'Ivoiré, from the tenth book of which
paragement
of the latter, and also at supposing
Plutarch (de Fluv.
Plutarch (de Fluv.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
He is
B. c. 350, popular government was at first esta- quoted also by Plutarch (Them. 27, Aler. 46), and
blished ; but strong party struggles ensued, in several times by Pliny, Athenaeus, and Strabo.
which the adherents of Athens were at length The Cleitarchus, whose treatise on foreign words
overpowered by those of Macedonia, and Philip (onwooai) is frequently referred to by Athenaeus,
then sent Hipponicus, one of his gencrals, to des- was a different person from the historian. (Fabric.
troy the walls of Porthmus, the harbour of Eretria, Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 38; Voss, de Hist. Graec. p. 90,
and to set up Hipparchus, Automedon, and Clei- ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. )
tarchus as tyrants. (Plut. Phoc. 13; Dem. de Cor. CLEITE (Klein), a daughter of king Merops,
§ 86, Philipp. iii. SS 68, 69. ) This was subse- and wife of Cyzicus. After the murder of her
quent to the peace between Athens and Philip in husband by the Argonauts she hung herself, and
B. c. 346, since Demosthenes adduces it as one of the tears of the nymphs, who lamented her death,
the proofs of a breach of the peace on the part of were changed into the well of the name of Cleite.
Macedon. (Philipp. iii. & 23. ) The tyrants, how- (Apollon. Rhod. i. 967, 1063, &c. ) [L. S. ]
were not suffered to retain their power CLEITODE MUS. [CLEIDEMUS. ]
quietly, for Demosthenes (Philip. iii. S 69) men- CLEITO'MACHUS (Kectóua xos), a Cartha-
tions iwo armaments sent by Philip for their sup- ginian by birth, and called Hasdrubal in his own
port, at different times, under Eurylochus and language, came to Athens in the 40th year of his age,
Parmenion respectively. Soon after, we find previously at least to the year 146 B. C. He there
Cleitarchus in sole possession of the government; became connected with the founder of the New
but he does not seem to have been at open hosti- Academy, the philosopher Carneades, under whose
lity with Athens, though he held Eretria for Phi- guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished
lip, for we hear of the Athenians sending ambas- disciples of this school; but he also studied at the
sadors to request his consent to the arrangement same time the philosophy of the Stoics and Peri-
for uniting Euboea under one federative government, patetics. Diogenes Laertius, to whom we are in-
having its congress at Chalcis, to which Athens debted for these notices of the life of Cleitomachus,
was also to transfer the annual contributions from relates also (iv. 67), that he succeeded Carneades
Oreus and Eretria. Aeschines says, that a talent as the head of the Academy on the death of the
from Cleitarchus was part of the bribe which he latter, B. c. 129. (Comp. Steph. Byz. s. v. Kapxn-
alleges that Demosthenes received for procuring wv. ) He continued to teach at Athens till as late
the decree in question. Cleitarchus appears there- as B. c. lll, at all events, as Crassus heard him in
fore to have come into the above project of Demos- that year. (Cic. de Orat. i. 11. )
thenes and Callias, to whom he would naturally of his works, which amounted to 400 books
be opposed; but he thougbt it perhaps a point (Bibnía, Diog. Laërt. l. c. ), only a few titles are
gained if he could get rid of the remnant of Athe- preserved. His main object in writing them was
nian influence in Eretria. For the possible mo- to make known the philosophy of his master Car-
tives of Demosthenes, see p. 568, a. The plan, neades, from whose views he never dissented.
however, seems to have fallen to the ground, and Cleitomachus continued to reside at Athens till
Deinosthenes in B. C. 341 carried a decree for an the end of his life; but he continued to cherish a
expedition to Euboea with the view of putting strong affection for his native country, and when
down the Macedonian interest in the island. On Carthage was taken in B. c. 146, he wrote a work
this, Cleitarchus and Philistides, the tyrant of to console his unfortunate countrymen. This
Oreus, sent anı bassadors to Athens to prerent, if work, which Cicero says he had read, was taken
possible, the threatened invasion; and Aeschines, from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended
at whose house the envoys were entertained, ap to exhibit the consolation which philosophy sup-
pears to have supported their cause in the assem- plies even under the greatest calamities. (Cic.
bly. But the decree was carried into effect, and Tusc. iii. 22. ) Cicero seems indeed to have paid
the command of the armament was given to Pho- a good deal of attention to the works of Cleitoma-
cion, by whom Cleitarchus and Philistides were chus, and speaks in high terms of his industry,
expelled from their respective cities. (Aesch. c. penetration, and philosophical talent. (Acad. ii. 6,
ever,
>
## p. 785 (#805) ############################################
CLEITUS.
