Not in the spirit
of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her
emperors.
of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her
emperors.
Satires
Probably half way between these two dates we may fix the
writing of this Satire.
[462] _Mitte Ostia. _ So most of the commentators interpret it. "Send
your Legatus to take the command of the troops for foreign service,
waiting for embarkation at Ostia. " But if so, "ad" should be expressed,
and either Tiberina added, or Ostia made of the 1st declension.
Britann. , therefore, and Heinrich explain it, "Pass by his own doors;"
omitte quærere illic, "he is far away. "
[463] _Sandapila. _ The bier or open coffin, on which the poor, or those
killed in the amphitheatre, were carried to burial; hence "sandapila
popularis. " Suet. , Domit. , 17. Stepney (in Dryden's version) thus
enumerates these worthies:
"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,
Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors. "
[464] _Resupinantis. _ In Holyday's quaint version,
"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lack
Their Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back. "
[465] _Ergastula. _ Private prisons attached to Roman farms, in which
the slaves worked in chains. The Tuscan were peculiarly severe. Vid.
Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. , p. xlviii.
[466] _Turpia cerdoni. _ Cf. iv. , 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio
Seioque decebat Crispinum. " Pers. , iv. , 51, "Tollat sua munera cerdo. "
"And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,
Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race. " Hodgson.
[467] _Locasti. _
"Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),
And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost. " Hodgson.
[468] _Sipario. _ The curtain or drop-scene in _comedy_, as _Aulæum_ was
in _tragedy_. Donat.
[469] _Phasma. _ Probably a translation from the Greek. Ter. , Eun. ,
pr. 9, "Idem Menandri phasma nunc nuper dedit. " Catullus is not to
be confounded with C. Valerius Catullus of Verona (the old Schol.
says Q. Lutatius Catullus is meant, and quotes xiii. , 11, whom
Lubinus, ad loc. , calls "Urbanus Catullus") as far as the Phasma is
concerned. --_Laureolus_ was the chief character in a play or ballet by
Val. Catullus, or Laberius, or Nævius: and was crucified on the stage,
and then torn to pieces by wild beasts. Martial (de Spect. , Ep. vii. )
says this was acted _to the life_ in the Roman amphitheatre, the part
of the bandit being performed by a real malefactor, who was crucified
and torn to pieces in the arena, "Non falsâ pendens in cruce Laureolus. "
"And Lentulus _acts_ hanging with such art,
Were I a judge, he should not _feign_ the part. " Dryden.
[470] _Sedet. _
"Sit with unblushing front, and calmly see
The hired patrician's low buffoonery;
Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hear
The cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear. " Gifford.
[471] _Cogente Nerone. _ Cf. Tac. , Ann. , xiv. , 14, who abstains from
mentioning the _names_ of the nobles thus disgraced, out of respect for
their ancestors. Cf. Dio. , lxi. Suetonius says (Nero, cap. xii. ) that
400 senators and 600 knights were thus dishonored (but Lipsius says 40
and 60 are the true numbers).
[472] _Nec dubitant. _ No doubt a spurious line.
[473] _Gladios. _ This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would be
better to take "gladios" for the _death_ that awaits you if you refuse
to comply: as iv. , 96; x. , 345. So Badham:
"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;
Gods! can a Roman hesitate between! "
[474] _Thymele. _ Cf. i. , 36.
[475] _Ludus. _ Properly, "school of gladiators. "
[476] _Gracchus. _ Cf. ii. , 143.
[477] _Tunicæ. _ Cf. ii. , 143, tunicati fuscina Gracchi. Suet. , Cal. ,
30. The Retiarii wore a tunic only. The gold spira was the band that
tied the tall conical cap of the Salii; who wore also a gold fringe
round the tunic.
[478] _Seneca. _ There is said to be an allusion here to the plot of
Subrius Flavius to murder Nero and make Seneca emperor. It was believed
that Seneca was privy to it. Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 65.
[479] _Simia. _ Cf. xiii. , 155, "Et deducendum corio bovis in mare
cum quo clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis. " The punishment of
parricides was to be scourged, then sewn up in a bull's hide with a
serpent, an ape, a cock, and a dog, and to be thrown into the sea. The
first person thus punished was P. Malleolus, who murdered his mother.
Liv. , Epit. lxviii.
[480] _Culeus. _ Cf. Suet. , Aug. , 33. Nero murdered his mother
Agrippina, his aunt Domitia, both his wives, Octavia and Poppæa, his
brother Britannicus, and several other relations.
[481] _Agamemnonidæ. _ Grangæus quotes the Greek verse current in Nero's
time, Νέρων, Ὀρέστης, Ἀλκμαίων μητροκτόνοι. Cf. Suet. , Nero, 39.
[482] _Virginius_ Rufus, who was legatus in Lower Germany, Julius
Vindex, proprætor of Gaul, and Sergius Galba, præfect of Hispania
Tarraconensis, afterward emperor, were the chiefs of the last
conspiracy against Nero. In August, A. D. 67, Nero was playing the fool
in Greece; in March, 68, he heard with terror and dismay of the revolt
of Vindex, who proclaimed Galba. Dio. , lxiii. , 22.
