76, with
undisputed
master of one half of the Roman empire,
Orelli's note ; Plut.
Orelli's note ; Plut.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
Clinton, F.
II.
vol.
i.
pp.
92, 102, 339, had seduced Aemilia, one of the vestals, and that,
vol. ii. p. 207. )
anxious to have companions in her guilt, she had
## p. 782 (#798) ############################################
782
LICINIA.
LICINIANUS.
induced Marcia and Licinia to submit to the em- the younger Marius. Hence we find the elder
braces of the friends of her seducer. Marcia con- Marius spoken of as the affinis of the orator
fined her favours to her original lover ; but Licinia Crassus (Cic. pro Balb. 21, de Orat. i. 15. § 66, i.
and Aemilia had intercourse with numerous other 2. $ 8). An impostor of the name of Amatius op
persons ; their guilt notwithstanding remained a Herophilus, pretended to have sprung from this
secret for some time, till at length a slave, called marriage. (AMATIUS. )
Manius, who had assisted them in all their intrigues, LICI'NIA GENS, a celebrated plebeian gens,
disappointed in receiving neither his freedom nor the to which belonged C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, whose
rewards which had been promised him, informed exertions threw open the consulship to the plebeians,
against them. All three were brought to trial ; but and which became one of the most illustrious
as the college of pontiffs, of which the president at gentes in the latter days of the ublic, by the
the time was L. Metellus, condemned (in December, Crassi and Luculli, who were likewise members of
see Macrob. Saturn. i. 10) only Aemilia, but ac- it. The origin of the gens is uncertain. A bilingual
quitted Licinia and Marcia, the subject was brought inscription, published by Lanzi (Suggio di Linna
before the people by Sex. Peducaeus, the tribune Etrusc. vol. ii. p. 342, Rom. 1789), shows that the
of the plebs.
The people adopted the unusual name of Lecne, which frequently occurs in Etrus-
course of taking the matter out of the hands can sepulchral monuments, corresponds to that of
of the pontiffs, by appointing L. Cassius Longinus Licinius, and hence it would appear that the family
(LONGINUS, No. 4) to investigate the matter ; and was of Etruscan origin. This opinion is thought
he condemned not only Licinia who was defended to be supported by the fact, that in the consulship
by L. Crassus, the orator, and Marcia, but also of C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, B. C. 364, Etruscan
many others. The severity with which he acted players took part in the public games at Rome ; but
on this occasion was generally reprobated by public as it is recorded by Livy that scenic games were
opinion. The orator M. Antonius was accused of established in this year to avert the anger of the
being one of the paramours of these virgins, but gods, and that Etruscan players were accordingly
was acquitted. [ANTONIUS, No. 8. )
sent for (Liv, vii. 2), it is not necessary to imagine
Various measures were adopted to purify the that this was done simply because Licinius kept up
state from the pollution which had been brought his connection with Etruria. We moreover find
upon it by these crimes. A temple was built to the name in the cities of Latium, both in the form
the honour of Venus Verticordia, and four men of a cognomen (Licinus), and of the gentile name
were buried alive in the forum boarium, two Greeks (Licinius). Thus we meet in Tusculum with the
and two Gauls, in accordance with the commands Porcii Licini (LICINUS), and in Lanuvium with the
of the Sibylline books. This history of Licinia's Licinii Murenae (Murena). The name would
crimes is of some importance, since it shows us therefore seem to have been originally spread both
that, even as early as this time, the Roman ladies through Etruria and Latium.
