No More Learning

C. 64) we find him again at
was only a mutiny among the troops of Lucullus war with the king of Parthia, but after several en-
that prevented him from making himself master of gagements with alternations of success, their dif-
Artaxata, the ancient capital of Armenia. But ferences were arranged by the mediation of Pom-
the spirit of disaffection which had by this time pey, and the two monarchs concluded a treaty of
pervaded the Roman troops, hampered all the pro- peace (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 6,7; App. Mithr. 106).
ceedings of their commander ; and though in the This is the last event recorded to us of the reign of
ensuing winter Lucullus reduced the strong fortress Tigranes: the exact date of his death is unknown,
of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, which was held by but we find him incidentally mentioned by Cicero
Guras, the brother of Tigranes, his subsequent (pro Sext. 27) as still alive and reigning in the
movements were completely paralysed by the dis- spring of B. c. 56, while we know that he was
obedience of his own soldiers. The two kings succeeded by his son Artarasdes before the ex-
took advantage of this respite, and while Mithri- pedition of Crassus against the Parthians in B. C.
dates sought to recover his own dominions, Ti- 54 (Dion Cass. xl. 16). His death must therefore
granes regained great part of Armenia, and defeated have occurred in this interval
the Roman lieutenant L. Fannius, whose army The character of Tigranes seems to have in no
was only saved by the arrival of Lucullus himself respect differed from that of many other Eastern
to his relief (Dion Cass. xxxv. 4–8; Plut. Lucull. despots. It was marked by the most extravagant
31—31). In the following year, also (B. C. 67), pride and overweening confidence in prosperity, as
he was able to pour his troops into the provinces well as by the most abject humiliation in mis-
of Armenia Minor and Cappadocia without oppo- fortune. He alienated not only his Greek subjects
sition, and Lucullus was unable to punish his au- and dependent princes by his violent and arbitrary
dacity. (Dion Cass. xxxv. 14–15. )
acts, but extended his cruelties even to his own
The arrival of Pompey (B. C. 66) soon changed family. Of his sons by the daughter of Mithri-
the face of events, and Mithridates, after repeated dates, he put to death two upon various charges,
defeats, was again compelled to seek a refuge in while the civil wars in which he was engaged with
Armenia. Meanwhile, a new enemy had arisen to the third have been already mentioned. Yet he
the Armenian king in his own son Tigranes, who, seems not to have been altogether without a
having engaged in a conspiracy against the life of tincture of Greek cultivation ; for we learn that he
1
TIGRANES II,
AETAVADES I. a
He was living an es
bis countrymen, dis
elder brother, Arta
should be placed on
ascented, and Tibe
ef accomplishing it,
parently without op
denih by some of t
berus placed the c
to dis own hand
from Armenia (Tac
Soet. Tob,9; Mon.
Josepb. Art. xv. 4.
of his reign, which
La; Orell. ad loc. )
TIGRANES III.
bare been a son of
teeded him on the
the accounts transm
the Armenian mou
wniosed and unsati
graçdie Grooque, ii
Aan. ii. 3. ) Acco
on the
Cassius, quoted by
a war against then
TIGRANES IV.
Tas placed
death of Artarasde
distinct from the
ons terms himna
wibe royal family.
is not mentioned by
For the later ki
HEARSACIDAE.
TIGRANES
merian king who
Elder. According
schoolfellow of Cary
that monarch, proc
whose fidelity he
Bane is afterwards
Chropaedeia among
the Persian king
TEL 3. $ 25, 4. $1
Tigranes
assumes a


## p. 1129 (#1145) ##########################################

1
TIP PANO
AFIJEDI
TIGRANES.
TIMAEUS.
1129
afforded protection to the Athenian rhetorician | ter, and is represented as bearing an important
Amphicrates, and had assembled a company of part in the overthrow of the Median kingdom,
Greek players to celebrate the opening of a theatre and the defeat of Astyages. He appears to have
in his new capital of Tigranocerta. (Plut. Lucull. become a sort of national hero, and his exploits are
21, 22, 29; Appian, Mithr. 104. )
recounted at length by Moses of Chorene (Hist.