[483] _Quid Nero. _
"What but such acts did Rome indignant see
Perform'd in Nero's savage tyranny? " Hodgson.
[484] _Prostitui. _
"To prostitute his voice for base renown,
And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown. " Gifford.
Nero was in Greece A. D. 67, into which year (though not an Olympiad)
he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina omnia et quæ
diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum annum jussit. " Suet. ,
Ner. , 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu
Pythiam," c. 25.
[485] _Domitius_ was the name both of the father and grandfather of
Nero. His father was Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of Transalpine
Gaul. Suetonius (Nero, 6) tells us that the two pædagogi to whom his
childhood _was_ intrusted _were_ a _saltator_ and a _tonsor_. To this
perhaps his subsequent tastes may be traced.
[486] _Citharam. _ Cf. Suet. , Ner. , 12, "_Citharæ_ a judicibus ad se
delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augusti _statuam_ jussit. "
"And on the proud Colossus of your sire,
Suspend the splendid trophy of--a lyre! " Hodgson.
"Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas suas
Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit. " Suet. , Ner. , 25.
[487] _Braccatorum. _ Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata from the
Braccæ, probably "plaid," which the inhabitants wore. Plin. , iii. , 4.
Diod. , v. , 30. The Senones were a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who
sacked Rome under Brennus; hence _Minores_, i. e. , "as though you had
been the hereditary enemies of Rome. "
[488] _Tunicâ molestâ. _ Cf. ad i. , 155, "a dress smeared with pitch and
other combustibles," and then lighted. Cf. Mart. , x. , Ep. xxv. , 5. In
some cases Nero buried his victims up to the waist, and then set fire
to their upper parts.
[489] _Vigilat_ refers to Cicero's own words, "Jam intelliges multo me
_vigilare_ acrius ad salutem, quam te ad pernicem reipublicæ. "
[490] _Novus. _ Cicero was the first of the Tullia gens that held
a curule magistracy. Arpinum, his birthplace, now Arpino, was a
small town of the Volsci. The Municipia had their three grades, of
patricians, knights, and plebeians, as Rome had; they lived under their
own laws, but their citizens were eligible to all offices at Rome.
[491] _Leucas_, i. e. , "Actium. " _Thessaliæ_, "Philippi. " The words
following probably refer to the brutal cruelty of Augustus after the
battle.
[492] _Libera. _ "When Rome could utter her free unfettered sentiments"
(as sup. , "Libera si dentur populo suffragia").
Not in the spirit
of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her
emperors.
[493] _Vitem. _ The centurion's baton of office as well as instrument of
punishment. Cf. xiv. , 193; Mart. , x. , Ep. xxvi. , 1. See the story of
Lucilius, nicknamed Cedo alteram, in Tac. , Ann. , i. , 23.
[494] _Majora cadavera. _ Besides their fierce gray eyes (xiii. , 164),
the Germans were conspicuous for their stature and red hair. "Truces
et cærulei oculi, rutilæ comæ, magnum corpora et tantum ad impetum
valida. " Tac. , Germ. , iv. "Cimbri præ Italis ingentes. " Flor. , iii. ,3.
[495] _Lauro secundâ. _ A double triumph was decreed to Marius; he gave
up the second to Q. Lutatius Catulus, his noble colleague, to satisfy
his soldiers, who knew, better than Juvenal, that the _nobleman's_
services did _not_ fall short of those of the plebeian. Marius
afterward barbarously murdered him.
[496] _Deciorum. _ Alluding to the three immolations of the Decii,
father, son, and grandson, in the wars with the Latins, Gauls, and
Pyrrhus. All three bore the name of Publius Decius Mus. Juvenal comes
very near the formula of self-devotion given in Liv. , viii. , 6, _seq. _
"Exercitum Diis Manibus matrique terræ deberi. "
[497] _Ancilla natus. _ Servius Tullius (Cf. vii. , 199) was the sen of
Ocrisia, or Ocriculana, a captive from Corniculum. Liv. , i. , 39. The
_Trabea_ was a white robe with a border and _broad stripes_ (trabes) of
purple, worn afterward by consuls and augurs: cf. x. , 35; the _diadema_
of the ancient kings was a _fillet_ or ribbon, not a crown.
"And he who graced the purple which he wore,
The last good king of Rome, a bondmaid bore. " Gifford.
[498] _Natavit. _
"And she who mock'd the javelins whistling round,
And swam the Tiber, then the empire's bound. " Gifford.
[499] _Servus. _ Livy calls him Vindicius; and derives from him the name
of the Vindicta, "the rod of manumission. " Liv. , ii. , 7. He was mourned
for at his death by the Roman matrons publicly, as Brutus had been.
