"
Commiseration
of Searle vs.
Ezra-Pound-Instigations
HENRY JAMES 147
Kipling's "Bigod, now-I-know-all-about-this manner," is an annoyance, but one wonders if parts of Kipling by the sheer force of content, of tale to tell, will not outlastmostofJames'scobwebs. Thereisnosubstitute for narrative-sense, however many diiferent and en- trancing charms may be spread before us.
"The Awkward Age" might have been done, from one point of view, as satire, in one-fourth the space. On the other hand, James does give us the subtly graded atmos- pheres of his different houses most excellently. And indeed, this may be regarded as his subject.
If one were advocate instead of critic, one would definitely claim that these atmospheres, nuances, im- pressions of personal tone and quality are his subject; that in these he gets certain things that almost no one elsehaddonebeforehim. Thesetimbresandtonalities are his stronghold, he is ignorant of nearly everything else. It is all very well to say that modern life is largely made up of velleities, atmospheres, timbres, nuances, etc. , but if people really spent as much time fussing, to the extent of the Jamesian fuss about such normal trifling, age-old affairs, as slight inclinations to adultery, slight disinclinations to marry, to refrain from marrying, etc. , etc. , life would scarcely be worth the bother of keeping on with it. It is also contendable that one must depict such mush in order to abolish it. *
* Most good prose arises, perhaps, from an instinct of nega- tion ; is the detailed, convincing analysis of something detesta- ble; of something which one wants to eliminate. Poetry is the assertion of a positive, i. e. , of desire, and endures for a longer period. Poetic satire is only an assertion of this positive, in- versely, i. e. , as of an opposite hatred.
This is a highly untechnical, unimpressionist, in fact almost theological manner of statement; but is perhaps the root differ- ence between the two arts of literature.
Most good poetry asserts something to be worth while, or
? 148 ? INSTIGATIONS
The main feeling in "The Awkward Age" is satiric. The dashes of sentiment do n9t help the work as liter- ature. The acute observer is often referred to:
Page 131. "The ingenious observer just now sug- gested might even have detected . . . "
Page 133. "And it might have been apparent still to our sharp spectator . . . "
Page 310. "But the acute observer we are constantly taking for granted would perhaps have detected . . . "
Page 323. "A supposititious spectator would cer- tainly have imagined . . . " (This also occurs in "Ivory Tower. " Page 196. )
This scrutinous person wastes a great deal of time in pretending to conceal his contempt for Mrs. Brook, Vanderbank, the other punks, and lays it on so thick when presenting his old sentimentalist Longdon, who at the one critical moment behaves with a stupidity,
damns a contrary; at any rate asserts emotional values. The best prose is, has been a presentation (complicated and elabo- rate as you like) of circumstances, of conditions, for the most part abominable, or at the mildest, amendable. This assertion of the more or less -objectionable only becomes doctrinaire and rotten art when the narrator mis-states from dogmatic bias, and when he suggests some quack remedy (prohibition, Chris- tianity, social theory of one sort or another), the only cure being that humanity should display more intelligence and good- will than humanity is capable of displaying.
Poetry = Emotional synthesis, quite as real, quite as realist as any prose (or intellectual) analysis.
Neither prose nor drama can attain poetic intensity save by construction, almost by scenario; by so arranging the circum- stance that some perfectly simple speech, perception, dogmatic statement appears in abnormal vigor. Thus when Frederic in L'Education observes Mme. Arnoux's shoe-laces as she is de- scending the stair; or in Turgenev the statement, quotation of a Russian proverb about the "heart of another", or "Nothing but death is irrevocable" toward the end of Nichee de Gentils- hotnmes.
? HENRY JAMES 149
with a lack of delicacy, since we are dealing with these refinements. Of course neither this stupidity of his action nor the tone of the other characters has anything to do with the question of maestria, if they were dis- passionatelyorimpartiallyrendered. Thebookisweak because all through it James is so manifestly carrying on a long tenzone so fiercely and loudly, a long argument for the old lavender. There is also the constant impli- cation that Vanderbank ought to want Nanda, though why the devil he should be supposed to be even mildly under this obligation, is not made clear. A basis in the classics, castor oil, even Stevenson's "Virginibus Puerisque"mighthavehelpedmatters. One'scomplaint is not that people of this sort don't exist, that they aren't like everything else a subject for literature, but that
James doesn't anywhere in the book get down to bed- rock. It is too much as if he were depicting stage scenery not as stage scenery, but as nature.
All this critique is very possibly an exaggeration. Take it at half its strength ; I do not intend to defend it. Epigrammatic manner in opening, compare Kipling; compare De Maupassant, superb ideas, verity, fantasia, fantasia group, reality, charming stories, poppycock. "Yellow Book" touches in "The Real Thing," general statements about their souls, near to bad writing, per-
fectly lucid.
"Nona Vincent," he writes like an adolescent, might
be a person of eighteen doing first story.
Page 201. "Public interest in spiritual life of the
army. " ("The Real Thing. ")
Page 201. German Invasion.
Loathsome prigs, stiflF conventions, editor of cheap
magazines ladled in Sir Wots-his-name.
1893. In the interim he had brought out "In the
? T50 INSTIGATIONS
Cage," excellent opening sentence, Aiatter too much talked around and around, and "The Two Magics. " This last a Freudian affair which seems to me to have attract- ed undue interest, i. e. , interest out of proportion to the importance as literature and as part of Henry James's own work, because of this subject matter. The obscen- ity of "The Turn of the Screw" has given it undue prom- inence. People now "drawn" to obscene as were people of Milton's period by an equally disgusting bigotry; one unconscious on author's part; the other, a surgical treat- ment of a disease. Thus much for progress on part of authorsifpublichasnotprogressed. Thepointofmy remarks is that an extraneous criterion comes in. One must keep to the question of literature, not of irrelevan- cies. Galdos' "Lo Prohibido" does Freud long before the sex crank got to it. Kipling really does the psychic, ghosts, etc. , to say nothing of his having the "sense of story. "
1900. "The Soft Side," collection containing: "The Abasement of the Northmores," good ; again the motif of the vacuity of the public man, the "figure" ; he has tried it again in "The Private Life," which, however, falls into the allegorical. A rotten fall it is too, and Henry James at his worst in it, -i. e. , the allegorical. "Fordham's Castle" appears in the collected edition only--it may be- long to this period but is probably earlier, comedietta, excellently, perhaps flawlessly done. Here, as so often, the circumstances are mostly a description of the char- acter of the personal tone of the "sitters" ; for his people are so much more, or so much more often, "sitters" than actors. Protagonists it may be. When they act, they are apt to stage-act, which reduces their action again to being a mere attempt at description. ("The Liar," for
? HENRY JAMES 151
example. ) Compare Maupassant's "Toine" for treat- ment of case similar to "Fordham Castle. "
1902-05. "The Sacred Fount," "Wings of a' Dove," "Golden Bowl" period.
"Dove" and "Bowl" certainly not models for other writers, a caviare not part of the canon (metaphors be hanged for the moment).
Henry James is certainly not a model for narrative
novelists,foryoungwritersoffiction perhapsnoteven ;
a subject of study till they have attained some sublimity of the critical sense or are at least ready to be constantly alert, constantly on guard.
I cannot see that he will harm a critic or a describer of places, a recorder of impressions, whether they be people, places, music.
1903. "Better Sort," mildish.