The coins of Tigranes, which were probably Armen. i. 23—29), but they are in all probability
struck in Syria and bear Greek inscriptions, repre- fabulous.
sent him with a tiara in the Oriental fashion, in- 2. A Persian of the royal race of the Achae-
stead of the simple diadem of the Seleucidae. menidae, who commanded the Median troops in
the army of Xerxes, with which he invaded
Greece, B. C. 480. After the defeat of the Persian
king, Tigranes was appointed to command the
army of 60,000 men, which was destined to main-
tain possession of Ionia. (Herod. vii. 62, ix. 96. )
3. One of the sons of Tigranes I. , king of Ar-
menia, He had at first enjoyed a high place in
his father's favour, so that the latter had even
bestowed on him the titles and ensigns of royalty.
At a later period, however, he was gained over by
the party disaffected to the old king, and joined in
their intrigues ; but the plot being discovered, he
sought safety in flight, and took refuge with
COIN OF TIGRANES.
Phraates king of Parthia. That monarch readily
embraced the opportunity, gave him his daughter
TIGRANES II. , king of Armenia, was a son of in marriage, and invaded Armenia with a large
ARTAVASDES I. , and grandson of the preceding. army in order to place him on the throne. But
He was living an exile at Rome, when a party of the Parthian king was unable to reduce Artaxata,
his countrymen, discontented with the rule of his the capital of Armenia, and after some time re-
elder brother, Artaxias, sent to request that he turned into his own dominions, leaving a part only
should be placed on the throne. To this Augustus of his forces under Tigranes, who was quickly de-
assented, and Tiberius was charged with the duty feated by the superior arms of his father. He
of accomplishing it, a task which he effected ap- now however sought a refuge in the camp of Pom-
parently without opposition, Artaxias being put to pey, who was at this time (B. C. 66) in full ad-
death by some of the Armenians themselves. Ti-vance upon Artaxata, and who welcomed the
berius placed the crown on the head of Tigranes young prince with open arms. But when the elder
with his own hand (B. c. 20), and then withdrew Tigranes came in person to humble himself before
from Armenia (Tac. Ann. ii. 3 ; Dion Cass. liv. 9; the conqueror, Pompey was easily moved to cle-
Suet. Tib. 9 ; Mon. Ancyr. pp. 35, 107, ed. Franz. ; mency, and instead of placing the son upon his
Joseph. Ant. xv. 4. 83). No particulars are known father's throne, left the latter in possession of the
of his reign, which was of short duration. (Tac. greater part of his dominions, while he erected the
1. c. ; Orell. ad loc. )
provinces of Sophene and Gordyene into a sub-
Tigranes III. , king of Armenia, appears to ordinate kingdom for the younger Tigranes. The
have been a son of the preceding, and to have suc- prince had the imprudence to display openly his
ceeded him on the throne for a short time : but dissatisfaction with this arrangement ; and not only
the accounts transmitted to us of the revolutions of absented himself from the festival which Pom-
the Armenian monarchy at this period are very pey gave on the occasion, but soon after openly
confused and unsatisfactory. (See Visconti
, Icono disobeyed the orders of the Roman general in
graphie Grecque, iii. p. 30; and Orell. ad Tac. regard to the disposal of his treasures. Hereupon
Ann. ii. 3. ) 'According to a fragment of Dion Pompey caused him to be immediately arrested and
Cassius, quoted by Visconti (l. c. ) he perished in detained as a prisoner. A few years later we find
& war against the neighbouring barbarians. him among the captive princes who adorned the
TIGRANES IV. Another king of this name who triumph of the Roman conqueror, B. c. 61. (Ap-
was placed on the throne by Augustus, after the pian, Mithr. 104, 105, 117; Dion Cass. xxxiji.
death of Artavasdes, would seem to have been 33—36 ; Plut. Pomp. 33, 45. ) [E. H. B. ]
distinct from the preceding, as Augustus himself TI'LLIUS CIMBER. (CIMBER. ]
only terms him “a certain Tigranes who belonged TILPHU'SA (Tia powoa). 1. The nymph of
to the royal family. ” (Mon. Ancyr. p. 107. ) He the well Tilphusa in Boeotia, which was sacred to
is not mentioned by any other historian. Apollo. (Hom. Hymn. in A poll. 247 ; Strab. ix.
