Subsequently he
held official posts until the revolution of 1848.
held official posts until the revolution of 1848.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
A German his-
torian of literature; born at Büttgen near
Neuss, April 28, 1804; died at Treves, 1886.
He wrote : (Introduction to the Art of Poetry)
(1860); “Goethe's Poems: with Notes) (2 vols. ,
3d ed. 1874); Manual of German National
Literature) (3 vols. , 16th ed. 1881); Life and
Works of Goethe) (2 vols. , 5th ed. 1887);
(Schiller's Poems: with Notes) (3 vols. , 6th ed.
1887); "Life of Schiller) (3 vols. , 2d ed. 1888);
(Odysseus and Nausicaa,' a tragedy in five acts,
an amplification of Goethe's play. He made
many metrical translations of all of Racine's
plays, three of Molière's, eleven of Shakes-
peare's, all the plays of Sophocles, Scott's
Lady of the Lake, Longfellow's 'Evangeline,
and Ausonius's (The Moselle. )
Vigny, Alfred Victor, Comte de (vēn-ye').
A French writer, member of the Academy;
born in Loches, March 27, 1799; died in Paris,
Sept. 18, 1863. He left military service for
literature; and his romance (Cinq-Mars) (1826)
went through several editions. He also wrote
several plays; his translation of Othello) was
acted in 1829, and his Chatterton) was a com-
plete triumph. In 1843 he published several
poems in the Revue des Deux Mondes. His
Consultations of Dr. Noir appeared in 1856. *
Villani, Giovanni (vē-lä'nē). An Italian his-
torian ; born at Florence about 1275; died there
of the plague, 1348. He began a history of
his native city, but had only brought it down
to 1346 at his death. It was continued, first
by his brother Matteo (died 1363, also of the
plague), and by Matteo's son Filippo, who
lived into the early 15th century.
Villari, Pasquale (vē-lä'rē). An Italian his-
torian; born at Naples, 1827. His principal
works are : History of Girolamo Savonarola
and his Times) (2 vols. , 1859-61; new and
much improved ed. 1887-88); Niccolò Machi-
avelli and his Times) (3 vols. , 1877-82 ; new
ed. 3 vols. , 1895); (Ancient Legends and Tradi-
tions Illustrating the Divine Comedy) (1865);
(Essays Critical, Historical, and Literary)
(1868); ( Teaching History' (1869); (The School
and the Social Question in Italy) (1872). *
Villaverde, Cirilo (vēl-yä-văr'dā). A Cuban
author; born in San Diego de Nuñez in 1812.
He graduated in law at Havana, but devoted
himself to literature and teaching. He was
condemned to death for political action in
1849, but escaped to the United States, and
contributed to literary periodicals. He pub-
lished : (El Espetori de Oro); "Los Dos Amo-
res) (1837); “El Guajiro) (1840); La Pimeta
Calada); "La Tejedora de Sombreros) (1840–
45); and (Cecilia Valdés) (1881), his master-
piece, a genuine Cuban novel, highly praised
by the most competent critics of in and
Spanish-America.
## p. 548 (#564) ############################################
548
VILLEGAS – VINCENT OF LERINS
Villegas, Estevan Manuel de (vēl-yā'gäs). A
celebrated Spanish lyric poet; born in Old Cas-
tile in 1596; died in 1669. He published a col-
lection of poems entitled (Amatorias) (1620);
he also translated Horace and Anacreon into
Spanish verse, and made a prose translation of
Boethius.
Villehardouin, Geoffrey de (vēl-är-dwan').
A French diplomatist and historian; born at
Arcis-sur-Aube about 1165; died about 1213.
He participated in the Fourth Crusade and
the sack of Constantinople, and wrote a most
valuable account of it, entitled (The History of
the Capture of Constantinople by the French
and Venetians. It is supposed to be the oldest
prose history in the French language.
Villemain, Abel François (vēl-man'). A
French writer; born in Paris, June 11, 1790 ; died
there, May 8, 1870. He filled the chair of
rhetoric at the Lycée Charlemagne, 1810-16, and
of French eloquence at the Sorbonne, 1816–26.
With Cousin and Guizot he formed the famous
trio known as the three professors. ” He won
the prize offered by the Academy in 1812 with
his essay Eulogy of Montaigne); again in
1814 with (Advantages and Drawbacks of Criti-
cism'; and in 1816 with "Eulogy of Montes.
quieu. ' The French Academy elected him a
member in 1821. His three greatest works are :
(Course of French Literature : A View of the
18th Century); A View of Christian Eloquence
in the 4th Century); History of Gregory VII. ,
a posthumous publication (1873).
Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vicomte
de la (vēl-mär-kā'). A French philologist and
antiquarian; born at Quimperté, 1815. He is
author of (Barzaz-Breiz: Popular Songs of Brit-
tany) (1840); Popular Tales of the Ancient
Bretons) (1856); (Celtic Legends of Ireland,
Wales, and Brittany) (1859); (Stories of the
Round Table); (Breton Poems of the Middle
Ages) (1879). *
Villena, Enrique de Aragon, commonly
styled Marques de (vēl-yā'nä). A Spanish
scholar and poet; born 1384; died at Madrid,
Dec. 15, 1434. He wrote: (The Troubadour's
Art); (The Art of Carving); «The Labors of
Hercules) (1483); (Treatise on Consolation);
(Fascinology) (on the evil eye); “On Leprosy. ?
He also translated the Æneid and the Divine
Comedy,
Villers, Charles François Dominique de
(ve-lā'). A French writer of history ; born at
Boulay in Lorraine, Nov. 4, 1765; left France
at the Revolution, settled in Germany and
died at Göttingen, Feb. 26, 1815. He wrote:
(Kant's Philosophy; or, Fundamental Princi-
ples of Transcendental Philosophy) (2 vols. ,
1802); (An Essay on the Spirit and Influence
of Luther's Reformation (1804); (General
View of the Universities) (1808).
Villon, François (vēl-lon'), true name prob-
ably François Montcorbier. A noted French
poet; born 1431 ; died about 146- (? ). He
wrote: (The Greater Testament) (1456), and
the (Smaller Testament: Its Codicil (1461)
both in eight-line stanzas, with ballads and
rondeaus interposed; a volume of Ballades);
and a collection of poems in a jargon to-day
unintelligible, Jargon. ' *
Vilmar, August Friedrich Christian (vēl.
mär'). A German theological writer and his-
torian of literature; born at Solz in Lower
Hesse; died at Marburg, July 30, 1868. He
was professor of Lutheran theology at Marburg,
and a resolute opponent of rationalism in
theology. He wrote: “The Theology of Facts
versus the Theology of Rhetoric) (1856); (His-
tory of German Civilization in Most Recent
Times) (3 vols. , 1858–67); (A Little Handbook
for the Friends of the German Folk Song
(1867); (Exposition of the Augsburg Confes-
sion) (1870); Moral Theology) (1871); Dog-
matic Theology) (1874); History of German
National Literature (1845; 24th ed. 1894).
Vincent, Arvede (vai-sảnº) [Varine]. A
French miscellaneous writer; born at Paris,
Nov. 17, 1840. She wrote : (Essays and Fan-
tasies) (1887); Princesses and Great Ladies :
Maria Mancini, Christina of Sweden, the
Duchess of Maine,) etc. (1890); (Bernardin de
St. Pierre) (1891); (A. de Musset) (1893).
Vincent of Beauvais, Latinized Vincentius
Bellovacensis. A great mediæval encyclo-
pedist; born about 1190; died about 1204. He
was a Dominican friar. His voluminous works
cover the whole field of mediæval science.
The chief is (The Greater Mirror) (Speculum
Majus), a vast encyclopædia of fables, science,
literature, etc. , in three huge volumes of 80
books and 9,885 chapters; it comprises Natural,
Doctrinal, Historical; another part, Moral, is
by another hand. Part i. (ed. 1473-76) con-
tains 848 folio pages, and treats of the whole
visible world, and even of the Creator, angels,
etc. ; part ii. , Doctrinal, is a summary of the
scholastic philosophy, liberal and useful arts,
government, grammar, arithmetic, theology, etc.
The third part gives the Bible account of crea-
tion, the world's secular history down to Con-
stantine, and histories of the German, Frank,
English, and other nations.
Vincent of Lerins, or Vincentius Lerinensis.
An ecclesiastical writer of the first half of the
fifth century; he was a native of Gaul and a
monk of the monastery of Lerinum, an island
(now St. Honorat) opposite Cannes. He is au-
thor of a (Warning against the Profane Novel-
ties of all Heretics. In that work is for the first
time laid down formally the test of Catholicity
of doctrine, which is that the Catholic doctrine
is “what everywhere, what always, what by
all hath been believed » (quod ubique, quod
semper, and quod ab omnibus creditum est).
