From Aria, however, in this acceptation of
the term, we must carefully distinguish another and
mneh earlier use of the name.
the term, we must carefully distinguish another and
mneh earlier use of the name.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
The Argonauts now passed Scylla and Charyb-
dis. and also the Wandering Kocks; over these they
beheld flame and smoke ascending, but Thetis and her
sister Nereids guided them through by the command
of Juno. Passing Thrinakia, the Isle of the Sun, they
came to the island of the Phieacians. Some of the
Colehians who were in pursuit of the Argonauts, ar-
riving here, found the Argo, and requested Alcinous
to m Medea up to them. He assented, provided she
had not been actually married to Jason. His wife
\rete hearing this, lost no time in joining the lovers
in wedlock; and the Colehians. then fearing to return,
? ? settled in the island Sailing thence, the Argo was
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? ARGONAUTS.
ARG
the fleece, and the sleepless dragon which watched
over it, into their commander Draco: but yet not more
satisfactory; for it explains a casual, immaterial cir-
cumstance, while it leaves the essential point in the
legend wholly untouched. The epithet golden, to
which it relates, is merely poetical and ornamental,
and signified nothing more, as to the nature of the
fleece, than the epithets white or purple, which were
also applied to it by early poets, (tichoi. ad ApoU.
Rh. , 4, 177. ) According to the original and genuine
tradition, the fleece was a sacred relic, and its impor-
tance arose out of its connexion with the tragical story
of Phrixus, the main feature of which is the human
sacrifice which the gods had required from the house
of Athamas. This legend was not a mere poetic fic-
tion, but was grounded on a peculiar form of religion,
which prevailed in that part of Greece from which the
Argonauts are said to have set out on their expedi- j
tion, and which remained in vigour even down to the
Persian wars. Herodotus informs us, that when
Xerxes, on his march to Grfecc, had come to Alus, a
town of the Thessalian Achaia, situate near the Gulf
of Pajasa:, in a tract sometimes called the Athaman-
tian i>'ain, his guides described to him the rites be-
longing to the temple of the Laphystian Jupiter, an
epithet equivalent to that mnle>>uliicli Phrixus is said
to have sacrificed the ram to the same deity, as the
god who had favoured his escape. (Zrir <t>r? iof. --
Midler, Orchomenus, p. 164. ) The eldest among the
descendants of Phrixus was forbidden to enter the
council-house at Alus, though their ancestor Athamas
was the founder of the city. If the head of the family
was detected on the forbiuden ground, he was led in
solemn procession, covered with garlands, like an or-
dinary victim, and sacrificed. Many of the devoted
race were said to have quitted their country to avoid
this danger, and to have fallen into the snare when
they returned after a long absence. The origin as-
signed to this rite was, that, after the escape of Phrix-
us, the Achesins had been on the point of sacrificing
Athamas himself to appease the anger of the gods;
but that he was rescued by the timely interference of
Cytissorus, son of Phrixus, who had returned from the
Colchian JEa, the land of his father's exile; hence
the curse, unfulfilled, was transmitted for ever to the
posterity of Phrixus. This story, strange as it may
sound, not only rests on unquestionable authority, but
might be confirmed by parallel instances of Greek su-
perstition; and it scarcely leaves room to doubt that
it was from this religious belief of the people, among
whom the Argonautic legend sprang up, that it de-
rived its peculiar character; and that the expedition,
so far as it was the adventure of the golden fleece,
was equally unconnected with piracy, commerce, and
discovery. It closely resembled one of the romantic
enterprises celebrated in the poetry of the middle
ages, the object of which was imaginary, and the di-
rection uncertain. And so Pindar represents it as un-
dertaken for the purpose of bringing back, with the
golden fleece, the soul of Phrixus, which could not
rest in the foreign land to which it had been banished.
--But the tradition must also have had an historical
foundation in some real voyages and adventures, with-
out which it would scarcely have arisen at all, or be-
come so generally credited. The voyage of the Argo-
nauts must no doubt be regarded, like the expedition
of the Tyrian Hercules, as representing a succession
? ? of enterprises, which may have been the employment
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? ARGOS.
attested by Herodotus (1, I). The walls of the city
were constructed of massive blocks of stone, a mode
of building which was generally attributed to the
Cyclopes (Euripides, Troad, 1087. -- Id. , Hercules
Far, 15), but which evidently shows the Pelasgie
origin of the place. It was also protected by two
citadels, situated on towering rocks, and surrounded
by fortifications equally strong. The principal one
was named Larissa. (Strabo, 370. -- Livy, 34, 25. )
In the time of Strabo, Argos was inferior only to
Sparta in extent and population, and from the de-
scription of Pausanias, it is evident that, when he vis-
ited this celebrated town, it was adorned with many
sumptuous buildings and noble works of art. Argos
produced some of the first sculptors of Greece, among
whom were Ageladas, the master of Phidias, and
Poivcfefus, who surpassed all the artists of antiquity
in correctness of design. Music also was highly cul-
tivated in this city; and, as early as the reign of Da-
rius, the Arrives, according to Herodotus, were ac-
counted the first musicians of the age. (Hcrodot. , 3,
131. )--Argos, if we follow the common tradition, was
{bunded by Inachus, B. C. 1856. On the arrival of
Danaus, who is said to have come from Egypt, the in-
habitants changed their ancient appellation of Pelasgi
to that of Danai. (Eunp. , Arclicl, frag. 2. --Com-
pare Strabo, 371. ) At that time the whole of what
was afterward called Argolis acknowledged the au-
thority of one sovereign; but, after the lapse of two
generations, a division took place, by which Argos and
its territory were allotted to Acrisius, the lineal de-
scendant of Danaus, while Tiryns and the maritime
country became the inheritance of his brother Prcetus.
