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If he suffered himself to be intoxicated during the time
of his office, the misdemeanor was punished with death.
The second of the archons was called Basileux: it
was his office to keep good order, and to remove all
causes of quarrel in the families of those who were
? ? dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane
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? ARC
iimitol confidence of his fellow-citizens, that, contrary
to the usual custom, he was appointed seven different
tunes to the responsible office of general, and never
eipenenced either check or defeat. (Diog. Laert. , 8.
T9. --Menage, ad Loc. . ^Elian makes it six times.
Vor. Hist. , 7, 14. ) Archytas was eminently distin-
guished for his self-command and purity of conduct;
mil is uniting with arare knowledge of mankind1 such
achildhke feeling of universal love, and such simple-
ness of manners, that he lived with the inmates of his
buse a real father of a 1 i m 11 y Amid all his public
avocations, however, he still found leisure to devote
to the most important discoveries in science, and to
the composition of many works of a very diversified
character. His discoveries were exclusively in the
mathematical and kindred sciences. He was occu-
pied not merely with theoretical, but also practical
mechanics; and his inventions in this department of
study imply a considerable advance in their cultivation.
He ai-,1 published a musical system, which was re-
ferred to by all succeeding theoretical students of the
art (Ptolcm. , Harm. , 1. 13. --Boelh. , de Mus. ) He
wrote, moreover, a treatise on agriculture. (Varro, de
fi. fi. , 1,1. --Colum. , 1, 1. ) Ot his philosophical doc-
irinennany accounts have come down to us; but wher-
ever our information on this head is derived exclusive-
ly from writers of later date, we cannot be too much
on our guard, lest we should adopt anything which
rests merely on supposititious writing, since nearly all
lh* fragments attributed to him are spurious. These
fragments have been preserved by Stobteus and others,
and edited from him by Gale, in his Opuscula Mytkolo-
ftta (Can/air. , 1671, 12mo), among the \lv6ayopeiav
u-oexaafuLTia. They are given, however, more fully
ind carrectly by Orellius, in his Opuscula Gracorum,
&c. , vol. 2, p. 234, xeqq. --Aristotle, who was an in-
dustrious collector from the Pythagoreans, is said to
have borrowed from Archytas the general arrangements
which are usually called his " Ten Categories. "--The
mm of the moral doctrines of Archytas is, that virtue
is to be pursued for its own sake in every condition of
life; that all excess is inconsistent with virtue; that
the mind is more injured by prosperity; and that there
is no pestilence so destructive to human happiness as
pleasure. It is probable that Aristotle was indebted
to Archytas for many of his moral ideas; particularly
for the notion which runs through his ethical pieces,
that virtue consists in avoiding extremes. Archytas
perished by shipwreck, and his death is made a sub-
ject of poetical description by Horace, who cele-
brates him as a geometer, mathematician, and astron-
omer. (Od. . 1, 28. --Ritler, History of the Pythag.
Pluio*. , p. 67. --Id. , Hist. Anc. Phil. , vol. 1, p. 350,
ffq. )
ARCITENENS, an epithet applied to Apollo, as bear-
ing a bow (arms and teneo). The analogous Greek
expression is rojodopoc. (Virg. , JEn. , 3, 75, &c. )
A ncrTsus, a cyclic bard, born at Miletus. He was
confessedly a very ancient poet, nay, he is even termed
a disciple of Homer. The chronological accounts
place him immediately after the commencement of the
Olympiad. Arctinus composed a poem consisting of
91OO verses. (Heeren, Bibliothek der Alien Lit. , &c. ,
pt. 4, p. 61. ) It opened with the arrival of the Ama-
zons at Troy, which event followed immediately after
the death of Hector. The action of the epic of Arcti-
nus was connected with the following principal events.
Achilles kills Penthesilea, and then, in a fit of anger,
? ? puts to death Thersites, who had ridiculed him for his
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? AKD
ARE
was forgotten or neglected, and Helicc and Cynosura
appear in fable as two nymphs, the nurses of Jove.