of the higher orders had already begun to be in- The first member of this gens who obtained the
fected with that licentious profligacy which was consulship, was the celebrated C. Licinius Calvus
afterwards exhibited with such shamelessness by Stolo, in B. c. 364 ; and from this period down to
the Messallinas and Faustinas of the empire. (Dion the later times of the empire, the Licinii constantly
Cass. Fr. 92 ; Oros. v. 15; Plut. Quaest. Rom. p. held some of the higher offices of the state, until
284, b. ; Ascon. ad Cic. Mil. 12, p. 46, ed. Orelli; eventually they obtained the imperial dignity,
Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 30, Brut. 43 ; Obsequ. 97 ; [See below, p. 783. )
Liv. Epit. 63. )
The family-names of this gens are, Calvos (with
The vestal virgin Licinia, with whom the trium- the agnomens Esquilinus and Stolo), CRASSUS
vir M. Crassus was accused of having had inter-(with the agnomen Dives ), Geta, LUCULLUS,
course (Plut. Crass. 1), must have been a different MACER, MURENA, Nerva, SACERDOS, VARUS
person from the preceding, as M. Crassus was not | The other cognomens of this gens are personal sur-
born before B. c. 114. She may perhaps have names rather than family-names: they are ARCHIAS,
been the same as the vestal virgin Licinia, the re- CAECINA (CaecINA, No. 10), DAMASIPPUS, Im•
lation of L. Murena, who was of assistance to the BREX, Lartius, LENTICULUS, Nepos, PROCULUS,
latter in his canvass for the consulship, in B. C. 63. REGULUS, RUFINUS, SQUILLUS, Tegula. The
(Cic. pro Mur. 35. § 73. )
only cognomens which occur on coins are Crassus,
3. A daughter of P. Licinius Crassus, consul Macer, Murena, Nerva, Stolo. A few Licinii
B. c. 131, married C. Sulpicius Galba, who was occur without a surname: they are, with one or
condemned in B. c. 110, for having been bribed by two exceptions, freedmen, and are given under
Jugurtha (Galba, No. 8]. (Cic. Brut. 26, 33, LICINIUS.
de Orat. i. 56 ; comp. Tac. Hist. i. 15. )
LICINIA'NUS, an agnomen of M. Calpurnius
4. The sister of No. 3, was married to C. Sem- Piso Frugi, whom Galba associated in the empire,
pronius Gracchus, the celebrated tribune of the A. D. 69. (Piso. )
plebs. (Plut. C. Gracch. 17 ; Dig. 24. tit. 3. s. LICINIANUS, GRA'NIUS, a Latin writer,
66. )
who appears to have written a work entitled
5. The daughter of L. Licinius Crassus the · Fasti," of which the second book is quoted by
orator, consul B. c. 95, married P. Scipio Nasican Macrobius (Saturn. i. 16). As Licinianus in his
praetor B. C. 94, wlio was the son of P. Scipio work spoke of a sacrifice offered by the Flaminica,
Nasica, consul B. c. 111. Both she and her sister he is probably the same person as the Granius cited
[No. 6] were distinguished for the purity and by Festus (s. v. Ricue), to explain the meaning of
elegance with which they spoke the Latin language, the word Ricae.
an accomplishment which their mother Mucia, and LICINIA'NUS, VALE'RIUS, a man of prae-
their grandmother Laelia equally possessed. (Cic. torian rank, was accused in the reign of Domitian
Brut. 58. )
of the crime of incest with Cornelia, the chief of
6. A sister of the preceding, was the wife of the vestal virgins (viryo maxima). His guilt wis
## p. 783 (#799) ############################################
LICINIUS.
783
LICINIUS.
doubtful, but as the tyrant was anxious to signalize / years before. Meanwhile, Maximinus, taking ad-
his reign by the punishment of a vestal, Licinianus vantage of the absence of his neighbour, who was
confessed that he was guilty, in order to save hin- enjoying the splendours of the nuptial festivities
self from certain death. In reward for this com- at Milan, placed himself at the head of a for-
plaisance, he was simply banished, and Nerva sub- midable army, and setting forth in the dead of
sequently allowed him to reside in Sicily as the winter succeeded, notwithstanding the obstacles
place of his banishment. Here he supported him offered to his progress by the season, in passing the
self by teaching rhetoric, having been previously straits, stormed Byzantium in April, and soon afur
one of the most eloquent pleaders in the courts at captured Heracleia also. But scarcely hnd he gained
Rome. (Plin. Ep. iv. Il ; Suet. Dom. 8. ) possession of the last-named city when Licinius,
LICI'NIUS. 1. C. LICINIUS, was, according who had hurricd from Iuly upon receiving intelli-
to Livy (ii. 33), one of the first tribunes of the gence of this treacherous invasion, appeared at the
plebs, B. C. 493, who was elected with only one head of a small but resolute and well-disciplined
colleague, L. Albinius, and according to the same force to resist his further progress. The battle
writer, these two immediately elected three others. which ensued was obstinately contested, and the
According to other writers the number of two re result was long doubtful, but the bravery of the
mained unchanged for a time ; and, according to troops from the Danube, and the great military
others again, among whom is Dionysius (vi. 89), five talents of their leader, at length prevailed. Maxi-
were originally elected by the people, and of them, minus fled in hendlong baste, and died a few
two were Licinii, namely Caius and Publius. (Comp. months afterwards at Tarsus, thus leaving his enemy
Liv. ii. 58 ; A scon. in Cic. Cornel. p.