A third kingdom was subsequently established by Per-
seus, son of the former, ^vho founded Mycence; but
these were all finally reunited in the person of At-
rriis. son of Pelops; who, having been left regent by
his nephew Eurystheus. during his expedition against
the Heraclidre, naturally assumed the sovereign power
ifter his death. Atreus thus acquired, in right of the
houses of Pelops and Perseus, which he represented,
possession of nearly the whole of Peloponnesus, which
ample territory he transmitted to his son Agamemnon,
who is called by Homer sovereign of all Argos and the
islands. (II. , 2, 107. --Compare Thucyd. , 1, 9. --
Strabo, 372. ) After the death of Agamemnon the
crown descended to Orestes, and subsequently to his
son Tisamenes, who was forced to evacuate the throne
by the invasion of the Dorians and Hcraclidm eighty
years after the siege of Troy. (Pausan. , 2, 18. ) Te-
menus, the lineal descendant of Hercules, now became
the founder of a new dynasty; but the Argivcs, hav-
ing acquired a taste for liberty, curtailed so much the
power of their sovereigns as to leave them but the
name and semblance of kings: at length, having de-
posed Meltas. the last of the Temenic dynasty, they
changed the constitution into a republican govern-
ment. (Pausan. , 2. 19) As regards the inward or-
ganization of this government, we only know, that in
Argos, a senate, a college of eighty men, and magis-
trates, stood at the head. In the time of the Achiean
league the first officer of the state appears to have
been elected by the people. (Lie. , 32, 25. ) The
Arrives, after the establishment of their republican
form of government, were engaged in frequent hostil-
ities with the Spartans, each people claiming the pos-
session of the small district of Cynuria. In the reign
of Cleomenes, king of Sparta, the Argives met with a
? ? total defeat, and Argos itself was only saved from the
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? ARGOS.
AUG
slaves or vassals, called yv/iv? /Tec. (Aristot. , Rep. , 5,
2, 8. --Pollux, 3, 83. ) The number of the first class
might amount to 16,000, being nearly equal to that of
the Athenian citizens. (Lys. , ap. Dion. Hal. , p. 631. )
The free part of the population may therefore be esti-
mated at 65,000 souls, to which, if we add the ? nepioi-
koi and slaves, we shall have an aggregate of nearly
110,000 persons. (Clinton's Fasti Hellemci, id cd. ,
vol. 1, p. 426. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 9, p.
226, seqq)--II. Pelasgicum, a city of Thessaly, of
Pelasgic origin, as its name indicates. It is generally
supposed to have been identical with Larissa on the
Pencus. Strabo (440) informs us that there was once
a city named Argos close to Larissa. . (Compare
Hcyne, ad II. , 6, 457. ) -- III. Oresticum, a city of
Macedonia, in the district Orestis and territory of the
Orestse. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes, son of Agamemnon. (Strabo, 326. --Com-
pare Theag. Maccd. ap. Stcph. Byz. , s. v. 'Opiarat,
el 'Kpyoc. )--IV. A city of Acarnania, situate at the
southeastern extremity of the Ambracian Gulf, in the
territory of the Amphilochi. It was founded, as Thu-
cydides reports (2, 68), by Amphilochus, son of Am-
phiaraus, on his return from Troy, who named it after
his native city, the more celebrated Argos of Pelopon-
nesus. Ephorus, however, who is cited by Strabo
(326), gave a somewhat different account, affirming
that Argos in Acarnania owed its origin to Alcmajon,
ty whom it was named Amphilochium, after his brother
Amphilochus. (Compare Apollod. , 3, T. --Dicaarch. ,
Stat. Greet. , v. 46. ) Argos was originally by far the
largest and most powerful town of the country; but its
citizens, having experienced many calamities, admit-
ted the Ambraciots, their neighbours, into their socie-
ty, from whom they acquired the knowledge of the
Grecian language, as it was spoken at that time.
The Ambraciots, however, at length gaining the as-
cendency, proceeded to expel the original inhabitants,
who, too weak to avenge their wrongs, placed them-
selves under the protection of the Acamanians.
These, with the aid of the Athenians, commanded by
Phormio, recovered Argos by force, and reduced to
biavery all the Ambraciots who fell into their hands.
The Ambraciots made several attempts to retrieve;
their loss, but without effect. Many years subsequent'
to this we find Argos, together with Ambracia, in the
possession of the . 'ICtolians; and, on the surrender of
the latter town to the Romans, we are informed by
Livy, that the consul M. Fulvius removed his army to
Argos, where, being met by the -Etolian deputies, a {
treaty was concluded, subject to the approbation of the
senate. (Lh. , 38, 9. --Polyb. , Fragm. , 22, 13. ) Ar- \
gets, at a later period, contributed to the formation of j
the colony of Nicopolis, and became itself deserted.