1903. "The Ambassadors," rather clearer than the other work. Etude of Paris vs. Woollett. Exhortation to the idle, well-to-do, to leave home.
1907. "TheAmericanScene/'triumphoftheauthor's long practice. A creation of America. A book no "serious American" will neglect. How many Americans make any attempt toward a realization of that country is of course beyond our power to compute. The desire to see the national face in a mirror may be in itself an exotic. I know of no such grave record, of no such attempt at faithful portrayal, as "The American Scene. '' Thus America is to the careful observer; this volume and the American scenes in the fiction and memoirs, in "The Europeans," "The Patagonia," "Washington Square," etc. , bulk large in the very small amount of writing which can be counted as history of moeurs con- temporaines, of national habit of our time and of the
? 152 INSTIGATIONS
two or three generations preceding us. Newport, the standardized face, the Capitol, Independence Hall, the absence of penetralia, innocence, essential vagueness, etc. , language "only definable as not in intention Yid- dish," the tabernacle of Grant's ashes, the public collapse oftheindividual,theSt. Gaudensstatue. Thereisnoth- ingtobegainedbymakingexcerpts; thevolumeislarge, but one should in time drift through it. I mean any American with pretenses to an intellectual life should drift through it. It is not enough to have perused "The Constitution" and to have "heerd tell" of the national founders.
1910. "The Finer Grain," collection of short stories without a slip. "The Velvet Glove," "Mona Mon- travers," "A Round of Visits" (the old New York versus the new), "Crapey Cornelia," "The Bench of Desolation. "
It is by beginning on this collection, or perhaps taking it after such stories as "The Pupil" and "Brooksmith," that the general literate reader will best come to James, must in brief be convinced of him and can tell whether ornotthe"marginal"Jamesisforhim. Whetherorno the involutions of the "Golden Bowl" will titillate his ar- cane sensibilities. If the reader does not "get" "The Finer Grain" there is no sense in his trying the more elaborate "Wings of a Dove," "Sacred Fount," "Golden Bowl. " If, on the contrary, he does feel the peculiar, unclassic attraction of the author he may or may not enjoy the uncanonical books.
191 1. "The Outcry," a relapse. Connoisseurship fad again, inferior work.
1913. "A Small Boy and Others," the beginning of the memoirs. Beginning of this volume disgusting. First three pages enough to put one ofif Henry James once and for all, damn badly written, atrocious vocabu-
:
? HENRY JAMES 153
lary. Page 33, a few lines of good writing. Reader might start about here, any reader, that is, to whom New York of that period is of interest. New York of the fifties is significant, in so far as it is typical of what a hundred smaller American cities have been since. The tone of the work shows in excerpts
"The special shade of its identity was thus that it was not conscious--really not conscious of anything in the world; or was conscious of so few possibilities at least, and these so immediate and so a matter of course, that it came almost to the same thing. That was the testimony that the slight subjects in question strike me as having borne to their surrounding medium--^the fact that their
. "
Or later, when dealing with a pre-Y. -M. -C. -A.
America.
"Infinitely queer and quaint, almost incongruously
droll, the sense somehow begotten in ourselves, as very young persons, of our being surrounded by a slightly remote, yet dimly rich, outer and quite kindred circle of the tipsy. I remember how, once, as a very small boy, after meeting in J;he hall a most amiable and irreproach- able gentleman, all but closely consanguineous, who had come to call on my mother, I anticipated his further entrance by slipping in to report to that parent that I thought he must be tipsy. And I was to recall per- fectly afterwards the impression I so made on her--in which the general proposition that the gentlemen of a certain group or connection might on occasion be best
described by the term I had used, sought to destroy the particular presumption that our visitor wouldn't, by his ordinary measure, show himself for one of these. He didn't to all appearance, for I was afterwards disap- pointed at the lapse of lurid evidence: that memory
unconsciousnes could be so preserved
. .
--
? 154 INSTIGATIONS
remained with me, as well as a considerable subsequent . "
. .
wonder at my having leaped to so baseless a view
"The grim little generalization remained, none the less, and I may speak of it--since I speak of everything--as still standing : the striking evidence that scarce aught but disaster could, in that so unformed and unseasoned society, overtake young men who were in the least ex- posed. Nottohavebeenimmediatelylaunchedinbusi- ness of a rigorous sort was to be exposed-- in the ab- sence, I mean, of some fairly abnormal predisposition to virtue; since it was a world so simply constituted that whatever wasn't business, or exactly an office or a "store," places in which people sat close and made money, was just simply pleasure, sought, and sought only, in places in which people got tipsy. There was clearly no mean, least of all the golden one, for it was just the ready, even when the moderate, possession of
gold that determined, that hurried on disaster. There were whole sets and groups, there were 'sympathetic,' though too susceptible, races, that seemed scarce to recognize or to find possible any practical application of moneyed, that is, of transmitted ease, however limited, but to go more or less rapidly to the bad with it which meant even then going as often as possible to
Paris . "
"The field was strictly covered, to my young eyes, I make out, by three classes, the busy, the tipsy, and Daniel Webster. . . . "
"It has carried me far from my rather evident propo- sition that if we saw the 'natural' so happily embodied about us--and in female maturity, or comparative ma- turity, scarce less than in female adolescence--this was
because the artificial, or in other words the complicated,
. "
. .
was so little there to threaten it. . .
? HENRY JAMES
On page 72 he quotes his father on "flagrant morality. " In Chapter X we have a remarkable portrayal of a character by almost nothing save vacuimis, "timorous philistineinaworldofdangers. " Ourauthornotesthe "finer civility" but does not see that it is a thing of no period. It is the property of a few individuals, per- sonally transmitted. Henry James had a mania for setting these things in an era or a "faubourg," despite the continued testimony that the worst manners have constantly impinged upon the most briUiant societies; that decent detail of conduct is a personal talent.
The production of "II Corteggiano" proves perhaps nothing more than the degree in which Castiglione's contemporaries "needed to be told. " On page 236
("Small Boy and Others") the phrase "presence without type. " On page 286, the people "who cultivated for years the highest instructional, social and moral possi- bilities of Geneva. " Page 283, "discussion of a work of art mainly hung in those days on that issue of the pi'oducible name. " Page 304, "For even in those days some Americans were rich and several sophisticated. " Page 313, The real give away of W. J. Page 341, Scarification of Ste-Beuve. Page 179, Crystal Palace. Page 214, Social relativity.
One is impatient for Henry James to do people.
ALittleTourinFrance. Thedisadvantageofgiv- ing impressions of real instead of imaginary places is that they conflict with other people's impressions. I do not see Angouleme via Balzac, nor do I feel Henry James's contacts with the places where our tracks have crossedveryremarkable. Idaresayitisagoodenough guide for people more meagrely furnished with asso- ciationsorperceptions. AllowmemypiSton'sshrugfor the man who has gone only by train.
'
i55
? 156 INSTIGATIONS
Henry James is not very deep in ancient associations. The American's enjoyment of England in "The Passion- ate Pilgrim" is more searching than anything continental. Windy generality in "Tour in France," and perhaps indi- cation of how little Henry James's tentacles penetrated into any era before 1600, or perhaps before 1780.
Vignette bottom of page 337-8 ("Passionate Pilgrim")' "full of glimpses a. nd responses, of deserts and desola-^ tions. " "His perceptions would be fine and his opinions pathetic.