[500] _Legum prima securis. _ Tarquinius Priscus introduced the axe and
fasces with the other regalia. The axe therefore had often fallen for
the _tyrants_; now it is used for the first time in defense of a legal
constitution and a _free republic_.
[501] _Thersites. _ Hom. , Il. , ii. , 212.
[502] _Asylo. _ Cf. Liv. , i. , 8.
SATIRE IX.
I should like to know, Nævolus,[503] why you so often meet me with
clouded brow forlorn, like Marsyas after his defeat. What have you to
do with such a face as Ravola had when detected with his Rhodope? [504]
We give a slave a box on the ear, if he licks the pastry. Why!
Crepereius Pollio[505] had not a more woe-begone face than yours;
he that went about ready to pay three times the ordinary interest,
and could find none fools enough to trust him. Where do so many
wrinkles come from all of a sudden? Why, surely before, contented with
little, you used to live like a gentleman's gentleman[506]--a witty
boon-companion with your biting jest, and sharp at repartees that savor
of town-life!
Now all is the reverse; your looks are dejected; your tangled hair
bristles like a thicket;[507] there is none of that sleekness over your
whole skin, such as the Bruttian plaster of hot pitch used to give you;
but your legs are neglected and rank with a shrubbery of hair. What
means this emaciated form, like that of some old invalid parched this
many a day with quartan ague and fever that has made his limbs its
home? You may detect[508] the anguish of the mind that lurks in the
sickly body--and discover its joys also. For the face, the index of
the mind, takes its complexion from each. You seem, therefore, to have
changed your course of life, and to run counter to your former habits.
For, but lately, as I well remember, you used to haunt the temple of
Isis,[509] and the statue of Ganymede in the temple of Peace,[510]
and the secret palaces of the imported mother[511] of the gods; ay,
and Ceres too (for what temple is there in which you may not find a
woman)--a more notorious adulterer even than Aufidius, and under the
rose, not confining your attentions to the wives!
"Yes: even this way of life is profitable to many. But I never made
it worth my while: we do occasionally get greasy cloaks, that serve
to save our toga, of coarse texture and indifferent dye, the clumsy
workmanship of some French weaver's lay; or a small piece of silver of
inferior metal. [512] The Fates control the destinies of men: nay, there
is fate even in those very parts which the lap of the toga conceals
from view. For if the stars are unpropitious, your manly powers,
remaining unknown, will profit you nothing, even though the liquorish
Virro has seen you stripped, and seductive billets-doux, closely
following each other, are forever assailing you: for such a fellow as
he even entices others to sin. Yet, what monster can be worse, than
one miserly as well as effeminate? "[513] "I gave you so much, then so
much, and then soon after you had more! " He reckons up and still acts
the wanton. "Let us settle our accounts! Send for the slaves with my
account-book! Reckon up five thousand sesterces in all! Then count up
your services! " Are then my duties so light, and so little against the
grain? Far less wretched will be the poor slave that digs the great
man's land! But you, forsooth, thought yourself delicate, and young,
and beautiful! fit to be a cup-bearer in heaven!
Will you ever bestow favors on a humble dependent, or be generous to
one that pays you court, when you grudge even the money you spend on
your unnatural[514] gratifications? See the fellow! to whom you are
to send a present of a green parasol and large amber[515] bowls, as
often as his birthday comes round, or rainy spring begins; or pillowed
on his cushioned sofa, he fingers presents set apart for the female
Kalends! [516]
Tell me, you sparrow, for whom it is you are keeping so many hills, so
many Apulian[517] farms, so many kites wearied in flying across your
pastures? Your Trifoline estate[518] enriches you with its fruitful
vines; and the hill that looks down[519] on Cumæ, and caverned Gaurus.
Who seals up more[520] casks of wine that will bear long keeping? How
great a matter would it be to present the loins of your client, worn
out in your service, with a few acres? Would yon rustic child, with
his mother, and her hovel,[521] and his playmate cur, more justly
become the inheritance of your cymbal-beating friend? "You are a most
importunate beggar! " he says: But _Rent_ cries out to me "Beg! " My only
slave calls on me to beg! loudly as Polyphemus[522] with his one broad
eye, by which the crafty Ulysses made his escape. I shall be compelled
to buy a second, for this one is not enough for me; both must be fed.
What shall I do in mid-winter? When the chill north wind whistles in
December,[523] what shall I say, pray, to my poor slaves' naked feet
and shoulders? "Courage,[524] my boys! and wait for the grasshoppers? "
But however you may dissemble and pass by all other matters, at how
much do you estimate it, that had I not been your devoted client your
wife would still remain a maid? At all events, you know all about those
services, how hard you begged, how much you promised! Often when your
young wife was eloping, I caught her in my embrace. She had actually
torn[525] the marriage contract, and was on the point of signing a new
one. It was with difficulty that I set this matter right by a whole
night's work, while you stood whimpering outside the door. I appeal to
the bed as my witness! nay, to yourself, who heard the noise, and the
lady's cries! In many a house, when the marriage bonds were growing
feeble and beginning to give way, and were almost severed, an adulterer
has set all matters right. However you may shift your ground, whatever
services you may reckon first or last, is it indeed no obligation,
ungrateful and perfidious man! is it none, that you have an infant son
or daughter born to you through me? For you bring them up as yours! and
plume yourself on inserting at intervals in the public registers[526]
these evidences of your virility! Hang garlands[527] on your doors!
