatened
CLEOPATRA (KAeonátpa), the authoress of a death to any one who should make mention of
work on Cosmetics (Koountikov, or Koountıxa), peace. (Aristot
. ap. Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 1528;
who must have lived some time in or before the Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 38, c. Cres. p. 75; Thirl-
first century after Christ, as her work was abridge wall's Greece, vol. iv. pp. 89, 125, 158. )
It is to
by Criton. (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, the second of the above occasions that Aristophanes
i. 3. vol. xii
. p. 446. ) The work is several times refers in the last line of the “ Frogs," where, in
quoted by Galen (ibid. i. 1, 2, 8, pp. 403, 432, 492, allusion also to the foreign origin of Cleophon, the
De Pond. et Mons. c. 10. vol. xix. p. 767), Aëtius chorus gives him leave to fight to his heart's con-
(Lib. Medic. ii. 2. 56, p. 278), and Paulus Aegi- tent in his native fields. During the siege of
neta. (De Re Med. iii. 2. p. 413. ) Though at Athens by Lysander, B. C. 405, the Athenian
first sight one might suspect that Cleopatra was a council, in which the oligarchical party had a
fictitious name attached to a treatise on such a sub- majority, and which had been denounced by Cleo-
ject, it does not really appear to have been so, as, phon as a band of traitorous conspirators, were
wherever the work is mentioned, the authoress is instigated by Satyrus to imprison him and bring
spoken of as if she were a real person, though no him to trial on a charge of neglect of military duty,
particulars of her personal history are preserved. which, as Lysias says, was a mere pretext. Be
A work on the Diseases of Women is attributed fore a regular court of justice he would doubtless
either to this Cleopatra, or to the Egyptian queen; have been acquitted, and one Nicomachus there-
an epitome of which is to be found in Caspar fore, who had been entrusted with a commission
Wolf's Volumen Gynaeciorum, &c. , Basil. 1566, to collect the laws of Solon, was suborned by his
1586, 1597, 4to.
(W. A. G. ) enemies to fabricate a law for the occasion, invest-
CLEOPHANTUS (Kleópavtos). 1. A Greek ing the council with a share in the jurisdiction of
physician, who lived probably about the beginning the case. This law is even said to have been
of the third century B. C. , as he was the tutor of shamelessly produced on the very day of the trial,
Antigenes (Cael. Aurel. De Morb. Acut. ii. 10. p. and Cleophon of course was condemned and put to
96) and Mnemon. (Gal. Comment. in Hippocr. death,-not, however, without opposition from the
“ Epid. III. " ii. 4, iii
. 71, vol. xvii
. pt. i. pp. 603, people, since Xenophon speaks of his losing his life
i
731. ) He seems to have been known among the in a sedition. (Lys. c. Nicom. p. 184, c. Agor. p.
ancients for his use of wine, and is several times 130; Xen. Hell. i. 7. $ 35. ) The same year had
quoted by Pliny (H. N. xx. 15, xxiv. 92, xxvi. already witnessed a strong attack on Cleophon by
8), Celsus (De Medic. iii. 14. p. 51), Galen (De the comic poet Plato in the play of that name
Compos. Medicam. scc. Locos, ir 6, vol. xiii. p. above alluded to, as well as the notices of him, not
310; De Compos. Medioam. sec. Gen. vii. 7, vol
. complimentary, in the “ Frogs" of Aristophanes.
xii. p. 985; De Antid. ii. 1, vol. xiv. p. 108), and If we may trust the latter (Thesm. 805), his pri-
Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Aou. ii. 39, p. 176). vate life was as profligate as his public career was
2. Another physician of the same name, who mischievous. By Isocrates also (de Pac. p. 174, b. )
attended A. Cluentius Avitus in the first century he is classed with Hyperbolus and contrasted with
B. C. , and who is called by Cicero “medicus igno- the worthies of the good old time, and Andocides
bilis, sed spectatus homo” (pro Cluent. 16), must mentions it as a disgrace that his house was in.
