'= Oebhinn, daughter of Donn-Oilen, came a short time before nocturns on that
nij^ht, from the Siah (fairy-place) of Craig- laith, to converse with Brian, and told him, that he should fall on the morrow.
nij^ht, from the Siah (fairy-place) of Craig- laith, to converse with Brian, and told him, that he should fall on the morrow.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v4
< quite close to Ath-Cliath,'" and eastwards towards Glas- nevin,'7* Clonturk,'?
' and the crests of the rising grounds, in the direction of theHillofHowth.
AmidsttheIrishlines,aportionofthatplain,formerly called Magh-nEalta Edair, "Old plain of the flocks of Edair," lay.
This sloped downwards, to that level stripe of shore, afterwards known as Clon- tarf.
'7' The wood of Tomar '79 sheltered the Irish position.
There can hardly
rum Gestanim inter Nationes Britannicarum Cliath lay on the north side of the Liffey, InsuUuum tt Gentes Septenlrionales," pp. while Dubhlinne was on the southern side, 120, 121. These literary gleanings consist and formed the fortified position of the of extracts taken from Snorro ; from Land-
nama-boc ; from Egilli Scallagrimi-snga ;
from Niala-saga ; from O. Tryggvasonar-
saga ; from Orkneyinga-Saga ; from Hiig- Ath-Cliath, or Dublin, at one time, as a vil-
giar-stikki ; from Knytlmga-saga ; from Spe- culo Regali; and from other sources.
'? » Or the I'l. nin of the Flocks. It
lay
between the Hill of Howth and Tallagh.
See Rev. James Heiithorn Todd's Introduc-
tion to Cogd-oh 5&e-oViel. lie jAtl-Aibli. p.
lage, and again as a city, in the twelfth cen-
tury, it is supposed, altliough closely adjoin-
theseweredistinctlocalities. See
ing, ibid. ,
p. 173, note.
'7' This parish, in the barony of Coolock,
and partially in that of the city of Dublin,
is shown, on the "Ordnance Survey Town- "
landMapsfortheCoun'yofDublin, sheets
14, 18. The village proper is marked, on the latter sheet.
" A townland and p. arish, in the barony of Coolock, marked out, ibui.
In the time of Henry II. , a House of the Knights Templars was here ; but, when these were expelled, a. d. 1313, in the reign of Edward II. , a PreceiUory of Knights Hospitallers occupied their place. . See Sir James Ware "De Hibernia et Antiquitatibus Ejus Disquisitiones," cap. xxvi. , p. 144.
'7' It is thought to have been situated, be- tween Clontarf and Dublin, along the north side of the Liffey. Other forms of tlie name are Tombrar, Tomhar, and Tomrair. It is perhaps the . Scandinavian Thormodr, [Thor's man! , which was a common name in Iceland. In Irel. ind, it seems to have been given to all the Kings of Dublin, who are called "Chieftains of Tomar. " Perhaps
clxxi. , n. 6.
'
in "The Irish Builder," by John S. Sloane,
on Fingall, historic and descriptive, vol. XXV. , No. 5—71, (t seq. Also, vol. xxvi.
'7' Edar —who gave name to Brimeduir,
near Dublin is stated to have been a chief,
who flourished a few centuries before tlie
Christian era. See Roderick O'Flaherty's "
Ogygia," pars. iii. . cap. xliv. . p. 271.
'" The Rev. Dr. Todd supposes, that this was probably the plain between Kiimain- ham and the city; but, the position extend- ing in the direction of the present James's- street does not seem a favourable one for the blockading army, as the situation is con- fined in extent, for the most part low, flanked by the River Liffey, and liable to sudden surprises from the strong and warlike garrison, close at hand, and protected by
strong walls.
't Such is the opinion of Thomas O'Gor-
"
Archa;ological Society, "&c. , vol. v. Fourth Series, No. 40, p. 177.
See a very interesting series of articles
inhis "OnthesiteoftheBattle artiLle,
See Rev. James Henihorn Todd's edition of C-ogATjh jAenheb He S*^^*'*^^' Introduction, pp.
Ixvii. , 11. 4, and c'xxwii. , n. I.
'"° The accompanying ill—ustration repre- sents two of these mounds thought to be
sepulchral, as they are unquestionably artifi-
man,
ofClontarf," in tlie
Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland : originally founded as the Kilkenny
it was asa regarded
royal park.
Jovirnal of the Royal
'75 The same writer believes, that Ath-
foreigners. A passage between both places is said to have been formed of hurdles. While
Jocelin, in his Life of St. Patrick, speaks of
'7*
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 407
be a doubt, but this outskirt had been a well-cultivated district, at that period, and it had been occupied by tlie Scandinavian colonists, who probably fled for protection within the walls of Dublin, from the neighbourhood of Clontarf.
Here, at the present time, there is a suburban village, stretching along the northern margin on the Bay of Dublin ; while, close beside it are yet remaining several mounds,'^" more or less perfect, and supposed to have been con-
Motmds, near the Village of Clontarf, County of Dublin.
structed over the bodies of those, who fell in the engagement. ''" Several neat dweliinijs arise along that road, which now skirts the bay ; but, the most attractive villas recede, with an unstudied diversity of site, through shaded and
rural to lanes,
'*' Fromthe oc- position
ofa
cupied by Bryan's army, the arrival of numerous ships in the harbour, and bring-
mound, and human bones are said to have been found, beiieith the surface. A nearly
similar description applies to the other mound, shown in the engraving, a short dis- tance towards the rere. Not f. nr removed and within the convent grounds, a still larger and more conspicuous artificial mound is now shaded and surroumled, by t;dl trees.
"'
Itseemsstrange, tliatnoaitempthasbeen
made to carefully examine these monuments,
without destroying them. An opinion has been offered, that on the day of the battle at
Clontarf, these mounds were probably an- cient.
'*' In the year 1824, J. N. Brewer de- scribes numerous smnll wooden buildings, erected by fishermen, for the purpose of dry-
higher ranges
gently sloping plateau.
cial. Those in closest proximity to each other, and to Clontarf, were d awn on tlie spot, December, 1883, by Will am F. Wake- man, who, in company with the Very Rev. Patrick Canon O'Neili, P. P. , and the writer, carefully examined them. The engraving is by Mrs. Millard. The lower portion of that tumulus in the foreground had l. een re- moved on oneside, within the of
memory per- sons yet living, to admit the construction of a temporary hut, now removed. A much fre- quented path winds around the base, and separates the harrow from a small stream of water, running towards the sea, which is near ; and much of the upper part of the mound itself seems 10 have been washed or worn away by the action of rain, or owing to the climbl ng propensities of children and visiors. Small pieces of charcoal are 10 be seen protruding from this evidently artificial
ing tish, and —these were called "the Sheds "
of Clontarf. " Beauties of Ireland," vol. i. , p. 191.
