No More Learning

{ Rational { Logic--perspicuity in argument = Son.
{ { Rhetoric--skill in persuading = Holy
{ { Spirit.
{
{ { Monastics--innascibility of Father.
{ Moral { OEconomics--familiarity of Son.
{ { Politics--liberality of Holy Spirit.

Here we have the _Trivium_, under the division "Rational," while the
_Quadrivium_ must still be included under "Mathematics. " In both cases
we get nine sciences or disciplines, and the number was apparently
chosen, because it is the square of three, the number of the Holy
Trinity. In the latter case this was certainly true. Speaking of the
primary divisions of Philosophy, the Saint says: "The first treats of
the cause of being, and therefore leads to the Power of the Father; the
second of the ground of understanding, and therefore leads to the Wisdom
of the Word; the third of the order of living, and therefore leads to
the goodness of the Holy Spirit. "

Dante, in his _Convivio_ (II, 14, 15), gives the following scheme, based
upon the "ten heavens," nine of which are moved by angels or
intelligences, while the last rests in God.

{ { Grammar Moon Angels.
{ Trivium { Dialectic Mercury Archangels.
{ { Rhetoric Venus Thrones.
LIBERAL ARTS {
{ { Arithmetic Sun Dominions.
{ Quadrivium { Music Mars Virtues.
{ { Geometry Jupiter Principalities.
{ { Astrology Saturn Powers.

{ Physics and } Starry Heaven Cherubim.
{ Metaphysics }
{
{ Moral Science { Crystalline } Seraphim. [15]
PHILOSOPHY { { Heaven }
{
{ Theology Empyrean God.

In Dante are summed up the ancient and mediaeval systems of education.






BIBLIOGRAPHY


It is not intended here to give a complete Bibliography of Greek
Education, but merely to point the readers of this book, who may desire
to pursue the subject further, to the chief sources of information.


1. ANCIENT WORKS

For the first part of the Hellenic Period, that of the "Old Education,"
our authorities are fragmentary, and often vague. They are the _Iliad_
and _Odyssey_ of Homer, the _Works and Days_ of Hesiod, the fragments of
the pre-Socratic philosophers (collected by Mullach, in his _Fragmenta
Philosophorum Graecorum_, Paris, Didot, 1860-81, 3 vols. 4to), and the
comedies of Aristophanes, especially the _Clouds_. For the second part
of the same period, that of the "New Education," the chief authorities
are the tragedies of Euripides, the _Clouds_ of Aristophanes, the
dialogues of Plato, especially the _Protagoras_, _Lysis_, _Republic_,
and _Laws_, and the _Cyropaedia_, _OEconomics_, and _Constitution of
Lacedaemon_ of Xenophon.

For Aristotle's educational doctrines, we are confined for information
to his own works, and, among these, to the _Ethics_ and _Politics_. Of
the latter, the closing chapters of the seventh, and the whole of the
eighth, book deal professedly with education. Some information may also
be gleaned from the recently discovered _Constitution of Athens_.

For the Hellenistic Period, our information is derived chiefly from
inscriptions, from the writings of Philo Judaeus, Sextus Empiricus,
Plutarch (_On the Nurture of Children_), AElian (_Miscellanies_), Lucian
(_Anacharsis_ chiefly), Stobaeus, Plotinus, Varro, Cicero, Seneca,
Quintilian (_Education of the Orator_), Martianus Capella (_Nuptials of
Mercury and Philology_), and Cassiodorus, and from stray notices in
other poets, historians, and philosophers.

Of the works referred to, these deserve special mention:--

1. Aristophanes, _Clouds_. Translations by John Hookham Frere,
Thomas Mitchell, and W. J. Hickie (in Bohn's Library).

2. Xenophon, _Cyropaedia_. Translation, in _Whole Works translated by
Ashley Cooper and Others_, Philadelphia, 1842, and by J. S. Watson
and H. Dale (in Bohn's Library).

3. Plato, _Republic_. Translations by J. Ll. Davies and D. J.
Vaughan, by B. Jowett, and by Henry Davis (in Bohn's Library).

4. Plato, _Laws_. Translations by B. Jowett, and by G. Burges (in
Bohn's Library).

5. Aristotle, _Politics_ (Books VII, VIII). Translations by B.
Jowett, J. E. C. Weldon, and E. Walford (in Bohn's Library).

6. Plutarch, _On the Nurture of Children_. Translation in _Morals_,
translated from the Greek by several hands, corrected and revised by
W. W. Goodwin, Boston, 1878.

7. Quintilian, _Education of an Orator_. Translation by J. S. Watson
(in Bohn's Library).


2. MODERN WORKS

These are very numerous; but the most comprehensive is Lorenz
Grasberger's _Erziehung und Unterricht im klassischen Alterthum, mit
besonderer Rucksicht auf die Bedurfnisse der Gegenwart_, Wurzburg,
1864-81, 3 vols. The first volume deals with the physical training of
boys, the second with their intellectual training, and the third with
the education imparted by the State to young men (? ? ? ? ? ? ). A volume of
plates is promised. The work is badly constructed, but is a mine of
information and of references.