The ruins of the city have been visited by several
travellers, but Dr. Holland's account is perhaps the
most circumstantial. He describes them as situated
at the southeastern extremity of the Gulf of Aria, on
one of the hills which form an insulated ridge running \
back in a southeast direction from the bay. The
walls, forming the principal object in these ruins, skirt I
along nearly the whole extent of the ridge, including
an oblong irregular area, about a mile in its greatest!
length, but of much smaller breadth. The structure j
of these walls is Cyclopian; they arc of great thick-
ness, and on the eastern side, where built with the
most regularity, are still perfect to the height of more J
? ? than twenty feet. (Holland's Travels, vol. 2, p. 224.
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? ARI
hit love, and he pined away until Venus changed him
into a river. The Selemnus thereupon, like the Alpheus
in the case of Arethusa. sought to blend its waters with
those of the fountain Argyra, over which the incon-
stant nymph presided. According to another legend,
however, Venus, again moved with pity, exerted her di-
vine power anew, and caused him to forget Argyra.
The waters of the Selemnus became, in consequence,
a^ remedy for love, inducing oblivion on all who bathed
in them. " (Pausan. , 7, 23 )--III. A name given by the
ancients to the silver region of the East, and the posi-
tion of which tract of country varied with the progress
of geographical discovery. At first Argyra was an
island immediately beyond the mouths of the Indus.
When, however, under the first Ptolemies, the naviga-
tion of the Greeks extended to the Ganges, the silver-
island was placed near this latter stream. Afterward
another change took place, and Argyra, now no longer
an island, became part of the region occupied in mod-
em times by the kingdom of Arracan. (Ptol. , 7, 2. --
Gosselfm, Recherchcs, 6cc, vol. 3, p. 280. )
A<<gvrip_>>, the more ancient name of Arpi. (Vtd.
A/pi )
Ash. the name given to a country of large extent,
answering in some degree to the present Khorasin.
It comprised several provinces, and was bounded on
the west by Media, on the north by Hyrcania and Par-
thia. on the east by Bactria, and on the south by Car-
mania and Gedrosia. The capital was Artacoana, now
Herat.
From Aria, however, in this acceptation of
the term, we must carefully distinguish another and
mneh earlier use of the name. In this latter sense
the appellation belongs to a region which formed the
primitive abode of the Medes and Persians, and very
probably of our whole race. It appears to indicate a
country where civilization commenced, and where the
rites of religion were first instituted. In the Schah-
muneh it is called Erman (i. e. , Ariman), and in the
Zend books Irman or Iran (i. c. , Arian) Its position
would appear to coincide in some degree with that of
ancient Bactria, though some writers, Rhode for ex-
ample, make it include a much wider tract of country.
The name of Arii, given to its early inhabitants, is
said bv Bohlcn to be equivalent to the Latin "venc-
rtjtdt. '' and reminds us (with the change of the liquid
into the sibilant) of the far-famed Asi, who play so
conspicuous a part in the early Asiatic as well as in the
Scandinavian mythology. From these data wo may
account for the statement of Herodotus (7,62), that the
Medes were anciently called Arii (\\ptot. or 'Apcwi).
The same writer places in the neighbourhood of Sog-
diana a people whom he calls Arii ('Apetot). Diodo-
rus Sieulus(l, 94) makes mention of this same people
under the name of A. rimaspi ('Aptuaairoi), where we
ought to read Ariaspi CApiaairoi), or else Ariani
CApctavoi). He also speaks of their lawgiver Zath-
raustes. meaning evidently Zoroaster (i. e. , Zeretosch-
tre. ) Consult on this curious subject the following
authorities: Von Hammer (Wicn. Jahrb. , vol. 9, p.
33)-- liitter 'Erdkunde, vol. 2, p 21, scqq. --Vorhalk,
p 303) Aruiurtil 'Mem. dc I'Acad. des Inter. , vol.
! , p 376)-- Bohlen 'Dc Ong. ling. Zend. , p. 51) --
B-ihr (ad Herod. , 7, 62).
Ahiahmk, daughter of Minos, kins; of Crete, by Pasi-
phae. She fell Tn love with Theseus, and gave him a
clew of thread, which enabled him to penetrate the
windings of the labyrinth till he came to where the
Minotaur lav, whom he caught by the hair and slew.