4o8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
ing auxiliaries from all directions, was plainly seen ; but, no efforts could be made to prevent the foemen landing, as they had secure access to the other side of the Liffey, where there were no forces to oppose them. '*3
On Holy Thursday, a council of war was held by the Irish monarch, at which the great chiefs of his army assembled. '^-t These were Maelseachlain and his Meathian nobles ; the Munster nobles, and pre-eminently the Dalcas- sians, with Murchadh, Bryan's eldest son, and Conaing, son of Bryan's brother Donnchuan, lord of Ormond ; the Conacians with Tadhg, surnamed
an eich gill, or of the White Horse, son to Conchobhair, King of Connaught. We may be assured, that many other chieftains, not here enumerated, were present at those discussions. The subject of their deliberations is not known ; but, the result appears to have been their determination to risk a general en- gagement, on the following morning. The Irish forces are said to have moved
from Kilmainham to Drumcondra, for the place of encampment. '^s Mael- seachlainnandthemenofMeathwerenotofonemmdwiththerest;'^^ and,
probably, this will serve to explain the Munster calumny, against liira and hisclansmen. '^? Meantime,onthatsameHolyThursday,ano—thercouncilof war was held in —Dublin. At this, it is stated, tliat Kormlod '^' called by the Irish Gormlaith assisted. A certain warrior, riding a dapple-grey horse, bearing a halberd, and in full armour, attended, and he held a long conference with the council. '*' This man was probably an Irish traitor,'9° who is supposed to have urged the Leinster and Scandinavian chiefs, to take advantage of Prince Donnchad's absence, with his forces, and to make an immediate attack on King Bryan's camp. This advice was evidently well received, and it was finally resolved, to have all their disposable battalions drawn out in order of battle,onthesucceedingday. Theeveningbeforeitwasfought,theenemy possibly marched out from Dublin, so as to concentrate their army between Dublin and Clontarf, and in a line along the sea-shore. It so happened, of all Fridays in the year, the day for that great engagement fell on the Friday before Easter ; that awful anniversary, when the altars of the Church are veiled throughout Christendom, and when the dark stone is rolled to the door of the mystic Sepulchre. '? '
'^3
up in arr. iy. " George Webbe Dasent's
Brian came with all his host to the Burg, and on the Friday the host faced out of the Burg,—and both armies were drawn
'^5 See Thomas McGee's " D'Arcy
" Story
of Burnt
Njal," vol. , ii. , chap, clvi. ,
tion of Re CosaTjli jAetjliel/
5&lLAibh, &c. ,
"King
Popu- lar History oflreland," vol. i. ,Book ii. ,chap.
P- 334-
'"* According to some, the night before
the battle of Clontarf, the pirates had spent their pay, and their ships lying at Benn Edair were sought by tliem to return home- wards ; while, dreading the valour of Mur- chadh and of the Dal Cais in general, they
PP- 154. 155-
'*' See General Vallancey's "Collectanea
De Rebus Hibernicis," vol. i. . No. iv. , pp. 525, 526.
'*' Brian was the name of the king who
first had her to wife, but they were then
parted. See George Webbe Dasent's
.
had offered on the Bryan,
"
p. 323.
of Burnt
vol.
previous night, that if he delayed the burning and devasia-
Story
Njal," to the "
ii. , chap, cliii. , Njals-Saga," cap.
tion of the until the next country
"*»
clviii. , p. 602.
day, they would raise their sail-masts and never return
According
again. But, now finding that the destruc-
tion of their district had commenced, tliose
pirates resolved to have a share of the phui-
der, and tliey prepared to commence the
fiyht in the morning. See Rev. Dr. James the time.
Henthnrn Todd's edition of '>" See Thomas McGee's "
lieb lie jAlLoiibh. Introduction, pp. clx. \ii. ,
clxxiii. , and chap, xc. , pp. 156, 157, with notes.
Popu- lar History 01 IrcLmd," vol. i. . Book ii. ,
vi. , p. lOO.
'"
See Rev. James Henthorn Todd's edi-
''" This circumstance prob. -ibly originated the report, that Maelseachlainn of Meath had sent him as a messenger, to reveal the weakness and division of Bryan's army, at
CogA'oh J^exj- D'Arcy
chap, vi. , p. 100.
»9^ Among these was the gold-spangled
April 23. ]
LIVES OB THE IRISH SAINTS.
409
It is probable, that knowing how numerous were the enemies' forces pre- pared to oppose him, Bryan retrograded from his advanced position near the city. However,onlookingtowardstherear,hesawwithpleasure,ahuge,dis- ciplined and compact phalanx of his forces, traversing the plain, and moving in silence towards him ; haughtily and unitedly they marched, with three score and ten banners fluttering over their heads, and of different colours. '? ^ They moved near his tent, and there halted. '93 When night had come, the monarch retired to rest, in order to prepare himself for the anxieties and fatigues of the morrow ; but, according to legendary accounts, which have been admitted even into our Annals, Bryan's sleep and thoughts were dis- turbed by visions, which caused him a sad presentiment of his own death, and that of numerous members belonging to his family. One of those visions introduces St. Senan and his clerics appearing to a servant oftlie monarch,'94 while the familiar sprite,'95 or guardian baimshee of his royal house, came from Craiglea, near Killaloe, to hold a conversation, sadly foreboding evils to him on
banner of Fergal Ua Ruairc, chief king over the territory of Breffny and Conmaicni. This was known as the variegated and hicky banner, that had gained the victory, in every conflict and battle. Fergal himself was there, and Domhnall, son of Regallach, and Gilla-na-Naemh, son to Domhnall, grandson of Fergal, with the nobles of the territory of Breifni and of Conmaicni.
maid, and who had been at the killing of the
Foreigners in Inis-Cathaigh, saw a similar
vision, on the night of Easter Friday, and
thirty-seven years before lh. it Friday night, when Brian was slain. See vol. i. , pp. 6
to 9.
'= Oebhinn, daughter of Donn-Oilen, came a short time before nocturns on that
nij^ht, from the Siah (fairy-place) of Craig- laith, to converse with Brian, and told him, that he should fall on the morrow. Brian enquired of her, who of his sons should be king after him, and how many of them should be slain in the battle along with him-
"
self. She said,
shalt see] shall be king after thee. " Where- fore it was, tliat Brian sent for Murchadh, in order that he might come to speak with him before all, ere tlie multitude could arrive. Murchadh came not, until he put on his gar- ment. Then it was, that Donchadh heard the voice of Brian, conversing with his orderly-servant, and he waited not to put on all his clothes; but, he came quickly and placed his hand on the post of the bed in which Brian lay in his tent. He asked Brian, what he was to do, or whether he should go on the foraging excursions, or re- main in the camp. However, when Brian recognised Donnchadh's voice—
not like that he should be the first coming to him—he said, " I care not what thou
as it was not for thee I was seeking. " Donn- chadh, thereupon, left the tent in anger, when Murchadh met him in the door of the tent, and neither of them saluted the other. Murchadh then came, and he was conver- sing with Brian, who said to him, "go to thy bed until the and that which I
, 193
•<
Fergal and the nobles advanced to
where Brian was, to meet him, and Brian
gave them a hearty friendly welcome ; and
Murchadh rose up to him, and seated him in his place. And Brian asked him the news, and he told him that Aedh, son of Ualgairg Ua Ciardha, King of Cairbri, refused to ac- company liim to that battle in defence of Brian. And therefore Brian cursed Ua Ciardha and the Cairbri, and gave a blessing to Fergal and to the men of Brefni also. "— Cogat))! Jae'oheL lie 5<illaibh, or " The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill," edited by the Rev. James Henthom Todd, chap. Ixxxix. , pp. 154 to 157.
