[630] See the list of
Censuses
at Note (^4) of page 256.
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - a
The consul
replied, ‘If the siege of Lacedæmon retained the army a long time, what
other troops could Rome oppose to a monarch (Antiochus) so powerful and
so formidable? ’” (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 33. )
[565] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 12.
[566] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 58.
[567] “Other peoples of Greece had shown in this way a no less culpable
forgetfulness of the benefits of the Roman people. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVI. 22. )
[568] Titus Livius, XXXVII. 45.
[569] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 43.
[570] Titus Livius, XL. 38; XLII. 22.
[571] Roads from Arezzo to Bologna, from Placentia to Rimini (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 2), and from Bologna to Aquileia.
[572] ROMAN COLONIES--488-608.
_Æsulum_ (507), or Æsium, according to Mommsen, _Jesi_ in Umbria,
on the River Æsis.
_Alsium_ (507), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Palo_,
near _Porto_.
_Fregenæ_ (509), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Torre
Maccarese_.
_Pyrgi_ (before 536), maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_);
_Santa Severa_.
_Castrum_ (555), _Pagus_, near Sylaceum; Bruttium, near
_Squillace_; united in 631 to the colony Minerviæ.
_Puteoli_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Pozzuoli_; Prefecture.
_Vulturnum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Castelamare_, or
_Castel di Volturno_; Prefecture.
_Liternum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Tor di Patria_, near
the _Lago di Patria_; Prefecture.
_Salernum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Salerno_; decreed
three years before.
_Buxentum_ (560), maritime colony, Lucania; _Policastro_.
_Sipontum_ (560), maritime colony, Apulia; _Santa Maria di
Siponto_; recolonised.
_Tempsa_ (Temesa) (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; perhaps near to
_Torre del Piano del Casale_.
_Croton_ (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; _Cotrone_.
_Potentia_ (570), maritime colony, Picenum; _Porto di Potenza_, or
_di Ricanati_.
_Pisaurum_ (570), maritime colony, Gaulish Umbria (_Via Flaminia_);
_Pesaro_.
_Parma_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Parma_; Prefecture.
_Mutina_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Modena_;
Prefecture.
_Saturnia_ (571), Etruria (centre); _Saturnia_.
_Graviscæ_ (573), maritime colony, Etruria (south) (_Via Aurelia_);
_San Clementino_ or _Le Saline_ (? ).
_Luna_ (577), Etruria (north), (_Via Aurelia_); _Luni_, near
_Sarzana_.
_Auximum_ (597), maritime colony, Picenum; _Osimo_.
LATIN COLONIES: 488-608.
_Firmum_ (490), Picenum (_Via Valeria_); _Fermo_.
_Æsernia_ (491), Samnium; _Isernia_.
_Brundisium_ (510), Iapygian Calabria (_Via Egnatia_); _Brindisi_.
_Spoletum_ (513), Umbria (_Via Flaminia_); _Spoleto_.
_Cremona_ (536), Transpadane Gaul; _Cremona_; reinforced in 560.
_Placentia_ (536), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Piacenza_.
_Copiæ_ (territory of Thurium) (561), Lucania.
_Vibo_, or _Vibona Valentia_, called also _Hipponium_, Bruttium
(565, or perhaps 515); _Bibona_. _Monte-Leone. _
_Bononia_ (565), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Bologna_.
_Aquileia_ (573), Transpadane Gaul; _Aquileia_.
_Carteia_ (573), Spain; St. Roque, in the Bay of Gibraltar.
[573] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 26.
[574] Titus Livius, XLI. 19.
[575] Titus Livius, XLI. 22.
[576] Titus Livius, XLII. 62.
[577] Titus Livius, XLI. 5.
[578] Titus Livius, XLV. 21 _et seq. _
[579] Titus Livius, XLV. 29.
[580] Titus Livius, XLV. 26.
[581] Titus Livius, XLV. 18. --“The laws given to the Macedonians by
Paulus Æmilius were so wisely framed, that they seemed to have been made
not for vanquished enemies, but for allies whose services it was desired
to reward; and in which, after a long course of years, use, the sole
reformer of laws, showed nothing defective. ” (Titus Livius, XLV. 32. )
[582] Polybius, XXX. 10; XXXV. 6.
