being
surprised
by a sudden sally, his troops were
794 ; Arnob.
794 ; Arnob.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
& 4.
) (L.
S.
] 18.
) The river had before borne the name of Car-
I'MBRASUS ("Iubpagos) is, according to Eu- manor or Haliacmon ; and as Inachus was the first
stathius (ad Hom. p. 985), identical with Imbra- ruler and priest at Argos, the country is frequently
mus, the surname of Hermes ; but it occurs also as called the land of Inachus. (Eurip. Or. 932 ; Dio-
the name of three mythical personages. (Hom. I. nys. i. 25; Hygin. Fab. 143. ) In the dis-
iv. 520 ; Virg. Aen. x. 123, xii. 313; Athen. vii. pute between Poseidon and Hera about the pos-
p. 283. )
(L. S. ] session of Argos, Inachus decided in favour of
IMBREX, C. LICI'NIUS, an ancient Latin Hera, and hence it was said that Poseidon deprived
## p. 572 (#588) ############################################
572
INDIBILIS.
INDIBILIS.
家里的
him and the two other judges, Asterion and Cel between the Romans and Carthaginians in Spain
yhissus, of their water, so that they became dry during the sccond Punic war. He is first men-
except in rainy seasons. (Paus. ii. 15. § 4, &c. ; tioned in B. C. 218, as commanding the Spanish
comp. Apollod. ii. 1. $ 4. ) The ancients themselves auxiliaries in the service of Hanno, the Carthagi-
made several attempts to explain the stories about nian governor of the provinces north of the Iberus
Inachus : sometimes they looked upon him as a (Hanno, No. 15), when he was defeated, together
native of Argos, who after the food of Deu- with that general, by Cn. Scipio, and fell into the
calion led the Argives from the mounting into hands of the Romans. (Polyb. iii. 76. ) By what
the plains, and confined the waters within their means he regained his liberty we know not, but
proper channels; and sometimes they regarded him the following year (217) we find him, together with
as an immigrant who had come across the sca as his brother Mandonius, heading an incursion into
the leader of an Egyptian or Libyan colony, and l. the territories of the tribes in alliance with Rome.
had united the Pelasgians, whom he found scat-|(Liv. xxii. 21. ) This attempt was, however, easily
tered on the banks of the Inachus. (Schol. ad Eurip. repulsed ; and the successes of the two Scipios for
Or. 920, 932 ; Sophocl. ap. Dionys. l. ce) [L. S. ) some time afterwards seem to have compelled him
I'NAROS ( Ivápws, occasionally 'Ivapos), son of to remain quiet: but in 212 he led à force of
Psammitichus, a chief of some of the Libyan tribes 7500 men to join the Carthaginian army under
to the west of Egypt, commenced hostilities against Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, which was opposed to
the Persians at the western extremity of the P. Scipio: it was the attempt of the Roman general
Delt, and gradually succeeded in extending them to intercept his march, and cut off his reinforce
to a general revolt, under his direction, of Egypt. ment before it could join the main army, that
This, according to Diodorus (xi. 71), would be in brought on the general action, which ended in the
B. C. 461. In 460 Inaros called in the Athenians, defeat and death of Scipio. (Liv. xxv, 34). Indi-
who, with a fleet of 200 gallies, were then off Cy- bilis and Mandonius are spoken of by Polybius as
prus : the ships sailed up to Memphis, and, occu- the most powerful and influential among the chief-
pying two parts of the town, besieged the third. tains of Spain, and had hitherto been remarkable
(Thuc. i. 104. ) This was probably preceded by a for their steady attachment to the Carthaginian
great battle, recorded by Ctesias and Diodorus cause, for which they were rewarded by being re-
(Diod. xi. 74; Ctesias, 32), in which an immense established in their hereditary dominions after the
host of Persians was defeated, and Achaemenes, death of the two Scipios. But their minds were
the brother of the king Artaxerxes, slain by the soon after alienated by the haughty and arbitrary
hand of Inaros. But a new army, under a new conduct of Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, who, instead
commander, Megabyzus, was more successful. The of reposing confidence in their good faith, exacted
Egyptians and their allies were defeated ; and Ina- from them the payment of a large sum of money,
ros, says Thucydides (i. 110), was taken by and required that the wife of Mandonius and the
treachery, and crucified, B. c. 455. According to daughters of Indibilis should be placed in his hands
Ctesias he retreated, when all Egypt fell from him, as a pledge of their fidelity. These hostages fell
into the town of Byblus, and here capitulated with into the power of the young P. Scipio, at the
the Greeks, on the promise that his life should be capture of New Carthage, and were treated by him
spared. Megabyzus thus carried him prisoner to with all the distinction due to their rank, a circum-
the court ; and here the urgency of Amytis, the stance which made a powerful impression on the
mother of the king, and Achaemenes, drove Arta- minds of the Spaniards, and added to the ascend.
xerxes, after five years' interval, to break the en- ancy already acquired by Scipio's personal character.
gagement which he had confirmed to his general. These causes, united with their increasing grounds
Inaros was put to a barbarous death, a combina- of discontent with the Carthaginians, at length de
tion, it seems, of impaling and flaying alive (él termined the two brothers to abandon the cause of
Tpol otaupois, Ctesias ; comp. Plut. Artax. c. 17). Carthage for that of Rome ; and when Scipio took
Megabyzus, in indignation, revolted. Herodotus the field in the spring of 209, he was joined by
records the death of Achaemenes by the hand of Indibilis and Mandonius, with all the forces of
Inaros, and speaks of having seen the bones of their nation. A treaty of alliance was concluded
those that fell with him in battle at Papremis. between them and the Romans, and the two princes
(Herod. vii. 7, iii. 12 ) He also tells us that united with Scipio in the campaign against Has-
though Inaros had done the Persians more hurtdrubal, which terminated in the victory of Baecula.
