72) to the care
before his trial came on, retaliated by accusing of P.
before his trial came on, retaliated by accusing of P.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
110, and obtained It was one of the most complete defeats which
the province of Further Spain, as we learn from the Romans had ever sustawied; and the day on
the triumphal Fasti, that he triumphed over the which it happened, the 6th of October, became one
Lusitanians, as propraetor, in B. c. 108. His tri- of the black days in the Roman calendar. (Dion
umph is mentioned by Valerius Maximus (vi. 9. Cass. Frag. xcviii. xcix. pp. 41, 42; Liv. Epit. 67;
$ 13); but Eutropius (iv. 27) is the only writer, Oros. v. 16; Sall. Jug. 114 ; Flor. iii. 3; Tac
## p. 535 (#555) ############################################
CAEPIO.
535
CAERELLIA.
Germ. 37; Vell Pat. ii. 12; Val. Max. iv. 7. $ 3; | following year, B. c. 90, Caepio again accused his
Plut. Mar. 19, Sertor. 3, Lucull. 27. )
old enemy Scaurus under the provisions of the
Caepio survived the battle, but was deprived of Varia lex, which lad been passed to bring all to
the imperium by the people. Ten years afterwards trial who had been instrumental in causing the
(B. C. 95) he was brought to trini by the tribune revolt of the allies. (Cic. pro Scaur. 1; Ascon. in
C. Norbanus on account of his misconduct in this Scaur. p. 22. ) Caepio took an active part in this
war, and although he was defended by the orator war, in which he served as the legate of the consul
L. Licinius Crassus, who was consul in that year P. Rutilius Lupus, and upon the death of the
(Cic. Brut. 44), and by many others of the Ro- latter he received, in conjunction with C. Marius,
man aristocracy, he was condemned and his pro- the command of the consular army. Caepio at
perty confiscated. Ile himself was cast into prison, first gained some success, but was afterwards de-
where according to one account he died, and his coyed into an ambush by Pompaedius, the leader of
body, mangled by the common executioner, was the enemy's army, who had pretended to revolt to
afterwards exposed to view on the Gemonian steps. him, and he lost his life in consequence. (B. c. 90. )
(Val. Max. vi. 9. § 13. ) But according to the (Appian, B. C. i. 40, 44; Liv. Epit. 73. )
more generally received account, he escaped from 9. Q. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, son of No. 8, was a
prison through the assistance of the tribune L. tribune of the soldiers in the war against Spartacus,
Antistius Reginus, and lived in exile at Smyrna. B. C. 72. He died shortly afterwards at Aenus in
(Val. Max. iv. 7. $ 3; Cic. pro Ball. 11. )
Thrace, on his road to Asja. He is called the
8. Q. SERVILIUS Caepio, quaestor urbanus in brother of Cato Uticensis, because his mother Livia
B. C. 100. He may have been the son of No. 7, had been married previously to M. Porcius Cato,
but as the latter in all probability obtained the by whom she had Cato Uticensis. (Plut. Cai.
consulship at the usual age, it is not likely that he Min. 8, 11. )
had a son old enough to obtain the quaestorship 10. 11. SERVILIAE. [SERVILIA. ]
six years afterwards. In his quaestorship Caepio 12. Q. ServiliUS CAEP10 BRUTUS. [BRUTUS,
opposed the lex frumentaria of the tribune L. No. 21. )
Saturninus, and when Saturninus insisted upon put- 13. CN. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, the father of Ser-
ting the law to the vote, notwithstanding the veto vilia, the wife of Claudius, perished by shipwreck.
of his colleagues, Caepio interrupted the voting by Who he was is uncertain. (Cic. ad Att. xii. 20. )
force of arms, and thus prevented the law from 14. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, was one of Caesar's
being carried. He was accused in consequence of supporters in his consulship (B. C. 59) against Bi-
treason (majestas), and it was perhaps upon this bulus. He had been betrothed to Caesar's daugh-
occasion that T. Betucius Barrus spoke against ter, Julia, but was obliged to give her up in favour
him. The oration of Caepio in reply was written of Pompey. As a compensation for her loss, he
for him by L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo, who com- received the promise of Pompey's daughter, who
posed orations for him as well as for other distin- had likewise been betrothed to Faustus Sulla.