[583] Titus Livius, XLII. 24. --We see by the following passage in Livy
that Masinissa feared the justice of the Senate as against his own
interest: “If Perseus had had the advantage, and if _Carthage had been
deprived of the Roman protection_, nothing would then have hindered
Masinissa from conquering all Africa. ” (Titus Livius, XLII. 29. )
[584] Titus Livius, XLV. 13.
[585] Titus Livius, XLV. 42.
[586] Titus Livius, XLV. 44.
[587] Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 45.
[588] Titus Livius, XLI. 7.
[589] Titus Livius, XLIII. 1.
[590] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.
[591] “It was commonly said that the masters of the Spanish provinces
themselves opposed the prosecution of noble and powerful persons. ”
(Titus Livius, XLIII. 2. )
[592] Valerius Maximus, VI. ix. 10.
[593] Montesquieu, _Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_, ix. 66.
[594] Scipio reproves the people, who wished to make him perpetual
consul and dictator. (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 56. )
[595] Cato used interpreters in speaking to the Athenians, though he
understood Greek perfectly. (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 18. )--It was
an old habit of the Romans, indeed, to address strangers only in Latin.
(Valerius Maximus, II. ii. 2. )
[596] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 8, 25.
[597] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII. --Valerius Maximus, IV. i. 10.
[598] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 34. --Aulus Gellius, VI. 14.
[599] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLIX.
[600] “Cato barked without ceasing at the greatness of Scipio. ” (Titus
Livius, XXXVIII. 54. )
[601] “P. Cato had a bitter mind, a sharp and unmeasured tongue. ” (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 40. )
[602] “He declaimed against usurers, and he himself lent out, at high
interest, the money which he got from his estates. He condemned the sale
of young slaves, yet trafficked in the same under an assumed name. ”
(Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 33. )
[603] Drumann, _Geschichte Roms_, v. , p. 148.
[604] “The last act of his political life was to cause the ruin of
Carthage to be determined on. ” (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 39. )
[605] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII.
[606] At Carthage, the multitude governed; at Rome, the power of the
Senate was absolute. (Polybius, VI. 51. )
[607] Titus Livius, L. 16.
[608] Appian, _Punic Wars_, 93 _et seq. _
[609] Justin, XXXIV. 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LI. --Polybius, I. 2,
3.
[610] Pausanias, VII. 16. --Justin, XXXIV. 2.
[611] Polybius, XL. 11.
[612] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 52.
[613] Eutropius, IV. 7.
[614] The town of Garray, in Spain, situated about a league from Soria,
on the Duero, is built on the site of ancient Numantia. (Miñano,
_Diccionario Geográfico de España_. )
[615] Appian, _Civil Wars_, V. iv. 38.
[616] Velleius Paterculus, II. 20.
[617] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 31.
[618] Titus Livius, XLV. 21.
[619] Titus Livius, VII. 43.
[620] In 555, 585, and 639. (Titus Livius, XLV. 15. )--Aurelius Victor,
_Illustrious Men_, lxii.
[621] The tribune Licinius Crassus proposed, in 609, to transfer to the
people the election of the pontiffs, until then nominated by the
sacerdotal college. This proposition was adopted only in 650 by the law
Domitia, and was anew abolished by Sylla.
[622] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LVII.
[623] The expedition against the Scordisci, in 619.
[624] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 8.
[625] “Corruption especially had increased, because, Macedonia
destroyed, the empire of the world seemed thenceforth assured to Rome. ”
(Polybius, XI. 32. )
[626] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 10.
[627] The Romans expatriated themselves to such a degree that, when
Mithridates began war, and caused all the Roman citizens spread over his
states to be massacred in one day, they amounted to 150,000, according
to Plutarch (_Sylla_, xlviii. ); 80,000 according to Memnon (in the
_Bibliotheca_ of Photius, Codex CCXXIV. 31) and Valerius Maximus (IX. 2,
§ 3). --The small town of Cirta, in Africa, could only be defended
against Jugurtha by Italiotes. (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 26. )
[628] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 35.
[629] “And Rome refused to admit in the number of her citizens the men
by whom she had acquired that greatness of which she was so proud as to
despise the peoples of the same blood and of the same origin. ” (Velleius
Paterculus, II. 15).
[630] See the list of Censuses at Note (^4) of page 256.
[631] Mommsen, _Geschichte Roms_, I. , p. 785.