You are now a father! I have given you what you may cast in slander's
teeth! You have a father's privileges; through me you may inherit
a legacy, yes, the whole sum[528] left to you, not to mention some
pleasant windfall! [529] Besides, many other advantages will be added to
these windfalls, if I make the number complete and add a third! "
"Your ground of complaint is just indeed, Nævolus; what does he allege
in answer? "
"He casts me off, and looks out for some other two-legged ass to serve
his turn! But remember that these secrets are intrusted to you alone;
keep them to yourself, therefore, buried in the silence of your own
breast; for one of these pumice-smoothed[530] fellows is a deadly thing
if he becomes your enemy. He that intrusted his secret to me but the
other day, now is furious, and detests me just as though I had divulged
all I know. He does not hesitate to use his dagger, to break my skull
with a bludgeon, or place a firebrand at my doors:[531] and deem it
no light or contemptible matter that to men of his wealth the price
of poison is never too costly. Therefore you must keep my secrets as
religiously as the court of Mars at Athens. "
"Oh! Corydon,[532] poor simple Corydon! Do you think aught that a
rich man does can be secret? Even though his slaves should hold their
tongues, his cattle will tell the tale; and his dogs, and door-posts,
and marble statues! Close the shutters, cover all the chinks with
tapestry, fasten the doors, remove every light from the chamber,[533]
let each one keep his counsel, let not a soul lie near. Yet what he
does at the second cock-crow,[534] the next tavern-keeper will know
before dawn of day; and will hear as well all the fabrications of his
steward, cooks, and carvers. [535] For what charge do they scruple to
concoct against their masters, as often as they revenge themselves for
their strappings[536] by the lies they forge? Nor will there be wanting
one to hunt you out against your will in the public thoroughfares,
and pour his drunken tale into your miserable ears. Therefore ask
them what you just now begged of me! They hold their tongues! Why
they would rather blaze abroad a secret than drink as much Falernian
(all the sweeter because stolen) as Saufeia[537] used to drink, when
sacrificing[538] for the people!
"One should lead an upright life for very many reasons; but especially
for this--that you may be able to despise your servants' tongues. For
bad as your slave may be, his tongue is the worst part about him.
Yet far worse still is he that places himself in the power of those
whose body and soul he keeps together with his own bread and his own
money. [539]
"Well, the advice you have just given me to enable me to laugh to
scorn my servants' tongues is very good, but too general. Now, what
do you advise in my particular case, after the loss of my time and
the disappointment of my hopes? For the short-lived bloom[540] and
contracted span of a brief and wretched life is fast fleeting away!
While we are drinking,[541] and calling for garlands, and perfumes, and
women, old age steals on us unperceived! Do not be alarmed! So long
as these seven hills stand fast you will never lack a pathic friend.
Those effeminates, who scratch their heads with one finger,[542] will
flock from all quarters to these hills, in carriages and ships. You
have still another and a better hope in store. All you have to do is
to chew eringo vigorously. " "Tell this to luckier wights! My Clotho
and Lachesis are well content, if I can earn a subsistence by my vile
labors. Oh! ye small Lares,[543] that call me master, whom I supplicate
with a fragment of frankincense, or meal, and a poor garland, when
shall I secure[544] a sum that may insure my old age against the
beggar's mat and crutch? Twenty thousand sesterces as interest, with
good security for the principal; some small vessels of silver not
enchased, but such as Fabricius,[545] if censor, would condemn; and
two sturdy Mœsian slaves,[546] who, bearing me on their shoulders,
might bid me stand without inconvenience in the noisy circus! Let me
have besides an engraver stooping[547] over his work, and another who
may with all speed paint[548] me a row of portraits. This is quite
enough--since poor I ever shall be. A poor, wretched wish indeed! and
yet I have no hope even of this! For when dame Fortune[549] is invoked
for me, she stops her ears with wax fetched from that ship which
escaped the Sirens' songs with its deaf rower. "
FOOTNOTES:
[503] _Nævolus_ is mentioned repeatedly by Martial, and seems to have
been a lawyer, i. , Ep. 98; iii. , Ep. 71 and 95; iv. , Ep. 84: hence
perhaps the allusion to Marsyas, whose statue stood in the Forum,
opposite the Rostra, as a warning to the litigious. Cf. Hor. , i. , Sat.
vi. , 120. Xen. , Anab. , I. , ii. , 8.
[504] _Rhodope. _ Some well-known courtesan named after Æsop's
fellow-slave in the house of Iadmon the Samian, afterward so well known
in Egypt. Herod. , ii. , 134. Cf. Ælian. , V. H. , xiii. , 33.
writing of this Satire.