785
CLEITUS.
31. ) He sometimes translates from the works of tirely in the strong positions they were enabled to
Cicitomachus, as for instance from the “ De susti- take up among their hills, compelled him to fice
nendis Offensionibue,” which was in four books. from his doininions and take refuge in those of
(Acad. ii. 31. )
Glaucias. Arrian mentions a dreadful sacrifice of
Cleitomachus appears to have been well known three boys, three girls, and three black rams, of
to his contemporaries at Rome, for two of his fered by the Illyrians before their first battle with
works were dedicated to illustrious Romans; one Alexander's troops. (Arr. Anab. i. 5, 6; Plut.
to the poet C. Lucilius, and the other to L. Censo- | Aler. 11; Diod. xvii. 8. )
rinus, consul in B. c. 149. (Cic. Acad. ij. 32. ) 2. A Macedonian, surnamed Ménas, son of
Cleitomachus probably treated of the history of | Dropides, and brother to Lanice or Hellarice,
philosophy in his work on the philosophical sects nurse of Alexander the Great. He saved Alex-
(repl aidéoewv). (Diog. Laërt. ii. 92. )
ander's life at the battle of Granicus, B. c. 334,
(Fabric. Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 168 ; Brucker, llist. cutting off with a blow of his sword the arm of
Phil
. i. p. 771; Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. pp. 159, 160; Spithridates which was raised to slay the king.
Suid. s. Ο. Κλειτόμαχος. )
[A. S. ) At the battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, he commanded,
CLEITOʻMACHUS (Klectbuaxos), a Theban in the right wing, the body of cavalry called
athlete, whose exploits are recorded by Pausanias Aynua (see Polyb. v. 65, xxxi. 3); and when, in
(vi. 15; comp. Suid. s. v. Kleitó uaxos). He won B. C. 330, the guards (étaipoi) were separated into
the prize at Olympia in the pancratium in Ol. 141. two divisions, it being considered expedient not to
(B. c. 216. ) Aelian mentions (V. H. iji. 30) his entrust the sole command to any one man, Hepha-
great temperance, and the care he took to keep estion and Cleitus were appointed to lend respec-
himself in good condition.
[E. E. ) tively the two bodies. In B. C. 328, Artabazus
CLEITO'NYMUS(KAELTÁVUMOS), an historian resigned his satrapy of Bactria, and the king gave
of uncertain date. A work of his on Italy and it to Cleitus. On the eve of the day on which he
another on Sybaris are quoted by Plutarch. (Parall
. was to set out to take possession of his government,
Min. 10, 21. ) His Tragica, also quoted by Plu- Alexander, then at Maracanda in Sogdiana, cele-
tarch (de Fluv. 3), Vossius supposes to have been brated a festival in honour of the Dioscuri, though
a collection of the legends which formed the ordi- the day was in fact sacred to Dionysus—a circum-
nary subjects of ancient tragedy; but it has been stance which afterwards supplied his friends with
proposed to substitute Opakowv for Tpayıkõv in a topic of consolation to him in his remorse for the
the passage in question. (Voss. de Hist. Graec. p. murder of Cleitus, the soothsayers declaring, that
418, ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. ) his frenzy had been caused by the god's wrath at
CLEI'TOPHON (KAELTopwv), a Rhodian au- the neglect of his festival. At the banquet an
thor of uncertain date, to whom we find the fol- angry dispute arose, the particulars of which are
lowing works ascribed : 1. Fanatiká, a history of variously reported by different authors. They
the Gauls, from which Plutarch (Parallel. Min. 15) agree, however, in stating, that Cleitus became
gives a story, parallel to that of Tarpeia in Livy, exasperated at a comparison which was instituted
of a woman of Ephesus, who betrayed the town to between Alexander and Philip, much to the dis-
Brennus. 2.