not be confounded with the preceding. (W. A. G. ) habited, during his exile, by Cleophon, the harp-
CLEOPHANTUS, one of the mythic inven- manufacturer. (Andoc. de Myst. p. 19. ) On the
tors of painting at Corinth, who is said to have other hand, he cannot at any rate be reckoned
followed Demaratus in his flight from Corinth to among those who have made a thriving and not
Etruria. (Plin. H. N. XXXV. 5. ) [L. U. ] over-honest trade of patriotism, for we learn from
CLE'OPHON (Kleopar). 1. An Athenian Lysias (de Arist. Bon. p. 156), that, though he
demagogue, of obscure and, according to Aristo- managed the affairs of the state for many years, he
phanes (Ran. 677), of Thracian origin. The died at last, to the surprise of all, in poverty.
meanness of his birth is mentioned also by Aelian (Comp. Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 171
(V. H. xii. 43), and is said to have been one of &c. )
the grounds on which he was attacked by Plato, 2. A tragic poet of Athens, the names of ten of
the comic poet, in his play called “ Cleophon. ” | whose dramas are given by Suidas (s. v. ). He is
(Schol
. ad Aristoph. I. c. ) He appears throughout also mentioned by Aristotle. (Poël. 2, 22. ) [E. E. ]
his career in vehement opposition to the oligarchical CLEOPTOʻLEMUS (KAEOTTÓNepos), a voble
party, of which his political contest with Critias, Chalcidian, whose daughter, named Euboea, An-
as referred to by Aristotle (Rhet. i. 15. § 13), is an tiochus the Great married when he wintered at
instance; and we find him on three several occa- Chalcis in B. c. 192. (Polyb. xx. 8; Liv. xxxvi.
sions exercising his influence successfully for the 11; Diod. Fragm. lib. xxix. ),
[E. E. )
prevention of peace with Sparta. The first of these CLEO'STRATUS (KACóotpatos), an astro-
was in B. C. 410, after the battle of Cyzicus, when nomer of Tenedos. Censorinus (de Die Nat. c. 18)
very favourable terms were offered to the Athe considers him to have been the real inventor of the
nians (Diod. xiii. 52, 53; Wess. ad loc. ; Clinton, Octaëteris, or cycle of eight years, which was used
F. H. sub anno 410); and it has been thought before the Metonic cycle of nineteen years, and
that a passage in the “ Orestes” of Euripides, which was popularly attributed to Eudoxus. Theo-
which was represented in B. c. 408, was pointed phrastus (de Sign. Pluv. p. 239, ed. Basil. 1541)
against Cleophon and his evil counsel. (See l. 892, I mentions him as a meteorological observer along
3 2 2
## p. 804 (#824) ############################################
801
CLIMACUS.
CLOACINA.
with Matricetas of Methymna and Phaeinus of terate description, till he was chosen abbot of the
Athens, and says that Meton was taught by Pha- convent on Mount Sinai, where he died at the age
einus. If, therefore, Callistratus was contemporary of one hundred, or thereabouts, on the 30th of
with the latter, which however is not clear, he March. The year of his death is uncertain, but
must have lived before Ol. 87. Pliny (H. N. ii. it was probably in the beginning of the seventh
8) says, that Anaximander discovered the obliquity century. (A. D. 606? ) The life of Climacus,
of the ecliptic in Ol. 58, and that Cleostratus after written by a Greek monk of the name of Daniel,
wards introduced the division of the Zodiac into | is contained in “ Bibliotheca Patrum Maxima," in
signs, beginning with Aries and Sagittarius. It the “ Acta Sanctorum," ad 30 diem Martii, in the
seems, therefore, that he lived some time between editions of the works of Climacus, and in “ Joban-
B. C. 548 and 432. Hyginus (Poët. A str. ii. 13) | nis Climaci, Johannis Damasceni, et Johannis