" Commiseration of Searle vs. detachment, in "Four Meetings. "
Of the posthumous work, "The Middle Years" is per- haps the most charming. "The Ivory Tower," full of accumulated perceptions, swift illuminating phrases, perhapspartofamasterpiece. "TheSenseofthePast," less important. I leave my comment of "The Middle Years" as I wrote it, but have recast the analysis of notes to "The Ivory Tower. "
Flaubert is in six volumes, four or five of which every literate man must at one time or another assault. James is strewn over about forty^--part of which must go into desuetude, have perhaps done so already.
I have not in these notes attempted the Paterine art of appreciation, e. g. , as in taking the perhaps sole read- able paragraph of Pico Mirandola and writing an em- purpled descant.
The problem--discussion of which is about as "artis- tic" as a street map--is: can we conceive a five or six volume edition of James so selected as to hold its own internationally? My contention is for this possibility.
My notes are no more than a tentative suggestion, to wit: that some such compact edition might be, to ad- vantage, tried on the less patient public. I have been, alas, no more fortunate than our subject in keeping out
:;
? HENRY JAMES 157
irrelevant, non-esthetic, non-literary, non-technical vistas and strictures.
"THE MIDDLE YEARS"
The Middle Years is a tale of the great adventure for, putting aside a few simple adventures, sentimental, phallic, Nimrodic, the remaining great adventure is pre- cisely the approach to the Metropolis ; for the provincial of our race the specific approach to London, and no subject surely could more heighten the pitch of writing than that the treated approach should be that of the greatest writer of our time and own particular language. We may, I think, set aside Thomas Hardy as of an age not our own ; of perhaps Walter Scott's or of L'Abbe Prevost's, but remote from us and things familiarly under our hand ; and we skip over the next few crops of writers as lacking in any comparative interest, interest in a writer being primarily in his degree of sensitiza- tion; and on this count we may throw out the whole Wells-Bennett period, for what interest can we take in instruments which must of nature miss two-thirds of the vibrations in any conceivable situation? In James the maximum sensibility compatible with efficient writ- ing was present. Indeed, in reading these pages one can but despair over the inadequacy of one's own literary sensitization, one's so utterly inferior state of aware- ness ; even allowing for what the author himself allows his not really, perhaps, having felt at twenty-six, all that at seventy he more or less read into the memory of his feeling. The point is that with the exception of excep- tional moments in Hueffer, we find no trace of such degree of awareness in the next lot of writers, or until the first novels of Lewis and Joyce, whose awareness is, without saying, of a nature greatly different in kind.
158 INSTIGATIOIS^S
It is not the book for any reader to tackle who has not read a good deal of James, or who has not, in default of that reading, been endowed with a natural Jamesian sensibility (a case almost negligible by any likelihood) ; neither is it a book of memoirs, I mean one does not turn to it seeking information about Vic- torian worthies ; any more than one did, when the old man himself was talking, want to be told anything ; there are encyclopedias in sufficiency, and statistics, and human mines of information, boring sufficiency; one asked and asks only that the slow voice should continue--evaluat- ing, or perhaps only tying up the strands of a sentence "Andhowmyold friend . . . Howells . . . " etc
The effects of H. J. 's first breakfasts in Liverpool, invited upstairs at Half Moon Street, are of infinitely more value than any anecdotes of the Laureate (even though H. J. 's inability not to see all through the Laure- ate is compensated by a quip melting one's personal objection to anything Tennyson touched, by making him merely an old gentleman whatsoever with a gleam of fun in his make-up).
All comers to the contrary, and the proportionate sale of his works, and statistics whatsoever to the contrary, only an American who has come abroad will ever draw all the succulence from Henry James's writings; the denizen of Manchester or Wellington may know what it feels like to reach London, the Londoner bom will not be able quite to reconstruct even this part of the book; and if for intimacy H. J. might have stayed at the same hotel on the same day as one's grandfather; and if the same American names had part in one's own inceptions in London, one's own so wholly different and less padded inceptions; one has perhaps a purely per- sonal, selfish, unliterary sense of intimacy: with, in my
:
? ? HENRY JAMES 159
own case, the vast unbridgeable diiiference of settling-in and escape.
The essence of James is that he is always "settling-in," it is the ground-tone of his genius.
Apart from the state of James's sensibility on arrival nothing else matters, the "mildness of the critical air," the fatuity of George Eliot's husband, the illustrational and accomplished lady, even the faculty for a portrait in a paragraph, not to be matched by contemporary effects in half-metric, are indeed all subordinate to one's curiosity as to what Henry James knew, and what he didnotknowonlanding. Theportraitoftheauthoron the cover showing him bearded, and looking rather like a cross between a bishop and a Cape Cod longshoreman, is an incident gratuitous, interesting, but in no way con- nected with the young man of the text.
The England of a still rather whiskered age, never looking inward, in short, the Victorian, is exquisitely em- balmed, and "niounted," as is, I think, the term for microscopy. The book is just the right length as a volume, but one mourns there not being twenty more, for here is the unfinished work . . . not in "The Sense of the Past," for there the pen was weary, as it had been in "The Outcry," and the talent that was never most worth its own while when gone off on connoisseurship, was, conceivably, finished; but here in his depiction of his earlier self the verve returned in full vigor.
THE NOTES TO "THE IVORY TOWER" *
The great artists among men of letters have occasion- ally and by tradition burst into an Ars Poetica or an Arte nuevo de hacer Comedias, and it should come as no
* Recast from an article in The Future.
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surprise that Henry James has left us some sort of treatise on novel-writing--no siirprise, that is, to the discriminating reader who is not, for the most part, a writer of English novels. Various reviewers have hinted obscurely that some such treatise is either adum-
^ brated or concealed in the Notes for "The Ivory Tower" and for "The Sense of the Past"; they have said, in- deed, that novelists will "profit greatly," etc. , but no one has set forth the gist or the generalities which are to be found in these notes.
Divested of its fine verbiage, of its cliches, of its pro- vincialisms of American phrase, and of the special de- tails relating to the particular book in his mind, the formula for building a novel (any novel, not merely any "psychological" novel) ; the things to have clearly in mind before starting to write it are enumerated in "The Ivory Tower" notes somewhat as follows :
1. Choice of names for characters; names that will "fit" their owners, and that will not "joggle" or be cacophonic when in juxtaposition on the page.
2. Exposition of one group of characters and of the "situation. " (In "The Ivory Tower" this was to be done in three subdivisions. "Book I" was to give the "Im- mediate Facts. ")
3. One character at least is hitched to his "character- istic. " We are to have one character's impression on another.
4. (Book III. ) Various reactions and interactions of characters.
5. The character, i. e. , the main character, is "faced with the situation. "
6. For"TheIvoryTower"andprobablyforanynovel, there is now need to show clearly and definitely the "antecedents," i. e. , anything that had happened before
? HENRY JAMES i6i
the story started. And we find Henry James making up his mind which characters have interacted before this story opens, and which things are to be due to fresh impacts of one character on another.
7. Particular consideration of the special case in hand. The working-free from incongruities inherent in the first vague preconceptions of the plot. Thus:
(a) The hinge of the thing is not to be the effect of A. onB. orofB. onA. ; norofA. onC. or ofC. onB. ; butistobeduetoaneffectall round, of A. and. B. and C. working on each other.
(b) James's care not to repeat figures from earlier novels. Not a categoric prohibition, but a cau- tion not to sail too near the wind in this matter.
(c) A care not to get too many "personally remark- able" people, and not enough stupid ones into the story.
(d) Care for the relative "weight" as well as the varied "tone" of the characters.