He is by some critics believed to be also the
author of a treatise favoring the heretical opin-
ions of the Semipelagians, which is the subject
of Prosper the Aquitanian's (Replies, on behalf
of Augustine's Teaching, to the Heads of the
Vincentian Objections.
>
## p. 549 (#565) ############################################
VINCENT - VIRGIL
549
Vincent, Frank. An American traveler and
writer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y. , April 2, 1848.
Yale, his alma mater, gave him an A. M. in
1875. He is a member of many geographical,
ethnological, and archæological societies, and
has received decorations from the kings of
Burmah, Cambodia, and Siam. He has pub-
lished (The Land of the White Elephant
(1874); (Through and Through the Tropics)
(1876); (Two Months in Burmah) (1877); “The
Wonderful Ruins of Cambodia) (1878); Norsk,
Lapp, Finn (1881); (Around and About South
America' (1888); and (The Republics of South
America) (1889).
Vincent, John Heyl. An American cler-
gyman, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal
Church ; and founder of the Chautauqua Assem-
bly. He was born Feb. 23, 1832, at Tuscaloosa,
Ala. ; educated at the Wesleyan Institute, and
began to preach at 18. He was pastor at Ga-
lena, Ili. , and Chicago, and in 1865 established
the Sunday School Quarterly, and in 1866 the
Sunday School Teacher, which contained the
lesson system since become international. He
was general secretary of the Methodist Sunday
School Union, and also of the Tract Society.
In 1874, with the Hon. Lewis Miller of Akron,
O. , he established the Chautauqua Assembly,
and has been superintendent of instruction and
chancellor up to the present time. In 1888 he
became bishop, with residence at Topeka, Kan.
Among his published works are: (Little Foot-
prints in Bible Lands) (1861); (The Chautau-
qua Movement (1886); (The Home Book)
(1886); (The Modern Sunday School (1887);
(Better Not); a series of Chautauqua text-
books (1887); (The Church at-Home.
Royal Academy in London, illustrates in detail
the anatomy of the human body.
Vincke, Karl Friedrich Gisbert, Freiherr
von (vink'ė). A German story-writer and poet;
born at Hagen, Sept. 6, 1813; died at Freiburg,
Baden, Feb. 6, 1892. He wrote (Legends and
Pictures of Westphalia) (1856); Poems' (1860);
(Comedies) (2 vols. , 1869 and 1881); A Little
List of Sins) (4th ed. 1889); and adapted some
of Shakespeare's plays.
Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe (vē-nā'). A
Swiss Protestant theologian and historian of
literature; born at Ouchy, Vaud, June 17, 1797 ;
died at Clarens, May 4, 1847. He wrote: (A
Memoir in Favor of Freedom of Worship)
(1826); “History of Preaching in the Reformed
Churches of France in the 17th Century) (1860);
(Studies on Blaise Pascal) (1848); “Studies on
the Literature of France in the 18th Century)
(2 vols. , 1853); (Moralists of the 16th and 17th
Centuries) (1859); "Poets of the Age of Louis
XIV. (1861).
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emanuel (vē-7-lā'-
le-düc). A French architect and historian of
art; born at Paris, Jan. 27, 1814; died Sept.
17, 1879. He made special and profound study
of mediæval architecture in Italy and South-
ern France; and became professor in the École
des Beaux Arts, 1863. His great work is Dic-
tionary of French Architecture from the nith
to the 16th Century) (10 vols. , 1854-69). His
other chief works are : “Essay on the Military
Architecture of the Middle Ages) (1854);
(Dictionary of French House Furniture from
the Carlovingian Epoch to the Renaissance)
(6 vols. , 1854-75); “Discourses on Architecture
(2 vols. , 1858–72); Chapels of Notre Dame de
Paris) (1867–69); Memoir on the Defense of
Paris) (1872); (History of a House, (History
a Fortress,' (History of Human Dwelling-
Places,' (History of a City Mansion and of a
Cathedral) (4 vols. , 1873-78).
Virchow, Rudolf (fēr'cho). A distinguished
German pathologist and anthropologist; born
at Schivelbein, in Pomerania, Oct. 13, 1821.
Among his numerous writings are : (Col-
lected Essays on Scientific Medicine) (1856);
(Four Discourses on Life and Disease) (1862);
(On the Education of Woman for her Calling'
(1865); (On Certain Tokens of Lower Human
Races in the Cranium (1875); (Freedom of
Science in the Modern State) (1877).
Virgil, Polydore. A celebrated writer and
ecclesiastic; born in Urbino, Italy, about 1470;
died about 1550. He was sent about 1502 to
England by Pope Alexander VI. to collect the
tax called “Peter's Pence, and continued to
reside there for the greater part of his life.
He was successively created archdeacon of
Wells; prebendary in the Cathedral of Here-
ford, Lincoln, and St. Paul's. His principal
works are his History of Inventions) ; His-
toria Anglica, a history of England brought
down to the end of the reign of Henry VII. ;
(
Vincent, Marvin Richardson. An American
clergyman; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. , Sep-
tember, 1834. With Charlton T. Lewis, he trans-
lated Johann Albrecht Bengel's (Gnomon of
the New Testament) (2 vols. , 1860-62). He
has since published, besides tracts, sermons,
and review articles, Amusement a Force in
Christian Training) (1867); “The Two Prodi-
gals) (1876); (Gates into the Psalm Country,
a series of descriptions (1878); (Stranger and
Guest); (1879); Faith and Character) (1880);
(The Minister's Handbook) (1882); (Christ as
a Teacher) (1886); and “Word Studies in the
New Testament) (3 vols. , 1887-89).
Vinci, Leonardo da (vinche'). A great Ital-
ian painter, one of the greatest artists of the
world ; born at the castle of Vinci in Tuscany,
1452; died in France, May 2, 1519, at the court
of Francis I. He lived at Florence; but,
brought by an invitation from Ludovico il
Moro about 1489 to settle in Milan, he there
painted his famous (Last Supper. His por-
trait, painted by himself, is in the Royal
Library, Turin. A 'Treatise on Painting); and
his various works on the art of perspective
and on the laws of architecture and mathe-
matics are well known. A series of over two
hundred drawings of his now belonging to the
## p. 550 (#566) ############################################
VIRGIL- VOGT
550
and a treatise against divination, entitled "De
Prodigiis.
Virgil, or more properly Vergil - Publius
Vergilius Maro. The greatest of Roman
epic poets; born at Andes, a little village near
Mantua, Oct. 5, 70 B. C. ; died at Brundisium,
Sept. 21, 19 B. C. He wrote the epic Æneid,
in 12 books; several (Eclogues) or (Bucolics,'
pastoral poems in imitation of the idylls of
Theocritus ; and the 'Georgics,' a didactic poem
on husbandry, in four books. *
Visconti, Ennio Quirino (vis-kon'tē). An
Italian archæologist ; born at Rome, Nov. I,
1751; died Feb. 7, 1818. In his 14th year he
translated into Italian verse the Hecuba) of
Euripides. His greatest work is (Grecian Ico-
nography) (3 vols. , 1808). He visited London
at the invitation of Lord Elgin to inspect the
Elgin Marbles, 1817, and wrote (Memoirs on the
Works of Sculpture from the Parthenon (1818).
Vitet, Ludovic (vē-tā'). A French states-
man, poet, and author, member of the Acad-
emy; born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1802; died there,
June 5, 1873. While a journalist on L'Univers,
he wrote three dramatic poems, (The Day of
the Barricades) (1826), (The States of Blois)
(1827), and the Death of Henri III. (1829),
which gave him reputation.
Subsequently he
held official posts until the revolution of 1848.
Of his later works the best known are: (Frag-
ments and Mélanges! (1846), artistic, literary,
and archæological criticisms; (Studies of the
History of Art) (1864); (Letters on the Siege
of Paris) (1870–71).
Vitruvius Pollio (vé-trö've-us pol'le-o). A
celebrated Roman military engineer and writer
on architecture. He lived in the Augustan age,
and wrote ten books (Of Architecture, treat-
ing of the construction of temples and public
and private buildings, as also of waterworks,
sun-dials, various machines, etc. The work is
still extant.
Vivien de St. Martin, Louis (viv-yen' de
san mär-tan'). A French geographer; born at
Caen, May 22, 1802. He was one of the found-
ers of the Paris Geographical Society, and from
1863 to 1876 edited the Geographical Year,
an annual review of geographical exploration.
He wrote: Description of Asia Minor) (2
vols. , 1845); “Study on the Grecian and Roman
Geography of India) (3 vols. , 1858–60); “Study
on the Geography of the Primitive Peoples of
Northwestern India according to the Vedic
Hymns) (1860); (The North of Africa in Gre-
cian and Roman Antiquity) (1863); New Dic-
tionary of Universal Geography) (1876-93);
(Universal Atlas of Geography, Modern, An-
cient, and Mediæval (1877).
