and the
Rhodians
called Lemnius from his birth-place, so on his arrival
defeated Philip V.
defeated Philip V.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
De Generatione Animalium, probably by tion of Gregorius of Nazianzus.
Photius charges
Philoponus. Ed. Graece cum Petri Corcyraei him with introducing gross misrepresentations and
Epistola Graeca ad Andream Matthaeum Aqua- unfounded statements, and says that his work is
vivam, Venice, 1526, fol. ; Latine, by the same, not a history, but a panegyric upon the heretics.
ibid. eodem anno. Black letter. (8) In Libros Philostorgius nevertheless was a man of learning,
XIV. Metaphysicorum. Latine by Franciscus Pa and was possessed of considerable geographical and
tricius, Ferrara, 1583, fol. The text was never astronomical knowledge. Being a heretic, it is
published.
not to be wondered at that his work has not come
Philoponus wrote many other works, some down to us. An abstract of it, however, was
of which are lost, and others have never been made by Photius in a separate work, which has
published. Fabricius gives an “ Index Scriptorum been preserved. Photius characterises him as being
in Philop. De Mundi Aeternitate memoratorum," elegant in his style, making use of figurative ex-
and an “Index Scriptorum in universis Philoponi pressions, though not in excess. His figures were,
ad Aristotelem Commentariis memoratorum," both however, sometimes harsh and far-fetched, and his
of great length. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 639, narrative involved and indistinct. (Phot. Bibl. cod.
&c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. )
(W. P. ) xl. ) The abstract of Photius was published at
PHILOSTEʻPHANUS (Đilogrépavos). 1. A Geneva in 1643 by Jac. Godefroi, or Gothofredus,
comic poet, but whether of the Old or Middle and in a somewhat corrected form, with a new
Comedy is uncertain. Athenaeus (vii. p. 293, a. ) Latin translation by H. Valesius (Paris, 1673),
quotes from his analos, in which he appears to together with the ecclesiastical history of Theo-
have satirized the parasitical habits of the Delians. doritus, Evagrius and Theodorus ; also by Read-
(Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. p. 498, vol. iv. ing, Cantabr. 1720. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vii. p. 420,
P. 589. )
&c. ; Voss. de Hist. Gr. p. 313, &c. ; Schöll, Gesch.
2. Of Cyrene, an Alexandrian writer of history der Griech. Lit. vol. iii. p. 313. ) (C. P. M. )
and geography, the friend or disciple of Callima- PHILOSTOʻRGIUS ($1. 00Tópylos), a physi-
chus, flourished under Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, cian in the time of Valentinian and Valens, in the
about B. c. 249 (Ath. viii. p. 331, d. ). We have latter half of the fourth century after Christ. He
quotations from the following works of his: Iepi was the father of Philagrius and Posidonius, and
παραδόξων ποταμών (Αth. ι. ), περί των εν τη is said to have been the chief physician of his age.
'Aslą Trólew (Ath. vii. p. 297, f. ); Tepl mowv (Philostorg. Ilist. Eccles. viii. 10. ) (W. A. G. ]
(Harpocr. 8. v. Etpúun ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. PHILO'STRATUS (dotpatos) historical.
iii. 1242 ; Schol. ad Lycophr. 447, 586), of which 1. An Athenian, who seems to have followed the
work a history of Cyprus formed a part (Clem. infamous trade of a brothel-keeper. He is sa.
Alex. Protrept. p. 17 ; Siebelis, Phanodemi Frag. tirized by Aristophanes, who calls him kuvaline,
p. 70); td MTEIwtiká (Harpocr. 8. v. Bovxeta); a cross between a dog and a fox. (Arist. Eq. 1064,
tepl eúpnuátwv (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 133. s. Lys. 957. )
308 ; Plin. H. N. vii. 56. s. 57); and an historical 2. Of Colonus, is mentioned by Demosthenes
work, the title of which is not specified. (Plut. (c. Meid. p. 535) as the bitterest accuser of Cha-
Lyc. 23. )
brias, in the famous trial about the loss of Oropus,
To the above citations several others might be B. c. 366. (CALLISTRATUS, No. 3; CHABRIAS. )
added, but all the extant titles of the writings of He appears to have been the same person who is
Philostephanus have been mentioned. Some writers spoken of in the oration against Neaera (p. 1352)
identify him with the comic poet ; whether rightly as a friend, when a young unmarried man, of Ly-
or not can hardly be determined (Fabric. Bibl. sias the sophist, who probably should not be iden-
Graoc, vol. i. . p. 150, n. , vol. iii. p. 814 ; Vossius, tified with the celebrated orator of the same name.