=" It is stated, in AnnititochACe, edited by William M. Hennessey, that Indeirge, son of Uadhan, i. e. , Brian's orderly-servant, saw in a virion, the night before the battle, a synod of many clerics, as he thought com- ing towards the camp, singing psalms and
;
reading aloud when Indeirglie asked who
the clerics were. " That is Senan, son of Gerrchinn," said the clerics. " What has brought him hither from his own church ? "
the first son [whom thou
"
Debts that are due to
asked Indeirghe.
him from Brian," replied the cleric,
it is to demand them he has come here. " "They would be paid to him at his house, "said
"
he had not come " To-morrow the time for paying them to Senan arrives," said the cleric, "and they must be paid. '" They after- wards departed fiom him. Indeirghe told Brian, moreover, about that vision he had seen, and the king's mind was the worse for hearing it. Diarmaid Ua Corcrain, i. e. , the orderly-man of Domhnall, son of Diar-
" even for them here. "
though
day comes,
should wish, God has not permitted for
Indeirghe,
and
thee. " All evil omens were thus crowding upon them, until the morning of the day came with its full brightness, /. ^. , Easter Fri- day. See ibid. , pp. 8 to 11.
—making due allowan—ce for will
"^ The re. ider
the dissimilarity of character and cause
here recollect Shakespeare's famous scene
for he did doest,
410 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
the following day. 's'' It would seem, moreover, that the Scanian ships spread their sails, and landed a considerable contingent on the nortli shore of the bay, while their other bands marched along the north bank of the Liffey to join them. With the sea behind, and thus unfavourably placed for strategic pur[)oses, their line of battle probably extended from the Tolka to Dolly- mount, a distance of nearly two miles. Their main body was placed, it is likely, in the immediate vicinity of Clontarf ; while their numerical superiority and excellent appointments inspired them with ardent hopes of securing a complete victory.
C HAPTER IX.
MORNING OP THE BATTLE—DISPOSITION OF THE IRISH AND NORTHMAN FORCES— ADDRESS OF BRYAN BOROIMHA TO HIS ARMY—COMMENCEMENT OF THE GRF. AT BATTLE AT CLONTARF—INCIDENTS OF THE ENC. AGKMKNT, AS RECORDED—C1. 0SK OF THE BATTLE WITH A SIG. N'AL VICTORY FOR THK IRISH—THE MONARCH BRYAN BOROIMHA IS KILLED, WITH A GREAT NUMBER OF CHIEFS AND WARRIORS ON THE IRISH AND SCANDINAVIAN SIDE—HIS REMAINS ARE BROUGHT TO ARMAGH, WHERE THEY WERE HONOURABLY INTERRED—MEMORIALS OF THE ILLUSTRIOUS MONARCH— CONCLUSION.
The day of battle is said to have been formally agreed on, between the Irish and Danish leaders ; these latter, however, rather coercing the former, to fall in with their choice. Being now animated by the number of his auxiliaries, the King of Leinster, without brooking a longer delay, is stated to have bid defiance, by a herald, to the Monarch Bryan, who was challenged to tight at Moynealty, that spacious plain near Dublin, and on the field, now called Clontarf. The course of events, and the manners of the time, appear as lending some colour to this statement ; while, the accepting of such a chal- lenge may have been more the result of deliberate policy and confidence, thanofromanticcourage,onthepartoftheIrishmonarch. Bryanwould have wished to avoid fighting, on the last week of Lent, but, more especially, on that solemn day, through reverence for our Divine Redeemer's great atonement; yet,hewasdeterminedtodefendhimself,ifattacked. 'Moreover, he was daily expecting reinforcements ; but, still he had no assurance of tiieir immediate arrival. All our Irish iiistorians, who treat about this remarkable epoch, have given special prominence to the glorious close of this illustrious Monarch'scareer. Althoughsomefictionsorgrossexaggerationsmayabound, in various records, yet, there can scarcely be a doubt, as to the general ac- curacy of many details, regarding the engagement at Clontarf. In song and in story,thisfiercebattlehasbeencelebrated. Inahighlyimaginativeanddra- matic manner are related certain particulars, referring to it, in the Histories of the Northmen. " It has become the glowing theme for Irish chroniclers,
the night before the battle of Bosworth
:
"
Have struck more terror to the soul of
Richard,
Than can the substance often thousand
soldiers,
Armed . nil in proof, and led, by shallow
King III. ," v. ,
—'
Dublin Penny Journal," vol. i. , No. 17, p. 134.
° See " The Story of Burnt Njal," or Life in Iceland at ihe end of the Tenth Century. From the Icelandic of the Njals Saga. By George Weblie Dasent, IJ. C. L. , vol. ii. , chap, cliii. , cliv. , civ. , clvi. , pp. 322 to 343.
Richmond. ''
shadows to-night
—" ^ Richard Act. Scene iii.
Chapter ix.
See O'Donovan's some
John admired compositions.
—" in" paper, The Battle of Clontarf," The
Our modern //toa// have made the battle of Clontarf the subject for various and for
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 411
ancient and modem, as also, for other writers, to treat, and in various forms of composition. Some of these accounts are inflated and romantic to a degree ;
but, the style of composition, in the eleventh century, was turgid, and more wanting in correct taste, tlian at earlier periods. Such descriptions require to be toned down, in a more modern prosaic fashion ; since exuberance of
imagination is too frequently substituted for more desirable historic details. 3
In the early part of tliis century, John D'Alton wrote a poem, intituled, " Dermid ; or Erin in the Days of Borii ;" but, it is romantic in plot, and only historical, where he describes the celebrated battle. The Rev. Dr. Drummond
"
Clontarf. "* Under the signature of Des- mond, in " Tlie Nation,"5 appeared a Poem, on the " Batde of Clontarf," by DenisFlorenceMacCarthy;*and,beyondthe Atlantic,anothermoreenlarged, rhythmicalcompositionhasbeenpublished,byJohnAugustusShea. ' Later still, an anonymous poem has been issued, on this subject. * In the Irish lan- guage, also, the Rev. John James O'Carroll, S. J. , has composed certain dramatic scenes,' which open with an address from Bryan Boroimhe, before his last battle; and, this dialogue is continued, by other speakers. '" Tiie Saga accounts we find to be very inexact or unreliable, and these appear, for the most part, to have been founded on mistaken reports. Other annalistic narratives, less minute, are so brief as . to leave unintelligible some special allusions, for want of historic lighttoclearawaytheirshadows. Althoughdifferencesofstatementareto be found, with some apocryphal accounts, in various authorities ; yet, those are generally the result of mistake and misapprehension, on the part of
different writers, without intention to deceive their readers. Even in such divergencies, we do not meet with insurmountable difficulties, which cannot reasonably be reconciled or explained. From the varied and occasional con- flicting accounts, we have endeavoured to class many particulars into their proba- ble order, and to blend the sliifting colours into those hues we deem the most harmonious. Where we cannot wholly succeed, opposing statements are accurately presented, either in the text or notes. Inferences from recorded acts, with those probabilities drawn from the situation and actors, are sometimes set down ; but always, with an appearance of evidence, at least, to sustain the matters which follow, while describing such a memorable event, in the history of Ireland.