Along with this may be named O. H. Jager, _Die Gymnastik der Hellenen, in
ihrem Einfluss auf's gesammte Alterthum und ihrer Bedeutung fur die
deutsche Gegenwart_, Esslingen, 1850; Fournier, _Sur l'Education et
l'Instruction Publiques chez les Grecs_, Berlin, 1833; Becq de
Fouquiere, _Les Jeux des Anciens_, Paris, 1869; De Pauw, _Recherches
Philosophiques sur les Grecs_; Fr. Jacobs, _Ueber die Erziehung der
Hellenen zur Sittlichkeit_, Vermischte Schr. Pt. III. ; Albert Dumont,
_Essai sur l'Ephebie Attique_, Paris, 1876-6; Dittenberger, _De Ephebis
Atticis_; Chr. Petersen, _Das Gymnasium der Griechen nach seiner
baulichen Einrichtung beschrieben_, Hamburg, 1858; Alexander Kapp,
_Platon's Erziehungslehre_, Minden, 1833, and _Aristotle's
Staatspaedagogik_, Hamm, 1837; J. H. Krause, _Geschichte der Erziehung des
Unterrichts und der Bildung bei den Griechen, Etruskern und Romern_,
Halle, 1851.

Chapters on Greek Education may be found in W. A. Becker's _Charicles_
and _Gallus_; in Guhl and Koner's _Life of the Greeks and Romans_--all
three translated into English. In _Hellenica_ is an essay, by R. S.
Nettleship, on the _Theory of Education in the Republic of Plato_,
Rivington, 1880, and in Edwin Hatch's _Influence of Greek Ideas upon the
Christian Church_ (Hibbert Lectures) is a chapter on Greek Education
(Lecture II).


FOOTNOTES:

[1] It is worth while to note that it was a passage from Philolaus that
suggested to Copernicus the revolution of the earth round a centre.

[2] This is represented in the charming Apoxyomenos of the Vatican.

[3] So says Aristotle, who tells us further that in his time on this
occasion they were presented with spear and shield _by the people_ (see
p. 97).

[4] I am here using the terms "objective" and "subjective" in their
modern acceptation, which almost exactly inverts the ancient usage. See
Martineau, _Study of Religion_, vol. i, p. 385, n. 2.

[5] Like "Peter Piper," etc. , and the German "Messwechsel Wachsmaske. "

[6] It must be borne in mind that the Greek ? ? ? ? ? , art, corresponds
almost exactly to what we mean by "science. " It is defined by Aristotle,
_Metaph. _, A. 1; 981 a 5 sqq. Schwegler, in his translation of the
_Metaphysics_, renders it by _Wissenschaft_. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? is our
"philosophy. "

[7] See Jebb, _Homer_, pp. 110 sqq.

[8] It is a pity that we cannot fix the date of the so-called _Picture_
of Cebes (? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ). In this we find enumerated the votaries of
False Learning, (1) Poets, (2) Rhetoricians, (3) Dialecticians, (4)
Musicians, (5) Arithmeticians, (6) Geometricians, (7) Astrologers (if we
count Poets = Grammarians, we have exactly the Seven Liberal Arts), (8)
Hedonists, (9) Peripatetics, (10) Critics, "and such others as are like
to these. " The "Hedonists" (? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) are the Cyrenaics; the "Critics"
(? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ) can hardly be the grammarians, though that is usually the
meaning of the term in later times. Should we not read ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

[9] "Liberal" means fit, "illiberal" unfit, for freemen. The sum of the
liberal arts was called ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , which we have corrupted into
_Encyclopaedia_.

[10] Bonn, 1845.

[11] See Boissier, _Etude sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de M. T. Varron_,
pp. 332, sqq.

[12] See Bekker's _Anecdota Graeca_, ii. , 655.

[13] I am indebted for a number of these facts to an article by
Professor A. F. West, in the _Princeton College Bulletin_, November,
1890.

[14] These terms, which we still find in Isidore and Hrabanus Maurus,
are afterwards, in the thirteenth century, replaced by their Latin
equivalents: Natural, Rational, and Moral. In the case of the second,
this caused considerable confusion, inasmuch as when it ceased to be
used as "rational," it took the place of "dialectic.
"

[15] In the XXVIIIth Canto of the Paradise, these angelic powers are
arranged somewhat differently, in deference to Dionysius Areopagita and
St. Bernard.



INDEX


A

Academics, 112, 210.

Academy, 86, 112.

Achilles, 6.

AEolian Education, 38 _sqq. _

AEolians, 35.

AEschylus, 104 _sqq. _

AEsop's _Fables_, 146, 223.

? ? ? ? ? , 47.

Alexander the Great, 40, 156 _sq. _, 178.

Alexandria, 211.

Ammonius Saccas, 225, 227.

Amphidromia, 65.

Amyntas, 156.

Anaxagoras, 24, 99 _sq. _

Antisthenes, 112.

Apoxyomenos, the, 82 _n. _

Archytas, 55, 193.

Aristocracy in Athens, 98.

Aristophanes, 105.

Aristotle, Life, 29, 153 _sqq. _

" Death, 159.