(Aral. , 1'htzn. , 30, seqq. --Hi/gin. , Poet. Aslron. , 2, 2. )
The name Cynosura is sometimes improperly applied
hy the moderns to the Pole-star. (Idclcr, Sternnamcn,
p. 8. )--The ancient name of the Greater Bear in the
north is Karlsvagn, the "Carle's," or "Old Man'B
Wain. " The Carle, Magnusen says, is Odin or Thor.
Hence our "Charles's Main. " The Icelanders call
the Bears "Stori (great) Vagn," and "Litli Vagn. "
(Edda Samundar, 3, 304. )
Arcturus, a star near the tail of the Great Bear,
the rising and setting of which was generally supposed
to portend tempestuous weather. It belongs to the
constellation Bootes or Arctophylax, and tonus its
brightest star. Originally, according to Erotianus (Ex-
pus, voc. Htppocr. ), the term Arcturus was synony-
mous with Arctophylax, being derived from ujiktoc, a
bear, and ot'poc, a watch or guard. Whether Hesiod,
who twice makes mention of Arcturus (Op. ct D. , 566.
--Ibid. , 610), means the star or the constellation, is not
very clear. Even some later writers, such as Martia-
nus Capella, and the scholiast to Germanicus, employ
the term as indicating the constellation itself. The
common derivation of the name, from up/croc, and oi-
pu, a tail, as referring to the situation of the star near
the tail of the bear, is condemned by Buttmann. (Idc-
icr, Stcrnnamen, p. 47, seqq. ) Arcturus, observes
Dr. Halley, in the time of Columella and Pliny rose
with the sun at Athens, when the sun was in 124 of
Virgo; but at Home three days sooner, the sun being
in l) J of Virgo, the autumnal equinox then falling on
the 24th or 25th of . September.
Aiui. ii. i s, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the
first who invented the pipe. He erected a temple also
at Troazene, in honour of the Muses, who were hence
called, from him, Ardalidcs, or Ardaliotidcs. (Pau-
san. , 2, 31. --Steph. Byz. , s. v. )
Akiiea, the capital of the Kill uli, a very ancient city
of Italy, founded, as tradition reported, by Danaii, the
mother of Perseus. (Virg. , Ain. ,7, 408. ) Hence the
boast of Turnus, that he could number Inachus and
Acrisius among his ancestors. Pliny (3,5) and Mela
(2, 4) have improperly reckoned Ardea among the
maritime cities of Latium ; but Strabo (232) and Ptol-
emy (66) have placed it more correctly at some dis-
tance from the coast. The ruins which yet bear the
name of Ardca are situated on a hill about three miles
from the sea. Though the early accounts of this an-
cient city are lost in obscurity, we are led to infer that
it must have attained to a considerable degree of power
and prosperity at a remote period, if it be true, as Livy
(21, 7) asserts, that a body of Ardeata: formed part of
the Zacynthian colony, which settled Saguntum in
Spain. The first mention which occurs of this city in
the history of Rome, is in the reign of Tarquinius
Superbus. We are told that it was during the siege
of Ardea, which the king was carrying on, that the
memorable circumstance occurred which led to his ex-
pulsion from the throne, and the consequent change
of government at Rome. (Lit. , 1, 57. --Dion. Hal. ,
4, 64. ) The Ardeats had the honour of allbrding an
asylum to Camillus in his exile, and, under the con-
duct of that great man, were enabled to render a signal
service to the Romans in their utmost distress (if indeed
we are to give credit to Livy'B account of these trans-
actions); first by defeating a large body of Gauls who
? ? had advanced towards their city in quest of booty (Liv. ,
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? ARE
Pomponius Mela, it was one of the richest cities in
baUa JNarbonensis. It was also called Scxtanorum
Uloma, from having been colonized by the soldiers of
the siith legion, conducted thither by the father of
Tibenus. It is now Arle*. During the later periods
of the Roman empire, A relate was the residence of
Mine of the emperors; and at a subsequent date, on
ucount of the frequent inroads of the barbarians, the
pretarian headquarters -were transferred from Treveri
(Trreu)to this place. (CVz*. , BtU. . Cic. , 1, 36. --
JMo. 2, 5. --Suet. , Vit. TtA. , 4. )
AKEXORICA, or ARMORICA, a Celtic term, applied in
<<triclnes8 to all parts of Gaul which lay along the ocean.