The northern accounts have strangely mistaken the season for this occur- rence. Thus, Christmas Day is falsely assumed to have been a date for the battle of Clontarf," in the Nials-Saga. " However, that mighty encounter took
also wrote an elegant poem, intituled,
It comprises two Books, with Preface and Notes, appe. irin! j anonymously, in 1822. It was published, by Hodges and M'Arthur, Dublin, in 24mo.
5 see vol. i. , No. 2.
*
See the late edition of his Poems, edited in 1882, by his son, John MacCarthy. Pre- face, p. vi.
'See "Clontarf; or the Field of the Green Banner : an Historical Romance. And other Poems. " By J. Augustus . Sliea, New York, 1S43, i2mo. This work is de- dicated to Willi. . m Cullen Bryant. After a
poetic Introduction,—it opens at page II with
the following lines
"Clontarf ofmemorieseverdear
To heart and spirit, which thy
story,
Illumines with its rays of glory, Pride of the ancient days, to thee I wake my humble ministrel>y. "
'Thus, "Brian Boru," a Tragedy, by J. T. B. , was publi:. hed, in 1879, Dublin, 8vo.
» The English translation, in blank verse,
appropriately accompanies them, for the lenefit of the non-Irish scholar. These
di. ilogues are headed, <Xthai>CA CleA]-A6d. '"See "The Gaelic Journal," vol. i. ,
No. i. , et srq. Dublin, 1882, </ seq. 4to.
" . See William M. Hennessey's edition of
<)innaba loch* "
Ce, or The Annals of
Lough Ce,"vol. i. , pp. 2, 3.
" This :iuth(jrity has been followed, like-
wise, in the introductory notices of Thomas
:
the dim of a
Through lapse many year, Gray, Poet, ode,
the to his celebrated " The
413 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23,
place on Good Friday, and it fell on the 23rd of April, a. d. 1014. It has
been supposed, that the opposing leaders and armies were mutually ignorant of their foemeri's plans and intentions. The Danes recalled the force sent
into Magh-n-Ealta, and drew out that which remained in Dublin, leaving there a sufficient garrison in the fortress. Their land and sea forces were at
once united, and they appear to have taken their position on Thursday night. '3 When the morning dawned, the Scanian and Leinster forces were along the sea-shore, while the army of the Irish monarch faced them towards the west. The line of that memorable engagement extended from the salmon- weir, at the present Ballybough bridge over the River Tolka,'* onward to Clontarf, and towards Howlh—not less than two miles—so that it was impos- sible to take in, at a glance, the probabilities of a defeat or a victory. 's There can hardly be a doubt, that the brunt of the shock during the day was most centralized about Clontarfvillage and Dollymount, where the death-mounds "*
*S*f^^^'
Mound near Conquer Hill, beside the Dolljrmount Road, near Clontarf.
remaining appear to have been more numerous and larger, than in other localities, along the north shores of the bay. Near the latter locality, there is aslightelevationoverthestrand,locallyknownasConquerHill. Closetothis spot, and within the lawn of a handsome old residence, is a low circular /lltnulus,^^ which, at present, only faintly exhibits its former great elevation ;
Fatal Sisters," translated from the Norse lar History of Ireland," vol. i. , Book ii. ,
tongue.
'3 See "Journal of the Royal and Arch«e-
ological Association of Ireland," vol. v. , Fourth Series, No. 40. On the site of the Battle of Clontarf. By Thomas O'Gorman, pp. 174, 175-
'* Here there seemed to be a structure,
known as Dubhgalls' Bridge, on the day of the battle at Clontarf
chap, vi. , p. loi.
'* One of these formerly arose a to a con-
siderable height, near the suburban villa of Mr. Allingham. Within the memory of many per. sons yet living, it has been levelled almost to the ground.
•' Its traces areshown, in the foreground of
the accompanyingillustration. froma drawing taken on the spot, by William ¥. Wake-
"3 See Thomas D'Arcy McGee's "Popu- man, in January, 1 883 : afterwards, it was
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 413
but, tradition has it, that several human bones were found, at the time of its
being partially levelled, and, moreover, many others have been disturbed, from under the mould of the neighbouring fields.
It is thought, the chief object of the Leinster and Danish forces had been
to hurry on a battle, before the return of that division, which was absent from
Bryan's army, and under the leadership of his son Donnchad. Meantime, the
Irish Monarch had drawn his troops from west to north-east, by Drumcondra,
and on towards the district around Howth. '^ This was a line of march, nearly
parallel with that of their enemies' land forces, moving along the Liffey's de-
scending course, to where a junction had been formed with the sea-faring
vi-kings and their pirates. The Irish Monarch hemmed in their battalions
landwards, and thus he secured a fairly good position for retreat, in case of
disaster. As a measure of precaution, and probably of reinforcement, the
Scaniah ships were drawn towards the shore, in the rere of their marshalled
battalions. The sea must have been exceedingly rough, during that day of
the battle, and it was hardly possible for their vessels to venture closely near
the land, even at high tide. Still, their proximity gave additional courage and
confidence to the Leinstermen and to the Northmen. '^ Their line of battle
has been described as of crescent shape, the horns extending from Bally-
''°
bough Bridge
towards the promontory of Howth, and the inner curve com-
municating with their ships. " A. not unlikely interpretation, describing the marching order from Dublin o the Leinster and Northmen forces, is given,
thatBrodarledthefirstdivisionoftheforeignDanars,asthevanguard; next
moved the second or main body, comprising the foreigners of Ath-Cliath, under the command of Dubhgall, son of Aulaf; and lastly, as their rere-
guard, Maelmordha, King of Leinster, directed the men of his province. On the Irish side, the Dalcassian tribes, forming the front of Brian's battalion, were under the leadership of his son Murchad ; behind them, in the centre, marched the other columnsof Munster, led by the King of the Decies ; while the troops of Connaught, under their leaders O'Kelly and O'Heyne, brought up the rear. When their respective divisions halted for the night, they pro- bably faced round and took their opposite stations, as the troops happened to beplaced; besides,thisorderseemstoaccordbest,withthenaturaldisposition of their several lines, and to a certain extent, it serves to explain some appa- rent contrarieties of narrative. ^^ An opinion has been advanced, that the locality, where the armies were ranged and engaged for action, extended chiefly
transferred by him to the wood, and it wasengravedbyMrs. Millard.
rum Gestanim inter Nationes Britannicarum Cliath lay on the north side of the Liffey, InsuUuum tt Gentes Septenlrionales," pp. while Dubhlinne was on the southern side, 120, 121. These literary gleanings consist and formed the fortified position of the of extracts taken from Snorro ; from Land-
nama-boc ; from Egilli Scallagrimi-snga ;
from Niala-saga ; from O. Tryggvasonar-
saga ; from Orkneyinga-Saga ; from Hiig- Ath-Cliath, or Dublin, at one time, as a vil-
giar-stikki ; from Knytlmga-saga ; from Spe- culo Regali; and from other sources.