76, with undisputed master of one half of the Roman empire,
Orelli's note ; Plut. Coriol. 7. )
while the remainder was under the sway of his
2. Sp. LICINIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. c. 481, brother-in-law Constantine. It was little likely
according to Livy (ii. 43). Dionysius (ix. 1) gives that two such spirits could long be firmly united
the name Sp. Icilius [Icilius, No. 1]; and in by such a tie, or that either would calmly brook
favour of the latter there is the fact, that in no the existence of an equal. Accordingly, scarce a
other instance do we find the praenomen Spurius in year elapsed before preparations commenced for the
the Licinia gens.
grand contest, whose object was to unite once more
3. Sex. LICINIUS, a senator, whom Marius or- the whole civilised world under a single ruler. The
dered to be hurled down the Tarpeian rock, on the leading events are detailed elsewhere [CONSTANTI-
1st of January, B. c. 86, the day on which he sus, p. 834), and therefore it will suffice briefly
entered upon his seventh consulship. (Liv. Epit. to state here that there were two distinct wars ; in
80; Plut. Mar. 45; Dion Cass. Fragm. 120. ) the first, which broke out A. D. 315, Licinius was
4. The name of three or four slaves or freed- compelled by the decisive defeats sustained at
men, mentioned by Cicero, of whom the only one Cibalis in Pannonia, and in the plain of Mardia in
deserving of notice is the Licinius, an educated Thrace, to submit and to cede to the victor Greece,
slave belonging to C. Gracchus, who used, accord- Macedonia, and the whole lower valley of the
ing to the well-known story, to stand behind his Danube, with the exception of a part of Moesia. The
master with a musical instrument, when he was peace which followed lasted for about eight years,
speaking, in order to moderate his tone. This when hostilities were renewed, but the precise cir-
slave became afterwards a client of Catulus. (Plut. cumstances which led to this fresh collision are as
Tib. Gracch. 2 ; Cic. de Or. ii. 60 ; Gell. i. 11. ) obscure as the causes which produced the first rupture.
LICI'NIUS, Roman emperor (A. D. 307–324), The great battle of Hadrianople (3rd July, A. D.
whose full name was Publius Flavius GALERIUS 323) followed by the reduction of Byzantium, and
VALERIUS LICINIANUS LICINIUS, was by birth a a second great victory achieved near Chalcedon
humble Dacian peasant, the early friend and com- (18th September), placed the eastern Augustus ab-
panion in arms of the emperor Galerius, by whom, solutely at the mercy of his kinsman, who, although
with the consent of Maximianus Herculius and he spared his life for the moment, and merely sen-
Diocletian, after the death of Severus (SEVERUS, tenced him to an honourable imprisonment at
Flavius VALERIUS) and the disastrous issue of Thessalonica, soon found a convenient pretext for
the Italian campaign (MAXENTIUS], he was raised commanding the death of one who had long been
at once to the rank of Augustus without passing the sole impediment in his path to universal do-
through the inferior grade of Caesar, and was in- minion.
vested with the command of the Illyrian provinces However little we may respect the motives, and
at Carmentum, on the 11th of November, A. D. however deeply we may feel disgusted by the sys-
307. Upon the death of his patron, in 311, he tematic hypocrisy of Constantine, we can feel no
concluded a peaceful arrangement with Daza compassion for Licinius. His origin, education,
(MaximiNUS 11. ), in terins of which he acknow- and early habits might very naturally inspire him
ledged the latter as sovereign of Asia, Syria, and with a distaste for literature, although they could
Egypt, while he added Greece, Macedonia, and scarcely justify or excuse the rancour which he
Thrace to his own former dominions, the Helles- ever manifested towards all who were in any way
pont, with the Bosporus, forming the common distinguished by intellectual acquirements, and a
boundary of the two empires. Feeling, however, life passed amidst a succession of scenes in which
the necessity of strengthening himself against a human nature was exhibited under its worst as
rival at once ambitious, unscrupulous, and power- pect, was by no means calculated to cherish any of
ful, he entered into a league with Constantine, and the purer or softer feelings of the heart. But while
after the termination of the struggle with Maxen- he had all and more than all the vices which such
tius, during which he had acted the part of a watch- a career might produce, he had none of the frank
ful spectator rather than of a sincere ally, received generosity of a bold soldier of fortune. He was
in marriage (A. D. 313) Constantia, the sister of not only totally indifferent to human life and suffer-
the conqueror, to whom he had been betrothed two | ing, and regardless of any principle of law or jus.