[632] The lands taken from the town of Leontium were of the extent of
thirty thousand _jugera_. They were, in 542, farmed out by the censors;
but at the end of some time, there remained only one citizen of the
country among the eighty-four farmers who had installed themselves in
them; all the others belonged to the Roman nobility. (Mommsen, ii.
75. --Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. 46 _et seq. _)
[633] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 9.
[634] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXIV. 3.
[635] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXVI. , p. 147, ed. Schweighæuser.
[636] Strabo, XIV. v. 570.
[637] “Our ancestors feared always the spirit of slavery, even in the
case where, born in the field and under the roof of his master, the
slave learnt to love him from his birth. But since we count ours by
nations, each of which has its manners and gods, or perhaps has no gods,
no, this vile and confused assemblage will never be kept under but by
fear. ” (Tacitus, _Annales_, XIV. 44. )
[638] In 442, the censor Appius Claudius Cæcus causes the freedmen to be
inscribed in all the tribes, and allows their sons the entrance to the
Senate. (Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. )--In 450 the censor Q. Fabius
Rullianus (Maximus) confines them to the four urban tribes (Titus
Livius, IX. 46); towards 530, other censors opened again all the tribes
to them; in 534, the censors L. Æmilius Papus and C. Flaminius
re-established the order of 450 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX. ); an
exception is made in favour of those who have a son of the age of more
than five years, or who possess lands of the value of more than 30,000
sestertii (XLV. 15); in 585, the censor Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
expels them from the rustic tribes, where they had been again
introduced, and unites them in one sole urban tribe, the Esquiline.
(Titus Livius, XLV. 15. --Cicero, _De Oratore_, I. ix. 38. )--(639. ) “The
Æmilian law permits freedmen to vote in the four urban tribes. ”
(Aurelius Victor, _Illustrious Men_, 72. )
[639] Valerius Maximus, VI. 2, § 3. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 4.
[640] “I know Romans who have waited for their elevation to the
consulship to begin reading the history of our ancestors and the
precepts of the Greeks on military art. ” (_Speech of Marius_, Sallust,
_Jugurtha_, 85. )
[641] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 8.
[642] “Tiberius Gracchus genere, forma, eloquentia facile princeps. ”
(Florus, III. 14. )
[643] Velleius Paterculus, II. 2. --Seneca the Philosopher, _De
Consolatione, ad Marciam_, xvi.
[644] Plutarch, _Parallel between Agis and Tiberius Gracchus_, iv.
[645] “Pure and just in his views. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II.
2. )--“Animated by the noblest ambition. ” (Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 9. )
[646] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9.
[647] “It was at the instigation of the rhetorician Diophanes and the
philosopher Blossius that he took counsel of the citizens of Rome most
distinguished for their reputation and virtues: among others, Crassus,
the grand pontiff; Mucius Scævola, the celebrated lawyer, then consul;
and Appius Claudius, his father-in-law. ” (Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9. )
[648] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9.
[649] Aulus Gellius relates two passages from the speech of C. Gracchus,
which we think ought rather to be ascribed to Tib. Sempronius Gracchus.
In one, he has stated the case of a young noble who caused a peasant to
be murdered because he made a joke upon him as he passed in a litter; in
the other, he told the story of a consul who ordered the most
considerable men in the town of Teanum to be beaten with rods, because
the consul’s wife, going to bathe, had found the baths of the town not
clean. (Aulus Gellius, X. 3. )
[650] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 12.
[651] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16.
[652] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 13.
[653] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 12.
[654] Machiavelli, _Discourse on Titus Livius_, I. 37.
[655] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16.
[656] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 14.
[657] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16, 22.
[658] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 5.
[659] They interdicted to the magistrates deposed by the people the
exercise of all functions, and authorised criminal proceedings against
the magistrate who had been the author of the illegal banishment of a
citizen. The first of these struck openly at Octavius, whom Tiberius had
deposed; the second at Popilius, who, in his prætorship, had banished
the friends of Tiberius. (Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 8. )
[660] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 21.
[661] “In 556, the curule ediles Fulvius Nobilior and Flaminius
distributed to the people a million of _modii_ of Sicilian wheat, at two
_ases_ the bushel. ” (Titus Livius, XXXIII. 42. )
[662] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 21. --Cicero, _Tusculan Disputations_,
III. 20.
[663] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7. According to what Polybius says, the
period of service was fixed at ten years, for we read in Plutarch:
“Caius Gracchus said to the censors that, obliged only by the law to ten
campaigns, he had made twelve. ” (Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 4. )
[664] FIFTH PERIOD. --ROMAN COLONIES.