'? » Or the I'l. nin of the Flocks. It
lay
between the Hill of Howth and Tallagh.
See Rev. James Heiithorn Todd's Introduc-
tion to Cogd-oh 5&e-oViel. lie jAtl-Aibli. p.
lage, and again as a city, in the twelfth cen-
tury, it is supposed, altliough closely adjoin-
theseweredistinctlocalities. See
ing, ibid. ,
p. 173, note.
'7' This parish, in the barony of Coolock,
and partially in that of the city of Dublin,
is shown, on the "Ordnance Survey Town- "
landMapsfortheCoun'yofDublin, sheets
14, 18. The village proper is marked, on the latter sheet.
" A townland and p. arish, in the barony of Coolock, marked out, ibui.
In the time of Henry II. , a House of the Knights Templars was here ; but, when these were expelled, a. d. 1313, in the reign of Edward II. , a PreceiUory of Knights Hospitallers occupied their place. . See Sir James Ware "De Hibernia et Antiquitatibus Ejus Disquisitiones," cap. xxvi. , p. 144.
'7' It is thought to have been situated, be- tween Clontarf and Dublin, along the north side of the Liffey. Other forms of tlie name are Tombrar, Tomhar, and Tomrair. It is perhaps the . Scandinavian Thormodr, [Thor's man! , which was a common name in Iceland. In Irel. ind, it seems to have been given to all the Kings of Dublin, who are called "Chieftains of Tomar. " Perhaps
clxxi. , n. 6.
'
in "The Irish Builder," by John S. Sloane,
on Fingall, historic and descriptive, vol. XXV. , No. 5—71, (t seq. Also, vol. xxvi.
'7' Edar —who gave name to Brimeduir,
near Dublin is stated to have been a chief,
who flourished a few centuries before tlie
Christian era. See Roderick O'Flaherty's "
Ogygia," pars. iii. . cap. xliv. . p. 271.
'" The Rev. Dr. Todd supposes, that this was probably the plain between Kiimain- ham and the city; but, the position extend- ing in the direction of the present James's- street does not seem a favourable one for the blockading army, as the situation is con- fined in extent, for the most part low, flanked by the River Liffey, and liable to sudden surprises from the strong and warlike garrison, close at hand, and protected by
strong walls.
't Such is the opinion of Thomas O'Gor-
"
Archa;ological Society, "&c. , vol. v. Fourth Series, No. 40, p. 177.
See a very interesting series of articles
inhis "OnthesiteoftheBattle artiLle,
See Rev. James Henihorn Todd's edition of C-ogATjh jAenheb He S*^^*'*^^' Introduction, pp.
Ixvii. , 11. 4, and c'xxwii. , n. I.
'"° The accompanying ill—ustration repre- sents two of these mounds thought to be
sepulchral, as they are unquestionably artifi-
man,
ofClontarf," in tlie
Historical and Archaeological Association of Ireland : originally founded as the Kilkenny
it was asa regarded
royal park.
Jovirnal of the Royal
'75 The same writer believes, that Ath-
foreigners. A passage between both places is said to have been formed of hurdles. While
Jocelin, in his Life of St. Patrick, speaks of
'7*
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 407
be a doubt, but this outskirt had been a well-cultivated district, at that period, and it had been occupied by tlie Scandinavian colonists, who probably fled for protection within the walls of Dublin, from the neighbourhood of Clontarf.
Here, at the present time, there is a suburban village, stretching along the northern margin on the Bay of Dublin ; while, close beside it are yet remaining several mounds,'^" more or less perfect, and supposed to have been con-
Motmds, near the Village of Clontarf, County of Dublin.
structed over the bodies of those, who fell in the engagement. ''" Several neat dweliinijs arise along that road, which now skirts the bay ; but, the most attractive villas recede, with an unstudied diversity of site, through shaded and
rural to lanes,
'*' Fromthe oc- position
ofa
cupied by Bryan's army, the arrival of numerous ships in the harbour, and bring-
mound, and human bones are said to have been found, beiieith the surface. A nearly
similar description applies to the other mound, shown in the engraving, a short dis- tance towards the rere. Not f. nr removed and within the convent grounds, a still larger and more conspicuous artificial mound is now shaded and surroumled, by t;dl trees.
"'
Itseemsstrange, tliatnoaitempthasbeen
made to carefully examine these monuments,
without destroying them. An opinion has been offered, that on the day of the battle at
Clontarf, these mounds were probably an- cient.
'*' In the year 1824, J. N. Brewer de- scribes numerous smnll wooden buildings, erected by fishermen, for the purpose of dry-
higher ranges
gently sloping plateau.
cial. Those in closest proximity to each other, and to Clontarf, were d awn on tlie spot, December, 1883, by Will am F. Wake- man, who, in company with the Very Rev. Patrick Canon O'Neili, P. P. , and the writer, carefully examined them. The engraving is by Mrs. Millard. The lower portion of that tumulus in the foreground had l. een re- moved on oneside, within the of
memory per- sons yet living, to admit the construction of a temporary hut, now removed. A much fre- quented path winds around the base, and separates the harrow from a small stream of water, running towards the sea, which is near ; and much of the upper part of the mound itself seems 10 have been washed or worn away by the action of rain, or owing to the climbl ng propensities of children and visiors. Small pieces of charcoal are 10 be seen protruding from this evidently artificial
ing tish, and —these were called "the Sheds "
of Clontarf. " Beauties of Ireland," vol. i. , p. 191.