:
## p. 323 (#339) ############################################
PHILOSTRATUS.
323
PHILOSTRATUS.
.
Whether the accuser of Chabrias was also the | $8 2, 3, 27. §. 3. ) If we may believe Suidas (8. v.
maternal grandfather and adoptive father of Phae- Ppórtwr), Fronton was his rival at Athens, and
nippus is a doubtful point. (Dem. C. Phaen. pp. probably Apsines, who also was opposed to Fron-
1045, 1047. )
ton, and of whom Philostratus speaks (V. S. ii.
3. The father of Polemon the philosopher. (Diog. 33. & 4) as his intimate friend, was his colleague. It
Läert. iv. 16. )
is true that Suidns speaks of this Philostratus as
4. A Rhodian, who commanded a quinquereme TẬ aputy, but the time, that of Severus, fixes it
with great bravery and distinction in the battle to be Philostratus the biographer. As he was
of Chios, in which Attalus I.
and the Rhodians called Lemnius from his birth-place, so on his arrival
defeated Philip V. of Macedon in B. C. 201. at Rome from Athens, or while teaching there, he
(Polyb. xvi. 5. )
was called Atheniensis, to distinguish him from his
5. An Epeirot, who in B. c. 170 engaged in a younger namesake. The account given by Suidas
plot for seizing A. Hostilius, the Roman consul, of his having been alive in the time of the emperor
on his way through Epeirus into Thessaly, and Philip (1. D. 244—249), tallics precisely with
delivering him up to Perseus. The design would what we find written in his own works. Clinton
probably have succeeded, had not Ilostilius changed conjectures the time of his birth to be A. D. 182
his route, and, having sailed to Anticyra, made (Fast. Rom. p. 257), but this seems too late a
his way thence into Thessaly. In the following period, and we may fix on A. D. 172 as not impro-
year we find Philostratus co-operating successfully bable. We have no notice of the time of his re-
in Epeirus with Clevas, the Macedonian general, moval from Athens to Rome, but we find him a
against Appius Claudius. (Polyb. xxvii. 14 ; Liv. member of the circle (Kuklov) of literary men,
xliii. 23. )
rhetoricians especially, whom the philosophic Julia
6. A Rhodian athlete, who in B. C. 68 bribed Domna, the wife of Severus, had drawn around
his competitor at the Olympic games to allow him her. (V. Ap. i. 3. ) It was at her desire that he
to win, and was punished for it by a fine. (Paus. wrote the life of Apollonius. From the manner in
v. 21. )
(E. E. ) which he speaks of her, τους ρητορικούς πάντας
PHILOSTRATUS (Φιλόστρατος), literary. | λόγους επήνει, και ησπάζετο, and the fact that he
Suidas (s. o. ) mentions three of this name. 1. Ac does not dedicate the work to his patroness, it
cording to him the first was the son of Verus, and may safely be inferred that she was dead when he
lived in the time of Nero. He practised rhetoric finished the life ; she died A. D. 217. That the
at Athens, and in addition to several rhetorical work was written in Rome is rendered probable,
works, wrote forty-three tragedies and thirteen from his contrasting the sudden descent of night
comedies, besides treatises entitled ruuvast. nóv, in the south of Spain, with its gradual approach
Népwra, cathy (which Meursius thinks should in Gaul, and in the place where he is writing,
be written Νέρωνα θεατήν), περί τραγωδίας, λιθο- ενταύθα. (V. Αp. ν. 3. ) That the same person
γνωμικόν, Πρωτέα. We shall reserve further no- wrote the life of Apollonius and the lives of the
tice of him till we come to speak of the third sophists, a fact which we have hitherto assumed,
Philostratus,
appears from the following facts. He distinctly
2. The most celebrated of the Philostrati is the affirms (V. Ap. v. 2) that he had been in Gaul.
biographer of Apollonius The distribution of the The writer of the lives of the sophists had also
various works that bear the name has occupied the been in Gaul ; for he mentions the mirth which the
attention and divided the opinions of the ablust language of the sophist Heliodorus to the emperor
critics, as may be seen by consulting Vossius (de Caracalla, while in Gaul (A. D. 213), had occasioned
Hist. Graec. p. 279, ed. Westermann), Meursius him. (V. S. ii. 32. ) This is confirmed when (V. S.