guished Romans at that time. (Auct. ad Herenn. (Appian, B. C. ii. 14 ; Suet. Caes. 21; Plut. Cues.
i. 12; Cic. Brut. 46, 56. )
14, Pomp. 47; comp. Dion Cass. xxxviii. 9. )
In the contests of the year B. c. 91, Caepio de CAEʻPIO, FA'NNIUS, conspired with Murena
serted the cause of the senate and espoised that of against Augustus in B. c. 22. He was accused of
the equites in opposition to the lex judiciaria of treason (majestas) by Tiberius, and condemned
the tribune M. Livius Drusus, who proposed to by the judges in his absence, as he did not stand
divide the judicia between the senate and the his trial, and was shortly afterwards put to death.
equites. Caepio and Drusus had formerly been (Dion Cass. liv. 3; Vell. Pat. ii. 91; Suet. Aug.
very intimate friends, and had exchanged mar- 19, Tib. 8 ; Senec. de Clem. 9, de Brevit. Vit. 5. )
riages, by which we are to understand, that CAEʻPIO CRISPI'NUS, quaestor in Bithynia,
Caepio had married a sister of Drusus and Drusus accused Granius Marcellus, the governor of that
a sister of Caepio, and not that they had exchang- province, of treason in A. D. 15. From this time
ed wives, as some modern writers would interpret he became one of the state informers under Tibe-
it. The enmity between the brothers-in-law is rius. (Tac. Ann. i. 74. ) He may be the same as
said to have arisen from competition in bidding for the Caepio mentioned by Pliny (H. N. xxi. 4.
a ring at a public auction (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 1. s. 10), who lived in the reign of Tiberius, and
8. 6), but whatever may have been its origin, seens to have written a work on botany:
it was now of a most determined and violent CAERE'LLIA, a Roman lady of the time of
character. The city was torn asunder by their Cicero, who was distinguished for her acquirements
contentions, and seemed almost to be divided be and a great love of philosophical pursuits. She
tween two hostile armies. To strike terror into was connected with Cicero by friendship, and stu-
the senate, Caepio accused two of the most distin- died his philosophical writings with great zeal.
guished leaders of the body, M. Aemilius Scaurus She was a woman of considerable property, and
of extortion (repetundae), and L. Marcius Philip had large possessions in Asia. These estates and
pus, the consul, of bribery (ambitus). Both accusa- their procuratores were strongly recommended, in
tions, however, seem to have failed, and Scaurus, B. C. 46, by Cicero (ud Fam. xiii.
72) to the care
before his trial came on, retaliated by accusing of P. Servilius. Cicero, in his recommendatory
Caepio himself. (Dion Cass
. Frag. cix. cx. p. 45; letter, speaks of her as an intimate friend, though,
Flor. ii. 17; Plin. H. N. xxviii. 9. s. 41; Cic. on other occasions, he seems to be rather inclined
pro Dom. 46, Brut. 62, pro Scaur. l; Ascon. in to sneer at her. (Ad. Att. xii. 51, xiii. 21, 22, xiv.
Scaur. p. 21, ed. Orelli. ) The assassination of 19, xv. 1, 26. ) Q. Fufius Calenus charges Cicero
Drusus shortly afterwards was supposed by some with having, in his old age, had an adulterous con-
to have been committed at the instigation of Cae-nexion with Caerellia. (Dion Cass. xlvi. 18. ) How
pio. (Aurel. Vict. de Vir. III. 66. )
far this charge may be true, it is not easy to say ;
On the breaking out of the social war in the the only facts which are attested beyond a duulit
1
## p. 536 (#556) ############################################
536
CAESAR.