4o8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
ing auxiliaries from all directions, was plainly seen ; but, no efforts could be made to prevent the foemen landing, as they had secure access to the other side of the Liffey, where there were no forces to oppose them. '*3
On Holy Thursday, a council of war was held by the Irish monarch, at which the great chiefs of his army assembled. '^-t These were Maelseachlain and his Meathian nobles ; the Munster nobles, and pre-eminently the Dalcas- sians, with Murchadh, Bryan's eldest son, and Conaing, son of Bryan's brother Donnchuan, lord of Ormond ; the Conacians with Tadhg, surnamed
an eich gill, or of the White Horse, son to Conchobhair, King of Connaught. We may be assured, that many other chieftains, not here enumerated, were present at those discussions. The subject of their deliberations is not known ; but, the result appears to have been their determination to risk a general en- gagement, on the following morning. The Irish forces are said to have moved
from Kilmainham to Drumcondra, for the place of encampment. '^s Mael- seachlainnandthemenofMeathwerenotofonemmdwiththerest;'^^ and,
probably, this will serve to explain the Munster calumny, against liira and hisclansmen. '^? Meantime,onthatsameHolyThursday,ano—thercouncilof war was held in —Dublin. At this, it is stated, tliat Kormlod '^' called by the Irish Gormlaith assisted. A certain warrior, riding a dapple-grey horse, bearing a halberd, and in full armour, attended, and he held a long conference with the council. '*' This man was probably an Irish traitor,'9° who is supposed to have urged the Leinster and Scandinavian chiefs, to take advantage of Prince Donnchad's absence, with his forces, and to make an immediate attack on King Bryan's camp. This advice was evidently well received, and it was finally resolved, to have all their disposable battalions drawn out in order of battle,onthesucceedingday. Theeveningbeforeitwasfought,theenemy possibly marched out from Dublin, so as to concentrate their army between Dublin and Clontarf, and in a line along the sea-shore. It so happened, of all Fridays in the year, the day for that great engagement fell on the Friday before Easter ; that awful anniversary, when the altars of the Church are veiled throughout Christendom, and when the dark stone is rolled to the door of the mystic Sepulchre. '? '
'^3
up in arr. iy. " George Webbe Dasent's
Brian came with all his host to the Burg, and on the Friday the host faced out of the Burg,—and both armies were drawn
'^5 See Thomas McGee's " D'Arcy
" Story
of Burnt
Njal," vol. , ii. , chap, clvi. ,
tion of Re CosaTjli jAetjliel/
5&lLAibh, &c. ,
"King
Popu- lar History oflreland," vol. i. ,Book ii. ,chap.
P- 334-
'"* According to some, the night before
the battle of Clontarf, the pirates had spent their pay, and their ships lying at Benn Edair were sought by tliem to return home- wards ; while, dreading the valour of Mur- chadh and of the Dal Cais in general, they
PP- 154. 155-
'*' See General Vallancey's "Collectanea
De Rebus Hibernicis," vol. i. . No. iv. , pp. 525, 526.
'*' Brian was the name of the king who
first had her to wife, but they were then
parted. See George Webbe Dasent's
.
had offered on the Bryan,
"
p. 323.
of Burnt
vol.
previous night, that if he delayed the burning and devasia-
Story
Njal," to the "
ii. , chap, cliii. , Njals-Saga," cap.
tion of the until the next country
"*»
clviii. , p. 602.
day, they would raise their sail-masts and never return
According
again. But, now finding that the destruc-
tion of their district had commenced, tliose
pirates resolved to have a share of the phui-
der, and tliey prepared to commence the
fiyht in the morning. See Rev. Dr. James the time.
Henthnrn Todd's edition of '>" See Thomas McGee's "
lieb lie jAlLoiibh. Introduction, pp. clx. \ii. ,
clxxiii. , and chap, xc. , pp. 156, 157, with notes.
Popu- lar History 01 IrcLmd," vol. i. . Book ii. ,
vi. , p. lOO.
'"
See Rev. James Henthorn Todd's edi-
''" This circumstance prob. -ibly originated the report, that Maelseachlainn of Meath had sent him as a messenger, to reveal the weakness and division of Bryan's army, at
CogA'oh J^exj- D'Arcy
chap, vi. , p. 100.
»9^ Among these was the gold-spangled
April 23. ]
LIVES OB THE IRISH SAINTS.
409
It is probable, that knowing how numerous were the enemies' forces pre- pared to oppose him, Bryan retrograded from his advanced position near the city. However,onlookingtowardstherear,hesawwithpleasure,ahuge,dis- ciplined and compact phalanx of his forces, traversing the plain, and moving in silence towards him ; haughtily and unitedly they marched, with three score and ten banners fluttering over their heads, and of different colours. '? ^ They moved near his tent, and there halted. '93 When night had come, the monarch retired to rest, in order to prepare himself for the anxieties and fatigues of the morrow ; but, according to legendary accounts, which have been admitted even into our Annals, Bryan's sleep and thoughts were dis- turbed by visions, which caused him a sad presentiment of his own death, and that of numerous members belonging to his family. One of those visions introduces St. Senan and his clerics appearing to a servant oftlie monarch,'94 while the familiar sprite,'95 or guardian baimshee of his royal house, came from Craiglea, near Killaloe, to hold a conversation, sadly foreboding evils to him on
banner of Fergal Ua Ruairc, chief king over the territory of Breffny and Conmaicni. This was known as the variegated and hicky banner, that had gained the victory, in every conflict and battle. Fergal himself was there, and Domhnall, son of Regallach, and Gilla-na-Naemh, son to Domhnall, grandson of Fergal, with the nobles of the territory of Breifni and of Conmaicni.
maid, and who had been at the killing of the
Foreigners in Inis-Cathaigh, saw a similar
vision, on the night of Easter Friday, and
thirty-seven years before lh. it Friday night, when Brian was slain. See vol. i. , pp. 6
to 9.
'= Oebhinn, daughter of Donn-Oilen, came a short time before nocturns on that
nij^ht, from the Siah (fairy-place) of Craig- laith, to converse with Brian, and told him, that he should fall on the morrow. Brian enquired of her, who of his sons should be king after him, and how many of them should be slain in the battle along with him-
"
self. She said,
shalt see] shall be king after thee. " Where- fore it was, tliat Brian sent for Murchadh, in order that he might come to speak with him before all, ere tlie multitude could arrive. Murchadh came not, until he put on his gar- ment. Then it was, that Donchadh heard the voice of Brian, conversing with his orderly-servant, and he waited not to put on all his clothes; but, he came quickly and placed his hand on the post of the bed in which Brian lay in his tent. He asked Brian, what he was to do, or whether he should go on the foraging excursions, or re- main in the camp. However, when Brian recognised Donnchadh's voice—
not like that he should be the first coming to him—he said, " I care not what thou
as it was not for thee I was seeking. " Donn- chadh, thereupon, left the tent in anger, when Murchadh met him in the door of the tent, and neither of them saluted the other. Murchadh then came, and he was conver- sing with Brian, who said to him, "go to thy bed until the and that which I
, 193
•<
Fergal and the nobles advanced to
where Brian was, to meet him, and Brian
gave them a hearty friendly welcome ; and
Murchadh rose up to him, and seated him in his place. And Brian asked him the news, and he told him that Aedh, son of Ualgairg Ua Ciardha, King of Cairbri, refused to ac- company liim to that battle in defence of Brian. And therefore Brian cursed Ua Ciardha and the Cairbri, and gave a blessing to Fergal and to the men of Brefni also. "— Cogat))! Jae'oheL lie 5<illaibh, or " The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill," edited by the Rev. James Henthom Todd, chap. Ixxxix. , pp. 154 to 157.