says, that Cleostratus first pointed out the two stars Eleemosynarii Vitae, &c. , ed. Johannes Vicartius,
in Auriga called Haedi. (Virg. Aen. ix. 668. ) On Jesuita, Tournai, 1664, 4to. Two works of Cli-
the Octaëteris, see Geminus, Elem. Astr. c. 6. macus, who was a fertile writer on religious sub-
(Petav. Uranolog. p. 37. )
jects, have been printed, viz. :-1. “ Scala Para-
(Ideler, Technische Chronologie, vol. i. p. 305; disi” (Kníuat), addressed to John, abbot of the
Schaubach, Gesch. d. Gr. Astron. p. 196 ; Petaviub, nionastery of Raithu, which is divided into thirty
Doctr. Temp, ü. 2 ; Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. ii. chapters, and treats on the means of attaining the
p. 82. )
(W. F. D. ] highest possible degree of religious perfection. A
CLEO'XENUS (Kneotevos), was joint-author Latin translation of this work by Ambrosius,' a
with one Democleitus of a somewhat cumbrous Camaldulensian monk, was published at Venice,
system of telegraphing, which Polybius explains 1531, ibid. 1569, Cologne, 1583, ibid. 1593, with
(x. 45–47) with the remark, that it had been con- an exposition of Dionysius, a Carthusian friar ;
siderably improved by himself. See Suidas, s. o. ibid. 1601, 8vo. The Greek text, with a Latin
Κλεόξενος και Δημόκλειτος έγραψαν περί πυρσών, translation and the Scholia of Elias, archbishop of
where nepow was the erroneous reading of the Creta, was published together with the work of
old editions.
[E. E. ] Climacus cited below, by Matthaeus Raderus,
CLEPSINA, the name of a patrician family of Paris, 1633, fol. It is also contained, together
the Genucia gens.
with the previously mentioned Scholia of Elias, in
1. C. Genucius CLEPSINA, consul in B. C. 276 the different Bibliothecae Patrum. In some MSS.
with Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges, in which year this work has the title naánes Ivevmatikai, or
Rome was visited by a grievous pestilence (Oros. Spiritual Tables. 2. * Liber ad Pastorem," of
iv. 2), and a second time in 270 with Cn. Cornelius which a Latin translation was published by the
Blasio. (Fasti. )
Ambrosius mentioned above, and was reprinted
2. L. Genucius Clepsina, probably brother of several times; the Greek text with a Latin ver-
the preceding, was consul in B. c. 271 with C. Quinc- sion was published, together with the “ Scala
tius Claudus. He was sent to subdue the Campanian Paradisi" and the Scholia of the archbishop Elias,
legion, which under Decius Jubellius had revolted by Raderus mentioned above, Paris, 1633, fol.
from the Romans and made itself master of Rhe Both these works of Climacus were translated into
gium. After a long siege, Clepsina took the town; modern Greek and published by Maximus Margu-
he straightway put to death all the loose vagabonds nius, bishop of Cerigo, Venice, 1590. (Fabric.
and robbers whom he found among the soldiers, but | Bibl. Graec. ix. p. 522, &c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol.
sent the remains of the legion (probably a few | i. p. 421, ad an. 564; Hamberger, Zucerlässige
above 300, though the numbers vary in the differ-Nachrichten von gelehrten Männern, vol. iii. p.
ent authorities) to Rome for trial, where they were | 467. )
(W. P. ]
scourged and beheaded. (Oros. iv. 3 ; Dionys. xx. CLOACI'NA or CLUACI'NA, a surname of
7 in Mai's Excerpta; Appian, Sanın. 9; Polyb. i. Venus, under which she is mentioned at Rome in
7; Liv. Epit. 15; Zonar. viii. 6; Val. Max. ii. 7. very early times. (Liv, iii. 48. ) The explanation
§ 15; Frontin. Strateg. iv. 1. § 38.
Cleopatra died in B. c. 30, in the thirty-ninth | Tigranes, king of Armenia. She seems to have
Erns
♡SAI
dell
ICCHE
## p. 803 (#823) ############################################
CLEOPHON.