For the later kings of Armenia of this name, p. 410, &c. ; Apollod. iii. 7. $ 3. )
Bee ARSACIDAE.
[E. H. B. ] 2. A surname of the Erinnys by whom Ares
TIGRA’NES (Trypávns). 1. A son of the Ar- became the father of the dragon which was slain by
menian king who was conquered by Cyrus the Cadmus. (Müller, Orchom. p. 142, 2d ed. ) (LS. )
Elder. According to Xenophon he had been a TIMAEA (Truala), wife of Agis II. , king of
schoolfellow of Cyrus, and by his intercession with Sparta. [AGIS II. )
that monarch, procured the pardon of his father, TIMA E'NETUS (Tqalvetos), a painter, whose
whose fidelity he thenceforth guaranteed. His picture of a wrestler, in the chamber on the left
name is afterwards repeatedly mentioned in the of the propylaea of the Acropolis at Athens, is
Cyropaedeia among the friends and attendants of mentioned by Pausanias (i. 22. 9. 7). [P. s.
the Persian king (Xen. Cyrop. iii. 1, 2, v. 1, 3, TIMAEỦS (Tluatos). 1. Of TAUROMENIUI
viii
. 3. § 25, 4. Š 1.
) In the Armenian historians in Sicily, the celebrated historian, was the son of
Tigranes assumes a much more conspicuous charac- Andromachus, who collected the Naxian exiles,



## p. 1130 (#1146) ##########################################

1130
TIMAEU'S.
TIMAEUS.
compositione ter]
zen. iam ad scri
forensen. " (Coi
In addition to
DACSOS, Saidas
raees, neither of
Tier, namely,
kings in three b
TEAEV Bau
of rhetorical a
(Συλλογή ρητος
probably written
Tizes the sor
The fragmer. !
by Goier, in hi
after their city had been destroyed by Dionysios, scribed ; bat on the contrary confined his residence
and settled them in the town of Tauromenium, to one spot for fifty years, and there gained all his
which had been recently founded, and of which he knowledge from books alone. Polybius also re-
became the tyrant, or supreme ruler, B. C. 358 marks ibat Timaeus had so little po ver of observa.
(Diod. xvi. 7, comp. xiv. 59, with Wesseling's tion, and so weak a judgment, that he was unable
note). Andromachus received Timoleon at Tau- to give a correct account even of the things he
romenium, when he came to Sicily in B. C. 344, and had seen, and of the places he had visited, and
he was almost the only one of the tyrants whom adds that he was likewise so superstitious, that his
Timoleon left in possession of their power (Plut. work abounded with old traditions and well-known
Tim. 10; Marcellin. Vit. Thuc. $ 42). We do not fables, while things of graver importance were
know the exact date of the birth or death of entirely omitted (Polyb. lib. xii. with the Frag-
Timaeus, but we can make an approximation to it, menta Vaticana of his work). His ignorance of
which cannot be very far from the truth. We geography and natural history appears to have
know that his history was brought down to B. c. been very great, and Polybius frequently mentions
264 (Polyb. i. 5), and that he attained the age of bis errors on these subjects (e. g. ii. 16, xii. 3, 5).
ninety-six (Lucian, Macrob. 22). Now as his But Polybius brings still graver charges against
father could not have been a very young man be- Timaens. He accuses him of frequently stating
tween B. C. 358 and 344, during which time he wilful falsehoods, of indulging in all kinds of cao
held the tyrannis of Tauromenium, we probably lomnies against the most distinguished men, such
shall not be far wrong in placing the birth of as Homer, Aristotle, and Theophrastus, and of
Timaeus in B. C. 352, and his death in R. c. 256. attacking his personal enemies, such as Agatho-
We leam from Suidas that Timaeus received in- cles, in the most atrocious manner. These
struction from Philiscus, the Milesian, a disciple of charges are repeated by Diodorus and other an-
Isocrates ; but we have no further particulars of cient writers, among whom Timaeus earned so bad
his life, except that he was banished from Sicily by a character by his slanders and calumnies, that he
Agathocles, and passed his exile at Athens, where was nick-named Epitimacus ('Eritiuaios), or the
he had lived fifty years when he wrote the thirty- Fault-Finder (Athen. vi. p. 272, b; comp. Diod.