## p. 784 (#800) ############################################
784
LICINUS.
LICINUS.
tice which might interfere with the gratification of Caesar, whose confidence he gained so much as to
his passions, but he was systematically treacherous be made his dispensator or steward. Caesar gare
and cruel, possessed of not one redeeming quality him his freedom, perhaps in his testament, as he is
save physical courage and military skill. When called by some writers the freedman of Augustus,
he destroyed the helpless family of Maximinus he who, we know, carried into execution the will of
might plead that he only followed the ordinary his uncle. Licinus gained the favour of Augusius,
usage of Oriental despots in extirpating the whole as well as of Julius Caesar, and was appointed by
race of a rival ; but the murders of the unoffending the former, in B. c. 15, governor of his native
Severianus, of Candidianus the son of his friend country, Gaul. He oppressed and plundered his
and benefactor Galerius, who alone had made him countrymen so unmercifully, that they accused him
what he was, of Prisca and of Valerin, the wife before Augustus, who was at first disposed to treat
and daughter of Diocletian [VALERIA), form a his favourite with severity, but was mollified by
climax of ingratitude and cold blooded ferocity to Licinus exhibiting to him the immense wealth
which few parallels can be found even in the re- which he had accumulated in Gaul, and offering
volting annals of the Roman empirc. (Zosim. ii. 7, him the whole of it. Licinus thus escaped punish-
11, 17—28 ; Zonar. xiii. 1 ; Aurel. Vict. de Caes. ment, and seems, moreover, to have been permitted
40, 41, Epit. 40, 41 ; Eutrop. x. 3, 4 ; Oros. vii. by Augustus to retain his property. His fortune was
28. )
[W. R. ] so great that his name was used proverbially to in-
dicate a man of enormous wealth, and is frequently
coupled with that of Crassus. To gratify his
imperial master, Licinus, like many of his con-
temporaries, devoted part of his property to the
erection of a public building, the " Basilica Julia,”
which he called after the name of his former
master. He lived to see the reign of Tiberius.
(Dion Cass. liv. 21 ; Suet. Aug. 67 ; Juv. i. 109,
COIN OF LICINIUS, SENIOR.
with Schol. xiv. 306 ; Pers. ii. 36, with Schol. ;
LICI'NIUS, whose full name was Flavius Macrob. Sat. ii. 4 ; Senec. Ep. 119. $ 10, 120 $
VALERIUS LICINIANUS Licinius, was a son of the 20 ; Sidon. Ep. v. 7. ) There was a splendid
emperor Licinius and Constantia [CONSTANTIA ; marble tomb of Licinus on the Via Salaria, at the
THEODORA), and was born A. D. 315. On the second milestone from the city ; in reference to
first of March 317, when not yet twenty months which the following pointed epigram is preserved :-
old, he was proclaimed Caesar along with his
“ Marmoreo Licinus tumulo jacet, at Cato parvo,
cousins Crispus and Constantinus, and in 319 was
the colleague in the consulship of his uncle Con-
Pompeius nullo ; quis putet esse deos ? "
stantine the Great. But the poor boy was stripped (Meyer, Anthol. Lat. vol. i. No. 77, with Meyer's
of all his honours upon the downfal of his father note, p. 31). This_tomb is also alluded to by
in 323, and, according to Eutropius, whose account Martial (viii. 3. 6). For an account of this Licinus,
is corroborated by St. Jerome, was put to death in see Madvig, Opuscula altera, pp. 202—205.