(Dissert. de Philostrat. apud Philostrat. ed. Olearius, ji. 5) he refers his reader to his work on A pol-
p. xv. &c. ), Jonsius (de Script. Hist. Phil. iii. 14. lonius, as well known. (V. S. ii. 5. ) He states
3), Tillemont (Histoire des Émpereurs, vol. iii. pp. that he wrote these lives while Aspasius was still
86, &c. ), Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. v. pp. 540, teaching in Rome, being far advanced in years.
&c. ), and the prefaces of Olearius and Kayser to (V. S. ii
. 33. $ 4. ) Besides, he dedicates them to
their editions of the works of the Philostrati. At a consul named Antonius Gordianus, a descendant
the very outset there is a difference regarding the of Herodes Atticus, with whom he had con-
name. The Bios Loplotûv bears the praenomen of versed at Antioch concerning the sophists. This
Flavius, which we find nowhere else except in Gordianus, Fabricius supposes to have been Gor-
Tzetzes. In the title to his letters he is called an dianus III. who was consul A. D. 239 and 241.
Athenian. Eunapius (Vit. Soph. prooem. ) calls him (Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. 552. ) But to this Clinton
a Lemnian, so does Synesius (Vit. Dion. ). Photius justly objects, that not only would the dedication
(Bibl. Cod. 44) calls him à Tyrian. Tzetzes in that case have borne the title autokpátwp instead
(Chil. vi. Hist. 45), has these words:
of Ünatos, but Gordian, who in A. D. 239 was only
Φιλόστρατος ο Φλάβιος, ο Τύριος, oίμαι, ρήτωρ,
in his 14th year, was too young to have had any
'Αλλος δ' εστίν ο Αττικός,
such conversation as that referred to. (Fast. Rom.
p. 255. ) It may have been one of the other Gor.
where by reading "Allws, we might lessen the diani, who were conspicuous for their consulships.
difficulty. The best means of settling the point is (Jul. Capitol Gordian. c. 4. ) As they were slain
by consulting the author himself; and here we A. D. 238, the lives must have been written prior
find no difficulty. He spent bis youth, and was to this event. And as Aspasius did not settle in
probably born in Lemnos (Vit. Ap. vi. 27), hence Rome till a. D. 235 (Clinton, F. R. p. 245) the
the surname of Lemnius. " He studied rhetoric lives of the sophists were probably written about
under Proclus, whose school was at Athens (V. S. A. D. 237.
ii. 21), and had opportunities of hearing, if he Before proceeding to particularize those of his
was not actually the pupil of some of the foremost works which have come down to us, it may be
rhetoricians and sophists of his time (V. S. ii. 23. more convenient to speak of their general object
Y 2
## p. 324 (#340) ############################################
324
PHILOSTRATUS.
PIIILOSTRATUS.
a
and style. In all of them, except the lives of the Tvaréa 'Atolláviov. In composing it, he seems at
bophists, Philostratus seems to have intended to first to have followed Herodotus as his model, whom
illustrate the peculiar manner in which the teachers however he forsakes as he gets into those parts
of rhetoric were in the habit of treating the various where he finds an opportunity to be more rheto-
subjects that came before them. They amplified, rical, as in tho appearance of Philostratus before
ornamented, and imitated without regard to his Domitian (viii. 7). Kayser (ibid. p. vm. ) thinks
torical truth, but solely as a species of gymnastics, that in the latter part he had Thucydides in his
which trained the mental athlete to be ready for ere, but Xenophon seems rather to have been his
any exertion in disputation or speaking, to which model.
he might be called. In the time of Philostratus, It would be endless to enumerate all the works
the sphere was circumscribed enough in which that have been written in whole or in part regard-
sophists and rhetoricians (and it is to be observed ing this life of Apollonius. An examination or
that he makes no distinction between them) could notice of them will be found in the prefaces of
dispute with safety; and hence arises his choice of Olearius and of Kayser. The work itself was first
themes which have no reference to public events published by Aldus, 1502, Venice, fol. , with a
or the principles of political action. That he was Latin translation by Alemannus Rhinuccinus, and
intimately acquainted with the requirements of | along with it, as an antidote, Eusebius, contra
style as suited to different subjects, is proved by Hieroclem. The other editions having this work
his critical remarks on the writings of his brother contain the whole works of Philostratus, as will be
sophists. One illustration will suffice. While mentioned afterwards. The life of Apollonius
writing of the younger Philostratus, he says (V.