CAESAR.
a
are, that Cicero was intimate with her during the vii. 7. s. 9; Solin. 1. 8 62; Zonar. x. 11), arnse
latter period of his life, and that letters of his ad- without doubt from a false etymology. With
dressed to her were extant in the days of Quinti- respect to the first, which was the one adopted,
lian. (vi. 3. $ 112. ) The charge of Calenus would says Spartianus (l. c. ), by the most learned men, it
acquire some additional weight, if it were certain is impossible to disprove it absolutely, as we know
that in the 13th Idyll of Ausonius the name Cicero next to nothing of the ancient Moorish language :
has dropped out before the words in praeceptis but it has no inherent probability in it; and the
omnibus exstare severitatem, in epistolis ad Caerelliam statement of Servius (l. c. ) is undoubtedly false,
subesse petulantium.
[L. S. ] that the grandfather of the dictator obtained the
CAESAR, the name of a patrician family of the surname on account of killing an elephant with his
Julia gens, which was one of the most ancient in own hand in Africa, as there were several of the
the Roman state, and traced its origin to lulus, Julii with this name before his time.
the son of Aeneas. (JULIA GENs. ] It is un- An inquiry into the etymology of this name is
certain which member of this gens first obtained of some interest, as no other name has ever ob-
the surname of Caesar, but the first who occurs tained such celebrity~" clarum et duraturum cum
in history is Sex. Julius Caesar, praetor in B. C. aeternitate mundi nomen. " (Spart. Ad. Ver. 1. )
208. The origin of the name is equally uncertain. It was assumed by Augustus as the adopted son
Spartianus, in his life of Aelius Verus (c. 2), men of the dictator, and was by Augustus handed
tions four different opinions respecting its origin : down to bis adopted son Tiberius. It continued
1. That the word signified an elephant in the language to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as
of the Moors, and was given as a surname to one members either by adoption or female descent of
of the Julii because he had killed an elephant. Caesar's family ; but though the family became
2. That it was given to one of the Julii because extinct with Nero, succeeding emperors still re-
he had been cut (caesus) out of his mother's womb tained it as part of their titles, and it was the
after her death; or 3. Because he had been born practice to prefix it to their own name, as for in-
with a great quantity of hair (caesaries) on his stance, Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus.
head; or 4. Because he had azure-coloured (caesii) When Hadrian adopted Aelius Verus, he allowed
eyes of an almost supernatural kind. Of these opi- the latter to take the title of Caesar; and from this
nions the third, which is also given by Festus (s. v. time, though the title of Augustus continued to be
Caesar), seems to come nearest the truth. Caesar confined to the reigning prince, that of Cuesar was
and caesaries are both probably connected with the also granted to the second person in the state and
Sanskrit késa, “hair,” and it is quite in accordance the heir presumptive to the throne.
with the Roman custom for a surname to be given to In the following stemma the connexion of the
an individual from some peculiarity in his personal earlier members of the family is to a considerable
appearance. The second opinion, which seems to extent conjectural. A full account of the lives of
have been the most popular one with the ancient all the Caesars mentioned below is given in Dru-
writers (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 290; Plin. H. N. Imann's Geschichte Roms, vol. iii. 113, &c.
STEMMA CAESARUM.
1. Sex. Julius Caesar, Pr. & c. 208.
2. L. Julius Caesar.
1
3. L. Julius Caesar, Pr. B. c. 183.
4. Sex. Julius Caesar, Trib. Mil. B. C. 181.
5. L. Julius Caesar, Pr. B. c. 166.
6. Sex, Julius Caesar, Cos. B. c. 157.
7. Sex. Julius Caesar, Pr. B. c. 123.
8. L. Julius Caesar, married Popillia.
I
9. L. Julius Caesar, Cos. B. C. 90,
Cens. B. C. 89, married Fulvia.
10. C. Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus,
Aed. cur. B, C, 90.
11. L. Julius Caesar,
Cos. B. C. 64.
12. Julia, married
1. M. Antonius,
2. P. Lentulus,
13. L. Julius Caesar,
died B. c. 46.
14. C. Julius Caesar, the grandfather of the dictator,
married Marcia.
15. C. Julius Caesar, Pr. , married
Aurelia.
16. Julia, married
C. Marius.
17. Sex. Julius Caesar,
Cos. B. c. 91.
!
## p. 537 (#557) ############################################
CAESAR.