(We observe, in all this, the peculiarly American pas- sion for "art"; for having a system in things, cf. Whistler. )
(e) Consideration how far one character "faces" the problem of another character's "character. "
(This and section "d" continue the preoccupation with "moral values" shown in James's early criticism in "French Poets and Novelists. ")
8. Definite "joints"; or relations of one character to another finally fitted and settled.
This brings us again to point 5. The character, i. e. , the main character definitely "faced" with the situation.
9. The consequences.
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10. (a) Further consideration of the state of char- acter C. before contact with B. , etc.
(b) The effect of further characters on the. mind, and thence on the action of A.
(c) Considerations of the effect of a fourth main character; of introducing a subsidiary char- acter, and its effect, i. e. , that of having an extra character for a particular function.
11. The great "coup" foreshadowed.
(In this case the mild Othello, more and more drifting consciously into the grip of the mild lago--I use the terms "Othello" and "lago" merely to avoid, if not "hero," at least "villain" ; the sensitive temperament al- lowing the rapacious temperament to become effective. )
(a) The main character in perplexity as to how far he shall combat the drift of things.
(b) The opposed character's perception of this.
(These sub-sections are, of course, sub-sections for a psychological novel; one would have different but equivalent "joints" in a novel of action. )
(c) Effect of all this on third character. (In this case female, attracted to "man-of-action" qual- ity).
(d) A. 's general perception of these things and his weighing of values, a phase solely for the psy- chological novel.
(e) Weighing of how much A. 's perception of the relations between B. and C. is to be denouement, and how much, more or less, known.
12. Main character's "solution" or vision of what course he will take.
13. The fourth character's "break into" things, or into a perception of things,
(a) Actions of an auxiliary character, of what would
? HENRY JAMES 163
have been low life in old Spanish or Elizabethan drama. This character affects the main action (as sometimes a "gracioso" [servant, buffoon, Sancho Panza] affects the main action in a play, for example, of Lope de Vega's),
(b) Caution not to let author's interest in fascinat- ing auxiliary character run away with his whole plan and design.
(This kind of restraint is precisely what leaves a reader "wanting more" ; which gives a novel the "feel" ofbeingfulloflife; convincesthereaderofanabundant energy, an abundant sense of life in an author. )
14. Effects of course of the action on fourth main character and on the others. The scale being kept by the relation here not being between main character and one antagonist, but with a group of three people, rela- tions "different" though their "point" is the same; cf. a main character vs. a Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern, or "attendant lords. " James always has half an eye on play construction; the scene. ,
(a) The second auxiliary character brought out more definitely. (This is accidental. It might hap- pen at any suitable point in a story wherever needed. )
(b) Act of this auxiliary person reaches through to main action.
15. We see the author determining just how bad a case he is going to make his villain.
(a) Further detei-mination of his hero. (In this case an absolute non-producer, non-accumu- lator. )
(b) Care not to get an unmixed "bad" in his "villain," but to keep a right balance, a dependency, in
? i64 INSTIGATIONS
this case, on the main character's weakness or
easiness,
(c) Decision how the main "coup" or transfer shall
slide through.
i6. Effect upon C. Effect upon main characters' re-
lations to D. , E. and F.
At this point, in the consideration of eight of the ten
"books" of his novel, we see the author most intent on his composition or architecture, most anxious to get all the sections fitted in with the greatest economy, a sort "of crux of his excitement and anxiety, a fullness of his perception that the thing must be so tightly packed that no sentence can afford to be out of place.
17. Climax. - The Deus or, in this case, Dea, ex machina. Devices for prolonging climax. The fourth main character having been, as it were, held back for a sort of weight or balance here, and as a "resolution" of the tangles.
Finis.
18. Author's final considerations of time scheme, i. e. , fitting the action into time not too great for unity, and great enough to allow for needed complexity. Slighter consideration of place scheme; where final scenes shall be laid, etc.
Here in a few paragraphs are the bare bones of the plan described in eighty of Henry James's pages. The detailed thoroughness of this plan, the complicated con- sciousness displayed in it, gives us the measure of this author's superiority, as conscious artist, over the "nor- mal" British novelist, i. e. , over the sort of person who tells you that when he did his first book he "just sat down and wrote the first paragraph," and then found he "couldn't stop. " This he tells you in a manner clearly implying that, from that humble beginning to the shining
? HENRY JAMES 165
hour of the present, he has given the matter no further thought, and that his succeeding works were all knocked off with equal simplicity.
I give this outline with such fullness because it is a landmark in the history of the novel, as written in Eng- lish. It is inconceivable that Fielding or Richardson should have left, or that Thomas Hardy should leave, such testimony to a comprehension of the novel as a "form. " The Notes are, on the other hand, quite dis- tinct from the voluminous, prefaces which so many French poets write before they have done anything else. James, we note, wrote no prefaces until there were twenty-four volumes of his novels and stories waiting to be collected and republished. The Notes are simply the accumulation of his craftsman's knowledge, they are,
in all their length, the summary of the things he would have, as a matter of habit, in his mind before embark- ing on composition.
I take it rather as a sign of editorial woodenheaded- ness that these Notes are printed at the end of "The Ivory Tower" ; if one have sense enough to suspect that the typical mentality of the elderly heavy reviewer has been shown, one will for oneself reverse the order ; read the notes with interest and turn to the text already with the excitement of the sport or with the zest to see if, with this chance of creating the masterpiece so outlined, the distinguished author is going to make good. If on the other hand one reads the unfinished text, there is no escaping the boredom of re-reading in skeleton, with tentative and confusing names, the bare statement of what has been, in the text, more fully set before us.
The text is attestation of the rich, banked-up per- ception of the author. I dare say the snap and rattle of the fun, or much of it, will be only half perceptible to
? i66 INSTIGATIONS
those who do not know both banks of the Atlantic; but enough remains to show the author at his best; despite the fact that occasionally he puts in the mouths of his characters sentences or phrases that no one but he hira? self could have used. I cannot attribute this to the unfinished state of the manuscript. These oversights are few, but they are the kind of slip which occurs in his earlier work. We note also that his novel is a descriptive novel, not a novel that simply depicts people speaking and moving. There is a constant dissertation goingon,andinitisourmajorenjoyment. TheNotes
to "The Sense of the Past" are not so fine a specimen of method, as they are the plan not of a whole book, but only of the latter section. The editor is quite right to print them at the end of the volume.
Of the actual writing in the three posthumous books, far the most charming is to be found in "The Middle Years. " Here again one is not much concerned with Mr. James's mildly ironic reminiscences of Tennyson and the Victorians, but rather with James's own tempera- ment, and with his recording of inn-rooms, breakfasts, butlers, etc. , very much as he had done in his fiction. There is no need for its being "memoirs" at all; call the protagonist Mr. Ponsonby or Mr. Hampton, obliterate the known names of celebrities and half celebrities, and
the whole thing becomes a James novel, and, so far as it goes, a mate to the best of them.
Retaining the name of the author, any faithful reader of James, or at any rate the attentive student, finds a good deal of amusement in deciphering the young James, his temperament as mellowed by recollection and here recorded forty years later, and then in contrasting it with the young James as revealed or even "betrayed" in his own early criticisms, "French Poets and Novelists,"
? HENRY JAMES 167
a mueh cruder and more savagely puritanical and plainly New England product with, however, certain permanent traits of his character already in evidence, and with a critical faculty keen enough to hit on certain weaknesses in the authors analyzed, often with profundity, and with often a "rightness" in his mistakes. I mean that apparent errors are at times only an excess of zeal and overshooting of his mark, which was to make for an improvement, by him, of certain defects.