Philoponus. Ed. Graece cum Petri Corcyraei him with introducing gross misrepresentations and
Epistola Graeca ad Andream Matthaeum Aqua- unfounded statements, and says that his work is
vivam, Venice, 1526, fol. ; Latine, by the same, not a history, but a panegyric upon the heretics.
ibid. eodem anno. Black letter. (8) In Libros Philostorgius nevertheless was a man of learning,
XIV. Metaphysicorum. Latine by Franciscus Pa and was possessed of considerable geographical and
tricius, Ferrara, 1583, fol. The text was never astronomical knowledge. Being a heretic, it is
published.
not to be wondered at that his work has not come
Philoponus wrote many other works, some down to us. An abstract of it, however, was
of which are lost, and others have never been made by Photius in a separate work, which has
published. Fabricius gives an “ Index Scriptorum been preserved. Photius characterises him as being
in Philop. De Mundi Aeternitate memoratorum," elegant in his style, making use of figurative ex-
and an “Index Scriptorum in universis Philoponi pressions, though not in excess. His figures were,
ad Aristotelem Commentariis memoratorum," both however, sometimes harsh and far-fetched, and his
of great length. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 639, narrative involved and indistinct. (Phot. Bibl. cod.
&c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. )
(W. P. ) xl. ) The abstract of Photius was published at
PHILOSTEʻPHANUS (Đilogrépavos). 1. A Geneva in 1643 by Jac. Godefroi, or Gothofredus,
comic poet, but whether of the Old or Middle and in a somewhat corrected form, with a new
Comedy is uncertain. Athenaeus (vii. p. 293, a. ) Latin translation by H. Valesius (Paris, 1673),
quotes from his analos, in which he appears to together with the ecclesiastical history of Theo-
have satirized the parasitical habits of the Delians. doritus, Evagrius and Theodorus ; also by Read-
(Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. p. 498, vol. iv. ing, Cantabr. 1720. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vii. p. 420,
P. 589. )
&c. ; Voss. de Hist. Gr. p. 313, &c. ; Schöll, Gesch.
2. Of Cyrene, an Alexandrian writer of history der Griech. Lit. vol. iii. p. 313. ) (C. P. M. )
and geography, the friend or disciple of Callima- PHILOSTOʻRGIUS ($1. 00Tópylos), a physi-
chus, flourished under Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, cian in the time of Valentinian and Valens, in the
about B. c. 249 (Ath. viii. p. 331, d. ). We have latter half of the fourth century after Christ. He
quotations from the following works of his: Iepi was the father of Philagrius and Posidonius, and
παραδόξων ποταμών (Αth. ι. ), περί των εν τη is said to have been the chief physician of his age.
'Aslą Trólew (Ath. vii. p. 297, f. ); Tepl mowv (Philostorg. Ilist. Eccles. viii. 10. ) (W. A. G. ]
(Harpocr. 8. v. Etpúun ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. PHILO'STRATUS (dotpatos) historical.
iii. 1242 ; Schol. ad Lycophr. 447, 586), of which 1. An Athenian, who seems to have followed the
work a history of Cyprus formed a part (Clem. infamous trade of a brothel-keeper. He is sa.
Alex. Protrept. p. 17 ; Siebelis, Phanodemi Frag. tirized by Aristophanes, who calls him kuvaline,
p. 70); td MTEIwtiká (Harpocr. 8. v. Bovxeta); a cross between a dog and a fox. (Arist. Eq. 1064,
tepl eúpnuátwv (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 133. s. Lys. 957. )
308 ; Plin. H. N. vii. 56. s. 57); and an historical 2. Of Colonus, is mentioned by Demosthenes
work, the title of which is not specified. (Plut. (c. Meid. p. 535) as the bitterest accuser of Cha-
Lyc. 23. )
brias, in the famous trial about the loss of Oropus,
To the above citations several others might be B. c. 366. (CALLISTRATUS, No. 3; CHABRIAS. )
added, but all the extant titles of the writings of He appears to have been the same person who is
Philostephanus have been mentioned. Some writers spoken of in the oration against Neaera (p. 1352)
identify him with the comic poet ; whether rightly as a friend, when a young unmarried man, of Ly-
or not can hardly be determined (Fabric. Bibl. sias the sophist, who probably should not be iden-
Graoc, vol. i. . p. 150, n. , vol. iii. p. 814 ; Vossius, tified with the celebrated orator of the same name.