637
CAESAR.
a
18. C. JULIUS CAESAR,
the dictator, married
1. Cossutia.
2.
the province of Further Spain, as we learn from the Romans had ever sustawied; and the day on
the triumphal Fasti, that he triumphed over the which it happened, the 6th of October, became one
Lusitanians, as propraetor, in B. c. 108. His tri- of the black days in the Roman calendar. (Dion
umph is mentioned by Valerius Maximus (vi. 9. Cass. Frag. xcviii. xcix. pp. 41, 42; Liv. Epit. 67;
$ 13); but Eutropius (iv. 27) is the only writer, Oros. v. 16; Sall. Jug. 114 ; Flor. iii. 3; Tac
## p. 535 (#555) ############################################
CAEPIO.
535
CAERELLIA.
Germ. 37; Vell Pat. ii. 12; Val. Max. iv. 7. $ 3; | following year, B. c. 90, Caepio again accused his
Plut. Mar. 19, Sertor. 3, Lucull. 27. )
old enemy Scaurus under the provisions of the
Caepio survived the battle, but was deprived of Varia lex, which lad been passed to bring all to
the imperium by the people. Ten years afterwards trial who had been instrumental in causing the
(B. C. 95) he was brought to trini by the tribune revolt of the allies. (Cic. pro Scaur. 1; Ascon. in
C. Norbanus on account of his misconduct in this Scaur. p. 22. ) Caepio took an active part in this
war, and although he was defended by the orator war, in which he served as the legate of the consul
L. Licinius Crassus, who was consul in that year P. Rutilius Lupus, and upon the death of the
(Cic. Brut. 44), and by many others of the Ro- latter he received, in conjunction with C. Marius,
man aristocracy, he was condemned and his pro- the command of the consular army. Caepio at
perty confiscated. Ile himself was cast into prison, first gained some success, but was afterwards de-
where according to one account he died, and his coyed into an ambush by Pompaedius, the leader of
body, mangled by the common executioner, was the enemy's army, who had pretended to revolt to
afterwards exposed to view on the Gemonian steps. him, and he lost his life in consequence. (B. c. 90. )
(Val. Max. vi. 9. § 13. ) But according to the (Appian, B. C. i. 40, 44; Liv. Epit. 73. )
more generally received account, he escaped from 9. Q. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, son of No. 8, was a
prison through the assistance of the tribune L. tribune of the soldiers in the war against Spartacus,
Antistius Reginus, and lived in exile at Smyrna. B. C. 72. He died shortly afterwards at Aenus in
(Val. Max. iv. 7. $ 3; Cic. pro Ball. 11. )
Thrace, on his road to Asja. He is called the
8. Q. SERVILIUS Caepio, quaestor urbanus in brother of Cato Uticensis, because his mother Livia
B. C. 100. He may have been the son of No. 7, had been married previously to M. Porcius Cato,
but as the latter in all probability obtained the by whom she had Cato Uticensis. (Plut. Cai.
consulship at the usual age, it is not likely that he Min. 8, 11. )
had a son old enough to obtain the quaestorship 10. 11. SERVILIAE. [SERVILIA. ]
six years afterwards. In his quaestorship Caepio 12. Q. ServiliUS CAEP10 BRUTUS. [BRUTUS,
opposed the lex frumentaria of the tribune L. No. 21. )
Saturninus, and when Saturninus insisted upon put- 13. CN. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, the father of Ser-
ting the law to the vote, notwithstanding the veto vilia, the wife of Claudius, perished by shipwreck.
of his colleagues, Caepio interrupted the voting by Who he was is uncertain. (Cic. ad Att. xii. 20. )
force of arms, and thus prevented the law from 14. SERVILIUS CAEPIO, was one of Caesar's
being carried. He was accused in consequence of supporters in his consulship (B. C. 59) against Bi-
treason (majestas), and it was perhaps upon this bulus. He had been betrothed to Caesar's daugh-
occasion that T. Betucius Barrus spoke against ter, Julia, but was obliged to give her up in favour
him. The oration of Caepio in reply was written of Pompey. As a compensation for her loss, he
for him by L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo, who com- received the promise of Pompey's daughter, who
posed orations for him as well as for other distin- had likewise been betrothed to Faustus Sulla.