_Dertona_ (630). In Liguria, now _Tortona_.
_Fabrateria_ (630). Among the Volsci (_Latium Majus_). Now _Falvaterra_.
A colony of the Gracchi.
_Aquæ Sextiæ_ (631); _Aix_ (Mouths of the Rhone). Cited erroneously as a
colony, was only a _castellum_.
_Minervia_ (Scylacium) (632). In Calabria, now _Squillace_. A colony of
the Gracchi.
_Neptunia_ (Tarentum) (632). In Calabria, now _Taranto_. A colony of
the Gracchi.
_Carthago_ (Junonia). In Africa. A colony of the Gracchi, was only commenced.
_Narbo Martius_ (636). In Narbonnese Gaul, now _Narbonne_. Founded
under the influence of the Gracchi.
_Eporedia_ (654). In Transpadane Gaul, now _Ivrea_.
In this period Rome ceases to found Latin colonies. The allied countries
and the towns of the Latin name began to demand the right of city; the
assimilation of Italy, in respect to language and manners, is indeed so
advanced that it is superfluous, if not dangerous, to found new Latin
cities.
The name of _Colonies of the Gracchi_ is given to those which were
established essentially for the aid of the poor citizens, and no longer,
as formerly, with a strategic view.
Carthage and Narbonne are the first two colonies founded beyond the
limits of Italy, contrary to the rule previously followed. The only
example which could be mentioned as appertaining to the previous period
is that of _Italica_, founded in Spain by Scipio in 548, for those of
his veterans who wished to remain in the country. They received the
right of city, but not the title of colony. The inhabitants of _Aquæ
Sextiæ_ must have been in much the same situation.
[665] Velleius Paterculus, II. 6, 15. --Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7, 8.
[666] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 19 _et seq. _
[667] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 9. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 23.
[668] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 27. --Cicero, _Oration on the Consular
Provinces_, 2, 15; _Oration for Balbus_, 27.
[669] Cicero, _Oration for Rabirius_, 4.
[670] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7, 12. --According to Velleius Paterculus
(II. 6), “he would have extended this right to all the peoples of Italy
as far as the Alps. ”
[671] Pseudo-Sallust, _First Letter to Cæsar_, vii. --Titus Livius, XXVI.
22.
[672] “Aut censoria locatio constituta est, ut Asiæ, lege Sempronia. ”
Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. --See, on this question,
Mommsen, _Inscriptiones Latinæ Antiquissimæ_, pp. 100, 101.
[673] In the province, the domain of the soil belongs to the Roman
people; the proprietor is reputed to have only the possession or
usufruct. (Gaius, _Institutes_, II. 7. )
[674] The senators were reproached with the recent examples of
prevarication given by Cornelius Cotta, by Salinator, and by Manius
Aquilius, the conqueror of Asia.
[675] Yet the _Epitome_ of Titus Livius (LX. ) speaks of 600 knights
instead of 300. (See Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXIII. 7. --Appian,
_Civil Wars_, I. 22. --Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7. )
[676] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 12.
[677] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 24.
[678] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 17.
[679] “I am not one of those consuls who think that it is a crime to
praise in the Gracchi, as magistrates whose counsels, wisdom, and laws
carried a salutary reform into many parts of the administration. ”
(Cicero, _Second Speech on the Agrarian Law_, 5. )
[680] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 27.
[681] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 31.
[682] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 5.
[683] “Marius had only made his temper more unyielding. ” (Plutarch,
_Sylla_, 39. )--“Talent, probity, simplicity, profound knowledge of the
art of war, Marius joined to the same degree the contempt of riches and
pleasures with the love of glory. ” (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 63. )--Marius
was born on the territory of Arpinum, at _Cereatæ_, now Casamari (the
house of Marius).
[684] “Obtained the esteem of both parties. ” (Plutarch, _Marius_, 4. )
[685] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 85.
[686] Plutarch, _Marius_, 10.
[687] Plutarch, _Marius_, 19.
[688] Plutarch, _Marius_, 11.
replied, ‘If the siege of Lacedæmon retained the army a long time, what
other troops could Rome oppose to a monarch (Antiochus) so powerful and
so formidable? ’” (Titus Livius, XXXIV. 33. )
[565] Titus Livius, XXXIII. 12.