? ? Ariadne thereupon fled with Theseus from Crete. Ac-
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? ARIARATHES
ARI
for several generations. (Compare Clinton's Fasti
Hcllenici, vol. 2. Appendix, p. 4M9. ) Although, how-
ever, the governors or satraps of Cappadocia held their
fovemment in hereditary succession, and are dignified
y Diodorus with the title of kings, yet they could
have possessed only a precarious and permitted au-
thority till the death of Scleucus, the last of the suc-
cessors of Alexander, in January, B. C. 281, removed
the power by which the whole of western Asia was
commanded. (Clinton, I. c. ) -- I. The first of the
name was son of Ariamnes. He had a brother named
Holophemes, whom he advanced to the highest offi-
ces in the kingdom, and who commanded the auxilia-
ries that were sent from Cappadocia when Ochus made
his expedition into Egypt, B. C. 350. Holophemes
acquired great glory in this war, and on his return
home lived in a private station, leaving two sons at
his death, Ariarathes and Anises. Ariarathes, the
reigning monarch, having no children of his own,
adapted the former of these, who was also the elder of
the two. Ariarathes was on the throiic when Alex-
ander invaded the Persian dominions, and he probably
fled with Darius, since we learn from Arrian that the
Macedonian prince appointed Sabictas governor of
Cappadocia before the battle of Issus. (Exp. Alex. ,
2, 4, 2. ) After the death of Alexander, Ariarathes,
then at the advanced age of eighty-two, attempted to
recover his dominions, but he was defeated by Perdic-
cas, the Macedonian general, and, being taken, was put
to a most cruel death. (Diod. Sic, Exc, 18, 10. --
Aman, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92, p. 217. )-- II. The second
of the name was the son of Holophemes, and was
adopted by his uncle Ariarathes I. He recovered
Cappadocia after the death of Eumcnes, and during
the contest between Antigonus and the other Mace-
donian chiefs. He was aided in the attempt by Ardo-
atus, king of Armenia, who furnished him with troops.
This Ariarathes transmitted the crown to his son Ari-
amnes. (Diod. Sic. , ap. Phot. , I. e. )--III. The third
of the name was the son of the preceding Ariamnes,
and his successor on the throne. Nothing more is re-
corded of him, except that on his do%th he left a son
of the same name in his infancy. (Diod. Sic, ap.
Phot. , 1. c. )--IV. The fourth of the name, son of the
preceding by Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos,
was a child at his accession. He married the daugh-
ter of Antiochus the Great, a union that involved
him in a political alliance with that sovereign, and
consequent hostility with the Romans. He was saved
from dethronement after the battle of Magnesia by a
timely and submissive embassy to the Consul Man-
ilas, and the payment of 600 talents. Soon after we
find him allied to Eumcnes, king of Pergamus, who
married his daughter; and by means of this monarch
he was admitted to the favour and friendship of the
Romans. (Liv. , 38, 39. ) He was also the ally of
Eumenes against Pharnaces, B. C. 183-179. After
a reign of nearly fifty-eight years he transmitted his
crown to his son Ariarathes" V. --V. The fifth of the
name, son of the preceding, was sumamed Philopator.
He was dethroned by Demetrius Soter, king of Syria,
who brought forward Holophemes, the supposititious
son of Ariarathes IV. Being driven from his kingdom,
he took refuge with the Romans, by whom he was re-
stored; in which restoration Attalus II. , of Pergamus,
assisted. According to Appian (Bell. Syr. , 47), the
Romans appointed Ariarathes and Holophemes to
? ? reign conjointly. This joint government, however,
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? r
A 14 I
ness of mind under which Arideus laboured unfitted
him for rule, Perdiccas, as protector, exercised the ac-
tual sway. He reigned seven years, under the title
of Philip An Ja. us. and was then put to death with his
wife Eurydice by Olympias. --The more accurate form
of the name is Arrhidseus, from the Greek 'A/J/Jioaioc.
The more common one, however, is AridsBUS. (Jut-
tut. 13, S, 11. -- Id. , 13, 3, 1. -- Id. , 14, 5, 10. --
Quint. Curt. , 10, 7, 2. -- Diod. Sic, 17, 2. -- Id. , 18,
3. --Arruin,, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92. )
A Bit. Yid. Aria.
Akima (ru 'A . . . uu opt], Arimi Monies), a chain of
mountains, respecting the position of which ancient
authorities differ. Some place it in Phrygia (Diod.
Sic, 5, 71. --Compare Wessclintr, ad loc), others in
Lydia. Mysia, Cilicia, or Syria. They appear to have
been of volcanic character, from the fable connected
with them, that they were placed upon Typhosus or
Typbon. (Horn. , It , 2, 783. ) Those who are in fa-
vour of Phrygia, Lydia, or Mysia, refer to the district
called Catacecaumene (KaraKeKavfthri), as lying
parched with subterranean tires. Those who decide
for Giiieia or Syria agree in a manner among them-
selves, if by the Arimi as a people we mean the Aramei
who had settled in the former of these countries.
(Compare Htynr. ad Mom. , II. , 2, 783, and consult
remarks under the article Inarime. )
Arimaspi, a people of Scythia, who, according to
Herodotus (3, 116, and 4, 27), had but one eye, and
waged a continual contest with the griffons (vid.
Gryphes) that guarded the gold, which, according to
the same writer, was found in vast quantities in the
vicinity of this people. The name is derived by him
from two Scythian words, Arima, one, and Spu, an
eye. (Compare JEschyl. , Prom. V. , 809, scqq. --
McU, 2, 1, 15. Plin. , 4, 26. -- Dionys. Paris*. , 31.
-- Fhilostr. . Vit. Soph. , vol. 2, p. 584, ed. Orell. )
Modern opinions, of course, vary with regard to the
origin of this legend. De ^iuignes (Mem. de I'Acad.
iti Inter. , vol. 35, p. 562) makes the Arimaspi to
have been the Hiong-nou, of whom the Chinese his-
torians speak, and -. >> ho were situate to the north of
them, extending from the river Irtisch, in the country
cf the Calmucs, to the confines of eastern Tartary.