Kipling's "Bigod, now-I-know-all-about-this manner," is an annoyance, but one wonders if parts of Kipling by the sheer force of content, of tale to tell, will not outlastmostofJames'scobwebs. Thereisnosubstitute for narrative-sense, however many diiferent and en- trancing charms may be spread before us.
"The Awkward Age" might have been done, from one point of view, as satire, in one-fourth the space. On the other hand, James does give us the subtly graded atmos- pheres of his different houses most excellently. And indeed, this may be regarded as his subject.
If one were advocate instead of critic, one would definitely claim that these atmospheres, nuances, im- pressions of personal tone and quality are his subject; that in these he gets certain things that almost no one elsehaddonebeforehim. Thesetimbresandtonalities are his stronghold, he is ignorant of nearly everything else. It is all very well to say that modern life is largely made up of velleities, atmospheres, timbres, nuances, etc. , but if people really spent as much time fussing, to the extent of the Jamesian fuss about such normal trifling, age-old affairs, as slight inclinations to adultery, slight disinclinations to marry, to refrain from marrying, etc. , etc. , life would scarcely be worth the bother of keeping on with it. It is also contendable that one must depict such mush in order to abolish it. *
* Most good prose arises, perhaps, from an instinct of nega- tion ; is the detailed, convincing analysis of something detesta- ble; of something which one wants to eliminate. Poetry is the assertion of a positive, i. e. , of desire, and endures for a longer period. Poetic satire is only an assertion of this positive, in- versely, i. e. , as of an opposite hatred.
This is a highly untechnical, unimpressionist, in fact almost theological manner of statement; but is perhaps the root differ- ence between the two arts of literature.
Most good poetry asserts something to be worth while, or
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The main feeling in "The Awkward Age" is satiric. The dashes of sentiment do n9t help the work as liter- ature. The acute observer is often referred to:
Page 131. "The ingenious observer just now sug- gested might even have detected . . . "
Page 133. "And it might have been apparent still to our sharp spectator . . . "
Page 310. "But the acute observer we are constantly taking for granted would perhaps have detected . . . "
Page 323. "A supposititious spectator would cer- tainly have imagined . . . " (This also occurs in "Ivory Tower. " Page 196. )
This scrutinous person wastes a great deal of time in pretending to conceal his contempt for Mrs. Brook, Vanderbank, the other punks, and lays it on so thick when presenting his old sentimentalist Longdon, who at the one critical moment behaves with a stupidity,
damns a contrary; at any rate asserts emotional values. The best prose is, has been a presentation (complicated and elabo- rate as you like) of circumstances, of conditions, for the most part abominable, or at the mildest, amendable. This assertion of the more or less -objectionable only becomes doctrinaire and rotten art when the narrator mis-states from dogmatic bias, and when he suggests some quack remedy (prohibition, Chris- tianity, social theory of one sort or another), the only cure being that humanity should display more intelligence and good- will than humanity is capable of displaying.
Poetry = Emotional synthesis, quite as real, quite as realist as any prose (or intellectual) analysis.
Neither prose nor drama can attain poetic intensity save by construction, almost by scenario; by so arranging the circum- stance that some perfectly simple speech, perception, dogmatic statement appears in abnormal vigor. Thus when Frederic in L'Education observes Mme. Arnoux's shoe-laces as she is de- scending the stair; or in Turgenev the statement, quotation of a Russian proverb about the "heart of another", or "Nothing but death is irrevocable" toward the end of Nichee de Gentils- hotnmes.
? HENRY JAMES 149
with a lack of delicacy, since we are dealing with these refinements. Of course neither this stupidity of his action nor the tone of the other characters has anything to do with the question of maestria, if they were dis- passionatelyorimpartiallyrendered. Thebookisweak because all through it James is so manifestly carrying on a long tenzone so fiercely and loudly, a long argument for the old lavender. There is also the constant impli- cation that Vanderbank ought to want Nanda, though why the devil he should be supposed to be even mildly under this obligation, is not made clear. A basis in the classics, castor oil, even Stevenson's "Virginibus Puerisque"mighthavehelpedmatters. One'scomplaint is not that people of this sort don't exist, that they aren't like everything else a subject for literature, but that
James doesn't anywhere in the book get down to bed- rock. It is too much as if he were depicting stage scenery not as stage scenery, but as nature.
All this critique is very possibly an exaggeration. Take it at half its strength ; I do not intend to defend it. Epigrammatic manner in opening, compare Kipling; compare De Maupassant, superb ideas, verity, fantasia, fantasia group, reality, charming stories, poppycock. "Yellow Book" touches in "The Real Thing," general statements about their souls, near to bad writing, per-
fectly lucid.
"Nona Vincent," he writes like an adolescent, might
be a person of eighteen doing first story.
Page 201. "Public interest in spiritual life of the
army. " ("The Real Thing. ")
Page 201. German Invasion.
Loathsome prigs, stiflF conventions, editor of cheap
magazines ladled in Sir Wots-his-name.
1893. In the interim he had brought out "In the
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Cage," excellent opening sentence, Aiatter too much talked around and around, and "The Two Magics. " This last a Freudian affair which seems to me to have attract- ed undue interest, i. e. , interest out of proportion to the importance as literature and as part of Henry James's own work, because of this subject matter. The obscen- ity of "The Turn of the Screw" has given it undue prom- inence. People now "drawn" to obscene as were people of Milton's period by an equally disgusting bigotry; one unconscious on author's part; the other, a surgical treat- ment of a disease. Thus much for progress on part of authorsifpublichasnotprogressed. Thepointofmy remarks is that an extraneous criterion comes in. One must keep to the question of literature, not of irrelevan- cies. Galdos' "Lo Prohibido" does Freud long before the sex crank got to it. Kipling really does the psychic, ghosts, etc. , to say nothing of his having the "sense of story. "
1900. "The Soft Side," collection containing: "The Abasement of the Northmores," good ; again the motif of the vacuity of the public man, the "figure" ; he has tried it again in "The Private Life," which, however, falls into the allegorical. A rotten fall it is too, and Henry James at his worst in it, -i. e. , the allegorical. "Fordham's Castle" appears in the collected edition only--it may be- long to this period but is probably earlier, comedietta, excellently, perhaps flawlessly done. Here, as so often, the circumstances are mostly a description of the char- acter of the personal tone of the "sitters" ; for his people are so much more, or so much more often, "sitters" than actors. Protagonists it may be. When they act, they are apt to stage-act, which reduces their action again to being a mere attempt at description. ("The Liar," for
? HENRY JAMES 151
example. ) Compare Maupassant's "Toine" for treat- ment of case similar to "Fordham Castle. "
1902-05. "The Sacred Fount," "Wings of a' Dove," "Golden Bowl" period.
"Dove" and "Bowl" certainly not models for other writers, a caviare not part of the canon (metaphors be hanged for the moment).
Henry James is certainly not a model for narrative
novelists,foryoungwritersoffiction perhapsnoteven ;
a subject of study till they have attained some sublimity of the critical sense or are at least ready to be constantly alert, constantly on guard.
I cannot see that he will harm a critic or a describer of places, a recorder of impressions, whether they be people, places, music.
1903. "Better Sort," mildish.