than any man before him, his son Thannyras was (Polyb. ix. 11, x. 18, 35-38, 40; Liv. xxvi. 49,
allowed to succeed him in his government, that is, xxvii. 17, 19. ) So long as the presence of Scipio
we must suppose, of the Libyan tribes. (Herod. cast its spell over them, they continued unshaken
ji. 15. )
(A. H. C. ] in their adherence, but in 206 the illness and re-
INDEX, the indicater or denouncer, is a transported death of that great commander gave them
lation of Mnuutńs, a surname of Heracles. Once, hopes of shaking off the yoke of Rome as they had
the story runs, a golden vessel had been stolen done that of Carthage, and they excited a general
from the temple of Heracles at Athens. Heracles revolt not only among their own subjects, but the
repeatedly appeared to Sophocles in a dream, until neighbouring Celtiberian tribes also. They were
the latter informed the Areiopagus of it, and the soon undeceived ; and on learning that Scipio was
thief was arrested, and confessed his crime. From still alive, withdrew within their own frontiers to
this circumstance the temple was afterwards called await the issue of events. But the Roman general
the temple of Heracles Menytes, or Index. (Cic. was not disposed to leave their infidelity un-
de Div. i. 25; Hesych. s. v. unruths ; Eupokhéous punished: he crossed the Iberus, totally defeated
γένος και βίος. )
[L. S. ] the army which the two princes opposed to him,
INDI'BILIS ('Avôosárns, Polyb. ; 'lvolbinis, and took their camp, with great slaughter. When,
Appian), a king or chief of the Spanish tribe of the however, Mandonius in person presented himself
Ilergetes, who plays an important part in the war in the Roman camp, and threw himself as a sup
## p. 573 (#589) ############################################
INDUTIOMARUS.
573
INGENUUS.
pliant at the feet of the conqueror, Scipio not only when he was accused in B. C. 69 of mal-adminis-
spared his life and that of his brother, but admitted tration in his province of Narbonnese Gaul, and
them to favourable terms, and left them in the en- defended by Cicero. (Cic. pro Font. 8, 12, 17. )
joyment of all their former power, on payment only (Fonteius, No. 5. ]
of a sum of money. (Liv. xxvii. 24, 25, 31-34; 2. One of the leading chiefs of the Treviri
Polyb. xi. 26, 29, 31—33 ; Diod. xxvi. Erc. Val. (Trèves, Trier), and the head of the independent
p. 60; Appian, Hisp. 37; Zonar. ix. 10. ) This party. When Caesar marched into the territory of
clemency, nevertheless, failed of the desired effect, the Treviri in B. C. 54, just before his second
for the next year (B. c. 205), Scipio having quitted invasion of Britain, Indutiomarus, who had made
Spain to prepare for the invasion of Africa, Indi- every preparation for war, found himsell deserted
bilis immediately aroused his people to take advan- by many of his partizans, and was obliged to sub-
tage of the absence of the only general whom there mit to Caesar. The latter accepted his excuses,
was any cause to fear, and assembled an army of no but at the same time used all his influence to induce
less than 30,000 foot and 4000 horse. It is pro the leading men of the nation to side with Cinge
bable that his contempt for the Roman generals, torix, the great rival of Indutiomarus, (though he
L. Lentulus and L. Manlius Acidinus, whom Scipio was his own son-in-law,) and the head of the
had left in Spain, was real, and not assumed, but Roman party. Finding himself thus deprived of
he quickly found his mistake ; they hastened to much of his power among his own people, Indu-
meet the insurgent army, and a pitched battle en- tiomarus became a bitterer enemy than ever of the
sued, in which, after an obstinate contest, the Romans, and only waited for a favourable oppor-
Spaniards were totally defeated, and Indibilis him- tunity of taking his revenge. This arrived sooner
self, who had displayed the utmost courage in the than might have been expected. In consequence
Action, fell on the field. Mandonius escaped with of the scarcity of corn Caesar was obliged to sepa-
the remnants of the army, but was soon after given rate his troops for their winter-quarters, and to
up by his own followers to the Roman generals, by station them in different parts of Gaul. Indutio-
whom he was immediately put to death. (Liv. marus immediately urged on Ambiorix and Cativol-
xxix. 1-3; Appian, Hisp. 38. [E. H. B. ] cus, chiefs of the Eburones, to attack the Roman
I’NDIGES, plur. INDI'GETES, the name by legion stationed in their country ; and he himself
which indigenous gods and heroes were invoked soon afterwards marched against Labienus, who
at Rome, that is, such as were believed to have was encamped among the Remi, on the confines of
once lived on earth as mortals, and were after their the Treviri, but deterred by Caesar's victory over
death raised to the rank of gods, e. g. Janus, Picus, the Nervii, he withdrew into his own country,
Faunus, Aeneas, Evander, Hercules, Latinus, Ro- Here he raised fresh troops, and again marched
mulus, and others. (Serv. ad Aen. xii. 794 ; Liv. against Labienus, whose camp he surrounded ; but
viii. 9; Virg. Georg. i. 498, Aen. viii. 314, xii.