Ketehard (The*. Top. , p. 17) contends, that the name
of the Arimaspi is still preserved in that of* Arimas-
cheis Kaia. in Asiatic Russia, in the Government of
Perm. Kennel! (Gi-oer.
dis. and also the Wandering Kocks; over these they
beheld flame and smoke ascending, but Thetis and her
sister Nereids guided them through by the command
of Juno. Passing Thrinakia, the Isle of the Sun, they
came to the island of the Phieacians. Some of the
Colehians who were in pursuit of the Argonauts, ar-
riving here, found the Argo, and requested Alcinous
to m Medea up to them. He assented, provided she
had not been actually married to Jason. His wife
\rete hearing this, lost no time in joining the lovers
in wedlock; and the Colehians. then fearing to return,
? ? settled in the island Sailing thence, the Argo was
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? ARGONAUTS.
ARG
the fleece, and the sleepless dragon which watched
over it, into their commander Draco: but yet not more
satisfactory; for it explains a casual, immaterial cir-
cumstance, while it leaves the essential point in the
legend wholly untouched. The epithet golden, to
which it relates, is merely poetical and ornamental,
and signified nothing more, as to the nature of the
fleece, than the epithets white or purple, which were
also applied to it by early poets, (tichoi. ad ApoU.
Rh. , 4, 177. ) According to the original and genuine
tradition, the fleece was a sacred relic, and its impor-
tance arose out of its connexion with the tragical story
of Phrixus, the main feature of which is the human
sacrifice which the gods had required from the house
of Athamas. This legend was not a mere poetic fic-
tion, but was grounded on a peculiar form of religion,
which prevailed in that part of Greece from which the
Argonauts are said to have set out on their expedi- j
tion, and which remained in vigour even down to the
Persian wars. Herodotus informs us, that when
Xerxes, on his march to Grfecc, had come to Alus, a
town of the Thessalian Achaia, situate near the Gulf
of Pajasa:, in a tract sometimes called the Athaman-
tian i>'ain, his guides described to him the rites be-
longing to the temple of the Laphystian Jupiter, an
epithet equivalent to that mnle>>uliicli Phrixus is said
to have sacrificed the ram to the same deity, as the
god who had favoured his escape. (Zrir <t>r? iof. --
Midler, Orchomenus, p. 164. ) The eldest among the
descendants of Phrixus was forbidden to enter the
council-house at Alus, though their ancestor Athamas
was the founder of the city. If the head of the family
was detected on the forbiuden ground, he was led in
solemn procession, covered with garlands, like an or-
dinary victim, and sacrificed. Many of the devoted
race were said to have quitted their country to avoid
this danger, and to have fallen into the snare when
they returned after a long absence. The origin as-
signed to this rite was, that, after the escape of Phrix-
us, the Achesins had been on the point of sacrificing
Athamas himself to appease the anger of the gods;
but that he was rescued by the timely interference of
Cytissorus, son of Phrixus, who had returned from the
Colchian JEa, the land of his father's exile; hence
the curse, unfulfilled, was transmitted for ever to the
posterity of Phrixus. This story, strange as it may
sound, not only rests on unquestionable authority, but
might be confirmed by parallel instances of Greek su-
perstition; and it scarcely leaves room to doubt that
it was from this religious belief of the people, among
whom the Argonautic legend sprang up, that it de-
rived its peculiar character; and that the expedition,
so far as it was the adventure of the golden fleece,
was equally unconnected with piracy, commerce, and
discovery. It closely resembled one of the romantic
enterprises celebrated in the poetry of the middle
ages, the object of which was imaginary, and the di-
rection uncertain. And so Pindar represents it as un-
dertaken for the purpose of bringing back, with the
golden fleece, the soul of Phrixus, which could not
rest in the foreign land to which it had been banished.
--But the tradition must also have had an historical
foundation in some real voyages and adventures, with-
out which it would scarcely have arisen at all, or be-
come so generally credited. The voyage of the Argo-
nauts must no doubt be regarded, like the expedition
of the Tyrian Hercules, as representing a succession
? ? of enterprises, which may have been the employment
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? ARGOS.
attested by Herodotus (1, I). The walls of the city
were constructed of massive blocks of stone, a mode
of building which was generally attributed to the
Cyclopes (Euripides, Troad, 1087. -- Id. , Hercules
Far, 15), but which evidently shows the Pelasgie
origin of the place. It was also protected by two
citadels, situated on towering rocks, and surrounded
by fortifications equally strong. The principal one
was named Larissa. (Strabo, 370. -- Livy, 34, 25. )
In the time of Strabo, Argos was inferior only to
Sparta in extent and population, and from the de-
scription of Pausanias, it is evident that, when he vis-
ited this celebrated town, it was adorned with many
sumptuous buildings and noble works of art. Argos
produced some of the first sculptors of Greece, among
whom were Ageladas, the master of Phidias, and
Poivcfefus, who surpassed all the artists of antiquity
in correctness of design. Music also was highly cul-
tivated in this city; and, as early as the reign of Da-
rius, the Arrives, according to Herodotus, were ac-
counted the first musicians of the age. (Hcrodot. , 3,
131. )--Argos, if we follow the common tradition, was
{bunded by Inachus, B. C. 1856. On the arrival of
Danaus, who is said to have come from Egypt, the in-
habitants changed their ancient appellation of Pelasgi
to that of Danai. (Eunp. , Arclicl, frag. 2. --Com-
pare Strabo, 371. ) At that time the whole of what
was afterward called Argolis acknowledged the au-
thority of one sovereign; but, after the lapse of two
generations, a division took place, by which Argos and
its territory were allotted to Acrisius, the lineal de-
scendant of Danaus, while Tiryns and the maritime
country became the inheritance of his brother Prcetus.