As the Romans, however, before Cesar's time, knew
no other part of the coast except that between the
Pyrenees and the mouth of the Garumna, the name
frith them became restricted to this portion of the
country. (. Manner*. Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 112. ) The ap-
pellation is derived from the Gaelic ar, "upon," and
near, "sea. " (Compare Thierry, Hat. da Gaulois,
vol. 1, Introd. , p. xxxix. , in notis. )
ABEXACUM, a fortified place on the Rhine, in the
territories of the Batavi, not far from where the river
separates to form the Vahalis. It is now, according
to D'Anville, Aert or Aert/i, but Mannert is in favour of
ArrAeim. (Tacit. , Hist. , 5, 20. --Compare Manner/,
Gtogr, vol. 2. p. 242. )
AREOPI. O! T. S, the judges of the Areopagus, a scat
of justice on a small eminence at Athens. (Vid. Are-
opagus. ) The time in which this celebrated seat of
justice was instituted is unknown. Some suppose that
Cecrops, the founder of Athens, first established it,
while others give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others
to Solon. The constitution and form under which it
appears in history, is certainly not more ancient than
the time of Solon, though he undoubtedly appears to
have availed himself of the sanctity already attached
to the name and place, to ensure to it that influence
and inviolability which were essential to the attain-
ment of its chief object, the maintenance of the laws.
Its original right of judging all cases of homicide con-
tinued, though evidently the least important part of its
duties, since, when Ephialtes had deprived it of all but
that, the Areopagus was thought to be annihilated.
(D-mostli. ade. Aristocr. , p. 642. -- Lex. Rhel. , ap-
pended to Parson's Photius, p. 585, ed. Lips. -- Hcr-
fi&nn't Potit. Anttif , p. 215, not. 6. ) It was not re-
stored to its dignity of guardian of the laws till the
fill of the thirty tyrants. Its office as such was, in
principle, directly opposed to an absolute democracy,
and must have appeared the more formidable to the
partisans of that form, from the indefinite and arbitrary
nature of the merely moral power on which its authority
was founded, and which rendered it impracticable
clearly to define the extent of its influence. In later
times it was found particularly active as a censorship
of morals, and in several respects may be viewed as a
superior court of police, taking cognizance of luxury
and morals, the superintendence of public buildings
and public health, and. in particular, making it its bu-
siness to direct public attention to men who might en-
danger the state, though its own power to inflict pun-
ishment in such cases was very limited. (Hermann,
i c. ) The Areopagus, when originally constituted,
was, as has already been remarked, merely a criminal
tribunal. Solon, guided by motives which cannot now
be easily explained, rendered it superior to the Ephetfe,
another court instituted by Draco, and greatly enlarged
? ? ks jurisdiction. --The number of judges composingthis
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? AKE
ARG
are so truly valuable as to make us deplore the loss we
have sustained by the mutilations they have sutlcred.
His language is in the highest degree retined, and his
descriptions are uncommonly graphic and accurate.