being surprised by a sudden sally, his troops were
794 ; Arnob. ado. Gent. i p. 39. ) Thus Aeneas, put to fight, and he himself was killed in the
after his disappearance on the banks of the Nu- rout while crossing a river. His death was deeply
micus, became a deus Indiges, pater Indiges, or felt by his people. (Caes. B. G. v. 3, 26, 53, 55,
Jupiter Indiges; and in like manner Romulus be 58 ; Dion Cass. xl. 11, 31. )
came Quirinus, and Latinus Jupiter Latiaris. (Gel- I'NFERI, signifies the gods of the lower world,
lius, ii. 16; Virg. , Liv. ll. cc. ; Sil. Ital. viii. 39 ; in contradistinction from those of heaven, or from
Tibull. ii. 5, 44; Solin. 2; Aurel. Vict. de Orig. the Olympian gods. In Greek the Inferi are de-
14. ) The Indigetes are frequently mentioned to- | signated by the terms oι κάτω, οι χθόνιοι, οι υπό
gether with the Lares and Penates (Virg. Georg. galay, oi čvepee, or oi inévepe Jeol ; whereas the
i. 498; Lucan, i. 556 ; Sil. Ital. ix. 294), and gods of heaven, Superi, are termed oi dvw, ÚTATOI
many writers connect the Indigetes with those di- and oúpáviot. But the word inferi is still more
vinities to whom a share in the foundation of the frequently used to designate the dead, in contra-
Latin and Roman state is ascribed, such as Mars, distinction from those living upon the earth (Apu-
Venus, Vesta, &c. (Sil. Ital. l. c. ; Ov. Met. xv. lei. de Mag. p. 69); so that apud inferos is equiva-
862; Claudian, Bell. Gild. 82; Liv. viii. 9. ) Paulus lent to “in Hades,” or “ in the lower world. " The
Diaconus (p. 106 in Müller's edition of Festus) Inferi therefore comprise all the inhabitants of the
describes the Indigetes as dü, quorum nomina vul | lower world, the gods, viz. Aides or Pluto, his
gari non licet, a statement which is repeated by wife Persephone, the Erinnyes, and others, as well
others, though its import is rather obscure. The as the souls of departed men. The gods of the
origin of the name Indigetes was also a matter of lower world are treated of in separate articles.
dispute with the ancients (Serv. ad Aen. xii. 794), The descriptions of the proper burial of the dead,
but they were at all events Seol éxploi, and we whereby alone the souls were enabled to come to
are therefore inclined rather to connect the name rest in the lower world ; of the sacrifices offered on
with induagere than with indigitare, as Festus the tombs of the dead, as well as of the notions
thinks; in addition to which the plural is not entertained by the ancients about the conditions of
Indigites, but Indigetes. We may therefore define the souls of the departed in their future state, be-
the Indigetes to be indigenous heroes of the coun- long to a Dictionary of Antiquities ; while the
try, whom the grateful veneration of their country roads leading to the lower world and the various
men raised after their death to the rank of gods. sites assigned to it by the ancients are questions
They were regarded as manifestations of the su- which belong to mythical geography.
(L. S. ]
preme deity, and worshipped as the protectors of INGENUUS, one of the thirty tyrants enume-
the country to which they had done good service rated by Trebellius Pollio (see AUREOLUS), was
during their mortal life.
[L. S. ) governor of Pannonia at the period when Valerian
INDUTIOMA'RUS, or INDUCIOMA'RÚS. set out upon his campaign against the Persians.
1. A distinguished chief of the Allobroges, was Fearing lest he should excite jealousy by his po
the most important witness against M. Fonteius, | pularity among the soldiers, he resolved at once to
a
## p. 574 (#590) ############################################
574
INNOCENTIUS.
INNOCENTIUS.
disown the authority of the weak and dissolute , onysius Exigius ; four are found among the letters
Gallienus, who, however, displayed upon this oc- of St. Augustin, two were first edited by Hol-
casion unwonted, promptitude and energy, for stenius from a Vatican MS. , the remaining seven
marching at once into Illyria, he encountered the were derived from various sources.
usurper at Mursia, where the rebels were defeated, The Editio Princeps, containing twenty-one
and their leader was slain, or, according to other epistles, under the title Decreta Innocentii Parae
accounts, stabbed himself, to avoid the torture he LVII. , appeared in the Collectio Canonum Dionysir
anticipated if captured alive. The relentless cruelty E. riqui, fol. Mogunt. 1525; the first complete
displayed by the conqueror upon this occasion to- cdition, comprising the whole thirty-four epistles,
wards all who had favoured the pretensions of In- forms the first volume of the Epistolae Pontificiae,
genuus has been adverted to in a former article. published by cardinal Anton. Caraffin , fol. Rom.