[462] _Mitte Ostia. _ So most of the commentators interpret it. "Send
your Legatus to take the command of the troops for foreign service,
waiting for embarkation at Ostia. " But if so, "ad" should be expressed,
and either Tiberina added, or Ostia made of the 1st declension.
Britann. , therefore, and Heinrich explain it, "Pass by his own doors;"
omitte quærere illic, "he is far away. "
[463] _Sandapila. _ The bier or open coffin, on which the poor, or those
killed in the amphitheatre, were carried to burial; hence "sandapila
popularis. " Suet. , Domit. , 17. Stepney (in Dryden's version) thus
enumerates these worthies:
"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,
Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors. "
[464] _Resupinantis. _ In Holyday's quaint version,
"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lack
Their Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back. "
[465] _Ergastula. _ Private prisons attached to Roman farms, in which
the slaves worked in chains. The Tuscan were peculiarly severe. Vid.
Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. , p. xlviii.
[466] _Turpia cerdoni. _ Cf. iv. , 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio
Seioque decebat Crispinum. " Pers. , iv. , 51, "Tollat sua munera cerdo. "
"And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,
Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race. " Hodgson.
[467] _Locasti. _
"Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),
And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost. " Hodgson.
[468] _Sipario. _ The curtain or drop-scene in _comedy_, as _Aulæum_ was
in _tragedy_. Donat.
[469] _Phasma. _ Probably a translation from the Greek. Ter. , Eun. ,
pr. 9, "Idem Menandri phasma nunc nuper dedit. " Catullus is not to
be confounded with C. Valerius Catullus of Verona (the old Schol.
says Q. Lutatius Catullus is meant, and quotes xiii. , 11, whom
Lubinus, ad loc. , calls "Urbanus Catullus") as far as the Phasma is
concerned. --_Laureolus_ was the chief character in a play or ballet by
Val. Catullus, or Laberius, or Nævius: and was crucified on the stage,
and then torn to pieces by wild beasts. Martial (de Spect. , Ep. vii. )
says this was acted _to the life_ in the Roman amphitheatre, the part
of the bandit being performed by a real malefactor, who was crucified
and torn to pieces in the arena, "Non falsâ pendens in cruce Laureolus. "
"And Lentulus _acts_ hanging with such art,
Were I a judge, he should not _feign_ the part. " Dryden.
[470] _Sedet. _
"Sit with unblushing front, and calmly see
The hired patrician's low buffoonery;
Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hear
The cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear. " Gifford.
[471] _Cogente Nerone. _ Cf. Tac. , Ann. , xiv. , 14, who abstains from
mentioning the _names_ of the nobles thus disgraced, out of respect for
their ancestors. Cf. Dio. , lxi. Suetonius says (Nero, cap. xii. ) that
400 senators and 600 knights were thus dishonored (but Lipsius says 40
and 60 are the true numbers).
[472] _Nec dubitant. _ No doubt a spurious line.
[473] _Gladios. _ This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would be
better to take "gladios" for the _death_ that awaits you if you refuse
to comply: as iv. , 96; x. , 345. So Badham:
"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;
Gods! can a Roman hesitate between! "
[474] _Thymele. _ Cf. i. , 36.
[475] _Ludus. _ Properly, "school of gladiators. "
[476] _Gracchus. _ Cf. ii. , 143.
[477] _Tunicæ. _ Cf. ii. , 143, tunicati fuscina Gracchi. Suet. , Cal. ,
30. The Retiarii wore a tunic only. The gold spira was the band that
tied the tall conical cap of the Salii; who wore also a gold fringe
round the tunic.
[478] _Seneca. _ There is said to be an allusion here to the plot of
Subrius Flavius to murder Nero and make Seneca emperor. It was believed
that Seneca was privy to it. Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 65.
[479] _Simia. _ Cf. xiii. , 155, "Et deducendum corio bovis in mare
cum quo clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis. " The punishment of
parricides was to be scourged, then sewn up in a bull's hide with a
serpent, an ape, a cock, and a dog, and to be thrown into the sea. The
first person thus punished was P. Malleolus, who murdered his mother.
Liv. , Epit. lxviii.
[480] _Culeus. _ Cf. Suet. , Aug. , 33. Nero murdered his mother
Agrippina, his aunt Domitia, both his wives, Octavia and Poppæa, his
brother Britannicus, and several other relations.
[481] _Agamemnonidæ. _ Grangæus quotes the Greek verse current in Nero's
time, Νέρων, Ὀρέστης, Ἀλκμαίων μητροκτόνοι. Cf. Suet. , Nero, 39.
[482] _Virginius_ Rufus, who was legatus in Lower Germany, Julius
Vindex, proprætor of Gaul, and Sergius Galba, præfect of Hispania
Tarraconensis, afterward emperor, were the chiefs of the last
conspiracy against Nero. In August, A. D. 67, Nero was playing the fool
in Greece; in March, 68, he heard with terror and dismay of the revolt
of Vindex, who proclaimed Galba. Dio. , lxiii. , 22.