'Ivoiré, from the tenth book of which paragement of the latter, and also at supposing
Plutarch (de Fluv. 25. 03) quotes a medical recipe that his own services and those of his contempora-
for the jaundice. 3. 'Itanika. 4. Krloeis, a work ries were depreciated as compared with the exploits
on the origin of different cities (Plut. de Fluv. 6. of younger men. Being heated with wine, he
$ 4), from which we obtain one theory on the ety- launched forth into language highly insolent to the
mology of Lugdunum. (See Voss. de Hist. Graec. king, quoting a passage from Euripides (Androm.
pp. 418, 419. )
(E. E. ) 683, &c. ) to the effect, that the soldiers win by
CLEITUS (Kleitos). 1. A son of Aegyptus, their toil the victories of which the general reaps
murdered by Cleite. (Apollod. ii. 1. $ 5. ) the glory. Alexander at length, stung to a frenzy
2. A son of Mantius, carried off by Eos on ac- of rage, rushed towards him, but was held back
count of his extraordinary beauty. (Hom. Od. xv. by his friends, while Cleitus also was forced from
250; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1780. )
the room. Alexander, being then released, seized
3. A son of Peisenor of Troy, slain by Teucrus. a spear, and sprung to the door; and Cleitus, who
(Hom. Il. xv. 445, &c. )
was returning in equal fury to brave his anger,
4. The beloved friend of Pallene, who fought met him, and fell dead beneath his weapon. (Diod.
with his rival Dryas for the possession of Pallene, xvii. 21, 57; Wess. ad loc. ; Plut. Alex. 16, 50-52 ;
and conquered bim by the assistance of the maiden. Arr. Anab. i. 15, iii, 11, 27, iv. 8, 9; Curt. iv, 13.
Sithon, the father of Pallene, wanted to punish his $ 26, viii. 1; Just. xii. 6. )
daughter, but she was rescued from his hands by 3. Another of Alexander's officers, surnamed
Aphrodite, and after Sithon's death she married neurós to distinguish him from the above. He is
Cleitus, and the country of Pallene derived its name noted by Athenaeus and Aelian for his pomp and
from her. (Conon, Narrat. 10; Parthen. Erot. 6. ) luxury, and is probably the same who is mentioned
5. King of the Sithones in Thrace, who gave by Justin among the veterans sent home to Mace-
his daughter Chrysonoe or Torone in marriage to donia under Craterus in B. c. 324. (Athen. xii.
Proteus, who had come to Thrace from Egypt. p. 539, c. ; Ael. V. H. ix. 3 ; Just. xii. 12; Arr.
(Conon, Narrat. 32. )
[L. S. ] Anab. vii. 12. )
CLEITUS (Κλείτος or Κλειτός). 1. Son of 4. An officer who commanded the Macedonian
Bardylis, king of Illyria. (See p. 463. ) In B. C. fieet for Antipater in the Lamian war, B. C. 323,
335, having received promise of aid from Glaucias, and defeated the Athenian admiral, Eetion, in two
king of the Taulantians, he revolted from Alexan- battles off the Echinades. In the distribution of
der the Great, The latter accordingly invaded provinces at Triparadeisus, B. c. 321, he ob.
his country, and after a campaign, in which the tained from Antipater the satrapy of Lydia ;
advantage of the Illyrians and their allies lay en- and when Antigonus was advancing to dispossess
3 E
## p. 786 (#806) ############################################
786
CLEMENS.
CLEMENS.
him of it, in B. c. 319, after Antipater's death, he favourably inclined towards it in consequence of
garrisoned the principal cities, and sailed away to previous inquiries. Probably he first became a
Macedonia to report the state of affairs to Poly. Christian under the influence of the precepts of
sperchon. In B. c. 318, after Polysperchon had Pantaenus, though Neanderthinks otherwise.
been baffled at Megalopolis, he scnt Cleitus with After he had joined the Alexandrian church, he
a fleet to the coast of Thrace to prevent any forces became a presbyter, and about A. D. 190 he was
of Antigonus from passing into Europe, and also chosen to be assistant to his beloved preceptor.
to effect a junction with Arrhidaeus, who had shut In this latter capacity be continued until the year
himself up in the town of Cinis. (See p. 350, a. ] 202, when both principal and assistant were
Nicanor being sent against him by Cassander, a obliged to flee to Palestinc in consequence of the
battle ensued near Byzantium, in which Cleitus persecution under Severus. In the beginning of
gained a decisive victory. But his success ren- Caracalla's reign he was at Jerusalem, to which
dered him over-confident, and, having allowed his city many Christians were then accustomed to re-
troops to disembark and encamp on land, he was pair in consequence of its hallowed spots. Alex-
surprised by Antigonus and Nicanor, and lost all ander, bishop of Jerusalem, who was at that time
his ships except the one in which he sailed him- a prisoner for the gospel, recommended him in a
self. Having reached the shore in safety, he pro letter to the church at Antioch, representing him
ceeded towards Macedonia, but was slain by some as a godly minister, a man both virtuous and well-
soldiers of Lysimachus, with whom he fell in on known, whom they had already seen, and who
the way. (Diod. xviii. 15, 39, 52, 72. ) [E. E. ) had confirmed and promoted the church of Christ.