A third kingdom was subsequently established by Per-
seus, son of the former, ^vho founded Mycence; but
these were all finally reunited in the person of At-
rriis. son of Pelops; who, having been left regent by
his nephew Eurystheus. during his expedition against
the Heraclidre, naturally assumed the sovereign power
ifter his death. Atreus thus acquired, in right of the
houses of Pelops and Perseus, which he represented,
possession of nearly the whole of Peloponnesus, which
ample territory he transmitted to his son Agamemnon,
who is called by Homer sovereign of all Argos and the
islands. (II. , 2, 107. --Compare Thucyd. , 1, 9. --
Strabo, 372. ) After the death of Agamemnon the
crown descended to Orestes, and subsequently to his
son Tisamenes, who was forced to evacuate the throne
by the invasion of the Dorians and Hcraclidm eighty
years after the siege of Troy. (Pausan. , 2, 18. ) Te-
menus, the lineal descendant of Hercules, now became
the founder of a new dynasty; but the Argivcs, hav-
ing acquired a taste for liberty, curtailed so much the
power of their sovereigns as to leave them but the
name and semblance of kings: at length, having de-
posed Meltas. the last of the Temenic dynasty, they
changed the constitution into a republican govern-
ment. (Pausan. , 2. 19) As regards the inward or-
ganization of this government, we only know, that in
Argos, a senate, a college of eighty men, and magis-
trates, stood at the head. In the time of the Achiean
league the first officer of the state appears to have
been elected by the people. (Lie. , 32, 25. ) The
Arrives, after the establishment of their republican
form of government, were engaged in frequent hostil-
ities with the Spartans, each people claiming the pos-
session of the small district of Cynuria. In the reign
of Cleomenes, king of Sparta, the Argives met with a
? ? total defeat, and Argos itself was only saved from the
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? ARGOS.
AUG
slaves or vassals, called yv/iv? /Tec. (Aristot. , Rep. , 5,
2, 8. --Pollux, 3, 83. ) The number of the first class
might amount to 16,000, being nearly equal to that of
the Athenian citizens. (Lys. , ap. Dion. Hal. , p. 631. )
The free part of the population may therefore be esti-
mated at 65,000 souls, to which, if we add the ? nepioi-
koi and slaves, we shall have an aggregate of nearly
110,000 persons. (Clinton's Fasti Hellemci, id cd. ,
vol. 1, p. 426. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 9, p.
226, seqq)--II. Pelasgicum, a city of Thessaly, of
Pelasgic origin, as its name indicates. It is generally
supposed to have been identical with Larissa on the
Pencus. Strabo (440) informs us that there was once
a city named Argos close to Larissa. . (Compare
Hcyne, ad II. , 6, 457. ) -- III. Oresticum, a city of
Macedonia, in the district Orestis and territory of the
Orestse. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes, son of Agamemnon. (Strabo, 326. --Com-
pare Theag. Maccd. ap. Stcph. Byz. , s. v. 'Opiarat,
el 'Kpyoc. )--IV. A city of Acarnania, situate at the
southeastern extremity of the Ambracian Gulf, in the
territory of the Amphilochi. It was founded, as Thu-
cydides reports (2, 68), by Amphilochus, son of Am-
phiaraus, on his return from Troy, who named it after
his native city, the more celebrated Argos of Pelopon-
nesus. Ephorus, however, who is cited by Strabo
(326), gave a somewhat different account, affirming
that Argos in Acarnania owed its origin to Alcmajon,
ty whom it was named Amphilochium, after his brother
Amphilochus. (Compare Apollod. , 3, T. --Dicaarch. ,
Stat. Greet. , v. 46. ) Argos was originally by far the
largest and most powerful town of the country; but its
citizens, having experienced many calamities, admit-
ted the Ambraciots, their neighbours, into their socie-
ty, from whom they acquired the knowledge of the
Grecian language, as it was spoken at that time.
The Ambraciots, however, at length gaining the as-
cendency, proceeded to expel the original inhabitants,
who, too weak to avenge their wrongs, placed them-
selves under the protection of the Acamanians.
These, with the aid of the Athenians, commanded by
Phormio, recovered Argos by force, and reduced to
biavery all the Ambraciots who fell into their hands.
The Ambraciots made several attempts to retrieve;
their loss, but without effect. Many years subsequent'
to this we find Argos, together with Ambracia, in the
possession of the . 'ICtolians; and, on the surrender of
the latter town to the Romans, we are informed by
Livy, that the consul M. Fulvius removed his army to
Argos, where, being met by the -Etolian deputies, a {
treaty was concluded, subject to the approbation of the
senate. (Lh. , 38, 9. --Polyb. , Fragm. , 22, 13. ) Ar- \
gets, at a later period, contributed to the formation of j
the colony of Nicopolis, and became itself deserted.