guished Romans at that time. (Auct. ad Herenn. (Appian, B. C. ii. 14 ; Suet. Caes. 21; Plut. Cues.
i. 12; Cic. Brut. 46, 56. )
14, Pomp. 47; comp. Dion Cass. xxxviii. 9. )
In the contests of the year B. c. 91, Caepio de CAEʻPIO, FA'NNIUS, conspired with Murena
serted the cause of the senate and espoised that of against Augustus in B. c. 22. He was accused of
the equites in opposition to the lex judiciaria of treason (majestas) by Tiberius, and condemned
the tribune M. Livius Drusus, who proposed to by the judges in his absence, as he did not stand
divide the judicia between the senate and the his trial, and was shortly afterwards put to death.
equites. Caepio and Drusus had formerly been (Dion Cass. liv. 3; Vell. Pat. ii. 91; Suet. Aug.
very intimate friends, and had exchanged mar- 19, Tib. 8 ; Senec. de Clem. 9, de Brevit. Vit. 5. )
riages, by which we are to understand, that CAEʻPIO CRISPI'NUS, quaestor in Bithynia,
Caepio had married a sister of Drusus and Drusus accused Granius Marcellus, the governor of that
a sister of Caepio, and not that they had exchang- province, of treason in A. D. 15. From this time
ed wives, as some modern writers would interpret he became one of the state informers under Tibe-
it. The enmity between the brothers-in-law is rius. (Tac. Ann. i. 74. ) He may be the same as
said to have arisen from competition in bidding for the Caepio mentioned by Pliny (H. N. xxi. 4.
a ring at a public auction (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 1. s. 10), who lived in the reign of Tiberius, and
8. 6), but whatever may have been its origin, seens to have written a work on botany:
it was now of a most determined and violent CAERE'LLIA, a Roman lady of the time of
character. The city was torn asunder by their Cicero, who was distinguished for her acquirements
contentions, and seemed almost to be divided be and a great love of philosophical pursuits. She
tween two hostile armies. To strike terror into was connected with Cicero by friendship, and stu-
the senate, Caepio accused two of the most distin- died his philosophical writings with great zeal.
guished leaders of the body, M. Aemilius Scaurus She was a woman of considerable property, and
of extortion (repetundae), and L. Marcius Philip had large possessions in Asia. These estates and
pus, the consul, of bribery (ambitus). Both accusa- their procuratores were strongly recommended, in
tions, however, seem to have failed, and Scaurus, B. C. 46, by Cicero (ud Fam. xiii.
72) to the care
before his trial came on, retaliated by accusing of P. Servilius. Cicero, in his recommendatory
Caepio himself. (Dion Cass
. Frag. cix. cx. p. 45; letter, speaks of her as an intimate friend, though,
Flor. ii. 17; Plin. H. N. xxviii. 9. s. 41; Cic. on other occasions, he seems to be rather inclined
pro Dom. 46, Brut. 62, pro Scaur. l; Ascon. in to sneer at her. (Ad. Att. xii. 51, xiii. 21, 22, xiv.
Scaur. p. 21, ed. Orelli. ) The assassination of 19, xv. 1, 26. ) Q. Fufius Calenus charges Cicero
Drusus shortly afterwards was supposed by some with having, in his old age, had an adulterous con-
to have been committed at the instigation of Cae-nexion with Caerellia. (Dion Cass. xlvi. 18. ) How
pio. (Aurel. Vict. de Vir. III. 66. )
far this charge may be true, it is not easy to say ;
On the breaking out of the social war in the the only facts which are attested beyond a duulit
1
## p. 536 (#556) ############################################
536
CAESAR.
CAESAR.
a
are, that Cicero was intimate with her during the vii. 7. s. 9; Solin. 1. 8 62; Zonar. x. 11), arnse
latter period of his life, and that letters of his ad- without doubt from a false etymology. With
dressed to her were extant in the days of Quinti- respect to the first, which was the one adopted,
lian. (vi. 3. $ 112. ) The charge of Calenus would says Spartianus (l. c. ), by the most learned men, it
acquire some additional weight, if it were certain is impossible to disprove it absolutely, as we know
that in the 13th Idyll of Ausonius the name Cicero next to nothing of the ancient Moorish language :
has dropped out before the words in praeceptis but it has no inherent probability in it; and the
omnibus exstare severitatem, in epistolis ad Caerelliam statement of Servius (l. c. ) is undoubtedly false,
subesse petulantium.