Vizetelly, Henry Richard. An English pub-
lisher, journalist, and author; born in London,
June 30, 1820; died at Tilford near Farnham,
Jan. I, 1894. He was the first publisher to in-
troduce to English readers (Uncle Tom's Cabin,
and the works of Poe, Zola, and Tolstoy; and
in 1843 founded the Pictorial Times, one of the
pioneer journals of the British pictorial press.
He acted as Paris correspondent of the liustrated
London News (1806-76), and represented the
government at foreign expositions. His earliest
work, (The Story of the Diamond Necklace!
(1867), a sketch of the Countess de la Motte,
was followed by a translation of Topin's (Man
with the Iron Mask) (1879); (Berlin under the
New Empire) (1879); (Paris in Peril (1882),
a vivid account of the siege of 1870-71; (A
History of Champagne,' a monograph on wines;
(Glances Back through Seventy Years' (1893).
Vlachos, Angelos (vlak'os). A Greek states-
man; born at Athens, 1838. Among his writings
are : The Homeric Question) (1866); (New-
Greek Chrestomathy' (1870); 'Comedies (1870);
Modern Greek-French Dictionary' (1871);
Lyric Poems) (1875).
Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm (fö'gel) A Ger-
man photographer and spectrum-analyst; born
at Dobrilugk, Prussia, March 26, 1834. lle
wrote: From the New Witches' Caldron :
Sketches of Spiritism (1880); Photographs
after Nature) (1882); “Progress of Photography
since 1879) (1883); (Chemical Action of Light
and Photography) (2d ed. 1883); Photography
of Colored Objects) (1885); Practical Spectrum
Analysis of Terrestrial Objects) (1889); Artistic
Photography) (1890).
Vogel, Jakob, styled Vogel von Glarus. A
Swiss poet; born at Glarus, Dec. II, 1816. He
is a noted connoisseur and collector of the
poetry of Switzerland. His works are : (Beau-
ties and Terrors of the Swiss Alpine World,
prose (1868); Pictures from the Alps,' poems
(1874); (Reminiscences of the Klönthal' (1878);
(Poems) (14th ed. 1890); My Home: Selected
Poems of Nature) (1893).
Vogel, Otto. A Plattdeutsch dialect poet;
born at Greifswald, Jan. 3, 1838. Among his
Plattdeutsch lays are: Mirror of Pomerania •
From Every Age) (1869) and (Rose-Leaves, en
Strämmel Plattdeutsch. In High German he
wrote (Reproaches : A Garland of Lays) (1887).
Vogelweide, Walther von der. See Walther
von der Vogelweide. *
Vogl, Johann Nepomuk (fõ'gel). An Aus-
trian lyric poet; born in Vienna in 1802. He
published: (Ballads and Romances); (Soldier
Songs); Lyric Poems); and other works.
Vogt, Karl (főkt). A German naturalist;
born at Giessen, July 5, 1817; died May 5, 1895.
He was associated with Agassiz in the writing
of the works on Fossil Fishes, (Studies on
Glaciers, and Natural History of Freshwater
Fishes. Among his independent writings are :
(Text-Book of Geology and Petrifactions
(1846); Physiological Letters) (3 parts, 1846);
(The Ocean and the Mediterranean (1848);
(Researches on Beast-States,' a political satire
(1851); (Old and New from the Life of Animals
and Men (1859); Implicit Faith and Science : A
Polemic against Rudolf Wagner) (4th ed. 1856);
(Text-Book of Practical Comparative Anatomy)
(1888).
## p. 551 (#567) ############################################
VOGUÉ – VOLLMAR
551
Vogüé, Charles Jean Melchior, Marquis
de (võ-gü-ā'). A French archæologist; born at
Paris, Oct. 18, 1829. His studies are mainly in
the departments of the history of religion and
Oriental art. He is author of : (The Churches
of the Holy Land) (1859); (The Temple of
Jerusalem) (1864); "Civil and Religious Archi-
tecture in Central Syria, from the First to the
Sixth Century) (2 vols. , 1865-77); “Semitic In-
scriptions) (1869-77).
Vogüé, Eugène Melchior, Vicomte de. A
French diplomatist and writer, cousin of Charles;
born Feb. 24, 1848. He was in the diplomatic
service, but left it in 1881 to devote his time
to literature. He has published : “Syria, Pal-
estine, Mount Athos) (1876); (Oriental Histo-
ries) (1879); (The Son of Peter the Great' (1884);
(The Russian Romance (1886); (Souvenirs and
Visions) (1887); “Remarks on the Centennial
Exposition' (1889). He is a member of the
French Academy. *
Voigt, Georg (voit). A German historian;
born at Königsberg, April 5, 1827; died at
Leipsic, where he was professor of history,
Aug. 18, 1891. His chief works are: (The
Renaissance of Classic Antiquity; or, The First
Century of Humanism (1859); (Enea Silvio
de' Piccolomini as Pope Pius II. , and his
Times) (3 vols. , 1856-63); (Memorabilia of Gior-
dano de Giano the Minorite (1870); (Histori-
ography of the Expedition of Charles V. against
Tunis, 1535' (1872); Maurice of Saxony, 1541-
47' (1876).
Voigt, Johannes. A German historian,
father of Georg; born at Bettenhausen, in
Saxe-Meiningen, Aug. 27, 1786; died at Königs-
berg, Sept. 23, 1863. He is author of Hilde-
brand as Pope Gregory VII. , and his Times)
(1815), in which he regards the reign of Greg.
ory VII. as one of the most noteworthy phe-
nomena of the Middle Ages, and Gregory
himself as a great reformer; (History of the
Lombard League and its Struggle with the
Emperor Frederick I. (1818); History of Prus-
sia from the Earliest Times to the Downfall
of the Domination of the Teutonic Order) (9
vols. , 1827-39); (The Westphalian Vehmgerichte
as related to Prussia) (1836); (Margrave Al-
brecht Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
(1852); “History of the Teutonic Order in its
Twelve Circles in Germany) (2 vols. , 1857-59).
Voit, Karl von (foit). A German physiolo-
gist; born at Amberg, Bavaria, Oct. 31, 1831.
He was appointed professor of physiology in the
University of Munich in 1863. His first mem-
orable scientific researches (1854) demonstrated
the presence of urea in the muscular tissues
of cholera patients; since then he has studied
almost exclusively the questions of digestion
and assimilation. His principal works are:
Physiologico-Chemical Researches) (Part i. ,
1857); (Researches on the Effects of Common
Salt, Coffee, and Muscular Action, on Diges-
tion) (1860); "Laws of Nutrition in Carnivora)
(1860).
Voiture, Vincent (vwä-tür'). A French poet;
born in Amiens, 1598; died May 26, 1648. His
letters are the chief basis of his literary repu-
tation. He enjoyed the friendship of Cardinal
Mazarin, and through his patronage attained
the zenith of his reputation, and enjoyed large
pensions.
Volkelt, Johannes Immanuel (folk'elt). A
German philosopher; born at Lipnik in Galicia,
July 21, 1848. He was made professor of phi-
losophy in the University of Basle, 1883, and
in that of Leipsic, 1894. In his studies he has
sought to reconcile the contradiction between
the ancient and the modern schools of philos-
ophy in their respective theories of the universe.
His chief writings are: (The Unknown and
Pessimism) (1873); (Immanuel Kant's Theory
of Cognition Analyzed in its Fundamental
Principles) (1879); Experience and Thought)
(1886); Æsthetic Questions of the Times)
(1895).
Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm (folk'män). A
German physiologist ; born at Leipsic, June 1,
1801; died April 21, 1877, at Halle, where he
was professor of physiology. He made special
studies of the nervous system and the sense of
sight. Among his works are: (Anatomy of
Animals, Illustrated with Plates! (1831-33);
(Contributions to the Physiology of the Sense
of Sight) (1836); (The Independence of the
Sympathetic System of Nerves) (1842); Dy-
namics of the Blood ( 1850 ); Physiological
Researches in the Department of Optics'
(1863–64); "Elasticity of Muscles? (1856).
Volkmann, Richard von. ["Richard Lean-
der. ”] A German surgeon, story-writer, and
poet; born at Leipsic, Aug. 17, 1830; died Nov.
28, 1889, at Jena, where he was professor of
surgery. Among his professional writings are :
(Diseases of the Motor Organs) (1865); (Man-
ual of Surgery) (1865); “Contributions to Sur-
gery) (1875). He wrote also: (Reveries at
French Firesides,' a series of tales (1871; 22d
ed. 1894); (From Student Times) (1876);
Poems) (3d ed. 1885); (Short Poems) (2d ed.