[483] _Quid Nero. _
"What but such acts did Rome indignant see
Perform'd in Nero's savage tyranny? " Hodgson.
[484] _Prostitui. _
"To prostitute his voice for base renown,
And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown. " Gifford.
Nero was in Greece A. D. 67, into which year (though not an Olympiad)
he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina omnia et quæ
diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum annum jussit. " Suet. ,
Ner. , 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu
Pythiam," c. 25.
[485] _Domitius_ was the name both of the father and grandfather of
Nero. His father was Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of Transalpine
Gaul. Suetonius (Nero, 6) tells us that the two pædagogi to whom his
childhood _was_ intrusted _were_ a _saltator_ and a _tonsor_. To this
perhaps his subsequent tastes may be traced.
[486] _Citharam. _ Cf. Suet. , Ner. , 12, "_Citharæ_ a judicibus ad se
delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augusti _statuam_ jussit. "
"And on the proud Colossus of your sire,
Suspend the splendid trophy of--a lyre! " Hodgson.
"Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas suas
Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit. " Suet. , Ner. , 25.
[487] _Braccatorum. _ Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata from the
Braccæ, probably "plaid," which the inhabitants wore. Plin. , iii. , 4.
Diod. , v. , 30. The Senones were a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who
sacked Rome under Brennus; hence _Minores_, i. e. , "as though you had
been the hereditary enemies of Rome. "
[488] _Tunicâ molestâ. _ Cf. ad i. , 155, "a dress smeared with pitch and
other combustibles," and then lighted. Cf. Mart. , x. , Ep. xxv. , 5. In
some cases Nero buried his victims up to the waist, and then set fire
to their upper parts.
[489] _Vigilat_ refers to Cicero's own words, "Jam intelliges multo me
_vigilare_ acrius ad salutem, quam te ad pernicem reipublicæ. "
[490] _Novus. _ Cicero was the first of the Tullia gens that held
a curule magistracy. Arpinum, his birthplace, now Arpino, was a
small town of the Volsci. The Municipia had their three grades, of
patricians, knights, and plebeians, as Rome had; they lived under their
own laws, but their citizens were eligible to all offices at Rome.
[491] _Leucas_, i. e. , "Actium. " _Thessaliæ_, "Philippi. " The words
following probably refer to the brutal cruelty of Augustus after the
battle.
[492] _Libera. _ "When Rome could utter her free unfettered sentiments"
(as sup. , "Libera si dentur populo suffragia").
Not in the spirit
of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her
emperors.
[493] _Vitem. _ The centurion's baton of office as well as instrument of
punishment. Cf. xiv. , 193; Mart. , x. , Ep. xxvi. , 1. See the story of
Lucilius, nicknamed Cedo alteram, in Tac. , Ann. , i. , 23.
[494] _Majora cadavera. _ Besides their fierce gray eyes (xiii. , 164),
the Germans were conspicuous for their stature and red hair. "Truces
et cærulei oculi, rutilæ comæ, magnum corpora et tantum ad impetum
valida. " Tac. , Germ. , iv. "Cimbri præ Italis ingentes. " Flor. , iii. ,3.
[495] _Lauro secundâ. _ A double triumph was decreed to Marius; he gave
up the second to Q. Lutatius Catulus, his noble colleague, to satisfy
his soldiers, who knew, better than Juvenal, that the _nobleman's_
services did _not_ fall short of those of the plebeian. Marius
afterward barbarously murdered him.
[496] _Deciorum. _ Alluding to the three immolations of the Decii,
father, son, and grandson, in the wars with the Latins, Gauls, and
Pyrrhus. All three bore the name of Publius Decius Mus. Juvenal comes
very near the formula of self-devotion given in Liv. , viii. , 6, _seq. _
"Exercitum Diis Manibus matrique terræ deberi. "
[497] _Ancilla natus. _ Servius Tullius (Cf. vii. , 199) was the sen of
Ocrisia, or Ocriculana, a captive from Corniculum. Liv. , i. , 39. The
_Trabea_ was a white robe with a border and _broad stripes_ (trabes) of
purple, worn afterward by consuls and augurs: cf. x. , 35; the _diadema_
of the ancient kings was a _fillet_ or ribbon, not a crown.
"And he who graced the purple which he wore,
The last good king of Rome, a bondmaid bore. " Gifford.
[498] _Natavit. _
"And she who mock'd the javelins whistling round,
And swam the Tiber, then the empire's bound. " Gifford.
[499] _Servus. _ Livy calls him Vindicius; and derives from him the name
of the Vindicta, "the rod of manumission. " Liv. , ii. , 7. He was mourned
for at his death by the Roman matrons publicly, as Brutus had been.
[500] _Legum prima securis. _ Tarquinius Priscus introduced the axe and
fasces with the other regalia. The axe therefore had often fallen for
the _tyrants_; now it is used for the first time in defense of a legal
constitution and a _free republic_.