1903. "The Ambassadors," rather clearer than the other work. Etude of Paris vs. Woollett. Exhortation to the idle, well-to-do, to leave home.
1907. "TheAmericanScene/'triumphoftheauthor's long practice. A creation of America. A book no "serious American" will neglect. How many Americans make any attempt toward a realization of that country is of course beyond our power to compute. The desire to see the national face in a mirror may be in itself an exotic. I know of no such grave record, of no such attempt at faithful portrayal, as "The American Scene. '' Thus America is to the careful observer; this volume and the American scenes in the fiction and memoirs, in "The Europeans," "The Patagonia," "Washington Square," etc. , bulk large in the very small amount of writing which can be counted as history of moeurs con- temporaines, of national habit of our time and of the
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two or three generations preceding us. Newport, the standardized face, the Capitol, Independence Hall, the absence of penetralia, innocence, essential vagueness, etc. , language "only definable as not in intention Yid- dish," the tabernacle of Grant's ashes, the public collapse oftheindividual,theSt. Gaudensstatue. Thereisnoth- ingtobegainedbymakingexcerpts; thevolumeislarge, but one should in time drift through it. I mean any American with pretenses to an intellectual life should drift through it. It is not enough to have perused "The Constitution" and to have "heerd tell" of the national founders.
1910. "The Finer Grain," collection of short stories without a slip. "The Velvet Glove," "Mona Mon- travers," "A Round of Visits" (the old New York versus the new), "Crapey Cornelia," "The Bench of Desolation. "
It is by beginning on this collection, or perhaps taking it after such stories as "The Pupil" and "Brooksmith," that the general literate reader will best come to James, must in brief be convinced of him and can tell whether ornotthe"marginal"Jamesisforhim. Whetherorno the involutions of the "Golden Bowl" will titillate his ar- cane sensibilities. If the reader does not "get" "The Finer Grain" there is no sense in his trying the more elaborate "Wings of a Dove," "Sacred Fount," "Golden Bowl. " If, on the contrary, he does feel the peculiar, unclassic attraction of the author he may or may not enjoy the uncanonical books.
191 1. "The Outcry," a relapse. Connoisseurship fad again, inferior work.
1913. "A Small Boy and Others," the beginning of the memoirs. Beginning of this volume disgusting. First three pages enough to put one ofif Henry James once and for all, damn badly written, atrocious vocabu-
:
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lary. Page 33, a few lines of good writing. Reader might start about here, any reader, that is, to whom New York of that period is of interest. New York of the fifties is significant, in so far as it is typical of what a hundred smaller American cities have been since. The tone of the work shows in excerpts
"The special shade of its identity was thus that it was not conscious--really not conscious of anything in the world; or was conscious of so few possibilities at least, and these so immediate and so a matter of course, that it came almost to the same thing. That was the testimony that the slight subjects in question strike me as having borne to their surrounding medium--^the fact that their
. "
Or later, when dealing with a pre-Y. -M. -C. -A.
America.
"Infinitely queer and quaint, almost incongruously
droll, the sense somehow begotten in ourselves, as very young persons, of our being surrounded by a slightly remote, yet dimly rich, outer and quite kindred circle of the tipsy. I remember how, once, as a very small boy, after meeting in J;he hall a most amiable and irreproach- able gentleman, all but closely consanguineous, who had come to call on my mother, I anticipated his further entrance by slipping in to report to that parent that I thought he must be tipsy. And I was to recall per- fectly afterwards the impression I so made on her--in which the general proposition that the gentlemen of a certain group or connection might on occasion be best
described by the term I had used, sought to destroy the particular presumption that our visitor wouldn't, by his ordinary measure, show himself for one of these. He didn't to all appearance, for I was afterwards disap- pointed at the lapse of lurid evidence: that memory
unconsciousnes could be so preserved
. .
--
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remained with me, as well as a considerable subsequent . "
. .
wonder at my having leaped to so baseless a view
"The grim little generalization remained, none the less, and I may speak of it--since I speak of everything--as still standing : the striking evidence that scarce aught but disaster could, in that so unformed and unseasoned society, overtake young men who were in the least ex- posed. Nottohavebeenimmediatelylaunchedinbusi- ness of a rigorous sort was to be exposed-- in the ab- sence, I mean, of some fairly abnormal predisposition to virtue; since it was a world so simply constituted that whatever wasn't business, or exactly an office or a "store," places in which people sat close and made money, was just simply pleasure, sought, and sought only, in places in which people got tipsy. There was clearly no mean, least of all the golden one, for it was just the ready, even when the moderate, possession of
gold that determined, that hurried on disaster. There were whole sets and groups, there were 'sympathetic,' though too susceptible, races, that seemed scarce to recognize or to find possible any practical application of moneyed, that is, of transmitted ease, however limited, but to go more or less rapidly to the bad with it which meant even then going as often as possible to
Paris . "
"The field was strictly covered, to my young eyes, I make out, by three classes, the busy, the tipsy, and Daniel Webster. . . . "
"It has carried me far from my rather evident propo- sition that if we saw the 'natural' so happily embodied about us--and in female maturity, or comparative ma- turity, scarce less than in female adolescence--this was
because the artificial, or in other words the complicated,
. "
. .
was so little there to threaten it. . .
? HENRY JAMES
On page 72 he quotes his father on "flagrant morality. " In Chapter X we have a remarkable portrayal of a character by almost nothing save vacuimis, "timorous philistineinaworldofdangers. " Ourauthornotesthe "finer civility" but does not see that it is a thing of no period. It is the property of a few individuals, per- sonally transmitted. Henry James had a mania for setting these things in an era or a "faubourg," despite the continued testimony that the worst manners have constantly impinged upon the most briUiant societies; that decent detail of conduct is a personal talent.
The production of "II Corteggiano" proves perhaps nothing more than the degree in which Castiglione's contemporaries "needed to be told. " On page 236
("Small Boy and Others") the phrase "presence without type. " On page 286, the people "who cultivated for years the highest instructional, social and moral possi- bilities of Geneva. " Page 283, "discussion of a work of art mainly hung in those days on that issue of the pi'oducible name. " Page 304, "For even in those days some Americans were rich and several sophisticated. " Page 313, The real give away of W. J. Page 341, Scarification of Ste-Beuve. Page 179, Crystal Palace. Page 214, Social relativity.
One is impatient for Henry James to do people.
ALittleTourinFrance. Thedisadvantageofgiv- ing impressions of real instead of imaginary places is that they conflict with other people's impressions. I do not see Angouleme via Balzac, nor do I feel Henry James's contacts with the places where our tracks have crossedveryremarkable. Idaresayitisagoodenough guide for people more meagrely furnished with asso- ciationsorperceptions. AllowmemypiSton'sshrugfor the man who has gone only by train.
'
i55
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Henry James is not very deep in ancient associations. The American's enjoyment of England in "The Passion- ate Pilgrim" is more searching than anything continental. Windy generality in "Tour in France," and perhaps indi- cation of how little Henry James's tentacles penetrated into any era before 1600, or perhaps before 1780.
Vignette bottom of page 337-8 ("Passionate Pilgrim")' "full of glimpses a. nd responses, of deserts and desola-^ tions. " "His perceptions would be fine and his opinions pathetic.