1889); (Old and New Troubadour Songs (2d
ed. 1890).
Volkmar, Gustav (folk'mär). A German
theological writer; born at Hersfeld, Hesse, Jan.
11, 1809; died Jan. 10, 1893. He was professor
of theology in the University of Zürich. His
principal works are : an edition of 'The Gospel
of Marcion) (1852); Justin Martyr and his
Relation to our Gospels) (1853); (Sources of the
History of Heresies down to the Nicene Council,
vol. i. , Hippolytus and the Philosophumena)
(1853); “Religion of Jesus and its First Develop-
ment) (1857); (Origin of our Gospels) (1866);
(Life and Works of Zwingli) (1870); (Myths of
the Popes) (1873); ( The Synoptics and the His-
torical Facts of the Life of Jesus) (1877); Jesus
of Nazareth and the Early Christian Times)
(1882); (Paul from Damascus to the Epistle to
the Galatians) (1887).
Vollmar, Georg von (föl'mår). A German
socialist, agitator, and author; born at Munich,
## p. 552 (#568) ############################################
VOLLMOLLER - VOSMAER
552
March 7, 1850. He wrote: (The Isolated So-
cialist State) (1880); (The Next Task of the
Social Democracy (1891); “On State Social-
ism' (1892).
Vollmöller, Karl Gustav (föl'mėl-er). A
German philologist; born at Ilsfeld in Wür-
temberg, Oct. 16, 1848. He was appointed pro-
fessor of Romanic and English philology in
the University of Göttingen, 1881. He has
written (Kürenberg and the Nibelungen” (1874);
(Munich's Brutus) (1877); Poem of the Cid'
(1879); (Octavianus) (1883); Monuments of
the English Language and Literature from the
16th to the 18th Century) (1883). He edits the
Critical Annual of the Progress Romanic
Philology (commenced 1892).
Volney, Constantin de, Count (vol-nē' );
family name Chassebæuf (shas-bėf). A dis-
tinguished French philosopher, author, and
traveler; born in Craon (Mayenne), February
1757 ; died in April 1820. He published in
1789 his (Travels in Egypt and Syria' (2 vols. ),
the best description of them to that date. In
1789 he was elected a deputy to the States-
General. In 1791 he produced a work still re-
membered, and on which his fame rests, -
(Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolutions of
Empires. Imprisoned in 1793, on his release
he passed two years in the United States, pub-
lishing in 1803 his Description of the Climate
and Soil of the country. Among his other
works are: (The Natural Law; or, Physical
Principles of Morality) (1793); and (Researches
in Ancient History) (3 vols. , 1814).
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de (vol-
tảr'). The renowned French writer, whose name
of Voltaire was assumed ; born in Paris, Nov.
21, 1694; died there, May 30, 1778. His works
include : (Edipus (1718); Artemire) (1721);
(Mariamne) (1722); "La Henriade) (1723), ori-
ginally published as (The League; or, Henry
the Great); (History of Charles XII. (1730 ? );
(Letters on the English (1731); Brutus' (1731);
(Philosophical Letters) (1732 ? ); Zaïre) (1732);
(Eriphyle) (1732); “Adelaide Duguesclin (1734);
(The Temple of Taste) (1734 ? ); (The Death
of Cæsar) (1735 ? ); Elements of Newton's
Philosophy) (1735);. «The Maid of Orleans)
(1736); (Alzire) (1736); “Zulime) (1740); (Ma-
homet) (1741); (The Prodigal Son (1742 ? );
(Mérope) (1743); (Discourse on Man); (The
Princess of Navarre) (1746); "Semiramis);
(Rome Saved) (174-); (Orestes) (1750); Na-
nine); “Century of Louis XIV. ? (1751); Dia-
tribe of Doctor Akakia! ( 1752 ); (Amélie)
(1752); (Poem on Natural Law) (1756); (Can-
dide) (1758); (History of Russia under Peter I.
(1759); (Republican Ideas) ( 1762); (On Toler-
ation (1763); (Catechism of the Honest Man)
(1763); (Tales) (1763); (Commentary on Cor-
neille) (1764 ? ); (Agathocles) (1764 ? ); (Julius
Cæsar) (1764), "a translation from the English
of W. Shakespeare (1764); (Irene); (Tan-
crède) (1765); (Socrates) (1765? ); (The Bible at
Last Explained” (1766); Pyrrhonism of His-
tory); “Century of Louis XV. ' (1766 ? ). The au-
thor's habit of secret and anonymous publication
makes his bibliography difficult of compilation.
The dates of (Zadig); (Micromegas); Jean-
not and Colin'; 'The Ingenuous One); and
( The Princess of Babylon, are in doubt. *
Vondel, Joost van den (von'del). A Dutch
dramatic poet; born in Cologne, Nov. 17, 1587;
died in Amsterdam, 1679. His is the greatest
name in Dutch literature, and he has often
been called “The Dutch Shakespeare. He
began his literary career with the drama (Het
Pascha, produced in 1612 before the Rhetori-
cal Chamber, of which he was a member. He
wrote the tragedy (Palamedes,' and (The Am-
sterdam Hecuba, a free version of Seneca
(1625); many translations from the classics and
versions of classical originals. The dramatic
poem (Lucifer,' the greatest of his works, is
considered by many Dutch critics to be an
allegorical account of the revolt of the Nether-
lands against Philip of Spain. His collected
works, together with a life of the poet, were
published at Amsterdam (1850-69) in twelve
volumes. *
Von-Visin, Denis Ivanovich (fon-fés'in).
A Russian poet; born at Moscow, April 14,
1744; died at St. Petersburg, 1792. He wrote:
( The Brigadier, a comedy (1706), which won
for him instant celebrity; it was followed by
his masterpiece, the comedy Mother's Darling
Son) (1782); and the same year appeared his
(Questions to Catherine 11. He left an un-
finished autobiography, Frank Confession of
my Thoughts and Doings.
Vorosmarty or Voeroesmarty, Mihály (vö-
rösh-mar'ty). A celebrated Hungarian writer
and patriot; born in the county of Fejervar in
1800; died in 1856, while engaged on a trans-
lation of Shakespeare. He published King
Solomon,' a drama in 1821, which was followed
by a poem, "The Triumph of Fidelity) (1827);
(King Sigismund, a drama (1824); (The
Flight of Zalan,' an epic poem ; the tragedy
(Kont) (1825). His narrative poems entitled
(Cserhalom,' and (The Enchanted Valley,' es.
tablished his reputation as the first Hungarian
poet of his time. He was a contributor to
Kisfaludy's Aurora, and was for several years
editor of a journal called The Repository of
Science. In 1830 he published a patriotic
lyric entitled (The Appeal, for which he re-
ceived from the Hungarian Academy a ducat
a line.
Vosmaer, Carl (vos'mär). A Dutch jour-
nalist, novelist, artist, and writer on art; born at
The Hague, March 20, 1826; died at Montreux,
Switzerland, June 12, 1888. He is best known
outside of his own country as the author of
(The Amazon) (1881), a novel, which was
translated into English, French, and other lan-
guages. Other works are: (Studies on War
and Art) (1856); “Sketches) (1860), verse ; 'Life
of Rembrandt (1869); Franz Hals) (1874);
(Our Contemporary Artists) (1881); a transła-
tion of the Iliad and Odyssey.
## p. 553 (#569) ############################################
VOSS - WACE
553
Voss, Gerhard Johann (fös), usually styled
Vossius. A celebrated Dutch philologist;
born near Heidelberg 1577; died at Amster-
dam, March 17, 1649. In certain departments
of archæophilology he made valuable original
researches; and he was the first to indicate the
historical evolution of the Latin language.
Among his writings are : (Essays on Rhetoric;
or, The Institutes of Oratory, his greatest work
(1606); (The Greek Historians) (1624); (The
Latin Historians ) (1627); (Aristarchus; or, On
the Art of Grammar) (1635); (Of Errors of
Speech and Latino-Barbarous Terms) (1640);
(Heathen Theology) (1642); «The Times of
the Ancient Poets) (1654); Etymology of the
Latin Language) (1662). The Correspondence
of Vossius with Eminent Men) was published
in 1691.
Voss, Heinrich. A German philologist, son
of Johann H. ; born at Otterndorf, Oct. 29,
1779; died Oct. 20, 1822, at Heidelberg, where
he was professor of philology, in succession
to his father. He was a warm friend of Jean
Paul Richter, and his literary executor. He
completed his father's translation of Æschy-
lus (1826); this work, as also the "Corre-
spondence between Heinrich Voss and Jean
Paul' and Communications regarding Goethe
and Schiller, in Letters by Heinrich Voss,'
appeared after his death.