[566] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 58.
[567] “Other peoples of Greece had shown in this way a no less culpable
forgetfulness of the benefits of the Roman people. ” (Titus Livius,
XXXVI. 22. )
[568] Titus Livius, XXXVII. 45.
[569] Appian, _Wars of Hannibal_, 43.
[570] Titus Livius, XL. 38; XLII. 22.
[571] Roads from Arezzo to Bologna, from Placentia to Rimini (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 2), and from Bologna to Aquileia.
[572] ROMAN COLONIES--488-608.
_Æsulum_ (507), or Æsium, according to Mommsen, _Jesi_ in Umbria,
on the River Æsis.
_Alsium_ (507), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Palo_,
near _Porto_.
_Fregenæ_ (509), a maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_); _Torre
Maccarese_.
_Pyrgi_ (before 536), maritime colony, Etruria (_Via Aurelia_);
_Santa Severa_.
_Castrum_ (555), _Pagus_, near Sylaceum; Bruttium, near
_Squillace_; united in 631 to the colony Minerviæ.
_Puteoli_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Pozzuoli_; Prefecture.
_Vulturnum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Castelamare_, or
_Castel di Volturno_; Prefecture.
_Liternum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Tor di Patria_, near
the _Lago di Patria_; Prefecture.
_Salernum_ (560), maritime colony, Campania; _Salerno_; decreed
three years before.
_Buxentum_ (560), maritime colony, Lucania; _Policastro_.
_Sipontum_ (560), maritime colony, Apulia; _Santa Maria di
Siponto_; recolonised.
_Tempsa_ (Temesa) (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; perhaps near to
_Torre del Piano del Casale_.
_Croton_ (560), maritime colony, Bruttium; _Cotrone_.
_Potentia_ (570), maritime colony, Picenum; _Porto di Potenza_, or
_di Ricanati_.
_Pisaurum_ (570), maritime colony, Gaulish Umbria (_Via Flaminia_);
_Pesaro_.
_Parma_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Parma_; Prefecture.
_Mutina_ (571), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Modena_;
Prefecture.
_Saturnia_ (571), Etruria (centre); _Saturnia_.
_Graviscæ_ (573), maritime colony, Etruria (south) (_Via Aurelia_);
_San Clementino_ or _Le Saline_ (? ).
_Luna_ (577), Etruria (north), (_Via Aurelia_); _Luni_, near
_Sarzana_.
_Auximum_ (597), maritime colony, Picenum; _Osimo_.
LATIN COLONIES: 488-608.
_Firmum_ (490), Picenum (_Via Valeria_); _Fermo_.
_Æsernia_ (491), Samnium; _Isernia_.
_Brundisium_ (510), Iapygian Calabria (_Via Egnatia_); _Brindisi_.
_Spoletum_ (513), Umbria (_Via Flaminia_); _Spoleto_.
_Cremona_ (536), Transpadane Gaul; _Cremona_; reinforced in 560.
_Placentia_ (536), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Piacenza_.
_Copiæ_ (territory of Thurium) (561), Lucania.
_Vibo_, or _Vibona Valentia_, called also _Hipponium_, Bruttium
(565, or perhaps 515); _Bibona_. _Monte-Leone. _
_Bononia_ (565), Cispadane Gaul (_Via Æmilia_); _Bologna_.
_Aquileia_ (573), Transpadane Gaul; _Aquileia_.
_Carteia_ (573), Spain; St. Roque, in the Bay of Gibraltar.
[573] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 26.
[574] Titus Livius, XLI. 19.
[575] Titus Livius, XLI. 22.
[576] Titus Livius, XLII. 62.
[577] Titus Livius, XLI. 5.
[578] Titus Livius, XLV. 21 _et seq. _
[579] Titus Livius, XLV. 29.
[580] Titus Livius, XLV. 26.
[581] Titus Livius, XLV. 18. --“The laws given to the Macedonians by
Paulus Æmilius were so wisely framed, that they seemed to have been made
not for vanquished enemies, but for allies whose services it was desired
to reward; and in which, after a long course of years, use, the sole
reformer of laws, showed nothing defective. ” (Titus Livius, XLV. 32. )
[582] Polybius, XXX. 10; XXXV. 6.