The ruins of the city have been visited by several
travellers, but Dr. Holland's account is perhaps the
most circumstantial. He describes them as situated
at the southeastern extremity of the Gulf of Aria, on
one of the hills which form an insulated ridge running \
back in a southeast direction from the bay. The
walls, forming the principal object in these ruins, skirt I
along nearly the whole extent of the ridge, including
an oblong irregular area, about a mile in its greatest!
length, but of much smaller breadth. The structure j
of these walls is Cyclopian; they arc of great thick-
ness, and on the eastern side, where built with the
most regularity, are still perfect to the height of more J
? ? than twenty feet. (Holland's Travels, vol. 2, p. 224.
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? ARI
hit love, and he pined away until Venus changed him
into a river. The Selemnus thereupon, like the Alpheus
in the case of Arethusa. sought to blend its waters with
those of the fountain Argyra, over which the incon-
stant nymph presided. According to another legend,
however, Venus, again moved with pity, exerted her di-
vine power anew, and caused him to forget Argyra.
The waters of the Selemnus became, in consequence,
a^ remedy for love, inducing oblivion on all who bathed
in them. " (Pausan. , 7, 23 )--III. A name given by the
ancients to the silver region of the East, and the posi-
tion of which tract of country varied with the progress
of geographical discovery. At first Argyra was an
island immediately beyond the mouths of the Indus.
When, however, under the first Ptolemies, the naviga-
tion of the Greeks extended to the Ganges, the silver-
island was placed near this latter stream. Afterward
another change took place, and Argyra, now no longer
an island, became part of the region occupied in mod-
em times by the kingdom of Arracan. (Ptol. , 7, 2. --
Gosselfm, Recherchcs, 6cc, vol. 3, p. 280. )
A<<gvrip_>>, the more ancient name of Arpi. (Vtd.
A/pi )
Ash. the name given to a country of large extent,
answering in some degree to the present Khorasin.
It comprised several provinces, and was bounded on
the west by Media, on the north by Hyrcania and Par-
thia. on the east by Bactria, and on the south by Car-
mania and Gedrosia. The capital was Artacoana, now
Herat.
From Aria, however, in this acceptation of
the term, we must carefully distinguish another and
mneh earlier use of the name. In this latter sense
the appellation belongs to a region which formed the
primitive abode of the Medes and Persians, and very
probably of our whole race. It appears to indicate a
country where civilization commenced, and where the
rites of religion were first instituted. In the Schah-
muneh it is called Erman (i. e. , Ariman), and in the
Zend books Irman or Iran (i. c. , Arian) Its position
would appear to coincide in some degree with that of
ancient Bactria, though some writers, Rhode for ex-
ample, make it include a much wider tract of country.
The name of Arii, given to its early inhabitants, is
said bv Bohlcn to be equivalent to the Latin "venc-
rtjtdt. '' and reminds us (with the change of the liquid
into the sibilant) of the far-famed Asi, who play so
conspicuous a part in the early Asiatic as well as in the
Scandinavian mythology. From these data wo may
account for the statement of Herodotus (7,62), that the
Medes were anciently called Arii (\\ptot. or 'Apcwi).
The same writer places in the neighbourhood of Sog-
diana a people whom he calls Arii ('Apetot). Diodo-
rus Sieulus(l, 94) makes mention of this same people
under the name of A. rimaspi ('Aptuaairoi), where we
ought to read Ariaspi CApiaairoi), or else Ariani
CApctavoi). He also speaks of their lawgiver Zath-
raustes. meaning evidently Zoroaster (i. e. , Zeretosch-
tre. ) Consult on this curious subject the following
authorities: Von Hammer (Wicn. Jahrb. , vol. 9, p.
33)-- liitter 'Erdkunde, vol. 2, p 21, scqq. --Vorhalk,
p 303) Aruiurtil 'Mem. dc I'Acad. des Inter. , vol.
! , p 376)-- Bohlen 'Dc Ong. ling. Zend. , p. 51) --
B-ihr (ad Herod. , 7, 62).
Ahiahmk, daughter of Minos, kins; of Crete, by Pasi-
phae. She fell Tn love with Theseus, and gave him a
clew of thread, which enabled him to penetrate the
windings of the labyrinth till he came to where the
Minotaur lav, whom he caught by the hair and slew.
? ? Ariadne thereupon fled with Theseus from Crete. Ac-
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? ARIARATHES
ARI
for several generations. (Compare Clinton's Fasti
Hcllenici, vol. 2. Appendix, p. 4M9. ) Although, how-
ever, the governors or satraps of Cappadocia held their
fovemment in hereditary succession, and are dignified
y Diodorus with the title of kings, yet they could
have possessed only a precarious and permitted au-
thority till the death of Scleucus, the last of the suc-
cessors of Alexander, in January, B. C. 281, removed
the power by which the whole of western Asia was
commanded. (Clinton, I. c. ) -- I. The first of the
name was son of Ariamnes. He had a brother named
Holophemes, whom he advanced to the highest offi-
ces in the kingdom, and who commanded the auxilia-
ries that were sent from Cappadocia when Ochus made
his expedition into Egypt, B. C. 350. Holophemes
acquired great glory in this war, and on his return
home lived in a private station, leaving two sons at
his death, Ariarathes and Anises. Ariarathes, the
reigning monarch, having no children of his own,
adapted the former of these, who was also the elder of
the two. Ariarathes was on the throiic when Alex-
ander invaded the Persian dominions, and he probably
fled with Darius, since we learn from Arrian that the
Macedonian prince appointed Sabictas governor of
Cappadocia before the battle of Issus. (Exp. Alex. ,
2, 4, 2. ) After the death of Alexander, Ariarathes,
then at the advanced age of eighty-two, attempted to
recover his dominions, but he was defeated by Perdic-
cas, the Macedonian general, and, being taken, was put
to a most cruel death. (Diod. Sic, Exc, 18, 10. --
Aman, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92, p. 217. )-- II. The second
of the name was the son of Holophemes, and was
adopted by his uncle Ariarathes I. He recovered
Cappadocia after the death of Eumcnes, and during
the contest between Antigonus and the other Mace-
donian chiefs. He was aided in the attempt by Ardo-
atus, king of Armenia, who furnished him with troops.