CLEMENS (Kanuns), a Greek historian, pro It is conjectured, that Pantaenus and Clement re-
bably of Constantinople, who wrote, according to turned, after an absence of three years, in 206,
Suidas (s. v. ), respecting the kings and emperors of though of this there is no certain evidence. He
the Romans, a work to Hieronymus on the figures must have returned before 211, because at that
of Isocrates (trepd twv 'lookpatikW oxnuárwv), time he succeeded Pantaenus as master of the
and other treatises. Ruhnken (Praef. ad Tim. school. Among his pupils was the celebrated
Jea. p. x. ) supposes that Suidas has confounded Origen. Guerike thinks, that he died in 213; but
two different persons, the historian and gramma- it is better to assume with Cave and Schröckh,
rian, but one supposition seems just as probable as that his death did not take place till 220. Hence
the other. The grammatical works of Clemens are he flourished under the reigns of Severus and Ca-
referred to in the Etymologicum Magnum (s. v. racalla, 193–217.
ζάλη) and Suidas (s. τ. “Ηρας, παλίμβολος), and It cannot safely be questioned, that Clement
the historical ones very frequently in the Byzantine held the fundamental truths of Christianity and
writers. (Vossius, de Histor. Graec. p. 416, ed. exhibited genuine piety. But in his mental cha-
Westermann. )
racter the philosopher predominated. His learn-
CLEMENS (Karums), a slave of Agrippa Postu- ing was great, bis imagination lively, his power of
mus, whose person very much resembled his master's, perception not defective; but he was unduly prone
and who availed himself of this resemblance, after to speculation. An eclectic in philosophy, he
the murder of the latter on the accession of Tiberius eagerly sought for knowledge wherever it could
in A. D. 14, to personate the character of Agrippa. be obtained, examining every topic by the light of
Great numbers joined him in Italy; he was gene- his own mind, and selecting out of all systems
rally believed at Rome to be the grandson of Ti- such truths as commended themselves to his judg-
berius; and a formidable insurrection would pro- ment. “I espoused,” says he,“ not this or that
bably have broken out, had not Tiberius contrived philosophy, not the Stoic, nor the Platonic, nor the
to have him apprehended secretly. The emperor Epicurean, nor that of Aristotle; but whatever any
did not venture upon a public execution, but com- of these sects had said that was fit and just, that
manded him to be slain in a private part of the taught righteousness with a divine and religious
palace. This was in A. D. 16. (Tac. Ann. ii. 39, knowledge, all that being selected, I call philoso-
40; Dion Cass. Ivii. 16 ; comp. Suet. Tib. 25. ) phy. " He is supposed to have leaned more to the
CLEMENS ALEXANDRI'NUS, whose name Stoics than to any other sect. He seems, indeed,
was T. Flavius Clemens, usually surnamed Alexan- to have been more attached to philosophy than any
drinus, is supposed to have been born at Athens, of the fathers with the exception of Origen.
though he spent the greater part of his life at In comprehensiveness of mind Clement was cer-
Alexandria. In this way the two statements in tainly deticient. He never develops great principles,
which he is called an Athenian and an Alexandrian but runs chiefly into minute details, which often be-
(Epiphan. Haer. xxvii. 6) have been reconciled by come trifling and insipid. In the interpretation of
Cave. In early life he was ardently devoted to the Scriptures he was guided by fancy rather than
the study of philosophy, and his thirst for know- fixed rules deduced from common sense.
ledge led him to visit various countries, Greece, sues no definite principles of exposition, neither
southern Italy, Coelo-Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. does he penetrate into the essential nature of
It appears, from his own account, that he had Christianity. His attainments in purely religious
various Christian preceptors, of whom he speaks in knowledge could never have been extensive, as no
terms of great respect. One of them was a Jew one doctrine is well stated. From his works no
by birth, and sereral were from the East. At system of theology can be gathered. It were pre-
length, coming to Egypt, he sought out Pantaenus, posterous to recur to them for sound exegesis, or
master of the Christian school at Alexandria, to even a successful development of the duties of a
whose instructions he listened with much satisfac-Christian, much less for an enlightened estimate of
tion, and whom he prized far more highly than all the obligations under which men are laid to their
his former teachers. It is not certainly known Creator and to each other. It may be questioned,
whether he had embraced Christianity before hear whether he had the ability to compose a connecied
ing Pantaenus, or whether his mind had only been | system of theology, or a code of Christian morality.