[501] _Thersites. _ Hom. , Il. , ii. , 212.
[502] _Asylo. _ Cf. Liv. , i. , 8.
SATIRE IX.
I should like to know, Nævolus,[503] why you so often meet me with
clouded brow forlorn, like Marsyas after his defeat. What have you to
do with such a face as Ravola had when detected with his Rhodope? [504]
We give a slave a box on the ear, if he licks the pastry. Why!
Crepereius Pollio[505] had not a more woe-begone face than yours;
he that went about ready to pay three times the ordinary interest,
and could find none fools enough to trust him. Where do so many
wrinkles come from all of a sudden? Why, surely before, contented with
little, you used to live like a gentleman's gentleman[506]--a witty
boon-companion with your biting jest, and sharp at repartees that savor
of town-life!
Now all is the reverse; your looks are dejected; your tangled hair
bristles like a thicket;[507] there is none of that sleekness over your
whole skin, such as the Bruttian plaster of hot pitch used to give you;
but your legs are neglected and rank with a shrubbery of hair. What
means this emaciated form, like that of some old invalid parched this
many a day with quartan ague and fever that has made his limbs its
home? You may detect[508] the anguish of the mind that lurks in the
sickly body--and discover its joys also. For the face, the index of
the mind, takes its complexion from each. You seem, therefore, to have
changed your course of life, and to run counter to your former habits.
For, but lately, as I well remember, you used to haunt the temple of
Isis,[509] and the statue of Ganymede in the temple of Peace,[510]
and the secret palaces of the imported mother[511] of the gods; ay,
and Ceres too (for what temple is there in which you may not find a
woman)--a more notorious adulterer even than Aufidius, and under the
rose, not confining your attentions to the wives!
"Yes: even this way of life is profitable to many. But I never made
it worth my while: we do occasionally get greasy cloaks, that serve
to save our toga, of coarse texture and indifferent dye, the clumsy
workmanship of some French weaver's lay; or a small piece of silver of
inferior metal. [512] The Fates control the destinies of men: nay, there
is fate even in those very parts which the lap of the toga conceals
from view. For if the stars are unpropitious, your manly powers,
remaining unknown, will profit you nothing, even though the liquorish
Virro has seen you stripped, and seductive billets-doux, closely
following each other, are forever assailing you: for such a fellow as
he even entices others to sin. Yet, what monster can be worse, than
one miserly as well as effeminate? "[513] "I gave you so much, then so
much, and then soon after you had more! " He reckons up and still acts
the wanton. "Let us settle our accounts! Send for the slaves with my
account-book! Reckon up five thousand sesterces in all! Then count up
your services! " Are then my duties so light, and so little against the
grain? Far less wretched will be the poor slave that digs the great
man's land! But you, forsooth, thought yourself delicate, and young,
and beautiful! fit to be a cup-bearer in heaven!
Will you ever bestow favors on a humble dependent, or be generous to
one that pays you court, when you grudge even the money you spend on
your unnatural[514] gratifications? See the fellow! to whom you are
to send a present of a green parasol and large amber[515] bowls, as
often as his birthday comes round, or rainy spring begins; or pillowed
on his cushioned sofa, he fingers presents set apart for the female
Kalends! [516]
Tell me, you sparrow, for whom it is you are keeping so many hills, so
many Apulian[517] farms, so many kites wearied in flying across your
pastures? Your Trifoline estate[518] enriches you with its fruitful
vines; and the hill that looks down[519] on Cumæ, and caverned Gaurus.
Who seals up more[520] casks of wine that will bear long keeping? How
great a matter would it be to present the loins of your client, worn
out in your service, with a few acres? Would yon rustic child, with
his mother, and her hovel,[521] and his playmate cur, more justly
become the inheritance of your cymbal-beating friend? "You are a most
importunate beggar! " he says: But _Rent_ cries out to me "Beg! " My only
slave calls on me to beg! loudly as Polyphemus[522] with his one broad
eye, by which the crafty Ulysses made his escape. I shall be compelled
to buy a second, for this one is not enough for me; both must be fed.
What shall I do in mid-winter? When the chill north wind whistles in
December,[523] what shall I say, pray, to my poor slaves' naked feet
and shoulders? "Courage,[524] my boys! and wait for the grasshoppers? "
But however you may dissemble and pass by all other matters, at how
much do you estimate it, that had I not been your devoted client your
wife would still remain a maid? At all events, you know all about those
services, how hard you begged, how much you promised! Often when your
young wife was eloping, I caught her in my embrace. She had actually
torn[525] the marriage contract, and was on the point of signing a new
one. It was with difficulty that I set this matter right by a whole
night's work, while you stood whimpering outside the door. I appeal to
the bed as my witness! nay, to yourself, who heard the noise, and the
lady's cries! In many a house, when the marriage bonds were growing
feeble and beginning to give way, and were almost severed, an adulterer
has set all matters right. However you may shift your ground, whatever
services you may reckon first or last, is it indeed no obligation,
ungrateful and perfidious man! is it none, that you have an infant son
or daughter born to you through me? For you bring them up as yours! and
plume yourself on inserting at intervals in the public registers[526]
these evidences of your virility! Hang garlands[527] on your doors!