803
CLEOSTRATUS.
been a woman of great courage and spirit. (Plut. -κάπι τώδ' ανίσταται ανήρ τις αθυρόγλωσσος,
Luc. 22; Appian, Mith. 108; Justin. xxxvii. 3. ) K. T. 1. ) The second occasion was after the battle
13. A courtezan of the emperor Claudius. (Tac. of Arginusae, B. C. 406, and the third after that of
Ann. xi. 30. )
Aegospotami in the following year, when, resisting
14. A wife of the poet Martial, who has written the demand of the enemy for the partial demolition
an epigram relating to her. (Epig. iv. 21. ) [J. E. B. ] of the Long Walls, he is said to have threatened
CLEOPATRA (KAeonátpa), the authoress of a death to any one who should make mention of
work on Cosmetics (Koountikov, or Koountıxa), peace. (Aristot
. ap. Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 1528;
who must have lived some time in or before the Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 38, c. Cres. p. 75; Thirl-
first century after Christ, as her work was abridge wall's Greece, vol. iv. pp. 89, 125, 158. )
It is to
by Criton. (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, the second of the above occasions that Aristophanes
i. 3. vol. xii
. p. 446. ) The work is several times refers in the last line of the “ Frogs," where, in
quoted by Galen (ibid. i. 1, 2, 8, pp. 403, 432, 492, allusion also to the foreign origin of Cleophon, the
De Pond. et Mons. c. 10. vol. xix. p. 767), Aëtius chorus gives him leave to fight to his heart's con-
(Lib. Medic. ii. 2. 56, p. 278), and Paulus Aegi- tent in his native fields. During the siege of
neta. (De Re Med. iii. 2. p. 413. ) Though at Athens by Lysander, B. C. 405, the Athenian
first sight one might suspect that Cleopatra was a council, in which the oligarchical party had a
fictitious name attached to a treatise on such a sub- majority, and which had been denounced by Cleo-
ject, it does not really appear to have been so, as, phon as a band of traitorous conspirators, were
wherever the work is mentioned, the authoress is instigated by Satyrus to imprison him and bring
spoken of as if she were a real person, though no him to trial on a charge of neglect of military duty,
particulars of her personal history are preserved. which, as Lysias says, was a mere pretext. Be
A work on the Diseases of Women is attributed fore a regular court of justice he would doubtless
either to this Cleopatra, or to the Egyptian queen; have been acquitted, and one Nicomachus there-
an epitome of which is to be found in Caspar fore, who had been entrusted with a commission
Wolf's Volumen Gynaeciorum, &c. , Basil. 1566, to collect the laws of Solon, was suborned by his
1586, 1597, 4to.
(W. A. G. ) enemies to fabricate a law for the occasion, invest-
CLEOPHANTUS (Kleópavtos). 1. A Greek ing the council with a share in the jurisdiction of
physician, who lived probably about the beginning the case. This law is even said to have been
of the third century B. C. , as he was the tutor of shamelessly produced on the very day of the trial,
Antigenes (Cael. Aurel. De Morb. Acut. ii. 10. p. and Cleophon of course was condemned and put to
96) and Mnemon. (Gal. Comment. in Hippocr. death,-not, however, without opposition from the
“ Epid. III. " ii. 4, iii
. 71, vol. xvii
. pt. i. pp. 603, people, since Xenophon speaks of his losing his life
i
731. ) He seems to have been known among the in a sedition. (Lys. c. Nicom. p. 184, c. Agor. p.
ancients for his use of wine, and is several times 130; Xen. Hell. i. 7. $ 35. ) The same year had
quoted by Pliny (H. N. xx. 15, xxiv. 92, xxvi. already witnessed a strong attack on Cleophon by
8), Celsus (De Medic. iii. 14. p. 51), Galen (De the comic poet Plato in the play of that name
Compos. Medicam. scc. Locos, ir 6, vol. xiii. p. above alluded to, as well as the notices of him, not
310; De Compos. Medioam. sec. Gen. vii. 7, vol
. complimentary, in the “ Frogs" of Aristophanes.