(Gallienus. ] According to Pollio, the insurrec | 159); the best edition is that contained in the
tion, headed by Ingenuus, broke out in the consul. Epistolac Pontificum Romanorum of Coustant, fol.
ship of Fuscus (leg. Tuscus) and Bassus, that is, Paris, 1721, vol. i. pp. 739–931, reprinted in the
A. D. 258, the year in which Valerian took his de- | Bibl. Putrum of Galland, vol. viii. pp. 545—612,
parture for the East, but, according to Victor, not whose Prolegomena, c. xviii. , may be consulted with
until intelligence had been received of the fatal advantage.
result of the war against Sapor, that is, two or In addition to the above thirty-four, Coustant
three years later. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyrann. ; notices a considerable number which have been
Victor, de Cues. xxxiii. ; Zonar. xii. 24. ) (W. R. ) lost, investigating at the same time their dates and
INGUIOME'RUS, brother of Sigimer and the subjects of which they treated ; he also points
uncle of Arininius the Cheruscan [ARMINIUS). out some which are spurious, one, Ad Aurelium
Inguiomerus had been the adherent of Rome, but Episcopum Carthaginiensem, fabricated by Isidorus
afterwards joined his nephew and his own tribe, Mercator, two Ad Arcadium Imperatorem, and two
and narrowly escaped with his life, when the Che- from Arcadius, Ad Innocentium. (W. R. )
ruscans, owing in great measure to his advice, were INNOCE'NTIUS, a Roman jurist, who lived
in A. d. 16 defeated by the Romans under Ger- in the reign of Constantine the Great, and under
manicus on the plain of Idistavisus, between the his sons Constantius and Constans. Although
Visurgis (Weser) and the neighbouring highlands. jurisprudence as a science was now upon the wane,
In the following year, envy of the fame or power jurists were privileged by the emperors as late as
of Arminius again detached Inguiomerus from the the reign of Constantius; and, by virtue of such
Cheruscans. At the head of his own clients he privilege, their writings and opinions were invested
deserted to Maroboduus, king of the Suevians, with a kind of legislative force. The jurist-made
with whom he was defeated by Arminius. (Tac. law of the Romans came into existence under the
Ann. i. 60, ii. 17, 21, 45, 46. ) (W. B. D. ) form of authoritative exposition nr interpretation,
INNOCENTIUS was bishop of Rome from and was more directly binding than what Bentham
the commencement of A. D. 402 until his death on calls English judge-made law. It was nearly ana-
the 12th of March, A. D. 417. He took an active logous to a parliamentary declaration of the exist-
part in the proceedings with regard to. Chrysostom, ing law, inasmuch as the jurist, in the exercise of
whom he steadily supported while the patriarch his vocation, was made the representative of the
was alive, and whose memory he vindicated from emperor, the supreme power. Eunapius (in Vit.
insult after death. Against the Novatians he dis- Chrysanthii
, p. 186, ed. Commelin) says that Inno-
played the most determined hostility, and one of centius was privileged as a jurist by the emperors
his last acts was the condemnation of Pelagius, a under whom he lived. He is not mentioned in the
senter. ce which, as appears evident from his epis Digest, which contains extracts from no jurist of
tles, ought to be regarded rather as a concession to later date than his.
the urgent representations of the Carthaginian In the collection of Agrimensores, there is a treat-
synod than as the result of full and heartfelt con- ise, headed “ Ex libro xii. Innocentii de literis et
viction. In consequence of the widely-diffused notis juris exponendis,' or " Innocentius, V. P.
reputation enjoyed by Innocentius for learning and auctor. ” The treatise does not profess to be the
prudence, he was constantly consulted upon various original work of a jurist, and is manifestly a com-
points of doctrine and discipline by ecclesiastics at pilation of much more recent date than the reign of
a distance ; and the correspondence in which he Constantine: nor does it at all resemble the re-
thus became engaged with every part of the Chris- mains of legal stenography that we possess under
tian world was conducted with so much skill, and the name of Valerius Probus and other writers of
the replies were couched so judiciously, in a tone the same class. It relates to the casae which were
of mingled advice, instruction, and authoritative named after the letters of the alphabet, and the
dictation, that the practice of submitting questions casae appears to have been fundi, or portions of
of doubt or difficulty to the head of the Roman see land ; but the mode in which letters were connected
became from this time forward general ; and to with the fundi, so as to designate their qualities
this epoch we may refer the foundation of those and peculiarities of position, has not been satis-
claims to universal spiritual domination so boldly factorily explained ; and the treatise De Casis
asserted, and, to a certain extent, so successfully Literarum is still perhaps the most enigmatical
maintained by Leo and his successors.
part of the writings on ancient land-surveying.
The extant works of this prelate consist entirely Rigaltius, in his first note on the treatise, “De
of epistles, thirty-four in number, which are almost Casis Literarum,” says that an Innocentius, agri-
exclusively of an official character, being addressed mensor, is mentioned in the 19th book of Ammi-
to dignitaries, civil and spiritual, and to religious anus Marcellinus, and quotes a passage, whence it
communities, upon topics connected with the re- would seem that, on some occasion, Innocentius
gulation and welfare of the church. Of these, gave instructions which enabled a party of troops
twenty-one are preserved in the collection of Di- sailing up a river to steer by observing certain
## p. 575 (#591) ############################################
INO.
575
10.
:
marks upon the banks. The reference is incorrect, and 107; comp. 229 ; Schol. ad Pind. Hypoth. Isthm.
the passage cited by Rigaltius has not been found by p. 514, ed. Boeckh. ) According to a Megarian
subsequent inquirers. (Auctores Rei Agrariae, ed. tradition, the body of Ino was washed on the coast
Goes. p. 167, n. p. 220—232. ) [j. T. G. ) of Megara, where she was found and buried by
INÒ ('Ivc), a daughter of Cadmus and Har- two virgins ; and it is further said that there she
monia, and the wife of Athamas, who married her received the name of Leucothea (Paus. i. 42. S
in addition to his proper wife Nephele, but according 8. ).
(L. S. )
to some, not till after the death of Nephele. After (INOUS, that is, the son of Ino, a name given
her death and apotheosis, Ino was called Leuco- to Melicertes and Palaemon. (Virg. Aen, v. 823,
thea. The common story about her is related under Georg. i. 437. )
(L. S.