You are now a father! I have given you what you may cast in slander's
teeth! You have a father's privileges; through me you may inherit
a legacy, yes, the whole sum[528] left to you, not to mention some
pleasant windfall! [529] Besides, many other advantages will be added to
these windfalls, if I make the number complete and add a third! "
"Your ground of complaint is just indeed, Nævolus; what does he allege
in answer? "
"He casts me off, and looks out for some other two-legged ass to serve
his turn! But remember that these secrets are intrusted to you alone;
keep them to yourself, therefore, buried in the silence of your own
breast; for one of these pumice-smoothed[530] fellows is a deadly thing
if he becomes your enemy. He that intrusted his secret to me but the
other day, now is furious, and detests me just as though I had divulged
all I know. He does not hesitate to use his dagger, to break my skull
with a bludgeon, or place a firebrand at my doors:[531] and deem it
no light or contemptible matter that to men of his wealth the price
of poison is never too costly. Therefore you must keep my secrets as
religiously as the court of Mars at Athens. "
"Oh! Corydon,[532] poor simple Corydon! Do you think aught that a
rich man does can be secret? Even though his slaves should hold their
tongues, his cattle will tell the tale; and his dogs, and door-posts,
and marble statues! Close the shutters, cover all the chinks with
tapestry, fasten the doors, remove every light from the chamber,[533]
let each one keep his counsel, let not a soul lie near. Yet what he
does at the second cock-crow,[534] the next tavern-keeper will know
before dawn of day; and will hear as well all the fabrications of his
steward, cooks, and carvers. [535] For what charge do they scruple to
concoct against their masters, as often as they revenge themselves for
their strappings[536] by the lies they forge? Nor will there be wanting
one to hunt you out against your will in the public thoroughfares,
and pour his drunken tale into your miserable ears. Therefore ask
them what you just now begged of me! They hold their tongues! Why
they would rather blaze abroad a secret than drink as much Falernian
(all the sweeter because stolen) as Saufeia[537] used to drink, when
sacrificing[538] for the people!
"One should lead an upright life for very many reasons; but especially
for this--that you may be able to despise your servants' tongues. For
bad as your slave may be, his tongue is the worst part about him.
Yet far worse still is he that places himself in the power of those
whose body and soul he keeps together with his own bread and his own
money. [539]
"Well, the advice you have just given me to enable me to laugh to
scorn my servants' tongues is very good, but too general. Now, what
do you advise in my particular case, after the loss of my time and
the disappointment of my hopes? For the short-lived bloom[540] and
contracted span of a brief and wretched life is fast fleeting away!
While we are drinking,[541] and calling for garlands, and perfumes, and
women, old age steals on us unperceived! Do not be alarmed! So long
as these seven hills stand fast you will never lack a pathic friend.
Those effeminates, who scratch their heads with one finger,[542] will
flock from all quarters to these hills, in carriages and ships. You
have still another and a better hope in store. All you have to do is
to chew eringo vigorously. " "Tell this to luckier wights! My Clotho
and Lachesis are well content, if I can earn a subsistence by my vile
labors. Oh! ye small Lares,[543] that call me master, whom I supplicate
with a fragment of frankincense, or meal, and a poor garland, when
shall I secure[544] a sum that may insure my old age against the
beggar's mat and crutch? Twenty thousand sesterces as interest, with
good security for the principal; some small vessels of silver not
enchased, but such as Fabricius,[545] if censor, would condemn; and
two sturdy Mœsian slaves,[546] who, bearing me on their shoulders,
might bid me stand without inconvenience in the noisy circus! Let me
have besides an engraver stooping[547] over his work, and another who
may with all speed paint[548] me a row of portraits. This is quite
enough--since poor I ever shall be. A poor, wretched wish indeed! and
yet I have no hope even of this! For when dame Fortune[549] is invoked
for me, she stops her ears with wax fetched from that ship which
escaped the Sirens' songs with its deaf rower. "
FOOTNOTES:
[503] _Nævolus_ is mentioned repeatedly by Martial, and seems to have
been a lawyer, i. , Ep. 98; iii. , Ep. 71 and 95; iv. , Ep. 84: hence
perhaps the allusion to Marsyas, whose statue stood in the Forum,
opposite the Rostra, as a warning to the litigious. Cf. Hor. , i. , Sat.
vi. , 120. Xen. , Anab. , I. , ii. , 8.
[504] _Rhodope. _ Some well-known courtesan named after Æsop's
fellow-slave in the house of Iadmon the Samian, afterward so well known
in Egypt. Herod. , ii. , 134. Cf. Ælian. , V. H. , xiii. , 33.