B. c. 350, popular government was at first esta- quoted also by Plutarch (Them. 27, Aler. 46), and
blished ; but strong party struggles ensued, in several times by Pliny, Athenaeus, and Strabo.
which the adherents of Athens were at length The Cleitarchus, whose treatise on foreign words
overpowered by those of Macedonia, and Philip (onwooai) is frequently referred to by Athenaeus,
then sent Hipponicus, one of his gencrals, to des- was a different person from the historian. (Fabric.
troy the walls of Porthmus, the harbour of Eretria, Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 38; Voss, de Hist. Graec. p. 90,
and to set up Hipparchus, Automedon, and Clei- ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. )
tarchus as tyrants. (Plut. Phoc. 13; Dem. de Cor. CLEITE (Klein), a daughter of king Merops,
§ 86, Philipp. iii. SS 68, 69. ) This was subse- and wife of Cyzicus. After the murder of her
quent to the peace between Athens and Philip in husband by the Argonauts she hung herself, and
B. c. 346, since Demosthenes adduces it as one of the tears of the nymphs, who lamented her death,
the proofs of a breach of the peace on the part of were changed into the well of the name of Cleite.
Macedon. (Philipp. iii. & 23. ) The tyrants, how- (Apollon. Rhod. i. 967, 1063, &c. ) [L. S. ]
were not suffered to retain their power CLEITODE MUS. [CLEIDEMUS. ]
quietly, for Demosthenes (Philip. iii. S 69) men- CLEITO'MACHUS (Kectóua xos), a Cartha-
tions iwo armaments sent by Philip for their sup- ginian by birth, and called Hasdrubal in his own
port, at different times, under Eurylochus and language, came to Athens in the 40th year of his age,
Parmenion respectively. Soon after, we find previously at least to the year 146 B. C. He there
Cleitarchus in sole possession of the government; became connected with the founder of the New
but he does not seem to have been at open hosti- Academy, the philosopher Carneades, under whose
lity with Athens, though he held Eretria for Phi- guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished
lip, for we hear of the Athenians sending ambas- disciples of this school; but he also studied at the
sadors to request his consent to the arrangement same time the philosophy of the Stoics and Peri-
for uniting Euboea under one federative government, patetics. Diogenes Laertius, to whom we are in-
having its congress at Chalcis, to which Athens debted for these notices of the life of Cleitomachus,
was also to transfer the annual contributions from relates also (iv. 67), that he succeeded Carneades
Oreus and Eretria. Aeschines says, that a talent as the head of the Academy on the death of the
from Cleitarchus was part of the bribe which he latter, B. c. 129. (Comp. Steph. Byz. s. v. Kapxn-
alleges that Demosthenes received for procuring wv. ) He continued to teach at Athens till as late
the decree in question. Cleitarchus appears there- as B. c. lll, at all events, as Crassus heard him in
fore to have come into the above project of Demos- that year. (Cic. de Orat. i. 11. )
thenes and Callias, to whom he would naturally of his works, which amounted to 400 books
be opposed; but he thougbt it perhaps a point (Bibnía, Diog. Laërt. l. c. ), only a few titles are
gained if he could get rid of the remnant of Athe- preserved. His main object in writing them was
nian influence in Eretria. For the possible mo- to make known the philosophy of his master Car-
tives of Demosthenes, see p. 568, a. The plan, neades, from whose views he never dissented.
however, seems to have fallen to the ground, and Cleitomachus continued to reside at Athens till
Deinosthenes in B. C. 341 carried a decree for an the end of his life; but he continued to cherish a
expedition to Euboea with the view of putting strong affection for his native country, and when
down the Macedonian interest in the island. On Carthage was taken in B. c. 146, he wrote a work
this, Cleitarchus and Philistides, the tyrant of to console his unfortunate countrymen. This
Oreus, sent anı bassadors to Athens to prerent, if work, which Cicero says he had read, was taken
possible, the threatened invasion; and Aeschines, from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended
at whose house the envoys were entertained, ap to exhibit the consolation which philosophy sup-
pears to have supported their cause in the assem- plies even under the greatest calamities. (Cic.
bly. But the decree was carried into effect, and Tusc. iii. 22. ) Cicero seems indeed to have paid
the command of the armament was given to Pho- a good deal of attention to the works of Cleitoma-
cion, by whom Cleitarchus and Philistides were chus, and speaks in high terms of his industry,
expelled from their respective cities. (Aesch. c. penetration, and philosophical talent. (Acad. ii. 6,
ever,
>
## p. 785 (#805) ############################################
CLEITUS.