xii. p. 985; De Antid. ii. 1, vol. xiv. p. 108), and If we may trust the latter (Thesm. 805), his pri-
Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Aou. ii. 39, p. 176). vate life was as profligate as his public career was
2. Another physician of the same name, who mischievous. By Isocrates also (de Pac. p. 174, b. )
attended A. Cluentius Avitus in the first century he is classed with Hyperbolus and contrasted with
B. C. , and who is called by Cicero “medicus igno- the worthies of the good old time, and Andocides
bilis, sed spectatus homo” (pro Cluent. 16), must mentions it as a disgrace that his house was in.
not be confounded with the preceding. (W. A. G. ) habited, during his exile, by Cleophon, the harp-
CLEOPHANTUS, one of the mythic inven- manufacturer. (Andoc. de Myst. p. 19. ) On the
tors of painting at Corinth, who is said to have other hand, he cannot at any rate be reckoned
followed Demaratus in his flight from Corinth to among those who have made a thriving and not
Etruria. (Plin. H. N. XXXV. 5. ) [L. U. ] over-honest trade of patriotism, for we learn from
CLE'OPHON (Kleopar). 1. An Athenian Lysias (de Arist. Bon. p. 156), that, though he
demagogue, of obscure and, according to Aristo- managed the affairs of the state for many years, he
phanes (Ran. 677), of Thracian origin. The died at last, to the surprise of all, in poverty.
meanness of his birth is mentioned also by Aelian (Comp. Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 171
(V. H. xii. 43), and is said to have been one of &c. )
the grounds on which he was attacked by Plato, 2. A tragic poet of Athens, the names of ten of
the comic poet, in his play called “ Cleophon. ” | whose dramas are given by Suidas (s. v. ). He is
(Schol
. ad Aristoph. I. c. ) He appears throughout also mentioned by Aristotle. (Poël. 2, 22. ) [E. E. ]
his career in vehement opposition to the oligarchical CLEOPTOʻLEMUS (KAEOTTÓNepos), a voble
party, of which his political contest with Critias, Chalcidian, whose daughter, named Euboea, An-
as referred to by Aristotle (Rhet. i. 15. § 13), is an tiochus the Great married when he wintered at
instance; and we find him on three several occa- Chalcis in B. c. 192. (Polyb. xx. 8; Liv. xxxvi.
sions exercising his influence successfully for the 11; Diod. Fragm. lib. xxix. ),
[E. E. )
prevention of peace with Sparta. The first of these CLEO'STRATUS (KACóotpatos), an astro-
was in B. C. 410, after the battle of Cyzicus, when nomer of Tenedos. Censorinus (de Die Nat. c. 18)
very favourable terms were offered to the Athe considers him to have been the real inventor of the
nians (Diod. xiii. 52, 53; Wess. ad loc. ; Clinton, Octaëteris, or cycle of eight years, which was used
F. H. sub anno 410); and it has been thought before the Metonic cycle of nineteen years, and
that a passage in the “ Orestes” of Euripides, which was popularly attributed to Eudoxus. Theo-
which was represented in B. c. 408, was pointed phrastus (de Sign. Pluv. p. 239, ed. Basil. 1541)
against Cleophon and his evil counsel. (See l. 892, I mentions him as a meteorological observer along
3 2 2
## p. 804 (#824) ############################################
801
CLIMACUS.
CLOACINA.