[583] Titus Livius, XLII. 24. --We see by the following passage in Livy
that Masinissa feared the justice of the Senate as against his own
interest: “If Perseus had had the advantage, and if _Carthage had been
deprived of the Roman protection_, nothing would then have hindered
Masinissa from conquering all Africa. ” (Titus Livius, XLII. 29. )
[584] Titus Livius, XLV. 13.
[585] Titus Livius, XLV. 42.
[586] Titus Livius, XLV. 44.
[587] Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 45.
[588] Titus Livius, XLI. 7.
[589] Titus Livius, XLIII. 1.
[590] Titus Livius, XXXIX. 3.
[591] “It was commonly said that the masters of the Spanish provinces
themselves opposed the prosecution of noble and powerful persons. ”
(Titus Livius, XLIII. 2. )
[592] Valerius Maximus, VI. ix. 10.
[593] Montesquieu, _Grandeur et Décadence des Romains_, ix. 66.
[594] Scipio reproves the people, who wished to make him perpetual
consul and dictator. (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 56. )
[595] Cato used interpreters in speaking to the Athenians, though he
understood Greek perfectly. (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 18. )--It was
an old habit of the Romans, indeed, to address strangers only in Latin.
(Valerius Maximus, II. ii. 2. )
[596] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 8, 25.
[597] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII. --Valerius Maximus, IV. i. 10.
[598] Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 34. --Aulus Gellius, VI. 14.
[599] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLIX.
[600] “Cato barked without ceasing at the greatness of Scipio. ” (Titus
Livius, XXXVIII. 54. )
[601] “P. Cato had a bitter mind, a sharp and unmeasured tongue. ” (Titus
Livius, XXXIX. 40. )
[602] “He declaimed against usurers, and he himself lent out, at high
interest, the money which he got from his estates. He condemned the sale
of young slaves, yet trafficked in the same under an assumed name. ”
(Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 33. )
[603] Drumann, _Geschichte Roms_, v. , p. 148.
[604] “The last act of his political life was to cause the ruin of
Carthage to be determined on. ” (Plutarch, _Cato the Censor_, 39. )
[605] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLVIII.
[606] At Carthage, the multitude governed; at Rome, the power of the
Senate was absolute. (Polybius, VI. 51. )
[607] Titus Livius, L. 16.
[608] Appian, _Punic Wars_, 93 _et seq. _
[609] Justin, XXXIV. 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LI. --Polybius, I. 2,
3.
[610] Pausanias, VII. 16. --Justin, XXXIV. 2.
[611] Polybius, XL. 11.
[612] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 52.
[613] Eutropius, IV. 7.
[614] The town of Garray, in Spain, situated about a league from Soria,
on the Duero, is built on the site of ancient Numantia. (Miñano,
_Diccionario Geográfico de España_. )
[615] Appian, _Civil Wars_, V. iv. 38.
[616] Velleius Paterculus, II. 20.
[617] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 31.
[618] Titus Livius, XLV. 21.
[619] Titus Livius, VII. 43.
[620] In 555, 585, and 639. (Titus Livius, XLV. 15. )--Aurelius Victor,
_Illustrious Men_, lxii.
[621] The tribune Licinius Crassus proposed, in 609, to transfer to the
people the election of the pontiffs, until then nominated by the
sacerdotal college. This proposition was adopted only in 650 by the law
Domitia, and was anew abolished by Sylla.
[622] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LVII.
[623] The expedition against the Scordisci, in 619.
[624] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 8.
[625] “Corruption especially had increased, because, Macedonia
destroyed, the empire of the world seemed thenceforth assured to Rome. ”
(Polybius, XI. 32. )
[626] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 10.
[627] The Romans expatriated themselves to such a degree that, when
Mithridates began war, and caused all the Roman citizens spread over his
states to be massacred in one day, they amounted to 150,000, according
to Plutarch (_Sylla_, xlviii. ); 80,000 according to Memnon (in the
_Bibliotheca_ of Photius, Codex CCXXIV. 31) and Valerius Maximus (IX. 2,
§ 3). --The small town of Cirta, in Africa, could only be defended
against Jugurtha by Italiotes. (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 26. )
[628] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 35.
[629] “And Rome refused to admit in the number of her citizens the men
by whom she had acquired that greatness of which she was so proud as to
despise the peoples of the same blood and of the same origin. ” (Velleius
Paterculus, II. 15).