Voss, Isaak V. , son of Gerhard J.
torian of literature; born at Büttgen near
Neuss, April 28, 1804; died at Treves, 1886.
He wrote : (Introduction to the Art of Poetry)
(1860); “Goethe's Poems: with Notes) (2 vols. ,
3d ed. 1874); Manual of German National
Literature) (3 vols. , 16th ed. 1881); Life and
Works of Goethe) (2 vols. , 5th ed. 1887);
(Schiller's Poems: with Notes) (3 vols. , 6th ed.
1887); "Life of Schiller) (3 vols. , 2d ed. 1888);
(Odysseus and Nausicaa,' a tragedy in five acts,
an amplification of Goethe's play. He made
many metrical translations of all of Racine's
plays, three of Molière's, eleven of Shakes-
peare's, all the plays of Sophocles, Scott's
Lady of the Lake, Longfellow's 'Evangeline,
and Ausonius's (The Moselle. )
Vigny, Alfred Victor, Comte de (vēn-ye').
A French writer, member of the Academy;
born in Loches, March 27, 1799; died in Paris,
Sept. 18, 1863. He left military service for
literature; and his romance (Cinq-Mars) (1826)
went through several editions. He also wrote
several plays; his translation of Othello) was
acted in 1829, and his Chatterton) was a com-
plete triumph. In 1843 he published several
poems in the Revue des Deux Mondes. His
Consultations of Dr. Noir appeared in 1856. *
Villani, Giovanni (vē-lä'nē). An Italian his-
torian ; born at Florence about 1275; died there
of the plague, 1348. He began a history of
his native city, but had only brought it down
to 1346 at his death. It was continued, first
by his brother Matteo (died 1363, also of the
plague), and by Matteo's son Filippo, who
lived into the early 15th century.
Villari, Pasquale (vē-lä'rē). An Italian his-
torian; born at Naples, 1827. His principal
works are : History of Girolamo Savonarola
and his Times) (2 vols. , 1859-61; new and
much improved ed. 1887-88); Niccolò Machi-
avelli and his Times) (3 vols. , 1877-82 ; new
ed. 3 vols. , 1895); (Ancient Legends and Tradi-
tions Illustrating the Divine Comedy) (1865);
(Essays Critical, Historical, and Literary)
(1868); ( Teaching History' (1869); (The School
and the Social Question in Italy) (1872). *
Villaverde, Cirilo (vēl-yä-văr'dā). A Cuban
author; born in San Diego de Nuñez in 1812.
He graduated in law at Havana, but devoted
himself to literature and teaching. He was
condemned to death for political action in
1849, but escaped to the United States, and
contributed to literary periodicals. He pub-
lished : (El Espetori de Oro); "Los Dos Amo-
res) (1837); “El Guajiro) (1840); La Pimeta
Calada); "La Tejedora de Sombreros) (1840–
45); and (Cecilia Valdés) (1881), his master-
piece, a genuine Cuban novel, highly praised
by the most competent critics of in and
Spanish-America.
## p. 548 (#564) ############################################
548
VILLEGAS – VINCENT OF LERINS
Villegas, Estevan Manuel de (vēl-yā'gäs). A
celebrated Spanish lyric poet; born in Old Cas-
tile in 1596; died in 1669. He published a col-
lection of poems entitled (Amatorias) (1620);
he also translated Horace and Anacreon into
Spanish verse, and made a prose translation of
Boethius.
Villehardouin, Geoffrey de (vēl-är-dwan').
A French diplomatist and historian; born at
Arcis-sur-Aube about 1165; died about 1213.
He participated in the Fourth Crusade and
the sack of Constantinople, and wrote a most
valuable account of it, entitled (The History of
the Capture of Constantinople by the French
and Venetians. It is supposed to be the oldest
prose history in the French language.
Villemain, Abel François (vēl-man'). A
French writer; born in Paris, June 11, 1790 ; died
there, May 8, 1870. He filled the chair of
rhetoric at the Lycée Charlemagne, 1810-16, and
of French eloquence at the Sorbonne, 1816–26.
With Cousin and Guizot he formed the famous
trio known as the three professors. ” He won
the prize offered by the Academy in 1812 with
his essay Eulogy of Montaigne); again in
1814 with (Advantages and Drawbacks of Criti-
cism'; and in 1816 with "Eulogy of Montes.
quieu. ' The French Academy elected him a
member in 1821. His three greatest works are :
(Course of French Literature : A View of the
18th Century); A View of Christian Eloquence
in the 4th Century); History of Gregory VII. ,
a posthumous publication (1873).
Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vicomte
de la (vēl-mär-kā'). A French philologist and
antiquarian; born at Quimperté, 1815. He is
author of (Barzaz-Breiz: Popular Songs of Brit-
tany) (1840); Popular Tales of the Ancient
Bretons) (1856); (Celtic Legends of Ireland,
Wales, and Brittany) (1859); (Stories of the
Round Table); (Breton Poems of the Middle
Ages) (1879). *
Villena, Enrique de Aragon, commonly
styled Marques de (vēl-yā'nä). A Spanish
scholar and poet; born 1384; died at Madrid,
Dec. 15, 1434. He wrote: (The Troubadour's
Art); (The Art of Carving); «The Labors of
Hercules) (1483); (Treatise on Consolation);
(Fascinology) (on the evil eye); “On Leprosy. ?
He also translated the Æneid and the Divine
Comedy,
Villers, Charles François Dominique de
(ve-lā'). A French writer of history ; born at
Boulay in Lorraine, Nov. 4, 1765; left France
at the Revolution, settled in Germany and
died at Göttingen, Feb. 26, 1815. He wrote:
(Kant's Philosophy; or, Fundamental Princi-
ples of Transcendental Philosophy) (2 vols. ,
1802); (An Essay on the Spirit and Influence
of Luther's Reformation (1804); (General
View of the Universities) (1808).
Villon, François (vēl-lon'), true name prob-
ably François Montcorbier. A noted French
poet; born 1431 ; died about 146- (? ). He
wrote: (The Greater Testament) (1456), and
the (Smaller Testament: Its Codicil (1461)
both in eight-line stanzas, with ballads and
rondeaus interposed; a volume of Ballades);
and a collection of poems in a jargon to-day
unintelligible, Jargon. ' *
Vilmar, August Friedrich Christian (vēl.
mär'). A German theological writer and his-
torian of literature; born at Solz in Lower
Hesse; died at Marburg, July 30, 1868. He
was professor of Lutheran theology at Marburg,
and a resolute opponent of rationalism in
theology. He wrote: “The Theology of Facts
versus the Theology of Rhetoric) (1856); (His-
tory of German Civilization in Most Recent
Times) (3 vols. , 1858–67); (A Little Handbook
for the Friends of the German Folk Song
(1867); (Exposition of the Augsburg Confes-
sion) (1870); Moral Theology) (1871); Dog-
matic Theology) (1874); History of German
National Literature (1845; 24th ed. 1894).
Vincent, Arvede (vai-sảnº) [Varine]. A
French miscellaneous writer; born at Paris,
Nov. 17, 1840. She wrote : (Essays and Fan-
tasies) (1887); Princesses and Great Ladies :
Maria Mancini, Christina of Sweden, the
Duchess of Maine,) etc. (1890); (Bernardin de
St. Pierre) (1891); (A. de Musset) (1893).
Vincent of Beauvais, Latinized Vincentius
Bellovacensis. A great mediæval encyclo-
pedist; born about 1190; died about 1204. He
was a Dominican friar. His voluminous works
cover the whole field of mediæval science.
The chief is (The Greater Mirror) (Speculum
Majus), a vast encyclopædia of fables, science,
literature, etc. , in three huge volumes of 80
books and 9,885 chapters; it comprises Natural,
Doctrinal, Historical; another part, Moral, is
by another hand. Part i. (ed. 1473-76) con-
tains 848 folio pages, and treats of the whole
visible world, and even of the Creator, angels,
etc. ; part ii. , Doctrinal, is a summary of the
scholastic philosophy, liberal and useful arts,
government, grammar, arithmetic, theology, etc.
The third part gives the Bible account of crea-
tion, the world's secular history down to Con-
stantine, and histories of the German, Frank,
English, and other nations.
Vincent of Lerins, or Vincentius Lerinensis.
An ecclesiastical writer of the first half of the
fifth century; he was a native of Gaul and a
monk of the monastery of Lerinum, an island
(now St. Honorat) opposite Cannes. He is au-
thor of a (Warning against the Profane Novel-
ties of all Heretics. In that work is for the first
time laid down formally the test of Catholicity
of doctrine, which is that the Catholic doctrine
is “what everywhere, what always, what by
all hath been believed » (quod ubique, quod
semper, and quod ab omnibus creditum est).