" Commiseration of Searle vs. detachment, in "Four Meetings. "
Of the posthumous work, "The Middle Years" is per- haps the most charming. "The Ivory Tower," full of accumulated perceptions, swift illuminating phrases, perhapspartofamasterpiece. "TheSenseofthePast," less important. I leave my comment of "The Middle Years" as I wrote it, but have recast the analysis of notes to "The Ivory Tower. "
Flaubert is in six volumes, four or five of which every literate man must at one time or another assault. James is strewn over about forty^--part of which must go into desuetude, have perhaps done so already.
I have not in these notes attempted the Paterine art of appreciation, e. g. , as in taking the perhaps sole read- able paragraph of Pico Mirandola and writing an em- purpled descant.
The problem--discussion of which is about as "artis- tic" as a street map--is: can we conceive a five or six volume edition of James so selected as to hold its own internationally? My contention is for this possibility.
My notes are no more than a tentative suggestion, to wit: that some such compact edition might be, to ad- vantage, tried on the less patient public. I have been, alas, no more fortunate than our subject in keeping out
:;
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irrelevant, non-esthetic, non-literary, non-technical vistas and strictures.
"THE MIDDLE YEARS"
The Middle Years is a tale of the great adventure for, putting aside a few simple adventures, sentimental, phallic, Nimrodic, the remaining great adventure is pre- cisely the approach to the Metropolis ; for the provincial of our race the specific approach to London, and no subject surely could more heighten the pitch of writing than that the treated approach should be that of the greatest writer of our time and own particular language. We may, I think, set aside Thomas Hardy as of an age not our own ; of perhaps Walter Scott's or of L'Abbe Prevost's, but remote from us and things familiarly under our hand ; and we skip over the next few crops of writers as lacking in any comparative interest, interest in a writer being primarily in his degree of sensitiza- tion; and on this count we may throw out the whole Wells-Bennett period, for what interest can we take in instruments which must of nature miss two-thirds of the vibrations in any conceivable situation? In James the maximum sensibility compatible with efficient writ- ing was present. Indeed, in reading these pages one can but despair over the inadequacy of one's own literary sensitization, one's so utterly inferior state of aware- ness ; even allowing for what the author himself allows his not really, perhaps, having felt at twenty-six, all that at seventy he more or less read into the memory of his feeling. The point is that with the exception of excep- tional moments in Hueffer, we find no trace of such degree of awareness in the next lot of writers, or until the first novels of Lewis and Joyce, whose awareness is, without saying, of a nature greatly different in kind.
158 INSTIGATIOIS^S
It is not the book for any reader to tackle who has not read a good deal of James, or who has not, in default of that reading, been endowed with a natural Jamesian sensibility (a case almost negligible by any likelihood) ; neither is it a book of memoirs, I mean one does not turn to it seeking information about Vic- torian worthies ; any more than one did, when the old man himself was talking, want to be told anything ; there are encyclopedias in sufficiency, and statistics, and human mines of information, boring sufficiency; one asked and asks only that the slow voice should continue--evaluat- ing, or perhaps only tying up the strands of a sentence "Andhowmyold friend . . . Howells . . . " etc
The effects of H. J. 's first breakfasts in Liverpool, invited upstairs at Half Moon Street, are of infinitely more value than any anecdotes of the Laureate (even though H. J. 's inability not to see all through the Laure- ate is compensated by a quip melting one's personal objection to anything Tennyson touched, by making him merely an old gentleman whatsoever with a gleam of fun in his make-up).
All comers to the contrary, and the proportionate sale of his works, and statistics whatsoever to the contrary, only an American who has come abroad will ever draw all the succulence from Henry James's writings; the denizen of Manchester or Wellington may know what it feels like to reach London, the Londoner bom will not be able quite to reconstruct even this part of the book; and if for intimacy H. J. might have stayed at the same hotel on the same day as one's grandfather; and if the same American names had part in one's own inceptions in London, one's own so wholly different and less padded inceptions; one has perhaps a purely per- sonal, selfish, unliterary sense of intimacy: with, in my
:
? ? HENRY JAMES 159
own case, the vast unbridgeable diiiference of settling-in and escape.
The essence of James is that he is always "settling-in," it is the ground-tone of his genius.
Apart from the state of James's sensibility on arrival nothing else matters, the "mildness of the critical air," the fatuity of George Eliot's husband, the illustrational and accomplished lady, even the faculty for a portrait in a paragraph, not to be matched by contemporary effects in half-metric, are indeed all subordinate to one's curiosity as to what Henry James knew, and what he didnotknowonlanding. Theportraitoftheauthoron the cover showing him bearded, and looking rather like a cross between a bishop and a Cape Cod longshoreman, is an incident gratuitous, interesting, but in no way con- nected with the young man of the text.
The England of a still rather whiskered age, never looking inward, in short, the Victorian, is exquisitely em- balmed, and "niounted," as is, I think, the term for microscopy. The book is just the right length as a volume, but one mourns there not being twenty more, for here is the unfinished work . . . not in "The Sense of the Past," for there the pen was weary, as it had been in "The Outcry," and the talent that was never most worth its own while when gone off on connoisseurship, was, conceivably, finished; but here in his depiction of his earlier self the verve returned in full vigor.
THE NOTES TO "THE IVORY TOWER" *
The great artists among men of letters have occasion- ally and by tradition burst into an Ars Poetica or an Arte nuevo de hacer Comedias, and it should come as no
* Recast from an article in The Future.
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surprise that Henry James has left us some sort of treatise on novel-writing--no siirprise, that is, to the discriminating reader who is not, for the most part, a writer of English novels. Various reviewers have hinted obscurely that some such treatise is either adum-
^ brated or concealed in the Notes for "The Ivory Tower" and for "The Sense of the Past"; they have said, in- deed, that novelists will "profit greatly," etc. , but no one has set forth the gist or the generalities which are to be found in these notes.
Divested of its fine verbiage, of its cliches, of its pro- vincialisms of American phrase, and of the special de- tails relating to the particular book in his mind, the formula for building a novel (any novel, not merely any "psychological" novel) ; the things to have clearly in mind before starting to write it are enumerated in "The Ivory Tower" notes somewhat as follows :
1. Choice of names for characters; names that will "fit" their owners, and that will not "joggle" or be cacophonic when in juxtaposition on the page.
2. Exposition of one group of characters and of the "situation. " (In "The Ivory Tower" this was to be done in three subdivisions. "Book I" was to give the "Im- mediate Facts. ")
3. One character at least is hitched to his "character- istic. " We are to have one character's impression on another.
4. (Book III. ) Various reactions and interactions of characters.
5. The character, i. e. , the main character, is "faced with the situation. "
6. For"TheIvoryTower"andprobablyforanynovel, there is now need to show clearly and definitely the "antecedents," i. e. , anything that had happened before
? HENRY JAMES i6i
the story started. And we find Henry James making up his mind which characters have interacted before this story opens, and which things are to be due to fresh impacts of one character on another.
7. Particular consideration of the special case in hand. The working-free from incongruities inherent in the first vague preconceptions of the plot. Thus:
(a) The hinge of the thing is not to be the effect of A. onB. orofB. onA. ; norofA. onC. or ofC. onB. ; butistobeduetoaneffectall round, of A. and. B. and C. working on each other.
(b) James's care not to repeat figures from earlier novels. Not a categoric prohibition, but a cau- tion not to sail too near the wind in this matter.
(c) A care not to get too many "personally remark- able" people, and not enough stupid ones into the story.
(d) Care for the relative "weight" as well as the varied "tone" of the characters.