[630] See the list of Censuses at Note (^4) of page 256.
[631] Mommsen, _Geschichte Roms_, I. , p. 785.
[632] The lands taken from the town of Leontium were of the extent of
thirty thousand _jugera_. They were, in 542, farmed out by the censors;
but at the end of some time, there remained only one citizen of the
country among the eighty-four farmers who had installed themselves in
them; all the others belonged to the Roman nobility. (Mommsen, ii.
75. --Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. 46 _et seq. _)
[633] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 9.
[634] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXIV. 3.
[635] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXVI. , p. 147, ed. Schweighæuser.
[636] Strabo, XIV. v. 570.
[637] “Our ancestors feared always the spirit of slavery, even in the
case where, born in the field and under the roof of his master, the
slave learnt to love him from his birth. But since we count ours by
nations, each of which has its manners and gods, or perhaps has no gods,
no, this vile and confused assemblage will never be kept under but by
fear. ” (Tacitus, _Annales_, XIV. 44. )
[638] In 442, the censor Appius Claudius Cæcus causes the freedmen to be
inscribed in all the tribes, and allows their sons the entrance to the
Senate. (Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. )--In 450 the censor Q. Fabius
Rullianus (Maximus) confines them to the four urban tribes (Titus
Livius, IX. 46); towards 530, other censors opened again all the tribes
to them; in 534, the censors L. Æmilius Papus and C. Flaminius
re-established the order of 450 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX. ); an
exception is made in favour of those who have a son of the age of more
than five years, or who possess lands of the value of more than 30,000
sestertii (XLV. 15); in 585, the censor Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
expels them from the rustic tribes, where they had been again
introduced, and unites them in one sole urban tribe, the Esquiline.
(Titus Livius, XLV. 15. --Cicero, _De Oratore_, I. ix. 38. )--(639. ) “The
Æmilian law permits freedmen to vote in the four urban tribes. ”
(Aurelius Victor, _Illustrious Men_, 72. )
[639] Valerius Maximus, VI. 2, § 3. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 4.
[640] “I know Romans who have waited for their elevation to the
consulship to begin reading the history of our ancestors and the
precepts of the Greeks on military art. ” (_Speech of Marius_, Sallust,
_Jugurtha_, 85. )
[641] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 8.
[642] “Tiberius Gracchus genere, forma, eloquentia facile princeps. ”
(Florus, III. 14. )
[643] Velleius Paterculus, II. 2. --Seneca the Philosopher, _De
Consolatione, ad Marciam_, xvi.
[644] Plutarch, _Parallel between Agis and Tiberius Gracchus_, iv.
[645] “Pure and just in his views. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II.
2. )--“Animated by the noblest ambition. ” (Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 9. )
[646] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9.
[647] “It was at the instigation of the rhetorician Diophanes and the
philosopher Blossius that he took counsel of the citizens of Rome most
distinguished for their reputation and virtues: among others, Crassus,
the grand pontiff; Mucius Scævola, the celebrated lawyer, then consul;
and Appius Claudius, his father-in-law. ” (Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9. )
[648] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9.
[649] Aulus Gellius relates two passages from the speech of C. Gracchus,
which we think ought rather to be ascribed to Tib. Sempronius Gracchus.
In one, he has stated the case of a young noble who caused a peasant to
be murdered because he made a joke upon him as he passed in a litter; in
the other, he told the story of a consul who ordered the most
considerable men in the town of Teanum to be beaten with rods, because
the consul’s wife, going to bathe, had found the baths of the town not
clean. (Aulus Gellius, X. 3. )
[650] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 12.
[651] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16.
[652] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 13.
[653] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 12.
[654] Machiavelli, _Discourse on Titus Livius_, I. 37.
[655] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16.
[656] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 14.
[657] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16, 22.
[658] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 5.
[659] They interdicted to the magistrates deposed by the people the
exercise of all functions, and authorised criminal proceedings against
the magistrate who had been the author of the illegal banishment of a
citizen. The first of these struck openly at Octavius, whom Tiberius had
deposed; the second at Popilius, who, in his prætorship, had banished
the friends of Tiberius. (Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 8. )
[660] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 21.