He is by some critics believed to be also the
author of a treatise favoring the heretical opin-
ions of the Semipelagians, which is the subject
of Prosper the Aquitanian's (Replies, on behalf
of Augustine's Teaching, to the Heads of the
Vincentian Objections.
>
## p. 549 (#565) ############################################
VINCENT - VIRGIL
549
Vincent, Frank. An American traveler and
writer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y. , April 2, 1848.
Yale, his alma mater, gave him an A. M. in
1875. He is a member of many geographical,
ethnological, and archæological societies, and
has received decorations from the kings of
Burmah, Cambodia, and Siam. He has pub-
lished (The Land of the White Elephant
(1874); (Through and Through the Tropics)
(1876); (Two Months in Burmah) (1877); “The
Wonderful Ruins of Cambodia) (1878); Norsk,
Lapp, Finn (1881); (Around and About South
America' (1888); and (The Republics of South
America) (1889).
Vincent, John Heyl. An American cler-
gyman, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal
Church ; and founder of the Chautauqua Assem-
bly. He was born Feb. 23, 1832, at Tuscaloosa,
Ala. ; educated at the Wesleyan Institute, and
began to preach at 18. He was pastor at Ga-
lena, Ili. , and Chicago, and in 1865 established
the Sunday School Quarterly, and in 1866 the
Sunday School Teacher, which contained the
lesson system since become international. He
was general secretary of the Methodist Sunday
School Union, and also of the Tract Society.
In 1874, with the Hon. Lewis Miller of Akron,
O. , he established the Chautauqua Assembly,
and has been superintendent of instruction and
chancellor up to the present time. In 1888 he
became bishop, with residence at Topeka, Kan.
Among his published works are: (Little Foot-
prints in Bible Lands) (1861); (The Chautau-
qua Movement (1886); (The Home Book)
(1886); (The Modern Sunday School (1887);
(Better Not); a series of Chautauqua text-
books (1887); (The Church at-Home.
Royal Academy in London, illustrates in detail
the anatomy of the human body.
Vincke, Karl Friedrich Gisbert, Freiherr
von (vink'ė). A German story-writer and poet;
born at Hagen, Sept. 6, 1813; died at Freiburg,
Baden, Feb. 6, 1892. He wrote (Legends and
Pictures of Westphalia) (1856); Poems' (1860);
(Comedies) (2 vols. , 1869 and 1881); A Little
List of Sins) (4th ed. 1889); and adapted some
of Shakespeare's plays.
Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe (vē-nā'). A
Swiss Protestant theologian and historian of
literature; born at Ouchy, Vaud, June 17, 1797 ;
died at Clarens, May 4, 1847. He wrote: (A
Memoir in Favor of Freedom of Worship)
(1826); “History of Preaching in the Reformed
Churches of France in the 17th Century) (1860);
(Studies on Blaise Pascal) (1848); “Studies on
the Literature of France in the 18th Century)
(2 vols. , 1853); (Moralists of the 16th and 17th
Centuries) (1859); "Poets of the Age of Louis
XIV. (1861).
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emanuel (vē-7-lā'-
le-düc). A French architect and historian of
art; born at Paris, Jan. 27, 1814; died Sept.
17, 1879. He made special and profound study
of mediæval architecture in Italy and South-
ern France; and became professor in the École
des Beaux Arts, 1863. His great work is Dic-
tionary of French Architecture from the nith
to the 16th Century) (10 vols. , 1854-69). His
other chief works are : “Essay on the Military
Architecture of the Middle Ages) (1854);
(Dictionary of French House Furniture from
the Carlovingian Epoch to the Renaissance)
(6 vols. , 1854-75); “Discourses on Architecture
(2 vols. , 1858–72); Chapels of Notre Dame de
Paris) (1867–69); Memoir on the Defense of
Paris) (1872); (History of a House, (History
a Fortress,' (History of Human Dwelling-
Places,' (History of a City Mansion and of a
Cathedral) (4 vols. , 1873-78).
Virchow, Rudolf (fēr'cho). A distinguished
German pathologist and anthropologist; born
at Schivelbein, in Pomerania, Oct. 13, 1821.
Among his numerous writings are : (Col-
lected Essays on Scientific Medicine) (1856);
(Four Discourses on Life and Disease) (1862);
(On the Education of Woman for her Calling'
(1865); (On Certain Tokens of Lower Human
Races in the Cranium (1875); (Freedom of
Science in the Modern State) (1877).
Virgil, Polydore. A celebrated writer and
ecclesiastic; born in Urbino, Italy, about 1470;
died about 1550. He was sent about 1502 to
England by Pope Alexander VI. to collect the
tax called “Peter's Pence, and continued to
reside there for the greater part of his life.
He was successively created archdeacon of
Wells; prebendary in the Cathedral of Here-
ford, Lincoln, and St. Paul's. His principal
works are his History of Inventions) ; His-
toria Anglica, a history of England brought
down to the end of the reign of Henry VII. ;
(
Vincent, Marvin Richardson. An American
clergyman; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. , Sep-
tember, 1834. With Charlton T. Lewis, he trans-
lated Johann Albrecht Bengel's (Gnomon of
the New Testament) (2 vols. , 1860-62). He
has since published, besides tracts, sermons,
and review articles, Amusement a Force in
Christian Training) (1867); “The Two Prodi-
gals) (1876); (Gates into the Psalm Country,
a series of descriptions (1878); (Stranger and
Guest); (1879); Faith and Character) (1880);
(The Minister's Handbook) (1882); (Christ as
a Teacher) (1886); and “Word Studies in the
New Testament) (3 vols. , 1887-89).
Vinci, Leonardo da (vinche'). A great Ital-
ian painter, one of the greatest artists of the
world ; born at the castle of Vinci in Tuscany,
1452; died in France, May 2, 1519, at the court
of Francis I. He lived at Florence; but,
brought by an invitation from Ludovico il
Moro about 1489 to settle in Milan, he there
painted his famous (Last Supper. His por-
trait, painted by himself, is in the Royal
Library, Turin. A 'Treatise on Painting); and
his various works on the art of perspective
and on the laws of architecture and mathe-
matics are well known. A series of over two
hundred drawings of his now belonging to the
## p. 550 (#566) ############################################
VIRGIL- VOGT
550
and a treatise against divination, entitled "De
Prodigiis.
Virgil, or more properly Vergil - Publius
Vergilius Maro. The greatest of Roman
epic poets; born at Andes, a little village near
Mantua, Oct. 5, 70 B. C. ; died at Brundisium,
Sept. 21, 19 B. C. He wrote the epic Æneid,
in 12 books; several (Eclogues) or (Bucolics,'
pastoral poems in imitation of the idylls of
Theocritus ; and the 'Georgics,' a didactic poem
on husbandry, in four books. *
Visconti, Ennio Quirino (vis-kon'tē). An
Italian archæologist ; born at Rome, Nov. I,
1751; died Feb. 7, 1818. In his 14th year he
translated into Italian verse the Hecuba) of
Euripides. His greatest work is (Grecian Ico-
nography) (3 vols. , 1808). He visited London
at the invitation of Lord Elgin to inspect the
Elgin Marbles, 1817, and wrote (Memoirs on the
Works of Sculpture from the Parthenon (1818).
Vitet, Ludovic (vē-tā'). A French states-
man, poet, and author, member of the Acad-
emy; born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1802; died there,
June 5, 1873. While a journalist on L'Univers,
he wrote three dramatic poems, (The Day of
the Barricades) (1826), (The States of Blois)
(1827), and the Death of Henri III. (1829),
which gave him reputation.
Subsequently he
held official posts until the revolution of 1848.
Of his later works the best known are: (Frag-
ments and Mélanges! (1846), artistic, literary,
and archæological criticisms; (Studies of the
History of Art) (1864); (Letters on the Siege
of Paris) (1870–71).
Vitruvius Pollio (vé-trö've-us pol'le-o). A
celebrated Roman military engineer and writer
on architecture. He lived in the Augustan age,
and wrote ten books (Of Architecture, treat-
ing of the construction of temples and public
and private buildings, as also of waterworks,
sun-dials, various machines, etc. The work is
still extant.
Vivien de St. Martin, Louis (viv-yen' de
san mär-tan'). A French geographer; born at
Caen, May 22, 1802. He was one of the found-
ers of the Paris Geographical Society, and from
1863 to 1876 edited the Geographical Year,
an annual review of geographical exploration.
He wrote: Description of Asia Minor) (2
vols. , 1845); “Study on the Grecian and Roman
Geography of India) (3 vols. , 1858–60); “Study
on the Geography of the Primitive Peoples of
Northwestern India according to the Vedic
Hymns) (1860); (The North of Africa in Gre-
cian and Roman Antiquity) (1863); New Dic-
tionary of Universal Geography) (1876-93);
(Universal Atlas of Geography, Modern, An-
cient, and Mediæval (1877).