(We observe, in all this, the peculiarly American pas- sion for "art"; for having a system in things, cf. Whistler. )
(e) Consideration how far one character "faces" the problem of another character's "character. "
(This and section "d" continue the preoccupation with "moral values" shown in James's early criticism in "French Poets and Novelists. ")
8. Definite "joints"; or relations of one character to another finally fitted and settled.
This brings us again to point 5. The character, i. e. , the main character definitely "faced" with the situation.
9. The consequences.
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10. (a) Further consideration of the state of char- acter C. before contact with B. , etc.
(b) The effect of further characters on the. mind, and thence on the action of A.
(c) Considerations of the effect of a fourth main character; of introducing a subsidiary char- acter, and its effect, i. e. , that of having an extra character for a particular function.
11. The great "coup" foreshadowed.
(In this case the mild Othello, more and more drifting consciously into the grip of the mild lago--I use the terms "Othello" and "lago" merely to avoid, if not "hero," at least "villain" ; the sensitive temperament al- lowing the rapacious temperament to become effective. )
(a) The main character in perplexity as to how far he shall combat the drift of things.
(b) The opposed character's perception of this.
(These sub-sections are, of course, sub-sections for a psychological novel; one would have different but equivalent "joints" in a novel of action. )
(c) Effect of all this on third character. (In this case female, attracted to "man-of-action" qual- ity).
(d) A. 's general perception of these things and his weighing of values, a phase solely for the psy- chological novel.
(e) Weighing of how much A. 's perception of the relations between B. and C. is to be denouement, and how much, more or less, known.
12. Main character's "solution" or vision of what course he will take.
13. The fourth character's "break into" things, or into a perception of things,
(a) Actions of an auxiliary character, of what would
? HENRY JAMES 163
have been low life in old Spanish or Elizabethan drama. This character affects the main action (as sometimes a "gracioso" [servant, buffoon, Sancho Panza] affects the main action in a play, for example, of Lope de Vega's),
(b) Caution not to let author's interest in fascinat- ing auxiliary character run away with his whole plan and design.
(This kind of restraint is precisely what leaves a reader "wanting more" ; which gives a novel the "feel" ofbeingfulloflife; convincesthereaderofanabundant energy, an abundant sense of life in an author. )
14. Effects of course of the action on fourth main character and on the others. The scale being kept by the relation here not being between main character and one antagonist, but with a group of three people, rela- tions "different" though their "point" is the same; cf. a main character vs. a Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern, or "attendant lords. " James always has half an eye on play construction; the scene. ,
(a) The second auxiliary character brought out more definitely. (This is accidental. It might hap- pen at any suitable point in a story wherever needed. )
(b) Act of this auxiliary person reaches through to main action.
15. We see the author determining just how bad a case he is going to make his villain.
(a) Further detei-mination of his hero. (In this case an absolute non-producer, non-accumu- lator. )
(b) Care not to get an unmixed "bad" in his "villain," but to keep a right balance, a dependency, in
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this case, on the main character's weakness or
easiness,
(c) Decision how the main "coup" or transfer shall
slide through.
i6. Effect upon C. Effect upon main characters' re-
lations to D. , E. and F.
At this point, in the consideration of eight of the ten
"books" of his novel, we see the author most intent on his composition or architecture, most anxious to get all the sections fitted in with the greatest economy, a sort "of crux of his excitement and anxiety, a fullness of his perception that the thing must be so tightly packed that no sentence can afford to be out of place.
17. Climax. - The Deus or, in this case, Dea, ex machina. Devices for prolonging climax. The fourth main character having been, as it were, held back for a sort of weight or balance here, and as a "resolution" of the tangles.
Finis.
18. Author's final considerations of time scheme, i. e. , fitting the action into time not too great for unity, and great enough to allow for needed complexity. Slighter consideration of place scheme; where final scenes shall be laid, etc.
Here in a few paragraphs are the bare bones of the plan described in eighty of Henry James's pages. The detailed thoroughness of this plan, the complicated con- sciousness displayed in it, gives us the measure of this author's superiority, as conscious artist, over the "nor- mal" British novelist, i. e. , over the sort of person who tells you that when he did his first book he "just sat down and wrote the first paragraph," and then found he "couldn't stop. " This he tells you in a manner clearly implying that, from that humble beginning to the shining
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hour of the present, he has given the matter no further thought, and that his succeeding works were all knocked off with equal simplicity.
I give this outline with such fullness because it is a landmark in the history of the novel, as written in Eng- lish. It is inconceivable that Fielding or Richardson should have left, or that Thomas Hardy should leave, such testimony to a comprehension of the novel as a "form. " The Notes are, on the other hand, quite dis- tinct from the voluminous, prefaces which so many French poets write before they have done anything else. James, we note, wrote no prefaces until there were twenty-four volumes of his novels and stories waiting to be collected and republished. The Notes are simply the accumulation of his craftsman's knowledge, they are,
in all their length, the summary of the things he would have, as a matter of habit, in his mind before embark- ing on composition.
I take it rather as a sign of editorial woodenheaded- ness that these Notes are printed at the end of "The Ivory Tower" ; if one have sense enough to suspect that the typical mentality of the elderly heavy reviewer has been shown, one will for oneself reverse the order ; read the notes with interest and turn to the text already with the excitement of the sport or with the zest to see if, with this chance of creating the masterpiece so outlined, the distinguished author is going to make good. If on the other hand one reads the unfinished text, there is no escaping the boredom of re-reading in skeleton, with tentative and confusing names, the bare statement of what has been, in the text, more fully set before us.
The text is attestation of the rich, banked-up per- ception of the author. I dare say the snap and rattle of the fun, or much of it, will be only half perceptible to
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those who do not know both banks of the Atlantic; but enough remains to show the author at his best; despite the fact that occasionally he puts in the mouths of his characters sentences or phrases that no one but he hira? self could have used. I cannot attribute this to the unfinished state of the manuscript. These oversights are few, but they are the kind of slip which occurs in his earlier work. We note also that his novel is a descriptive novel, not a novel that simply depicts people speaking and moving. There is a constant dissertation goingon,andinitisourmajorenjoyment. TheNotes
to "The Sense of the Past" are not so fine a specimen of method, as they are the plan not of a whole book, but only of the latter section. The editor is quite right to print them at the end of the volume.
Of the actual writing in the three posthumous books, far the most charming is to be found in "The Middle Years. " Here again one is not much concerned with Mr. James's mildly ironic reminiscences of Tennyson and the Victorians, but rather with James's own tempera- ment, and with his recording of inn-rooms, breakfasts, butlers, etc. , very much as he had done in his fiction. There is no need for its being "memoirs" at all; call the protagonist Mr. Ponsonby or Mr. Hampton, obliterate the known names of celebrities and half celebrities, and
the whole thing becomes a James novel, and, so far as it goes, a mate to the best of them.
Retaining the name of the author, any faithful reader of James, or at any rate the attentive student, finds a good deal of amusement in deciphering the young James, his temperament as mellowed by recollection and here recorded forty years later, and then in contrasting it with the young James as revealed or even "betrayed" in his own early criticisms, "French Poets and Novelists,"
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a mueh cruder and more savagely puritanical and plainly New England product with, however, certain permanent traits of his character already in evidence, and with a critical faculty keen enough to hit on certain weaknesses in the authors analyzed, often with profundity, and with often a "rightness" in his mistakes. I mean that apparent errors are at times only an excess of zeal and overshooting of his mark, which was to make for an improvement, by him, of certain defects.