:
## p. 323 (#339) ############################################
PHILOSTRATUS.
323
PHILOSTRATUS.
.
Whether the accuser of Chabrias was also the | $8 2, 3, 27. §. 3. ) If we may believe Suidas (8. v.
maternal grandfather and adoptive father of Phae- Ppórtwr), Fronton was his rival at Athens, and
nippus is a doubtful point. (Dem. C. Phaen. pp. probably Apsines, who also was opposed to Fron-
1045, 1047. )
ton, and of whom Philostratus speaks (V. S. ii.
3. The father of Polemon the philosopher. (Diog. 33. & 4) as his intimate friend, was his colleague. It
Läert. iv. 16. )
is true that Suidns speaks of this Philostratus as
4. A Rhodian, who commanded a quinquereme TẬ aputy, but the time, that of Severus, fixes it
with great bravery and distinction in the battle to be Philostratus the biographer. As he was
of Chios, in which Attalus I.
and the Rhodians called Lemnius from his birth-place, so on his arrival
defeated Philip V. of Macedon in B. C. 201. at Rome from Athens, or while teaching there, he
(Polyb. xvi. 5. )
was called Atheniensis, to distinguish him from his
5. An Epeirot, who in B. c. 170 engaged in a younger namesake. The account given by Suidas
plot for seizing A. Hostilius, the Roman consul, of his having been alive in the time of the emperor
on his way through Epeirus into Thessaly, and Philip (1. D. 244—249), tallics precisely with
delivering him up to Perseus. The design would what we find written in his own works. Clinton
probably have succeeded, had not Ilostilius changed conjectures the time of his birth to be A. D. 182
his route, and, having sailed to Anticyra, made (Fast. Rom. p. 257), but this seems too late a
his way thence into Thessaly. In the following period, and we may fix on A. D. 172 as not impro-
year we find Philostratus co-operating successfully bable. We have no notice of the time of his re-
in Epeirus with Clevas, the Macedonian general, moval from Athens to Rome, but we find him a
against Appius Claudius. (Polyb. xxvii. 14 ; Liv. member of the circle (Kuklov) of literary men,
xliii. 23. )
rhetoricians especially, whom the philosophic Julia
6. A Rhodian athlete, who in B. C. 68 bribed Domna, the wife of Severus, had drawn around
his competitor at the Olympic games to allow him her. (V. Ap. i. 3. ) It was at her desire that he
to win, and was punished for it by a fine. (Paus. wrote the life of Apollonius. From the manner in
v. 21. )
(E. E. ) which he speaks of her, τους ρητορικούς πάντας
PHILOSTRATUS (Φιλόστρατος), literary. | λόγους επήνει, και ησπάζετο, and the fact that he
Suidas (s. o. ) mentions three of this name. 1. Ac does not dedicate the work to his patroness, it
cording to him the first was the son of Verus, and may safely be inferred that she was dead when he
lived in the time of Nero. He practised rhetoric finished the life ; she died A. D. 217. That the
at Athens, and in addition to several rhetorical work was written in Rome is rendered probable,
works, wrote forty-three tragedies and thirteen from his contrasting the sudden descent of night
comedies, besides treatises entitled ruuvast. nóv, in the south of Spain, with its gradual approach
Népwra, cathy (which Meursius thinks should in Gaul, and in the place where he is writing,
be written Νέρωνα θεατήν), περί τραγωδίας, λιθο- ενταύθα. (V. Αp. ν. 3. ) That the same person
γνωμικόν, Πρωτέα. We shall reserve further no- wrote the life of Apollonius and the lives of the
tice of him till we come to speak of the third sophists, a fact which we have hitherto assumed,
Philostratus,
appears from the following facts. He distinctly
2. The most celebrated of the Philostrati is the affirms (V. Ap. v. 2) that he had been in Gaul.
biographer of Apollonius The distribution of the The writer of the lives of the sophists had also
various works that bear the name has occupied the been in Gaul ; for he mentions the mirth which the
attention and divided the opinions of the ablust language of the sophist Heliodorus to the emperor
critics, as may be seen by consulting Vossius (de Caracalla, while in Gaul (A. D. 213), had occasioned
Hist. Graec. p. 279, ed. Westermann), Meursius him. (V. S. ii. 32. ) This is confirmed when (V. S.