fourth book of his history (Diod. Exc. ex libr. v. ), xü. 90, Exc. xxi. p. 561, Wess. ; Strab. xiv.
xxi. p. 560, Wess. ; Polyb. Exc. Vat. pp. 389, p. 640). Lastly, Polybius censures the speeches
393 ; Plut. de Exil. p. 605, c). We are not in- in the history of Timaeus, as unsuitable to the
formed in what year he was banished by Aga speakers, and the times at which they are repre-
thocles, but it may have been in the year that the sented as delivered, and as marked by a scholastic,
latter crossed over to Africa (B. C. 310), since we verbose, and inflated style of oratory.
are told that the tyrant, fearing an insurrection in Most of the charges of Polybius against Timaeus
his absence, either put to death or drove into exile are unquestionably founded upon truth ; but from
all the persons whom he suspected to be hostile to the statements of other writers, and from the
his government. (Diod. xx. 4. )
fragments which we possess of Timaeus's own work,
Timaeus wrote the history of Sicily from the we are led to conclude that Polybius has greatly
earliest times to B. c. 264, in which year Polybius exaggerated the defects of Timaeus, and omitted
commences the introduction to his work (Polyb. i. to mention his peculiar excellencies. Nay, several of
5). This history was one of great extent. Suidas the rery points which Polybius regarded as great
quotes the thirty-eighth books (s. v. To iepov blemishes in his work, were, in reality, some of its
*t Up), and there ivere probably many books after greatest merits. The rationalizing Polybius quite
this. It appears to have been divided into several approved of the manner in which Ephorus and
great sections, which are quoted with separate Theopompus dealt with the ancient myths, which
titles, though they in reality formed a part of one they attempted, by stripping them of all their
great whole. Thus Suidas speaks of ’Italıkè kai miracles and marvels, to turn into sober history ;
Elvelund in eight books, and of 'Emmikà kai but it was one of the great merits of Timaeus, for
LikeNiká. It has been conjectured that the Italica which he is loudly denounced by Polybius, that
and Sicelica were the title of the early portion of he attempted to give the myths in their simplest
the work, during which period the history of Sicily and most genuine form, as related by the most
was closely connected with that of Italy; and ancient writers. There can be little doubt that
that the second part of the work was called Sicelica | if the early portion of the history of Timaeus had
and Hellenica, and comprised the period during been preserved, we should be able to gain a more
which Sicily was brought more into contact with correct knowledge of many points than from the
Greece by the Athenian invasions as well as by histories of Theopompus and Ephorus. Timaeus
other events. The last five books contained the also collected the materials of his history with the
history of Agathocles (Diod. p. 56), Wess. ). Ti- greatest diligence and care, a fact which even Po-
maeus wrote the history of Pyrrhus as a separate lybius is obliged to admit (Exc. Vat. p. 402, init. ).
work (Dionys. i. 6; Cic. ad Fam. v. 12); but, as He likewise paid very great attention to chrono-
it falls within the time treated of in his general logy, and was the first writer who introduced the
History, it may almost be regarded as an episode practice of recording events by Olympiads, which
of the latter.
was adopted by almost all subsequent writers of
The value and authority of Timaeus as an his | Greek history (Diod. v. 1). For this purpose he
torian have been most vehemently attacked by Po- drew up a list of the Olympic conquerors, which is
lybius in many parts of his work. He maintains called by Suidas 'Ολυμπιονίκαι η χρονικά πραξ.
that Timaeus was totally deficient in the first idia. Cicero formed a very different opinion of
qualificatious of an historian, as he possessed no the merits of Timaeus from that of Polybius. He
practical knowledge of war or politics, and never says (de Orat. ii. 14):—"Timaeus, quantum judi-
attempted to obtain by travelling a personal ac- care possim, longe eruditissimus, et rerum copia et
quaintance with the places and countries he de- sententiarum varietate abundantissimus, ct ipsa
Lips. 188, pp.