785
CLEITUS.
31. ) He sometimes translates from the works of tirely in the strong positions they were enabled to
Cicitomachus, as for instance from the “ De susti- take up among their hills, compelled him to fice
nendis Offensionibue,” which was in four books. from his doininions and take refuge in those of
(Acad. ii. 31. )
Glaucias. Arrian mentions a dreadful sacrifice of
Cleitomachus appears to have been well known three boys, three girls, and three black rams, of
to his contemporaries at Rome, for two of his fered by the Illyrians before their first battle with
works were dedicated to illustrious Romans; one Alexander's troops. (Arr. Anab. i. 5, 6; Plut.
to the poet C. Lucilius, and the other to L. Censo- | Aler. 11; Diod. xvii. 8. )
rinus, consul in B. c. 149. (Cic. Acad. ij. 32. ) 2. A Macedonian, surnamed Ménas, son of
Cleitomachus probably treated of the history of | Dropides, and brother to Lanice or Hellarice,
philosophy in his work on the philosophical sects nurse of Alexander the Great. He saved Alex-
(repl aidéoewv). (Diog. Laërt. ii. 92. )
ander's life at the battle of Granicus, B. c. 334,
(Fabric. Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 168 ; Brucker, llist. cutting off with a blow of his sword the arm of
Phil
. i. p. 771; Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. pp. 159, 160; Spithridates which was raised to slay the king.
Suid. s. Ο. Κλειτόμαχος. )
[A. S. ) At the battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, he commanded,
CLEITOʻMACHUS (Klectbuaxos), a Theban in the right wing, the body of cavalry called
athlete, whose exploits are recorded by Pausanias Aynua (see Polyb. v. 65, xxxi. 3); and when, in
(vi. 15; comp. Suid. s. v. Kleitó uaxos). He won B. C. 330, the guards (étaipoi) were separated into
the prize at Olympia in the pancratium in Ol. 141. two divisions, it being considered expedient not to
(B. c. 216. ) Aelian mentions (V. H. iji. 30) his entrust the sole command to any one man, Hepha-
great temperance, and the care he took to keep estion and Cleitus were appointed to lend respec-
himself in good condition.
[E. E. ) tively the two bodies. In B. C. 328, Artabazus
CLEITO'NYMUS(KAELTÁVUMOS), an historian resigned his satrapy of Bactria, and the king gave
of uncertain date. A work of his on Italy and it to Cleitus. On the eve of the day on which he
another on Sybaris are quoted by Plutarch. (Parall
. was to set out to take possession of his government,
Min. 10, 21. ) His Tragica, also quoted by Plu- Alexander, then at Maracanda in Sogdiana, cele-
tarch (de Fluv. 3), Vossius supposes to have been brated a festival in honour of the Dioscuri, though
a collection of the legends which formed the ordi- the day was in fact sacred to Dionysus—a circum-
nary subjects of ancient tragedy; but it has been stance which afterwards supplied his friends with
proposed to substitute Opakowv for Tpayıkõv in a topic of consolation to him in his remorse for the
the passage in question. (Voss. de Hist. Graec. p. murder of Cleitus, the soothsayers declaring, that
418, ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. ) his frenzy had been caused by the god's wrath at
CLEI'TOPHON (KAELTopwv), a Rhodian au- the neglect of his festival. At the banquet an
thor of uncertain date, to whom we find the fol- angry dispute arose, the particulars of which are
lowing works ascribed : 1. Fanatiká, a history of variously reported by different authors. They
the Gauls, from which Plutarch (Parallel. Min. 15) agree, however, in stating, that Cleitus became
gives a story, parallel to that of Tarpeia in Livy, exasperated at a comparison which was instituted
of a woman of Ephesus, who betrayed the town to between Alexander and Philip, much to the dis-
Brennus. 2.