I'MBRASUS ("Iubpagos) is, according to Eu- manor or Haliacmon ; and as Inachus was the first
stathius (ad Hom. p. 985), identical with Imbra- ruler and priest at Argos, the country is frequently
mus, the surname of Hermes ; but it occurs also as called the land of Inachus. (Eurip. Or. 932 ; Dio-
the name of three mythical personages. (Hom. I. nys. i. 25; Hygin. Fab. 143. ) In the dis-
iv. 520 ; Virg. Aen. x. 123, xii. 313; Athen. vii. pute between Poseidon and Hera about the pos-
p. 283. )
(L. S. ] session of Argos, Inachus decided in favour of
IMBREX, C. LICI'NIUS, an ancient Latin Hera, and hence it was said that Poseidon deprived
## p. 572 (#588) ############################################
572
INDIBILIS.
INDIBILIS.
家里的
him and the two other judges, Asterion and Cel between the Romans and Carthaginians in Spain
yhissus, of their water, so that they became dry during the sccond Punic war. He is first men-
except in rainy seasons. (Paus. ii. 15. § 4, &c. ; tioned in B. C. 218, as commanding the Spanish
comp. Apollod. ii. 1. $ 4. ) The ancients themselves auxiliaries in the service of Hanno, the Carthagi-
made several attempts to explain the stories about nian governor of the provinces north of the Iberus
Inachus : sometimes they looked upon him as a (Hanno, No. 15), when he was defeated, together
native of Argos, who after the food of Deu- with that general, by Cn. Scipio, and fell into the
calion led the Argives from the mounting into hands of the Romans. (Polyb. iii. 76. ) By what
the plains, and confined the waters within their means he regained his liberty we know not, but
proper channels; and sometimes they regarded him the following year (217) we find him, together with
as an immigrant who had come across the sca as his brother Mandonius, heading an incursion into
the leader of an Egyptian or Libyan colony, and l. the territories of the tribes in alliance with Rome.
had united the Pelasgians, whom he found scat-|(Liv. xxii. 21. ) This attempt was, however, easily
tered on the banks of the Inachus. (Schol. ad Eurip. repulsed ; and the successes of the two Scipios for
Or. 920, 932 ; Sophocl. ap. Dionys. l. ce) [L. S. ) some time afterwards seem to have compelled him
I'NAROS ( Ivápws, occasionally 'Ivapos), son of to remain quiet: but in 212 he led à force of
Psammitichus, a chief of some of the Libyan tribes 7500 men to join the Carthaginian army under
to the west of Egypt, commenced hostilities against Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, which was opposed to
the Persians at the western extremity of the P. Scipio: it was the attempt of the Roman general
Delt, and gradually succeeded in extending them to intercept his march, and cut off his reinforce
to a general revolt, under his direction, of Egypt. ment before it could join the main army, that
This, according to Diodorus (xi. 71), would be in brought on the general action, which ended in the
B. C. 461. In 460 Inaros called in the Athenians, defeat and death of Scipio. (Liv. xxv, 34). Indi-
who, with a fleet of 200 gallies, were then off Cy- bilis and Mandonius are spoken of by Polybius as
prus : the ships sailed up to Memphis, and, occu- the most powerful and influential among the chief-
pying two parts of the town, besieged the third. tains of Spain, and had hitherto been remarkable
(Thuc. i. 104. ) This was probably preceded by a for their steady attachment to the Carthaginian
great battle, recorded by Ctesias and Diodorus cause, for which they were rewarded by being re-
(Diod. xi. 74; Ctesias, 32), in which an immense established in their hereditary dominions after the
host of Persians was defeated, and Achaemenes, death of the two Scipios. But their minds were
the brother of the king Artaxerxes, slain by the soon after alienated by the haughty and arbitrary
hand of Inaros. But a new army, under a new conduct of Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, who, instead
commander, Megabyzus, was more successful. The of reposing confidence in their good faith, exacted
Egyptians and their allies were defeated ; and Ina- from them the payment of a large sum of money,
ros, says Thucydides (i. 110), was taken by and required that the wife of Mandonius and the
treachery, and crucified, B. c. 455. According to daughters of Indibilis should be placed in his hands
Ctesias he retreated, when all Egypt fell from him, as a pledge of their fidelity. These hostages fell
into the town of Byblus, and here capitulated with into the power of the young P. Scipio, at the
the Greeks, on the promise that his life should be capture of New Carthage, and were treated by him
spared. Megabyzus thus carried him prisoner to with all the distinction due to their rank, a circum-
the court ; and here the urgency of Amytis, the stance which made a powerful impression on the
mother of the king, and Achaemenes, drove Arta- minds of the Spaniards, and added to the ascend.
xerxes, after five years' interval, to break the en- ancy already acquired by Scipio's personal character.
gagement which he had confirmed to his general. These causes, united with their increasing grounds
Inaros was put to a barbarous death, a combina- of discontent with the Carthaginians, at length de
tion, it seems, of impaling and flaying alive (él termined the two brothers to abandon the cause of
Tpol otaupois, Ctesias ; comp. Plut. Artax. c. 17). Carthage for that of Rome ; and when Scipio took
Megabyzus, in indignation, revolted. Herodotus the field in the spring of 209, he was joined by
records the death of Achaemenes by the hand of Indibilis and Mandonius, with all the forces of
Inaros, and speaks of having seen the bones of their nation. A treaty of alliance was concluded
those that fell with him in battle at Papremis. between them and the Romans, and the two princes
(Herod. vii. 7, iii. 12 ) He also tells us that united with Scipio in the campaign against Has-
though Inaros had done the Persians more hurtdrubal, which terminated in the victory of Baecula.