Müler, in the F
Paris, 1841, PP
also contain diss
of Timaeus.
Grecis, pp. 117
Fast. Hel rol
2 Of LOCRL
pher, is said to
de FZ 1. 29, d
tant work, bear
dialect, and enti
bat its genuinen
perbabit noul
Pau cialogue
printed in a La
beveral otber »
was first printer
by Nogarola
bi Plato, and in
sics et Etkica,
1688. The G
French translati
lin, 1762. The
Gelder, Lerden
tol. lii. R. 93, f
maras wrote the
writer mentions
mans, it is no
thagoras was 8
Tizens of Tau
of the philoso
which related to
3 and 4. C
rean philosophe
Can. Alex. Sir
36. )
:
5. Of Crzict
to seize the su
I. p. 509, a. ).
tina Timolaus
the disciples of
jestared that t
eitber in Athen
6. The SOP
dressed to a cert
Tbe time at
theertain. Ru
ture of the Chri
ardent admirers
Potpbyty, Long
is very brief, ar
TEGY TOU MA
have been infer
larger work, bao
read it, describe


## p. 1131 (#1147) ##########################################

TIMAEUS.
1131
TIMAGENES.
compositione verborum non impolitus, magnam elo- polnudriov ev ev abyv). It is evident, however, that
quentiam ad scribendum attulit, sed nullum usum the work, as it stands, has received several interpo
forensem. ” (Comp. Cic. Brut. 95. )
lations, especially in explanations of words occurring
In addition to the Sicilian history and the Olyın. in Herodotus. Notwithstanding these interpolations
pionicae, Suidas assigns two other works to Ti- the work is one of great value, and the explanations
maeus, neither of which is mentioned by any other of words are some of the very best which have
writer, namely, An Account of Syria, its cities and come down to us from the ancient grammarians.
kings, in three books (Tepl Supías xal T@ avrais It was printed for the first time, from a manuscript
TbEwv Kal Baoulé Betala '), and a collection at Paris, edited by Ruhnken, Leyden, 1754, with
of rhetorical arguments in sixty-eight books a very valuable commentary, and again, with many
(Eudorh ontopikwv å popuw), which was more improvements, Leyden, 1789. There are also two
probably written, as Ruhnken has remarked, by more recent editions by Koch, Leipzig, 1828, and
Timaeus the sophist.
1833. The work on rhetorical arguments in
The fragments of Timacus have been collected sixty-eight books (Zullorto Antopikwv àpopuwv)
by Göller, in his De Situ et Origine Syracusarum, which Suidas assigns to Timaeus of Tauromenium,
Lips. 1818, pp. 209—306, and by Car. and Theod. was more probably written by Timaeus, the author
Müller, in the Frogmenta llistoricorum Graecorum, of the Lexicon to Plato, as has been already
Paris, 1841, pp. 193—233, both of which works remarked. (Ruhnken's Preface to his edition of
also contain dissertations on the life and writings the Lexicon. )
of Timaeus. (Compare Vossius, De Historicis 7. The MATHEMATICIAN, is quoted by Pliny
Graecis, pp. 117–120, ed. Westermann ; Clinton, | (H. N. v. 9, xvi. 22, ii. 8). Suidas says that
Fast. Hell. vol. iii. pp. 489, 490. ).
Timaeus, the Locrian (No. 2) wrote Maonuatiká,
Of Locri, in Italy, a Pythagorean philoso- but whether this was really the work of the Locrian
pher, is said to have been a teacher of Plato. (Cic. or not, cannot be determined. The fragment on
de Fin. v. 29, de Re Publ. i. 10. ) There is an ex- the Pleiades, preserved by the Scholiast on the Iliad
tant work, hearing his name, written in the Doric (xviii
. 486), and usually assigned to Timaeus of
dialect, and entitled tepl yuxâs koouou kal púolos; Tauromenium, is supposed by Göller to belong to
but its genuineness is very doubtful, and it is in all the mathematician.
probability nothing more than an abridgment of TIMA'GENES (Tiwayévns). Three percons of
Plato's dialogue of Timacus. This work was first this name are mentioned by Suidas. 1.