'Ivoiré, from the tenth book of which paragement of the latter, and also at supposing
Plutarch (de Fluv. 25. 03) quotes a medical recipe that his own services and those of his contempora-
for the jaundice. 3. 'Itanika. 4. Krloeis, a work ries were depreciated as compared with the exploits
on the origin of different cities (Plut. de Fluv. 6. of younger men. Being heated with wine, he
$ 4), from which we obtain one theory on the ety- launched forth into language highly insolent to the
mology of Lugdunum. (See Voss. de Hist. Graec. king, quoting a passage from Euripides (Androm.
pp. 418, 419. )
(E. E. ) 683, &c. ) to the effect, that the soldiers win by
CLEITUS (Kleitos). 1. A son of Aegyptus, their toil the victories of which the general reaps
murdered by Cleite. (Apollod. ii. 1. $ 5. ) the glory. Alexander at length, stung to a frenzy
2. A son of Mantius, carried off by Eos on ac- of rage, rushed towards him, but was held back
count of his extraordinary beauty. (Hom. Od. xv. by his friends, while Cleitus also was forced from
250; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1780. )
the room. Alexander, being then released, seized
3. A son of Peisenor of Troy, slain by Teucrus. a spear, and sprung to the door; and Cleitus, who
(Hom. Il. xv. 445, &c. )
was returning in equal fury to brave his anger,
4. The beloved friend of Pallene, who fought met him, and fell dead beneath his weapon. (Diod.
with his rival Dryas for the possession of Pallene, xvii. 21, 57; Wess. ad loc. ; Plut. Alex. 16, 50-52 ;
and conquered bim by the assistance of the maiden. Arr. Anab. i. 15, iii, 11, 27, iv. 8, 9; Curt. iv, 13.
Sithon, the father of Pallene, wanted to punish his $ 26, viii. 1; Just. xii. 6. )
daughter, but she was rescued from his hands by 3. Another of Alexander's officers, surnamed
Aphrodite, and after Sithon's death she married neurós to distinguish him from the above. He is
Cleitus, and the country of Pallene derived its name noted by Athenaeus and Aelian for his pomp and
from her. (Conon, Narrat. 10; Parthen. Erot. 6. ) luxury, and is probably the same who is mentioned
5. King of the Sithones in Thrace, who gave by Justin among the veterans sent home to Mace-
his daughter Chrysonoe or Torone in marriage to donia under Craterus in B. c. 324. (Athen. xii.
Proteus, who had come to Thrace from Egypt. p. 539, c. ; Ael. V. H. ix. 3 ; Just. xii. 12; Arr.
(Conon, Narrat. 32. )
[L. S. ] Anab. vii. 12. )
CLEITUS (Κλείτος or Κλειτός). 1. Son of 4. An officer who commanded the Macedonian
Bardylis, king of Illyria. (See p. 463. ) In B. C. fieet for Antipater in the Lamian war, B. C. 323,
335, having received promise of aid from Glaucias, and defeated the Athenian admiral, Eetion, in two
king of the Taulantians, he revolted from Alexan- battles off the Echinades. In the distribution of
der the Great, The latter accordingly invaded provinces at Triparadeisus, B. c. 321, he ob.
his country, and after a campaign, in which the tained from Antipater the satrapy of Lydia ;
advantage of the Illyrians and their allies lay en- and when Antigonus was advancing to dispossess
3 E
## p. 786 (#806) ############################################
786
CLEMENS.
CLEMENS.
him of it, in B. c. 319, after Antipater's death, he favourably inclined towards it in consequence of
garrisoned the principal cities, and sailed away to previous inquiries. Probably he first became a
Macedonia to report the state of affairs to Poly. Christian under the influence of the precepts of
sperchon. In B. c. 318, after Polysperchon had Pantaenus, though Neanderthinks otherwise.
been baffled at Megalopolis, he scnt Cleitus with After he had joined the Alexandrian church, he
a fleet to the coast of Thrace to prevent any forces became a presbyter, and about A. D. 190 he was
of Antigonus from passing into Europe, and also chosen to be assistant to his beloved preceptor.
to effect a junction with Arrhidaeus, who had shut In this latter capacity be continued until the year
himself up in the town of Cinis. (See p. 350, a. ] 202, when both principal and assistant were
Nicanor being sent against him by Cassander, a obliged to flee to Palestinc in consequence of the
battle ensued near Byzantium, in which Cleitus persecution under Severus. In the beginning of
gained a decisive victory. But his success ren- Caracalla's reign he was at Jerusalem, to which
dered him over-confident, and, having allowed his city many Christians were then accustomed to re-
troops to disembark and encamp on land, he was pair in consequence of its hallowed spots. Alex-
surprised by Antigonus and Nicanor, and lost all ander, bishop of Jerusalem, who was at that time
his ships except the one in which he sailed him- a prisoner for the gospel, recommended him in a
self. Having reached the shore in safety, he pro letter to the church at Antioch, representing him
ceeded towards Macedonia, but was slain by some as a godly minister, a man both virtuous and well-
soldiers of Lysimachus, with whom he fell in on known, whom they had already seen, and who
the way. (Diod. xviii. 15, 39, 52, 72. ) [E. E. ) had confirmed and promoted the church of Christ.