" Philosophy, 161.

" Theology, 165.

" Theory of the State, 166 _sqq. _

" Pedagogical State, 172 _sqq. _

" Scheme of Secondary Education, 199.

Arithmetic, how Taught, 77.

Artemis Orthia, 50.

Arts, Origin of, in Greece, 20.

Athenian Education, 60.

Athenian Ideal of the State, 63.

Athletes, 78, 184.

Athletics, 190.


B

Barbarians _vs. _ Greeks, 12.

Bodily Training, 77.

Branches of Greek Education, 6.


C

Caesar, 217.

Cato Major, 216.

Chaeronea, Battle of, 157.

Character of the Greeks (Zeller), 18.

Children, Defective, 185.

Children, Treatment of, 185.

Christianity, 233 _sqq. _

Cicero, 217.

Citharist, his Functions, 77.

Citizen, Meaning of, 175.

Clisthenes, 98.

College Education, 85.

Commerce, Effect of, 21, 99 _sq. _

Competition in Education, 71.

Conditions of Education, 9.

Contemplation, 201.

Copernicus, 39.

Cornificius (_Auctor ad Herennium_), 217.

Cretan Education, 42.

Culture-State, 90, 175.

Cynosarges (Gymnasium), 86, 112.

Cyrus, his Education, 115 _sqq. _


D

Dancing, 82 _sqq. _

Democracy in Athens, 92, 99.

Diagog? (? ? ? ? ? ? ? ), 33, 178.

Dionysiac Chorus, 85.

Dipoenis and Scyllis, 21.

Discus-throwing, 80.

Dorian Education, 41 _sqq. _

Doric Harmonies, 197.

Draco, 98.

Drawing, 189.


E

Education, "Old," 27, 33, 61 _sqq. _

" "New" 27, 93 _sqq. _

" Higher, 108.


? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (Inspirer), 47.

Epaminondas, 40, 55.

Epheboi (Cadets), 49, 89, 90, 116, 118.

Epheboi, Oath of, 61, 89.

Epicureans, 210.

Epochs in Education, 26.

Essenism, 59, 212.

Ethnic and Cosmopolitan Life, 205.

Examinations, 64, 90.


F

Family Education in Athens, 64.

Freedom, Greek Tendency to, 19.

Freeman's Square, 116, 177.

Friendship, Aristotle on, 170.


G

Games, 66.

_Golden Words_, 57 _sqq. _, 146.

Grading in Schools, 85.

Grammar, 214, 221.

Greeks a Mixed Race, 20.

Greeks _vs. _ Barbarians, 12.

Guardians of Public Instruction, 185 _sqq. _

Gymnasia at Athens, 86, 105.

Gymnastics, 7, 77, 189.


H

Harmony, 55, 56, 76.

" Doric, Lydian, etc. 192.

" in Music, Unknown to Greeks, 73.

Hellenic Period of Education, 26, 32 _sqq. _

Hellenistic Period of Education, 27, 203 _sqq. _

Helots, 44 _sq. _

Hermaea, 79, 85.

Hermias, 155.

Hesiod, 22.

Hetaerae, 132.

Holidays, 85.

Homeric Education, 6, 17.

" Society and Kings, 16.

" Poems collected, 35.

Homeridae, 21.


I

Ideal of Greek Education, 3, 206.

Individualism and Philosophy, 93 _sqq. _, 207.

Induction, Method of, 162.

Ionian Education, 60 _sqq. _

Isaiah, 53, 133, 234.

Ischomachus, 124 _sqq. _

Isocrates, 209.


J

Javelin-casting, 81.

Jumping, 80.

Justinian, 211.


K

Kalokagathia, 8, 12, 15, 86.

Katharsis (purgation), 7, 76, 229.

Kindergarten, 66, 145.

Kingdom of Heaven, 234.

"Know Thyself," 108.


L

Larceny, Instruction in, 48.

Leaping, 80.

Learning, how viewed in Greece, 72.

Leisure, Education for, 33, 179.

Letters, 22, 188.

Letters, Introduction and Uses of, 21.

Liberal Arts, 180 _sqq. _, 198.

Library of Alexandria, 211.

Life the Original School, 6.

Literary Education, 72.

Love, as a Power in Life, 234.

Lyceum, 105, 171.

Lycurgus, 42, 43.

Lysis, 39.


M

Macedonian Period in Education, 13.

Marriage, 10, 127.

Melleirenes, 49.

Milo, the Wrestler, 55.

Money-making Classes, 13.

Music, 22, 34, 72 _sqq. _, 188, 191.

Music, Greek Feeling for, 76, 146.

Museum at Alexandria, 211.


N

Nymphaeum at Stagira, 156.

Neoplatonism, 212, 227.


O

OEconomy, 13.

Olympic Games, 78.


P

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , 46, 185, 187.

Palaestra, 69 _sq. _, 78 _sq. _

Pantheism, 136.

Parmenides, 24.

Parthenon, 24, 106.

Pedagogical State, 172 _sqq. _

Pedagogue, 68.

Peleus, 7.

Pentathlon, 88.