than any man before him, his son Thannyras was (Polyb. ix. 11, x. 18, 35-38, 40; Liv. xxvi. 49,
allowed to succeed him in his government, that is, xxvii. 17, 19. ) So long as the presence of Scipio
we must suppose, of the Libyan tribes. (Herod. cast its spell over them, they continued unshaken
ji. 15. )
(A. H. C. ] in their adherence, but in 206 the illness and re-
INDEX, the indicater or denouncer, is a transported death of that great commander gave them
lation of Mnuutńs, a surname of Heracles. Once, hopes of shaking off the yoke of Rome as they had
the story runs, a golden vessel had been stolen done that of Carthage, and they excited a general
from the temple of Heracles at Athens. Heracles revolt not only among their own subjects, but the
repeatedly appeared to Sophocles in a dream, until neighbouring Celtiberian tribes also. They were
the latter informed the Areiopagus of it, and the soon undeceived ; and on learning that Scipio was
thief was arrested, and confessed his crime. From still alive, withdrew within their own frontiers to
this circumstance the temple was afterwards called await the issue of events. But the Roman general
the temple of Heracles Menytes, or Index. (Cic. was not disposed to leave their infidelity un-
de Div. i. 25; Hesych. s. v. unruths ; Eupokhéous punished: he crossed the Iberus, totally defeated
γένος και βίος. )
[L. S. ] the army which the two princes opposed to him,
INDI'BILIS ('Avôosárns, Polyb. ; 'lvolbinis, and took their camp, with great slaughter. When,
Appian), a king or chief of the Spanish tribe of the however, Mandonius in person presented himself
Ilergetes, who plays an important part in the war in the Roman camp, and threw himself as a sup
## p. 573 (#589) ############################################
INDUTIOMARUS.
573
INGENUUS.
pliant at the feet of the conqueror, Scipio not only when he was accused in B. C. 69 of mal-adminis-
spared his life and that of his brother, but admitted tration in his province of Narbonnese Gaul, and
them to favourable terms, and left them in the en- defended by Cicero. (Cic. pro Font. 8, 12, 17. )
joyment of all their former power, on payment only (Fonteius, No. 5. ]
of a sum of money. (Liv. xxvii. 24, 25, 31-34; 2. One of the leading chiefs of the Treviri
Polyb. xi. 26, 29, 31—33 ; Diod. xxvi. Erc. Val. (Trèves, Trier), and the head of the independent
p. 60; Appian, Hisp. 37; Zonar. ix. 10. ) This party. When Caesar marched into the territory of
clemency, nevertheless, failed of the desired effect, the Treviri in B. C. 54, just before his second
for the next year (B. c. 205), Scipio having quitted invasion of Britain, Indutiomarus, who had made
Spain to prepare for the invasion of Africa, Indi- every preparation for war, found himsell deserted
bilis immediately aroused his people to take advan- by many of his partizans, and was obliged to sub-
tage of the absence of the only general whom there mit to Caesar. The latter accepted his excuses,
was any cause to fear, and assembled an army of no but at the same time used all his influence to induce
less than 30,000 foot and 4000 horse. It is pro the leading men of the nation to side with Cinge
bable that his contempt for the Roman generals, torix, the great rival of Indutiomarus, (though he
L. Lentulus and L. Manlius Acidinus, whom Scipio was his own son-in-law,) and the head of the
had left in Spain, was real, and not assumed, but Roman party. Finding himself thus deprived of
he quickly found his mistake ; they hastened to much of his power among his own people, Indu-
meet the insurgent army, and a pitched battle en- tiomarus became a bitterer enemy than ever of the
sued, in which, after an obstinate contest, the Romans, and only waited for a favourable oppor-
Spaniards were totally defeated, and Indibilis him- tunity of taking his revenge. This arrived sooner
self, who had displayed the utmost courage in the than might have been expected. In consequence
Action, fell on the field. Mandonius escaped with of the scarcity of corn Caesar was obliged to sepa-
the remnants of the army, but was soon after given rate his troops for their winter-quarters, and to
up by his own followers to the Roman generals, by station them in different parts of Gaul. Indutio-
whom he was immediately put to death. (Liv. marus immediately urged on Ambiorix and Cativol-
xxix. 1-3; Appian, Hisp. 38. [E. H. B. ] cus, chiefs of the Eburones, to attack the Roman
I’NDIGES, plur. INDI'GETES, the name by legion stationed in their country ; and he himself
which indigenous gods and heroes were invoked soon afterwards marched against Labienus, who
at Rome, that is, such as were believed to have was encamped among the Remi, on the confines of
once lived on earth as mortals, and were after their the Treviri, but deterred by Caesar's victory over
death raised to the rank of gods, e. g. Janus, Picus, the Nervii, he withdrew into his own country,
Faunus, Aeneas, Evander, Hercules, Latinus, Ro- Here he raised fresh troops, and again marched
mulus, and others. (Serv. ad Aen. xii. 794 ; Liv. against Labienus, whose camp he surrounded ; but
viii. 9; Virg. Georg. i. 498, Aen. viii. 314, xii.