For example, what picture could be truer to life than
the one which he has drawn of a patient in the last
stage of consumption ! and what description was ever
more poetically elegant than that which he gives us of
the symptoms attending the collapse in ardent fever 1
-- Considering that most probably he was prior to
Galen, the correctness of his physical views cannot but
excite our admiration. Thus, in his account of Paral-
ysis, he alludes to the distinction between the Nerves
of Sensation and those of Muscular motion, which
doctrine is treated of at great length by Galen, in his
work De Usu Partium (irepl Xpeiaf tuv fa ivBpCmov
oufiari fiopiuv). He enumerates indigestion among
the exciting causes of palsy, which seems to be an
anticipation of a late pretended discovery, that paralysis
of the limbs is sometimes to be referred to derange-
ment of the stomach and bowels. --In speaking of epi-
lepsy, he makes mention of the use of copper, which
medicine has been tried of late years in this complaint
with manifest advantage. --No other ancient writer
that we arc acquainted with gives us so correct an ac-
count of ulcers on the throat and tonsils. His descrip-
tion of the various phenomena of mania is very inter-
esting, and contains the singular case of a joiner, who
was in his right senses while employed at his profession
at work, but no sooner left the seat of his employment
than he became mad. He gives an interesting ac-
count of jaundice, which he attributes, probably with
correctness, to a variety of causes, but more especially
to obstruction of the ducts, which convey the bile to
the intestinal canal. He makes no mention, indeed,
of gall-stones, nor are they mentioned, as we know, by
any ancient writer; only Nonnius recommends Lithon-
triptics for the cure of the disease, which might seem
to imply that he was acquainted with the existence of
these concretions. --Areteus was fond of administering
hellebore, and concludes his work with a glowing
eulogy on the properties of this medicine. The best
editions of Aretteus are, that of Wigan, Oxon. , 1723,
folio, and that of Boerhave, Lvgd. Bat. , 1731, folio.
This latter one, in fact, is superior to the former, since
it contains all that is given in Wigan's edition, together
with the commentary of Petit, and the notes and em-
endations of Trillcr. The edition of Arctams given
in Kuhn's collection of the Greek medical writers, has
not proved very satisfactory in a critical point of view.
(Picrer, Annal. Aug. , p. 1041. --Hoffmann, Lex. Bibl. ,
vol. 1, p. 248. )
Arete, a daughter of the philosopher Aristippus.
. /Elian, however, contrary to the common account,
makes her his sister. (Hist. An. , 3, 40. ) Aristippus
taught her the doctrines of his school, and she in her
turn became the instructress of her own son, the
younger Aristippus, who, on this account, received the
surname of Metrodidactua (Mi/Tpooioa/croc). Her at-
tainments in philosophy were highly celebrated. (Ana-
toclcs, ap. Euaeb. , Pr<zp. Ev. , 14,18. --Diog. Laert. , 2,
86. --Casaub. , ad Diog. , I. c. )
Arethusa, I. a nymph of Elis, daughter ofOccan-
us, and one of Diana's attendants. As she returned
one day from hunting, she canie to the clear stream of
the Alpheus, and, enticed by its beauty, entered into
its waters to drive away the heat and fatigue. She
? ? heard a murmur in the stream, and, terrified, sprang
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? ARG
AR G
human being ever reached its summit; and, indeed,
he wu positively informed that this was quite impos-
sible. It was covered for some miles below the pe ik
with snow, which was said to bo eight or ten feet in
depth in the month of October, when he was at Ores-
area. {Journey through Asia. Minor, &c, p. 94, note. )
Arq. iTHiiMits, or Arganthonius, a king of Gadcs,
who. according to one account (Herod. , 1, 163. --Cic. ,
de Sencet. , 19), lived 120 years, and reigned 80 years
of this number. Pliny (7, 48) gives 150 years as the
period of his existence; and Silius Italicus (3, 39H),
by poetic license, 300 years.
AitGBs, a son of Coslus and Terra, who had only
one eye in his forehead. (Vid. Cyclopes. )
Af:. E--. a son of Perdiccas, king of Macedonia,
who obtained the kingdom when Amyntas, father of
Philip, was driven out for a Beason by the Illvrians
(from 393 B. C. to 390). On the death of Perdiccas,
B. C. 360, he endeavoured, but in vain, to remount the
throne. (Justin, 7, 1. )
Asoi (plnr. mase. ). Vid. Argos.
ArgTa, I. daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices,
whom she loved with uncommon tenderness. When
he was lulled in the Theban war, and Creon had for-
bidden any one to perform his funeral obsequies, Ar-
gia, in conjunction with Antigone, disobeyed the man-
date, and placed the corpse of Polynices on the fune-
ral pile. Antigone was seized by the guards who hail
been stationed near the dead body, but Argia escaped.