=" It is stated, in AnnititochACe, edited by William M. Hennessey, that Indeirge, son of Uadhan, i. e. , Brian's orderly-servant, saw in a virion, the night before the battle, a synod of many clerics, as he thought com- ing towards the camp, singing psalms and
;
reading aloud when Indeirglie asked who
the clerics were. " That is Senan, son of Gerrchinn," said the clerics. " What has brought him hither from his own church ? "
the first son [whom thou
"
Debts that are due to
asked Indeirghe.
him from Brian," replied the cleric,
it is to demand them he has come here. " "They would be paid to him at his house, "said
"
he had not come " To-morrow the time for paying them to Senan arrives," said the cleric, "and they must be paid. '" They after- wards departed fiom him. Indeirghe told Brian, moreover, about that vision he had seen, and the king's mind was the worse for hearing it. Diarmaid Ua Corcrain, i. e. , the orderly-man of Domhnall, son of Diar-
" even for them here. "
though
day comes,
should wish, God has not permitted for
Indeirghe,
and
thee. " All evil omens were thus crowding upon them, until the morning of the day came with its full brightness, /. ^. , Easter Fri- day. See ibid. , pp. 8 to 11.
—making due allowan—ce for will
"^ The re. ider
the dissimilarity of character and cause
here recollect Shakespeare's famous scene
for he did doest,
410 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
the following day. 's'' It would seem, moreover, that the Scanian ships spread their sails, and landed a considerable contingent on the nortli shore of the bay, while their other bands marched along the north bank of the Liffey to join them. With the sea behind, and thus unfavourably placed for strategic pur[)oses, their line of battle probably extended from the Tolka to Dolly- mount, a distance of nearly two miles. Their main body was placed, it is likely, in the immediate vicinity of Clontarf ; while their numerical superiority and excellent appointments inspired them with ardent hopes of securing a complete victory.
C HAPTER IX.
MORNING OP THE BATTLE—DISPOSITION OF THE IRISH AND NORTHMAN FORCES— ADDRESS OF BRYAN BOROIMHA TO HIS ARMY—COMMENCEMENT OF THE GRF. AT BATTLE AT CLONTARF—INCIDENTS OF THE ENC. AGKMKNT, AS RECORDED—C1. 0SK OF THE BATTLE WITH A SIG. N'AL VICTORY FOR THK IRISH—THE MONARCH BRYAN BOROIMHA IS KILLED, WITH A GREAT NUMBER OF CHIEFS AND WARRIORS ON THE IRISH AND SCANDINAVIAN SIDE—HIS REMAINS ARE BROUGHT TO ARMAGH, WHERE THEY WERE HONOURABLY INTERRED—MEMORIALS OF THE ILLUSTRIOUS MONARCH— CONCLUSION.
The day of battle is said to have been formally agreed on, between the Irish and Danish leaders ; these latter, however, rather coercing the former, to fall in with their choice. Being now animated by the number of his auxiliaries, the King of Leinster, without brooking a longer delay, is stated to have bid defiance, by a herald, to the Monarch Bryan, who was challenged to tight at Moynealty, that spacious plain near Dublin, and on the field, now called Clontarf. The course of events, and the manners of the time, appear as lending some colour to this statement ; while, the accepting of such a chal- lenge may have been more the result of deliberate policy and confidence, thanofromanticcourage,onthepartoftheIrishmonarch. Bryanwould have wished to avoid fighting, on the last week of Lent, but, more especially, on that solemn day, through reverence for our Divine Redeemer's great atonement; yet,hewasdeterminedtodefendhimself,ifattacked. 'Moreover, he was daily expecting reinforcements ; but, still he had no assurance of tiieir immediate arrival. All our Irish iiistorians, who treat about this remarkable epoch, have given special prominence to the glorious close of this illustrious Monarch'scareer. Althoughsomefictionsorgrossexaggerationsmayabound, in various records, yet, there can scarcely be a doubt, as to the general ac- curacy of many details, regarding the engagement at Clontarf. In song and in story,thisfiercebattlehasbeencelebrated. Inahighlyimaginativeanddra- matic manner are related certain particulars, referring to it, in the Histories of the Northmen. " It has become the glowing theme for Irish chroniclers,
the night before the battle of Bosworth
:
"
Have struck more terror to the soul of
Richard,
Than can the substance often thousand
soldiers,
Armed . nil in proof, and led, by shallow
King III. ," v. ,
—'
Dublin Penny Journal," vol. i. , No. 17, p. 134.
° See " The Story of Burnt Njal," or Life in Iceland at ihe end of the Tenth Century. From the Icelandic of the Njals Saga. By George Weblie Dasent, IJ. C. L. , vol. ii. , chap, cliii. , cliv. , civ. , clvi. , pp. 322 to 343.
Richmond. ''
shadows to-night
—" ^ Richard Act. Scene iii.
Chapter ix.
See O'Donovan's some
John admired compositions.
—" in" paper, The Battle of Clontarf," The
Our modern //toa// have made the battle of Clontarf the subject for various and for
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 411
ancient and modem, as also, for other writers, to treat, and in various forms of composition. Some of these accounts are inflated and romantic to a degree ;
but, the style of composition, in the eleventh century, was turgid, and more wanting in correct taste, tlian at earlier periods. Such descriptions require to be toned down, in a more modern prosaic fashion ; since exuberance of
imagination is too frequently substituted for more desirable historic details. 3
In the early part of tliis century, John D'Alton wrote a poem, intituled, " Dermid ; or Erin in the Days of Borii ;" but, it is romantic in plot, and only historical, where he describes the celebrated battle. The Rev. Dr. Drummond
"
Clontarf. "* Under the signature of Des- mond, in " Tlie Nation,"5 appeared a Poem, on the " Batde of Clontarf," by DenisFlorenceMacCarthy;*and,beyondthe Atlantic,anothermoreenlarged, rhythmicalcompositionhasbeenpublished,byJohnAugustusShea. ' Later still, an anonymous poem has been issued, on this subject. * In the Irish lan- guage, also, the Rev. John James O'Carroll, S. J. , has composed certain dramatic scenes,' which open with an address from Bryan Boroimhe, before his last battle; and, this dialogue is continued, by other speakers. '" Tiie Saga accounts we find to be very inexact or unreliable, and these appear, for the most part, to have been founded on mistaken reports. Other annalistic narratives, less minute, are so brief as . to leave unintelligible some special allusions, for want of historic lighttoclearawaytheirshadows. Althoughdifferencesofstatementareto be found, with some apocryphal accounts, in various authorities ; yet, those are generally the result of mistake and misapprehension, on the part of
different writers, without intention to deceive their readers. Even in such divergencies, we do not meet with insurmountable difficulties, which cannot reasonably be reconciled or explained. From the varied and occasional con- flicting accounts, we have endeavoured to class many particulars into their proba- ble order, and to blend the sliifting colours into those hues we deem the most harmonious. Where we cannot wholly succeed, opposing statements are accurately presented, either in the text or notes. Inferences from recorded acts, with those probabilities drawn from the situation and actors, are sometimes set down ; but always, with an appearance of evidence, at least, to sustain the matters which follow, while describing such a memorable event, in the history of Ireland.