Vizetelly, Henry Richard. An English pub-
lisher, journalist, and author; born in London,
June 30, 1820; died at Tilford near Farnham,
Jan. I, 1894. He was the first publisher to in-
troduce to English readers (Uncle Tom's Cabin,
and the works of Poe, Zola, and Tolstoy; and
in 1843 founded the Pictorial Times, one of the
pioneer journals of the British pictorial press.
He acted as Paris correspondent of the liustrated
London News (1806-76), and represented the
government at foreign expositions. His earliest
work, (The Story of the Diamond Necklace!
(1867), a sketch of the Countess de la Motte,
was followed by a translation of Topin's (Man
with the Iron Mask) (1879); (Berlin under the
New Empire) (1879); (Paris in Peril (1882),
a vivid account of the siege of 1870-71; (A
History of Champagne,' a monograph on wines;
(Glances Back through Seventy Years' (1893).
Vlachos, Angelos (vlak'os). A Greek states-
man; born at Athens, 1838. Among his writings
are : The Homeric Question) (1866); (New-
Greek Chrestomathy' (1870); 'Comedies (1870);
Modern Greek-French Dictionary' (1871);
Lyric Poems) (1875).
Vogel, Hermann Wilhelm (fö'gel) A Ger-
man photographer and spectrum-analyst; born
at Dobrilugk, Prussia, March 26, 1834. lle
wrote: From the New Witches' Caldron :
Sketches of Spiritism (1880); Photographs
after Nature) (1882); “Progress of Photography
since 1879) (1883); (Chemical Action of Light
and Photography) (2d ed. 1883); Photography
of Colored Objects) (1885); Practical Spectrum
Analysis of Terrestrial Objects) (1889); Artistic
Photography) (1890).
Vogel, Jakob, styled Vogel von Glarus. A
Swiss poet; born at Glarus, Dec. II, 1816. He
is a noted connoisseur and collector of the
poetry of Switzerland. His works are : (Beau-
ties and Terrors of the Swiss Alpine World,
prose (1868); Pictures from the Alps,' poems
(1874); (Reminiscences of the Klönthal' (1878);
(Poems) (14th ed. 1890); My Home: Selected
Poems of Nature) (1893).
Vogel, Otto. A Plattdeutsch dialect poet;
born at Greifswald, Jan. 3, 1838. Among his
Plattdeutsch lays are: Mirror of Pomerania •
From Every Age) (1869) and (Rose-Leaves, en
Strämmel Plattdeutsch. In High German he
wrote (Reproaches : A Garland of Lays) (1887).
Vogelweide, Walther von der. See Walther
von der Vogelweide. *
Vogl, Johann Nepomuk (fõ'gel). An Aus-
trian lyric poet; born in Vienna in 1802. He
published: (Ballads and Romances); (Soldier
Songs); Lyric Poems); and other works.
Vogt, Karl (főkt). A German naturalist;
born at Giessen, July 5, 1817; died May 5, 1895.
He was associated with Agassiz in the writing
of the works on Fossil Fishes, (Studies on
Glaciers, and Natural History of Freshwater
Fishes. Among his independent writings are :
(Text-Book of Geology and Petrifactions
(1846); Physiological Letters) (3 parts, 1846);
(The Ocean and the Mediterranean (1848);
(Researches on Beast-States,' a political satire
(1851); (Old and New from the Life of Animals
and Men (1859); Implicit Faith and Science : A
Polemic against Rudolf Wagner) (4th ed. 1856);
(Text-Book of Practical Comparative Anatomy)
(1888).
## p. 551 (#567) ############################################
VOGUÉ – VOLLMAR
551
Vogüé, Charles Jean Melchior, Marquis
de (võ-gü-ā'). A French archæologist; born at
Paris, Oct. 18, 1829. His studies are mainly in
the departments of the history of religion and
Oriental art. He is author of : (The Churches
of the Holy Land) (1859); (The Temple of
Jerusalem) (1864); "Civil and Religious Archi-
tecture in Central Syria, from the First to the
Sixth Century) (2 vols. , 1865-77); “Semitic In-
scriptions) (1869-77).
Vogüé, Eugène Melchior, Vicomte de. A
French diplomatist and writer, cousin of Charles;
born Feb. 24, 1848. He was in the diplomatic
service, but left it in 1881 to devote his time
to literature. He has published : “Syria, Pal-
estine, Mount Athos) (1876); (Oriental Histo-
ries) (1879); (The Son of Peter the Great' (1884);
(The Russian Romance (1886); (Souvenirs and
Visions) (1887); “Remarks on the Centennial
Exposition' (1889). He is a member of the
French Academy. *
Voigt, Georg (voit). A German historian;
born at Königsberg, April 5, 1827; died at
Leipsic, where he was professor of history,
Aug. 18, 1891. His chief works are: (The
Renaissance of Classic Antiquity; or, The First
Century of Humanism (1859); (Enea Silvio
de' Piccolomini as Pope Pius II. , and his
Times) (3 vols. , 1856-63); (Memorabilia of Gior-
dano de Giano the Minorite (1870); (Histori-
ography of the Expedition of Charles V. against
Tunis, 1535' (1872); Maurice of Saxony, 1541-
47' (1876).
Voigt, Johannes. A German historian,
father of Georg; born at Bettenhausen, in
Saxe-Meiningen, Aug. 27, 1786; died at Königs-
berg, Sept. 23, 1863. He is author of Hilde-
brand as Pope Gregory VII. , and his Times)
(1815), in which he regards the reign of Greg.
ory VII. as one of the most noteworthy phe-
nomena of the Middle Ages, and Gregory
himself as a great reformer; (History of the
Lombard League and its Struggle with the
Emperor Frederick I. (1818); History of Prus-
sia from the Earliest Times to the Downfall
of the Domination of the Teutonic Order) (9
vols. , 1827-39); (The Westphalian Vehmgerichte
as related to Prussia) (1836); (Margrave Al-
brecht Alcibiades of Brandenburg-Kulmbach)
(1852); “History of the Teutonic Order in its
Twelve Circles in Germany) (2 vols. , 1857-59).
Voit, Karl von (foit). A German physiolo-
gist; born at Amberg, Bavaria, Oct. 31, 1831.
He was appointed professor of physiology in the
University of Munich in 1863. His first mem-
orable scientific researches (1854) demonstrated
the presence of urea in the muscular tissues
of cholera patients; since then he has studied
almost exclusively the questions of digestion
and assimilation. His principal works are:
Physiologico-Chemical Researches) (Part i. ,
1857); (Researches on the Effects of Common
Salt, Coffee, and Muscular Action, on Diges-
tion) (1860); "Laws of Nutrition in Carnivora)
(1860).
Voiture, Vincent (vwä-tür'). A French poet;
born in Amiens, 1598; died May 26, 1648. His
letters are the chief basis of his literary repu-
tation. He enjoyed the friendship of Cardinal
Mazarin, and through his patronage attained
the zenith of his reputation, and enjoyed large
pensions.
Volkelt, Johannes Immanuel (folk'elt). A
German philosopher; born at Lipnik in Galicia,
July 21, 1848. He was made professor of phi-
losophy in the University of Basle, 1883, and
in that of Leipsic, 1894. In his studies he has
sought to reconcile the contradiction between
the ancient and the modern schools of philos-
ophy in their respective theories of the universe.
His chief writings are: (The Unknown and
Pessimism) (1873); (Immanuel Kant's Theory
of Cognition Analyzed in its Fundamental
Principles) (1879); Experience and Thought)
(1886); Æsthetic Questions of the Times)
(1895).
Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm (folk'män). A
German physiologist ; born at Leipsic, June 1,
1801; died April 21, 1877, at Halle, where he
was professor of physiology. He made special
studies of the nervous system and the sense of
sight. Among his works are: (Anatomy of
Animals, Illustrated with Plates! (1831-33);
(Contributions to the Physiology of the Sense
of Sight) (1836); (The Independence of the
Sympathetic System of Nerves) (1842); Dy-
namics of the Blood ( 1850 ); Physiological
Researches in the Department of Optics'
(1863–64); "Elasticity of Muscles? (1856).
Volkmann, Richard von. ["Richard Lean-
der. ”] A German surgeon, story-writer, and
poet; born at Leipsic, Aug. 17, 1830; died Nov.
28, 1889, at Jena, where he was professor of
surgery. Among his professional writings are :
(Diseases of the Motor Organs) (1865); (Man-
ual of Surgery) (1865); “Contributions to Sur-
gery) (1875). He wrote also: (Reveries at
French Firesides,' a series of tales (1871; 22d
ed. 1894); (From Student Times) (1876);
Poems) (3d ed. 1885); (Short Poems) (2d ed.