Vid. Antigone. (Hy/gin. , Fa*,'69 and 72. ) -- II. A
country of Peloponnesus, called also Argolis, of which
Argos was the capital. III. The wifo of Inachus, and
Bother of Io. (Hygin. , Fab. , 145 )
Aboilstcm, a street at Rome, which led from the
Vieus Tuscus to the Forum Olitoriuin and Tiber.
The origin of the name is uncertain. Some accounts
derived it from Argus, a guest of Lvandcr's (vid. Ar-
gils V. ), who was said to have been interred there;
others from the abundance of argilla, or clay, found in
the vicinity. ( Varro, L. L. , 4, 32. ) This street ap-
pears to have been chiefly tenanted by booksellers
(Martial, Ep. , 1, 4. Id. , 1, 118), and afso by tailors.
(Martial, Ep. , 2, 17. ) Cicero informs us (Ep. ad
Alt. , 1, 14), that his brother Quintus hail a house in the
? urn. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 545. )
Abgili's, the nrst town on the coast of Disaltia in
Thrace, beyond Bromiscus and the outlet of the Lake
Bolbe. It was founded by a colony from Andros, ac-
cording to Thucydides (4, 102) Herodotus (7, 115)
says it was the first town which Xerxes entered after
crossing the Strymon. The Argilians espoused the
cause of Brasidas on his arrival in Thrace, and were
very instrumental in securing his conquest of Am-
phipolis (Thucyd. , 4, 103. )
Asgiscs. *, small islands below Lesbos, and lying
off the promontory of Cana or Coloni in . tolls. They
were rendered famous for the victory gained near them
by the Athenian fleet under Conon, over that of the
LaceJsmonians, in the 26th year of the Peloponnesian
war, B. C. 406. Of these three islands, the largest
had a-town called Arginusa. They are formed of a
while, argillaceous soil, and from that circumstance
look their names (dpyivoeic, shining white, feminine
Apyr. -oeao-a. contracted upytvovaa. --Compare the re-
marks of Heunnger, ad Cic. , de Off. , 1, 24, 9).
AbcTpho! *tes, a surname given to Mercury, be-
cause he ktlled the hundred-eyed Argns, by order of
? ? Jupiter. Cowper. in his version of Homer, renders
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? ARGONAUTS.
ARGONAUTS.
ler of Cadmus, who bore him two sons, Learchus and
Meliccrta. Ino, feeling the usual jealousy of a step-
mother, resolved to destroy the children of Nephele.
For this purpose she persuaded the women to parch
the seed-corn unknown to their husbands. They did
as she desired, and the lands consequently yielded no
crop. Athamas sent to Delphi to consult the oracle,
in what way the threatening famine might be averted.
Ino persuaded the messenger to say that Apollo di-
rected Phrixus to be sacrificed to Jupiter. Com-
pelled by his people, Athamas reluctantly placed his
son before the altar; but Nephele snatched away both
* her son and her daughter, and gave them a gold-floored
ram she had obtained from Mercury, which carried
them through the air over sea and land. They pro-
ceeded safely till they came to the sea between Siga;-
um and the Chersonese, into which Helle fell, and it
was named from her Hellespontus (Hcllc's Sea)
Phrixus went on to Colchis to /Eetes, the son of He-
lios, who received him kindly, and gave him in mar-
riage his daughter Chalciope. He there sacrificed his
ram to Jupiter Phyxius, and gave the golden fleece
to . Eetes, who nailed it to an oak in the grove of Mars.
It \. \ thus that we find this legend related by Apollodo-
rus (1, 9, 1). There are, however, many variations in
the talc. Thus it is said that Ino was Athamas's first
wife, and that he put her away by the direction of
Juno, and married Nephele, who left him after she
had borne two children, on finding that he still retained
an attachment for Ino. When the response of the
oracle came to Athamas, he sent for Phrixus out of
the country, desiring him to come, and to bring the
finest sheep in the flock for a sacrifice. The ram then
spoke with a human voice to Phrixus, warning him
of his danger, and offering to carry him and his sister
to a place of safety. The ram, it was added, died at
Colchis, (l'hiloatepharms, ap. Schol.