with Matricetas of Methymna and Phaeinus of terate description, till he was chosen abbot of the
Athens, and says that Meton was taught by Pha- convent on Mount Sinai, where he died at the age
einus. If, therefore, Callistratus was contemporary of one hundred, or thereabouts, on the 30th of
with the latter, which however is not clear, he March. The year of his death is uncertain, but
must have lived before Ol. 87. Pliny (H. N. ii. it was probably in the beginning of the seventh
8) says, that Anaximander discovered the obliquity century. (A. D. 606? ) The life of Climacus,
of the ecliptic in Ol. 58, and that Cleostratus after written by a Greek monk of the name of Daniel,
wards introduced the division of the Zodiac into | is contained in “ Bibliotheca Patrum Maxima," in
signs, beginning with Aries and Sagittarius. It the “ Acta Sanctorum," ad 30 diem Martii, in the
seems, therefore, that he lived some time between editions of the works of Climacus, and in “ Joban-
B. C. 548 and 432. Hyginus (Poët. A str. ii. 13) | nis Climaci, Johannis Damasceni, et Johannis
says, that Cleostratus first pointed out the two stars Eleemosynarii Vitae, &c. , ed. Johannes Vicartius,
in Auriga called Haedi. (Virg. Aen. ix. 668. ) On Jesuita, Tournai, 1664, 4to. Two works of Cli-
the Octaëteris, see Geminus, Elem. Astr. c. 6. macus, who was a fertile writer on religious sub-
(Petav. Uranolog. p. 37. )
jects, have been printed, viz. :-1. “ Scala Para-
(Ideler, Technische Chronologie, vol. i. p. 305; disi” (Kníuat), addressed to John, abbot of the
Schaubach, Gesch. d. Gr. Astron. p. 196 ; Petaviub, nionastery of Raithu, which is divided into thirty
Doctr. Temp, ü. 2 ; Fabric. Bill. Graec. vol. ii. chapters, and treats on the means of attaining the
p. 82. )
(W. F. D. ] highest possible degree of religious perfection. A
CLEO'XENUS (Kneotevos), was joint-author Latin translation of this work by Ambrosius,' a
with one Democleitus of a somewhat cumbrous Camaldulensian monk, was published at Venice,
system of telegraphing, which Polybius explains 1531, ibid. 1569, Cologne, 1583, ibid. 1593, with
(x. 45–47) with the remark, that it had been con- an exposition of Dionysius, a Carthusian friar ;
siderably improved by himself. See Suidas, s. o. ibid. 1601, 8vo. The Greek text, with a Latin
Κλεόξενος και Δημόκλειτος έγραψαν περί πυρσών, translation and the Scholia of Elias, archbishop of
where nepow was the erroneous reading of the Creta, was published together with the work of
old editions.
[E. E. ] Climacus cited below, by Matthaeus Raderus,
CLEPSINA, the name of a patrician family of Paris, 1633, fol. It is also contained, together
the Genucia gens.
with the previously mentioned Scholia of Elias, in
1. C. Genucius CLEPSINA, consul in B. C. 276 the different Bibliothecae Patrum. In some MSS.
with Q. Fabius Maximus Gurges, in which year this work has the title naánes Ivevmatikai, or
Rome was visited by a grievous pestilence (Oros. Spiritual Tables. 2. * Liber ad Pastorem," of
iv. 2), and a second time in 270 with Cn. Cornelius which a Latin translation was published by the
Blasio. (Fasti. )
Ambrosius mentioned above, and was reprinted
2. L. Genucius Clepsina, probably brother of several times; the Greek text with a Latin ver-
the preceding, was consul in B. c. 271 with C. Quinc- sion was published, together with the “ Scala
tius Claudus. He was sent to subdue the Campanian Paradisi" and the Scholia of the archbishop Elias,
legion, which under Decius Jubellius had revolted by Raderus mentioned above, Paris, 1633, fol.
from the Romans and made itself master of Rhe Both these works of Climacus were translated into
gium. After a long siege, Clepsina took the town; modern Greek and published by Maximus Margu-
he straightway put to death all the loose vagabonds nius, bishop of Cerigo, Venice, 1590. (Fabric.
and robbers whom he found among the soldiers, but | Bibl. Graec. ix. p. 522, &c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol.
sent the remains of the legion (probably a few | i. p. 421, ad an. 564; Hamberger, Zucerlässige
above 300, though the numbers vary in the differ-Nachrichten von gelehrten Männern, vol. iii. p.
ent authorities) to Rome for trial, where they were | 467. )
(W. P. ]
scourged and beheaded. (Oros. iv. 3 ; Dionys. xx. CLOACI'NA or CLUACI'NA, a surname of
7 in Mai's Excerpta; Appian, Sanın. 9; Polyb. i. Venus, under which she is mentioned at Rome in
7; Liv. Epit. 15; Zonar. viii. 6; Val. Max. ii. 7. very early times. (Liv, iii. 48. ) The explanation
§ 15; Frontin. Strateg. iv. 1. § 38.