CLEMENS (Kanuns), a Greek historian, pro It is conjectured, that Pantaenus and Clement re-
bably of Constantinople, who wrote, according to turned, after an absence of three years, in 206,
Suidas (s. v. ), respecting the kings and emperors of though of this there is no certain evidence. He
the Romans, a work to Hieronymus on the figures must have returned before 211, because at that
of Isocrates (trepd twv 'lookpatikW oxnuárwv), time he succeeded Pantaenus as master of the
and other treatises. Ruhnken (Praef. ad Tim. school. Among his pupils was the celebrated
Jea. p. x. ) supposes that Suidas has confounded Origen. Guerike thinks, that he died in 213; but
two different persons, the historian and gramma- it is better to assume with Cave and Schröckh,
rian, but one supposition seems just as probable as that his death did not take place till 220. Hence
the other. The grammatical works of Clemens are he flourished under the reigns of Severus and Ca-
referred to in the Etymologicum Magnum (s. v. racalla, 193–217.
ζάλη) and Suidas (s. τ. “Ηρας, παλίμβολος), and It cannot safely be questioned, that Clement
the historical ones very frequently in the Byzantine held the fundamental truths of Christianity and
writers. (Vossius, de Histor. Graec. p. 416, ed. exhibited genuine piety. But in his mental cha-
Westermann. )
racter the philosopher predominated. His learn-
CLEMENS (Karums), a slave of Agrippa Postu- ing was great, bis imagination lively, his power of
mus, whose person very much resembled his master's, perception not defective; but he was unduly prone
and who availed himself of this resemblance, after to speculation. An eclectic in philosophy, he
the murder of the latter on the accession of Tiberius eagerly sought for knowledge wherever it could
in A. D. 14, to personate the character of Agrippa. be obtained, examining every topic by the light of
Great numbers joined him in Italy; he was gene- his own mind, and selecting out of all systems
rally believed at Rome to be the grandson of Ti- such truths as commended themselves to his judg-
berius; and a formidable insurrection would pro- ment. “I espoused,” says he,“ not this or that
bably have broken out, had not Tiberius contrived philosophy, not the Stoic, nor the Platonic, nor the
to have him apprehended secretly. The emperor Epicurean, nor that of Aristotle; but whatever any
did not venture upon a public execution, but com- of these sects had said that was fit and just, that
manded him to be slain in a private part of the taught righteousness with a divine and religious
palace. This was in A. D. 16. (Tac. Ann. ii. 39, knowledge, all that being selected, I call philoso-
40; Dion Cass. Ivii. 16 ; comp. Suet. Tib. 25. ) phy. " He is supposed to have leaned more to the
CLEMENS ALEXANDRI'NUS, whose name Stoics than to any other sect. He seems, indeed,
was T. Flavius Clemens, usually surnamed Alexan- to have been more attached to philosophy than any
drinus, is supposed to have been born at Athens, of the fathers with the exception of Origen.
though he spent the greater part of his life at In comprehensiveness of mind Clement was cer-
Alexandria. In this way the two statements in tainly deticient. He never develops great principles,
which he is called an Athenian and an Alexandrian but runs chiefly into minute details, which often be-
(Epiphan. Haer. xxvii. 6) have been reconciled by come trifling and insipid. In the interpretation of
Cave. In early life he was ardently devoted to the Scriptures he was guided by fancy rather than
the study of philosophy, and his thirst for know- fixed rules deduced from common sense.
ledge led him to visit various countries, Greece, sues no definite principles of exposition, neither
southern Italy, Coelo-Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. does he penetrate into the essential nature of
It appears, from his own account, that he had Christianity. His attainments in purely religious
various Christian preceptors, of whom he speaks in knowledge could never have been extensive, as no
terms of great respect. One of them was a Jew one doctrine is well stated. From his works no
by birth, and sereral were from the East. At system of theology can be gathered. It were pre-
length, coming to Egypt, he sought out Pantaenus, posterous to recur to them for sound exegesis, or
master of the Christian school at Alexandria, to even a successful development of the duties of a
whose instructions he listened with much satisfac-Christian, much less for an enlightened estimate of
tion, and whom he prized far more highly than all the obligations under which men are laid to their
his former teachers. It is not certainly known Creator and to each other. It may be questioned,
whether he had embraced Christianity before hear whether he had the ability to compose a connecied
ing Pantaenus, or whether his mind had only been | system of theology, or a code of Christian morality.