(Dissert. de Philostrat. apud Philostrat. ed. Olearius, ji. 5) he refers his reader to his work on A pol-
p. xv. &c. ), Jonsius (de Script. Hist. Phil. iii. 14. lonius, as well known. (V. S. ii. 5. ) He states
3), Tillemont (Histoire des Émpereurs, vol. iii. pp. that he wrote these lives while Aspasius was still
86, &c. ), Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. v. pp. 540, teaching in Rome, being far advanced in years.
&c. ), and the prefaces of Olearius and Kayser to (V. S. ii
. 33. $ 4. ) Besides, he dedicates them to
their editions of the works of the Philostrati. At a consul named Antonius Gordianus, a descendant
the very outset there is a difference regarding the of Herodes Atticus, with whom he had con-
name. The Bios Loplotûv bears the praenomen of versed at Antioch concerning the sophists. This
Flavius, which we find nowhere else except in Gordianus, Fabricius supposes to have been Gor-
Tzetzes. In the title to his letters he is called an dianus III. who was consul A. D. 239 and 241.
Athenian. Eunapius (Vit. Soph. prooem. ) calls him (Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. 552. ) But to this Clinton
a Lemnian, so does Synesius (Vit. Dion. ). Photius justly objects, that not only would the dedication
(Bibl. Cod. 44) calls him à Tyrian. Tzetzes in that case have borne the title autokpátwp instead
(Chil. vi. Hist. 45), has these words:
of Ünatos, but Gordian, who in A. D. 239 was only
Φιλόστρατος ο Φλάβιος, ο Τύριος, oίμαι, ρήτωρ,
in his 14th year, was too young to have had any
'Αλλος δ' εστίν ο Αττικός,
such conversation as that referred to. (Fast. Rom.
p. 255. ) It may have been one of the other Gor.
where by reading "Allws, we might lessen the diani, who were conspicuous for their consulships.
difficulty. The best means of settling the point is (Jul. Capitol Gordian. c. 4. ) As they were slain
by consulting the author himself; and here we A. D. 238, the lives must have been written prior
find no difficulty. He spent bis youth, and was to this event. And as Aspasius did not settle in
probably born in Lemnos (Vit. Ap. vi. 27), hence Rome till a. D. 235 (Clinton, F. R. p. 245) the
the surname of Lemnius. " He studied rhetoric lives of the sophists were probably written about
under Proclus, whose school was at Athens (V. S. A. D. 237.
ii. 21), and had opportunities of hearing, if he Before proceeding to particularize those of his
was not actually the pupil of some of the foremost works which have come down to us, it may be
rhetoricians and sophists of his time (V. S. ii. 23. more convenient to speak of their general object
Y 2
## p. 324 (#340) ############################################
324
PHILOSTRATUS.
PIIILOSTRATUS.
a
and style. In all of them, except the lives of the Tvaréa 'Atolláviov. In composing it, he seems at
bophists, Philostratus seems to have intended to first to have followed Herodotus as his model, whom
illustrate the peculiar manner in which the teachers however he forsakes as he gets into those parts
of rhetoric were in the habit of treating the various where he finds an opportunity to be more rheto-
subjects that came before them. They amplified, rical, as in tho appearance of Philostratus before
ornamented, and imitated without regard to his Domitian (viii. 7). Kayser (ibid. p. vm. ) thinks
torical truth, but solely as a species of gymnastics, that in the latter part he had Thucydides in his
which trained the mental athlete to be ready for ere, but Xenophon seems rather to have been his
any exertion in disputation or speaking, to which model.
he might be called. In the time of Philostratus, It would be endless to enumerate all the works
the sphere was circumscribed enough in which that have been written in whole or in part regard-
sophists and rhetoricians (and it is to be observed ing this life of Apollonius. An examination or
that he makes no distinction between them) could notice of them will be found in the prefaces of
dispute with safety; and hence arises his choice of Olearius and of Kayser. The work itself was first
themes which have no reference to public events published by Aldus, 1502, Venice, fol. , with a
or the principles of political action. That he was Latin translation by Alemannus Rhinuccinus, and
intimately acquainted with the requirements of | along with it, as an antidote, Eusebius, contra
style as suited to different subjects, is proved by Hieroclem. The other editions having this work
his critical remarks on the writings of his brother contain the whole works of Philostratus, as will be
sophists. One illustration will suffice. While mentioned afterwards. The life of Apollonius
writing of the younger Philostratus, he says (V.