1889); (Old and New Troubadour Songs (2d
ed. 1890).
Volkmar, Gustav (folk'mär). A German
theological writer; born at Hersfeld, Hesse, Jan.
11, 1809; died Jan. 10, 1893. He was professor
of theology in the University of Zürich. His
principal works are : an edition of 'The Gospel
of Marcion) (1852); Justin Martyr and his
Relation to our Gospels) (1853); (Sources of the
History of Heresies down to the Nicene Council,
vol. i. , Hippolytus and the Philosophumena)
(1853); “Religion of Jesus and its First Develop-
ment) (1857); (Origin of our Gospels) (1866);
(Life and Works of Zwingli) (1870); (Myths of
the Popes) (1873); ( The Synoptics and the His-
torical Facts of the Life of Jesus) (1877); Jesus
of Nazareth and the Early Christian Times)
(1882); (Paul from Damascus to the Epistle to
the Galatians) (1887).
Vollmar, Georg von (föl'mår). A German
socialist, agitator, and author; born at Munich,
## p. 552 (#568) ############################################
VOLLMOLLER - VOSMAER
552
March 7, 1850. He wrote: (The Isolated So-
cialist State) (1880); (The Next Task of the
Social Democracy (1891); “On State Social-
ism' (1892).
Vollmöller, Karl Gustav (föl'mėl-er). A
German philologist; born at Ilsfeld in Wür-
temberg, Oct. 16, 1848. He was appointed pro-
fessor of Romanic and English philology in
the University of Göttingen, 1881. He has
written (Kürenberg and the Nibelungen” (1874);
(Munich's Brutus) (1877); Poem of the Cid'
(1879); (Octavianus) (1883); Monuments of
the English Language and Literature from the
16th to the 18th Century) (1883). He edits the
Critical Annual of the Progress Romanic
Philology (commenced 1892).
Volney, Constantin de, Count (vol-nē' );
family name Chassebæuf (shas-bėf). A dis-
tinguished French philosopher, author, and
traveler; born in Craon (Mayenne), February
1757 ; died in April 1820. He published in
1789 his (Travels in Egypt and Syria' (2 vols. ),
the best description of them to that date. In
1789 he was elected a deputy to the States-
General. In 1791 he produced a work still re-
membered, and on which his fame rests, -
(Ruins; or, Meditations on the Revolutions of
Empires. Imprisoned in 1793, on his release
he passed two years in the United States, pub-
lishing in 1803 his Description of the Climate
and Soil of the country. Among his other
works are: (The Natural Law; or, Physical
Principles of Morality) (1793); and (Researches
in Ancient History) (3 vols. , 1814).
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de (vol-
tảr'). The renowned French writer, whose name
of Voltaire was assumed ; born in Paris, Nov.
21, 1694; died there, May 30, 1778. His works
include : (Edipus (1718); Artemire) (1721);
(Mariamne) (1722); "La Henriade) (1723), ori-
ginally published as (The League; or, Henry
the Great); (History of Charles XII. (1730 ? );
(Letters on the English (1731); Brutus' (1731);
(Philosophical Letters) (1732 ? ); Zaïre) (1732);
(Eriphyle) (1732); “Adelaide Duguesclin (1734);
(The Temple of Taste) (1734 ? ); (The Death
of Cæsar) (1735 ? ); Elements of Newton's
Philosophy) (1735);. «The Maid of Orleans)
(1736); (Alzire) (1736); “Zulime) (1740); (Ma-
homet) (1741); (The Prodigal Son (1742 ? );
(Mérope) (1743); (Discourse on Man); (The
Princess of Navarre) (1746); "Semiramis);
(Rome Saved) (174-); (Orestes) (1750); Na-
nine); “Century of Louis XIV. ? (1751); Dia-
tribe of Doctor Akakia! ( 1752 ); (Amélie)
(1752); (Poem on Natural Law) (1756); (Can-
dide) (1758); (History of Russia under Peter I.
(1759); (Republican Ideas) ( 1762); (On Toler-
ation (1763); (Catechism of the Honest Man)
(1763); (Tales) (1763); (Commentary on Cor-
neille) (1764 ? ); (Agathocles) (1764 ? ); (Julius
Cæsar) (1764), "a translation from the English
of W. Shakespeare (1764); (Irene); (Tan-
crède) (1765); (Socrates) (1765? ); (The Bible at
Last Explained” (1766); Pyrrhonism of His-
tory); “Century of Louis XV. ' (1766 ? ). The au-
thor's habit of secret and anonymous publication
makes his bibliography difficult of compilation.
The dates of (Zadig); (Micromegas); Jean-
not and Colin'; 'The Ingenuous One); and
( The Princess of Babylon, are in doubt. *
Vondel, Joost van den (von'del). A Dutch
dramatic poet; born in Cologne, Nov. 17, 1587;
died in Amsterdam, 1679. His is the greatest
name in Dutch literature, and he has often
been called “The Dutch Shakespeare. He
began his literary career with the drama (Het
Pascha, produced in 1612 before the Rhetori-
cal Chamber, of which he was a member. He
wrote the tragedy (Palamedes,' and (The Am-
sterdam Hecuba, a free version of Seneca
(1625); many translations from the classics and
versions of classical originals. The dramatic
poem (Lucifer,' the greatest of his works, is
considered by many Dutch critics to be an
allegorical account of the revolt of the Nether-
lands against Philip of Spain. His collected
works, together with a life of the poet, were
published at Amsterdam (1850-69) in twelve
volumes. *
Von-Visin, Denis Ivanovich (fon-fés'in).
A Russian poet; born at Moscow, April 14,
1744; died at St. Petersburg, 1792. He wrote:
( The Brigadier, a comedy (1706), which won
for him instant celebrity; it was followed by
his masterpiece, the comedy Mother's Darling
Son) (1782); and the same year appeared his
(Questions to Catherine 11. He left an un-
finished autobiography, Frank Confession of
my Thoughts and Doings.
Vorosmarty or Voeroesmarty, Mihály (vö-
rösh-mar'ty). A celebrated Hungarian writer
and patriot; born in the county of Fejervar in
1800; died in 1856, while engaged on a trans-
lation of Shakespeare. He published King
Solomon,' a drama in 1821, which was followed
by a poem, "The Triumph of Fidelity) (1827);
(King Sigismund, a drama (1824); (The
Flight of Zalan,' an epic poem ; the tragedy
(Kont) (1825). His narrative poems entitled
(Cserhalom,' and (The Enchanted Valley,' es.
tablished his reputation as the first Hungarian
poet of his time. He was a contributor to
Kisfaludy's Aurora, and was for several years
editor of a journal called The Repository of
Science. In 1830 he published a patriotic
lyric entitled (The Appeal, for which he re-
ceived from the Hungarian Academy a ducat
a line.
Vosmaer, Carl (vos'mär). A Dutch jour-
nalist, novelist, artist, and writer on art; born at
The Hague, March 20, 1826; died at Montreux,
Switzerland, June 12, 1888. He is best known
outside of his own country as the author of
(The Amazon) (1881), a novel, which was
translated into English, French, and other lan-
guages. Other works are: (Studies on War
and Art) (1856); “Sketches) (1860), verse ; 'Life
of Rembrandt (1869); Franz Hals) (1874);
(Our Contemporary Artists) (1881); a transła-
tion of the Iliad and Odyssey.
## p. 553 (#569) ############################################
VOSS - WACE
553
Voss, Gerhard Johann (fös), usually styled
Vossius. A celebrated Dutch philologist;
born near Heidelberg 1577; died at Amster-
dam, March 17, 1649. In certain departments
of archæophilology he made valuable original
researches; and he was the first to indicate the
historical evolution of the Latin language.
Among his writings are : (Essays on Rhetoric;
or, The Institutes of Oratory, his greatest work
(1606); (The Greek Historians) (1624); (The
Latin Historians ) (1627); (Aristarchus; or, On
the Art of Grammar) (1635); (Of Errors of
Speech and Latino-Barbarous Terms) (1640);
(Heathen Theology) (1642); «The Times of
the Ancient Poets) (1654); Etymology of the
Latin Language) (1662). The Correspondence
of Vossius with Eminent Men) was published
in 1691.
Voss, Heinrich. A German philologist, son
of Johann H. ; born at Otterndorf, Oct. 29,
1779; died Oct. 20, 1822, at Heidelberg, where
he was professor of philology, in succession
to his father. He was a warm friend of Jean
Paul Richter, and his literary executor. He
completed his father's translation of Æschy-
lus (1826); this work, as also the "Corre-
spondence between Heinrich Voss and Jean
Paul' and Communications regarding Goethe
and Schiller, in Letters by Heinrich Voss,'
appeared after his death.
Voss, Isaak V. , son of Gerhard J.