This Ariarathes transmitted the crown to his son Ari-
amnes. (Diod. Sic. , ap. Phot. , I. e. )--III. The third
of the name was the son of the preceding Ariamnes,
and his successor on the throne. Nothing more is re-
corded of him, except that on his do%th he left a son
of the same name in his infancy. (Diod. Sic, ap.
Phot. , 1. c. )--IV. The fourth of the name, son of the
preceding by Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos,
was a child at his accession. He married the daugh-
ter of Antiochus the Great, a union that involved
him in a political alliance with that sovereign, and
consequent hostility with the Romans. He was saved
from dethronement after the battle of Magnesia by a
timely and submissive embassy to the Consul Man-
ilas, and the payment of 600 talents. Soon after we
find him allied to Eumcnes, king of Pergamus, who
married his daughter; and by means of this monarch
he was admitted to the favour and friendship of the
Romans. (Liv. , 38, 39. ) He was also the ally of
Eumenes against Pharnaces, B. C. 183-179. After
a reign of nearly fifty-eight years he transmitted his
crown to his son Ariarathes" V. --V. The fifth of the
name, son of the preceding, was sumamed Philopator.
He was dethroned by Demetrius Soter, king of Syria,
who brought forward Holophemes, the supposititious
son of Ariarathes IV. Being driven from his kingdom,
he took refuge with the Romans, by whom he was re-
stored; in which restoration Attalus II. , of Pergamus,
assisted. According to Appian (Bell. Syr. , 47), the
Romans appointed Ariarathes and Holophemes to
? ? reign conjointly. This joint government, however,
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? r
A 14 I
ness of mind under which Arideus laboured unfitted
him for rule, Perdiccas, as protector, exercised the ac-
tual sway. He reigned seven years, under the title
of Philip An Ja. us. and was then put to death with his
wife Eurydice by Olympias. --The more accurate form
of the name is Arrhidseus, from the Greek 'A/J/Jioaioc.
The more common one, however, is AridsBUS. (Jut-
tut. 13, S, 11. -- Id. , 13, 3, 1. -- Id. , 14, 5, 10. --
Quint. Curt. , 10, 7, 2. -- Diod. Sic, 17, 2. -- Id. , 18,
3. --Arruin,, ap. Phot. , Cod. , 92. )
A Bit. Yid. Aria.
Akima (ru 'A . . . uu opt], Arimi Monies), a chain of
mountains, respecting the position of which ancient
authorities differ. Some place it in Phrygia (Diod.
Sic, 5, 71. --Compare Wessclintr, ad loc), others in
Lydia. Mysia, Cilicia, or Syria. They appear to have
been of volcanic character, from the fable connected
with them, that they were placed upon Typhosus or
Typbon. (Horn. , It , 2, 783. ) Those who are in fa-
vour of Phrygia, Lydia, or Mysia, refer to the district
called Catacecaumene (KaraKeKavfthri), as lying
parched with subterranean tires. Those who decide
for Giiieia or Syria agree in a manner among them-
selves, if by the Arimi as a people we mean the Aramei
who had settled in the former of these countries.
(Compare Htynr. ad Mom. , II. , 2, 783, and consult
remarks under the article Inarime. )
Arimaspi, a people of Scythia, who, according to
Herodotus (3, 116, and 4, 27), had but one eye, and
waged a continual contest with the griffons (vid.
Gryphes) that guarded the gold, which, according to
the same writer, was found in vast quantities in the
vicinity of this people. The name is derived by him
from two Scythian words, Arima, one, and Spu, an
eye. (Compare JEschyl. , Prom. V. , 809, scqq. --
McU, 2, 1, 15. Plin. , 4, 26. -- Dionys. Paris*. , 31.
-- Fhilostr. . Vit. Soph. , vol. 2, p. 584, ed. Orell. )
Modern opinions, of course, vary with regard to the
origin of this legend. De ^iuignes (Mem. de I'Acad.
iti Inter. , vol. 35, p. 562) makes the Arimaspi to
have been the Hiong-nou, of whom the Chinese his-
torians speak, and -. >> ho were situate to the north of
them, extending from the river Irtisch, in the country
cf the Calmucs, to the confines of eastern Tartary.
Ketehard (The*. Top. , p. 17) contends, that the name
of the Arimaspi is still preserved in that of* Arimas-
cheis Kaia. in Asiatic Russia, in the Government of
Perm. Kennel! (Gi-oer.