being surprised by a sudden sally, his troops were
794 ; Arnob. ado. Gent. i p. 39. ) Thus Aeneas, put to fight, and he himself was killed in the
after his disappearance on the banks of the Nu- rout while crossing a river. His death was deeply
micus, became a deus Indiges, pater Indiges, or felt by his people. (Caes. B. G. v. 3, 26, 53, 55,
Jupiter Indiges; and in like manner Romulus be 58 ; Dion Cass. xl. 11, 31. )
came Quirinus, and Latinus Jupiter Latiaris. (Gel- I'NFERI, signifies the gods of the lower world,
lius, ii. 16; Virg. , Liv. ll. cc. ; Sil. Ital. viii. 39 ; in contradistinction from those of heaven, or from
Tibull. ii. 5, 44; Solin. 2; Aurel. Vict. de Orig. the Olympian gods. In Greek the Inferi are de-
14. ) The Indigetes are frequently mentioned to- | signated by the terms oι κάτω, οι χθόνιοι, οι υπό
gether with the Lares and Penates (Virg. Georg. galay, oi čvepee, or oi inévepe Jeol ; whereas the
i. 498; Lucan, i. 556 ; Sil. Ital. ix. 294), and gods of heaven, Superi, are termed oi dvw, ÚTATOI
many writers connect the Indigetes with those di- and oúpáviot. But the word inferi is still more
vinities to whom a share in the foundation of the frequently used to designate the dead, in contra-
Latin and Roman state is ascribed, such as Mars, distinction from those living upon the earth (Apu-
Venus, Vesta, &c. (Sil. Ital. l. c. ; Ov. Met. xv. lei. de Mag. p. 69); so that apud inferos is equiva-
862; Claudian, Bell. Gild. 82; Liv. viii. 9. ) Paulus lent to “in Hades,” or “ in the lower world. " The
Diaconus (p. 106 in Müller's edition of Festus) Inferi therefore comprise all the inhabitants of the
describes the Indigetes as dü, quorum nomina vul | lower world, the gods, viz. Aides or Pluto, his
gari non licet, a statement which is repeated by wife Persephone, the Erinnyes, and others, as well
others, though its import is rather obscure. The as the souls of departed men. The gods of the
origin of the name Indigetes was also a matter of lower world are treated of in separate articles.
dispute with the ancients (Serv. ad Aen. xii. 794), The descriptions of the proper burial of the dead,
but they were at all events Seol éxploi, and we whereby alone the souls were enabled to come to
are therefore inclined rather to connect the name rest in the lower world ; of the sacrifices offered on
with induagere than with indigitare, as Festus the tombs of the dead, as well as of the notions
thinks; in addition to which the plural is not entertained by the ancients about the conditions of
Indigites, but Indigetes. We may therefore define the souls of the departed in their future state, be-
the Indigetes to be indigenous heroes of the coun- long to a Dictionary of Antiquities ; while the
try, whom the grateful veneration of their country roads leading to the lower world and the various
men raised after their death to the rank of gods. sites assigned to it by the ancients are questions
They were regarded as manifestations of the su- which belong to mythical geography.
(L. S. ]
preme deity, and worshipped as the protectors of INGENUUS, one of the thirty tyrants enume-
the country to which they had done good service rated by Trebellius Pollio (see AUREOLUS), was
during their mortal life.
[L. S. ) governor of Pannonia at the period when Valerian
INDUTIOMA'RUS, or INDUCIOMA'RÚS. set out upon his campaign against the Persians.
1. A distinguished chief of the Allobroges, was Fearing lest he should excite jealousy by his po
the most important witness against M. Fonteius, | pularity among the soldiers, he resolved at once to
a
## p. 574 (#590) ############################################
574
INNOCENTIUS.
INNOCENTIUS.
disown the authority of the weak and dissolute , onysius Exigius ; four are found among the letters
Gallienus, who, however, displayed upon this oc- of St. Augustin, two were first edited by Hol-
casion unwonted, promptitude and energy, for stenius from a Vatican MS. , the remaining seven
marching at once into Illyria, he encountered the were derived from various sources.
usurper at Mursia, where the rebels were defeated, The Editio Princeps, containing twenty-one
and their leader was slain, or, according to other epistles, under the title Decreta Innocentii Parae
accounts, stabbed himself, to avoid the torture he LVII. , appeared in the Collectio Canonum Dionysir
anticipated if captured alive. The relentless cruelty E. riqui, fol. Mogunt. 1525; the first complete
displayed by the conqueror upon this occasion to- cdition, comprising the whole thirty-four epistles,
wards all who had favoured the pretensions of In- forms the first volume of the Epistolae Pontificiae,
genuus has been adverted to in a former article. published by cardinal Anton. Caraffin , fol. Rom.
(Gallienus. ] According to Pollio, the insurrec | 159); the best edition is that contained in the
tion, headed by Ingenuus, broke out in the consul. Epistolac Pontificum Romanorum of Coustant, fol.
ship of Fuscus (leg. Tuscus) and Bassus, that is, Paris, 1721, vol. i. pp. 739–931, reprinted in the
A. D. 258, the year in which Valerian took his de- | Bibl. Putrum of Galland, vol. viii. pp. 545—612,
parture for the East, but, according to Victor, not whose Prolegomena, c. xviii. , may be consulted with
until intelligence had been received of the fatal advantage.