The northern accounts have strangely mistaken the season for this occur- rence. Thus, Christmas Day is falsely assumed to have been a date for the battle of Clontarf," in the Nials-Saga. " However, that mighty encounter took
also wrote an elegant poem, intituled,
It comprises two Books, with Preface and Notes, appe. irin! j anonymously, in 1822. It was published, by Hodges and M'Arthur, Dublin, in 24mo.
5 see vol. i. , No. 2.
*
See the late edition of his Poems, edited in 1882, by his son, John MacCarthy. Pre- face, p. vi.
'See "Clontarf; or the Field of the Green Banner : an Historical Romance. And other Poems. " By J. Augustus . Sliea, New York, 1S43, i2mo. This work is de- dicated to Willi. . m Cullen Bryant. After a
poetic Introduction,—it opens at page II with
the following lines
"Clontarf ofmemorieseverdear
To heart and spirit, which thy
story,
Illumines with its rays of glory, Pride of the ancient days, to thee I wake my humble ministrel>y. "
'Thus, "Brian Boru," a Tragedy, by J. T. B. , was publi:. hed, in 1879, Dublin, 8vo.
» The English translation, in blank verse,
appropriately accompanies them, for the lenefit of the non-Irish scholar. These
di. ilogues are headed, <Xthai>CA CleA]-A6d. '"See "The Gaelic Journal," vol. i. ,
No. i. , et srq. Dublin, 1882, </ seq. 4to.
" . See William M. Hennessey's edition of
<)innaba loch* "
Ce, or The Annals of
Lough Ce,"vol. i. , pp. 2, 3.
" This :iuth(jrity has been followed, like-
wise, in the introductory notices of Thomas
:
the dim of a
Through lapse many year, Gray, Poet, ode,
the to his celebrated " The
413 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23,
place on Good Friday, and it fell on the 23rd of April, a. d. 1014. It has
been supposed, that the opposing leaders and armies were mutually ignorant of their foemeri's plans and intentions. The Danes recalled the force sent
into Magh-n-Ealta, and drew out that which remained in Dublin, leaving there a sufficient garrison in the fortress. Their land and sea forces were at
once united, and they appear to have taken their position on Thursday night. '3 When the morning dawned, the Scanian and Leinster forces were along the sea-shore, while the army of the Irish monarch faced them towards the west. The line of that memorable engagement extended from the salmon- weir, at the present Ballybough bridge over the River Tolka,'* onward to Clontarf, and towards Howlh—not less than two miles—so that it was impos- sible to take in, at a glance, the probabilities of a defeat or a victory. 's There can hardly be a doubt, that the brunt of the shock during the day was most centralized about Clontarfvillage and Dollymount, where the death-mounds "*
*S*f^^^'
Mound near Conquer Hill, beside the Dolljrmount Road, near Clontarf.
remaining appear to have been more numerous and larger, than in other localities, along the north shores of the bay. Near the latter locality, there is aslightelevationoverthestrand,locallyknownasConquerHill. Closetothis spot, and within the lawn of a handsome old residence, is a low circular /lltnulus,^^ which, at present, only faintly exhibits its former great elevation ;
Fatal Sisters," translated from the Norse lar History of Ireland," vol. i. , Book ii. ,
tongue.
'3 See "Journal of the Royal and Arch«e-
ological Association of Ireland," vol. v. , Fourth Series, No. 40. On the site of the Battle of Clontarf. By Thomas O'Gorman, pp. 174, 175-
'* Here there seemed to be a structure,
known as Dubhgalls' Bridge, on the day of the battle at Clontarf
chap, vi. , p. loi.
'* One of these formerly arose a to a con-
siderable height, near the suburban villa of Mr. Allingham. Within the memory of many per. sons yet living, it has been levelled almost to the ground.
•' Its traces areshown, in the foreground of
the accompanyingillustration. froma drawing taken on the spot, by William ¥. Wake-
"3 See Thomas D'Arcy McGee's "Popu- man, in January, 1 883 : afterwards, it was
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 413
but, tradition has it, that several human bones were found, at the time of its
being partially levelled, and, moreover, many others have been disturbed, from under the mould of the neighbouring fields.
It is thought, the chief object of the Leinster and Danish forces had been
to hurry on a battle, before the return of that division, which was absent from
Bryan's army, and under the leadership of his son Donnchad. Meantime, the
Irish Monarch had drawn his troops from west to north-east, by Drumcondra,
and on towards the district around Howth. '^ This was a line of march, nearly
parallel with that of their enemies' land forces, moving along the Liffey's de-
scending course, to where a junction had been formed with the sea-faring
vi-kings and their pirates. The Irish Monarch hemmed in their battalions
landwards, and thus he secured a fairly good position for retreat, in case of
disaster. As a measure of precaution, and probably of reinforcement, the
Scaniah ships were drawn towards the shore, in the rere of their marshalled
battalions. The sea must have been exceedingly rough, during that day of
the battle, and it was hardly possible for their vessels to venture closely near
the land, even at high tide. Still, their proximity gave additional courage and
confidence to the Leinstermen and to the Northmen. '^ Their line of battle
has been described as of crescent shape, the horns extending from Bally-
''°
bough Bridge
towards the promontory of Howth, and the inner curve com-
municating with their ships. " A. not unlikely interpretation, describing the marching order from Dublin o the Leinster and Northmen forces, is given,
thatBrodarledthefirstdivisionoftheforeignDanars,asthevanguard; next
moved the second or main body, comprising the foreigners of Ath-Cliath, under the command of Dubhgall, son of Aulaf; and lastly, as their rere-
guard, Maelmordha, King of Leinster, directed the men of his province. On the Irish side, the Dalcassian tribes, forming the front of Brian's battalion, were under the leadership of his son Murchad ; behind them, in the centre, marched the other columnsof Munster, led by the King of the Decies ; while the troops of Connaught, under their leaders O'Kelly and O'Heyne, brought up the rear. When their respective divisions halted for the night, they pro- bably faced round and took their opposite stations, as the troops happened to beplaced; besides,thisorderseemstoaccordbest,withthenaturaldisposition of their several lines, and to a certain extent, it serves to explain some appa- rent contrarieties of narrative. ^^ An opinion has been advanced, that the locality, where the armies were ranged and engaged for action, extended chiefly
transferred by him to the wood, and it wasengravedbyMrs. Millard.