[661] “In 556, the curule ediles Fulvius Nobilior and Flaminius
distributed to the people a million of _modii_ of Sicilian wheat, at two
_ases_ the bushel. ” (Titus Livius, XXXIII. 42. )
[662] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 21. --Cicero, _Tusculan Disputations_,
III. 20.
[663] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7. According to what Polybius says, the
period of service was fixed at ten years, for we read in Plutarch:
“Caius Gracchus said to the censors that, obliged only by the law to ten
campaigns, he had made twelve. ” (Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 4. )
[664] FIFTH PERIOD. --ROMAN COLONIES.
_Dertona_ (630). In Liguria, now _Tortona_.
_Fabrateria_ (630). Among the Volsci (_Latium Majus_). Now _Falvaterra_.
A colony of the Gracchi.
_Aquæ Sextiæ_ (631); _Aix_ (Mouths of the Rhone). Cited erroneously as a
colony, was only a _castellum_.
_Minervia_ (Scylacium) (632). In Calabria, now _Squillace_. A colony of
the Gracchi.
_Neptunia_ (Tarentum) (632). In Calabria, now _Taranto_. A colony of
the Gracchi.
_Carthago_ (Junonia). In Africa. A colony of the Gracchi, was only commenced.
_Narbo Martius_ (636). In Narbonnese Gaul, now _Narbonne_. Founded
under the influence of the Gracchi.
_Eporedia_ (654). In Transpadane Gaul, now _Ivrea_.
In this period Rome ceases to found Latin colonies. The allied countries
and the towns of the Latin name began to demand the right of city; the
assimilation of Italy, in respect to language and manners, is indeed so
advanced that it is superfluous, if not dangerous, to found new Latin
cities.
The name of _Colonies of the Gracchi_ is given to those which were
established essentially for the aid of the poor citizens, and no longer,
as formerly, with a strategic view.
Carthage and Narbonne are the first two colonies founded beyond the
limits of Italy, contrary to the rule previously followed. The only
example which could be mentioned as appertaining to the previous period
is that of _Italica_, founded in Spain by Scipio in 548, for those of
his veterans who wished to remain in the country. They received the
right of city, but not the title of colony. The inhabitants of _Aquæ
Sextiæ_ must have been in much the same situation.
[665] Velleius Paterculus, II. 6, 15. --Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7, 8.
[666] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 19 _et seq. _
[667] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 9. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 23.
[668] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 27. --Cicero, _Oration on the Consular
Provinces_, 2, 15; _Oration for Balbus_, 27.
[669] Cicero, _Oration for Rabirius_, 4.
[670] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7, 12. --According to Velleius Paterculus
(II. 6), “he would have extended this right to all the peoples of Italy
as far as the Alps. ”
[671] Pseudo-Sallust, _First Letter to Cæsar_, vii. --Titus Livius, XXVI.
22.
[672] “Aut censoria locatio constituta est, ut Asiæ, lege Sempronia. ”
Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. --See, on this question,
Mommsen, _Inscriptiones Latinæ Antiquissimæ_, pp. 100, 101.
[673] In the province, the domain of the soil belongs to the Roman
people; the proprietor is reputed to have only the possession or
usufruct. (Gaius, _Institutes_, II. 7. )
[674] The senators were reproached with the recent examples of
prevarication given by Cornelius Cotta, by Salinator, and by Manius
Aquilius, the conqueror of Asia.
[675] Yet the _Epitome_ of Titus Livius (LX. ) speaks of 600 knights
instead of 300. (See Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXIII. 7. --Appian,
_Civil Wars_, I. 22. --Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7. )
[676] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 12.
[677] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 24.
[678] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 17.
[679] “I am not one of those consuls who think that it is a crime to
praise in the Gracchi, as magistrates whose counsels, wisdom, and laws
carried a salutary reform into many parts of the administration. ”
(Cicero, _Second Speech on the Agrarian Law_, 5. )
[680] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 27.
[681] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 31.
[682] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 5.
[683] “Marius had only made his temper more unyielding. ” (Plutarch,
_Sylla_, 39. )--“Talent, probity, simplicity, profound knowledge of the
art of war, Marius joined to the same degree the contempt of riches and
pleasures with the love of glory. ” (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 63. )--Marius
was born on the territory of Arpinum, at _Cereatæ_, now Casamari (the
house of Marius).
[684] “Obtained the esteem of both parties. ” (Plutarch, _Marius_, 4. )
[685] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 85.
[686] Plutarch, _Marius_, 10.
[687] Plutarch, _Marius_, 19.
[688] Plutarch, _Marius_, 11.