[L. S. ] that the grandfather of the dictator obtained the
CAESAR, the name of a patrician family of the surname on account of killing an elephant with his
Julia gens, which was one of the most ancient in own hand in Africa, as there were several of the
the Roman state, and traced its origin to lulus, Julii with this name before his time.
the son of Aeneas. (JULIA GENs. ] It is un- An inquiry into the etymology of this name is
certain which member of this gens first obtained of some interest, as no other name has ever ob-
the surname of Caesar, but the first who occurs tained such celebrity~" clarum et duraturum cum
in history is Sex. Julius Caesar, praetor in B. C. aeternitate mundi nomen. " (Spart. Ad. Ver. 1. )
208. The origin of the name is equally uncertain. It was assumed by Augustus as the adopted son
Spartianus, in his life of Aelius Verus (c. 2), men of the dictator, and was by Augustus handed
tions four different opinions respecting its origin : down to bis adopted son Tiberius. It continued
1. That the word signified an elephant in the language to be used by Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, as
of the Moors, and was given as a surname to one members either by adoption or female descent of
of the Julii because he had killed an elephant. Caesar's family ; but though the family became
2. That it was given to one of the Julii because extinct with Nero, succeeding emperors still re-
he had been cut (caesus) out of his mother's womb tained it as part of their titles, and it was the
after her death; or 3. Because he had been born practice to prefix it to their own name, as for in-
with a great quantity of hair (caesaries) on his stance, Imperator Caesar Domitianus Augustus.
head; or 4. Because he had azure-coloured (caesii) When Hadrian adopted Aelius Verus, he allowed
eyes of an almost supernatural kind. Of these opi- the latter to take the title of Caesar; and from this
nions the third, which is also given by Festus (s. v. time, though the title of Augustus continued to be
Caesar), seems to come nearest the truth. Caesar confined to the reigning prince, that of Cuesar was
and caesaries are both probably connected with the also granted to the second person in the state and
Sanskrit késa, “hair,” and it is quite in accordance the heir presumptive to the throne.
with the Roman custom for a surname to be given to In the following stemma the connexion of the
an individual from some peculiarity in his personal earlier members of the family is to a considerable
appearance. The second opinion, which seems to extent conjectural. A full account of the lives of
have been the most popular one with the ancient all the Caesars mentioned below is given in Dru-
writers (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. i. 290; Plin. H. N. Imann's Geschichte Roms, vol. iii. 113, &c.
STEMMA CAESARUM.
1. Sex. Julius Caesar, Pr. & c. 208.
2. L. Julius Caesar.
1
3. L. Julius Caesar, Pr. B. c. 183.
4. Sex. Julius Caesar, Trib. Mil. B. C. 181.
5. L. Julius Caesar, Pr. B. c. 166.
6. Sex, Julius Caesar, Cos. B. c. 157.
7. Sex. Julius Caesar, Pr. B. c. 123.
8. L. Julius Caesar, married Popillia.
I
9. L. Julius Caesar, Cos. B. C. 90,
Cens. B. C. 89, married Fulvia.
10. C. Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus,
Aed. cur. B, C, 90.
11. L. Julius Caesar,
Cos. B. C. 64.
12. Julia, married
1. M. Antonius,
2. P. Lentulus,
13. L. Julius Caesar,
died B. c. 46.
14. C. Julius Caesar, the grandfather of the dictator,
married Marcia.
15. C. Julius Caesar, Pr. , married
Aurelia.
16. Julia, married
C. Marius.
17. Sex. Julius Caesar,
Cos. B. c. 91.
!
## p. 537 (#557) ############################################
CAESAR.
637
CAESAR.
a
18. C. JULIUS CAESAR,
the dictator, married
1. Cossutia.
2.