result of the war against Sapor, that is, two or In addition to the above thirty-four, Coustant
three years later. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyrann. ; notices a considerable number which have been
Victor, de Cues. xxxiii. ; Zonar. xii. 24. ) (W. R. ) lost, investigating at the same time their dates and
INGUIOME'RUS, brother of Sigimer and the subjects of which they treated ; he also points
uncle of Arininius the Cheruscan [ARMINIUS). out some which are spurious, one, Ad Aurelium
Inguiomerus had been the adherent of Rome, but Episcopum Carthaginiensem, fabricated by Isidorus
afterwards joined his nephew and his own tribe, Mercator, two Ad Arcadium Imperatorem, and two
and narrowly escaped with his life, when the Che- from Arcadius, Ad Innocentium. (W. R. )
ruscans, owing in great measure to his advice, were INNOCE'NTIUS, a Roman jurist, who lived
in A. d. 16 defeated by the Romans under Ger- in the reign of Constantine the Great, and under
manicus on the plain of Idistavisus, between the his sons Constantius and Constans. Although
Visurgis (Weser) and the neighbouring highlands. jurisprudence as a science was now upon the wane,
In the following year, envy of the fame or power jurists were privileged by the emperors as late as
of Arminius again detached Inguiomerus from the the reign of Constantius; and, by virtue of such
Cheruscans. At the head of his own clients he privilege, their writings and opinions were invested
deserted to Maroboduus, king of the Suevians, with a kind of legislative force. The jurist-made
with whom he was defeated by Arminius. (Tac. law of the Romans came into existence under the
Ann. i. 60, ii. 17, 21, 45, 46. ) (W. B. D. ) form of authoritative exposition nr interpretation,
INNOCENTIUS was bishop of Rome from and was more directly binding than what Bentham
the commencement of A. D. 402 until his death on calls English judge-made law. It was nearly ana-
the 12th of March, A. D. 417. He took an active logous to a parliamentary declaration of the exist-
part in the proceedings with regard to. Chrysostom, ing law, inasmuch as the jurist, in the exercise of
whom he steadily supported while the patriarch his vocation, was made the representative of the
was alive, and whose memory he vindicated from emperor, the supreme power. Eunapius (in Vit.
insult after death. Against the Novatians he dis- Chrysanthii
, p. 186, ed. Commelin) says that Inno-
played the most determined hostility, and one of centius was privileged as a jurist by the emperors
his last acts was the condemnation of Pelagius, a under whom he lived. He is not mentioned in the
senter. ce which, as appears evident from his epis Digest, which contains extracts from no jurist of
tles, ought to be regarded rather as a concession to later date than his.
the urgent representations of the Carthaginian In the collection of Agrimensores, there is a treat-
synod than as the result of full and heartfelt con- ise, headed “ Ex libro xii. Innocentii de literis et
viction. In consequence of the widely-diffused notis juris exponendis,' or " Innocentius, V. P.
reputation enjoyed by Innocentius for learning and auctor. ” The treatise does not profess to be the
prudence, he was constantly consulted upon various original work of a jurist, and is manifestly a com-
points of doctrine and discipline by ecclesiastics at pilation of much more recent date than the reign of
a distance ; and the correspondence in which he Constantine: nor does it at all resemble the re-
thus became engaged with every part of the Chris- mains of legal stenography that we possess under
tian world was conducted with so much skill, and the name of Valerius Probus and other writers of
the replies were couched so judiciously, in a tone the same class. It relates to the casae which were
of mingled advice, instruction, and authoritative named after the letters of the alphabet, and the
dictation, that the practice of submitting questions casae appears to have been fundi, or portions of
of doubt or difficulty to the head of the Roman see land ; but the mode in which letters were connected
became from this time forward general ; and to with the fundi, so as to designate their qualities
this epoch we may refer the foundation of those and peculiarities of position, has not been satis-
claims to universal spiritual domination so boldly factorily explained ; and the treatise De Casis
asserted, and, to a certain extent, so successfully Literarum is still perhaps the most enigmatical
maintained by Leo and his successors.
part of the writings on ancient land-surveying.
The extant works of this prelate consist entirely Rigaltius, in his first note on the treatise, “De
of epistles, thirty-four in number, which are almost Casis Literarum,” says that an Innocentius, agri-
exclusively of an official character, being addressed mensor, is mentioned in the 19th book of Ammi-
to dignitaries, civil and spiritual, and to religious anus Marcellinus, and quotes a passage, whence it
communities, upon topics connected with the re- would seem that, on some occasion, Innocentius
gulation and welfare of the church. Of these, gave instructions which enabled a party of troops
twenty-one are preserved in the collection of Di- sailing up a river to steer by observing certain
## p. 575 (#591) ############################################
INO.
575
10.
:
marks upon the banks. The reference is incorrect, and 107; comp. 229 ; Schol. ad Pind. Hypoth. Isthm.
the passage cited by Rigaltius has not been found by p. 514, ed. Boeckh. ) According to a Megarian
subsequent inquirers. (Auctores Rei Agrariae, ed. tradition, the body of Ino was washed on the coast
Goes. p. 167, n. p. 220—232. ) [j. T. G. ) of Megara, where she was found and buried by
INÒ ('Ivc), a daughter of Cadmus and Har- two virgins ; and it is further said that there she
monia, and the wife of Athamas, who married her received the name of Leucothea (Paus. i. 42. S
in addition to his proper wife Nephele, but according 8. ).
(L. S. )
to some, not till after the death of Nephele. After (INOUS, that is, the son of Ino, a name given
her death and apotheosis, Ino was called Leuco- to Melicertes and Palaemon. (Virg. Aen, v. 823,
thea. The common story about her is related under Georg. i. 437. )
(L. S.