323, at the same time with the ill-fated Crispus 2. The barber (tonsor) Licinus spoken of by
[Crispus]. It appears from medals that he en- Horace (Ars Poet. 301), must have been a different
joyed the haughty titles of Jovius and Dominus in person from the preceding; and the scholiast
common with his father ; but although coins have has therefore made a mistake in referring to the
been described on which he appears with the epi- barber in the epigram quoted above.
thet Augustus we have no reason to believe that he LI'CINUS, CLO'DIUS, a Roman annalist, who
had any formal claim to this designation, which was lived apparently about the beginning of the first
probably annexed to his name by moneyers in century B. c. , as Cicero (de Leg. i. 2. $ 6), speaks
ignorance or flattery. (Aurel. Vict. de Caes. 41, of him as a successor of Caelius Antipater. (AN-
Epit
. 41 ; Eutrop. x. 4 ; Zosim. ii. 20 ; Theophan. TIPATER, Caelius. ] The work of Clodius Licinus,
Chron. ad ann. 315. )
[W. R. ] the title of which Plutarch (Num. 1) gives in
Greek, as "EXeYxos xpóvwv, appears to have ex-
tended from the taking of Rome by the Gauls to
his own time. Plutarch quotes (l. c. ) his authority
for the destruction of the public records of the
city when it was captured by the Gauls; and we
learn from Livy (xxix. 22) that Licinus spoke, in
the third book, of the second consulship of Scipio
Africanus the elder; and from a fragment of
COIN OF LICINIUS, JUNIOR.
Appian (Celt. 3), that he gave an account of the
LICI'NIUS CAECI'NA. [CAECINA. ] defeat of L. Cassius Longinus by the Tigurini,
·LICI'NIUS GETA. [Gera. ]
B. c. 107. This Clodius is called by Cicero and
LICI'NIUS PROʻCULUS. [PROCULUS. ] Plutarch simply Clodius, by Livy Clodius Licinus,
LI'CINUS, a surname in several gentes, is fre: and by Appian Naula TQ Klavdiq; instead of
quently written Licinius ; but in the Capitolini the last, which is evidently corrupt, we should
Fasti and on coins we always find Licinus, which perhaps read Publius Clodius, so that his full name
is no doubt the correct form, the name of Licinius would then be P. Clodius Licinus. This Clodius
being subtituted for it, on account of its much is frequently confounded with Q. Claudius Quadri-
greater celebrity. (Comp. Madvig, Opuscula altera, garius. (QUADRIGARIUS. ] Niebuhr thinks (Hist.
of Rome, vol. ii. p. 2) that the passage of Plutarch
LICINUS. 1. A Gaul by birth, who was quoted above refers to Claudius Quadrigarius ; but
taken prisoner in war, and became a slave of Julius as Plutarch speaks of him as KAW Oiós tis, it seems
08. 0 FLY
GINO
Cies
p. 205. )
## p. 785 (#801) ############################################
LICINUS.
785
LICYMNIUS.
p. 349. )
more probable that he meant to refer to the less / whom A. Gellius places between Valerius Aeditmus
celebrated of the two writers. (Krause, Vitue ct and Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul B. c.
vol. ii. p. 207. )
anxious to have companions in her guilt, she had
## p. 782 (#798) ############################################
782
LICINIA.
LICINIANUS.
induced Marcia and Licinia to submit to the em- the younger Marius. Hence we find the elder
braces of the friends of her seducer. Marcia con- Marius spoken of as the affinis of the orator
fined her favours to her original lover ; but Licinia Crassus (Cic. pro Balb. 21, de Orat. i. 15. § 66, i.
and Aemilia had intercourse with numerous other 2. $ 8). An impostor of the name of Amatius op
persons ; their guilt notwithstanding remained a Herophilus, pretended to have sprung from this
secret for some time, till at length a slave, called marriage. (AMATIUS. )
Manius, who had assisted them in all their intrigues, LICI'NIA GENS, a celebrated plebeian gens,
disappointed in receiving neither his freedom nor the to which belonged C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, whose
rewards which had been promised him, informed exertions threw open the consulship to the plebeians,
against them. All three were brought to trial ; but and which became one of the most illustrious
as the college of pontiffs, of which the president at gentes in the latter days of the ublic, by the
the time was L. Metellus, condemned (in December, Crassi and Luculli, who were likewise members of
see Macrob. Saturn. i. 10) only Aemilia, but ac- it. The origin of the gens is uncertain. A bilingual
quitted Licinia and Marcia, the subject was brought inscription, published by Lanzi (Suggio di Linna
before the people by Sex. Peducaeus, the tribune Etrusc. vol. ii. p. 342, Rom. 1789), shows that the
of the plebs.
The people adopted the unusual name of Lecne, which frequently occurs in Etrus-
course of taking the matter out of the hands can sepulchral monuments, corresponds to that of
of the pontiffs, by appointing L. Cassius Longinus Licinius, and hence it would appear that the family
(LONGINUS, No. 4) to investigate the matter ; and was of Etruscan origin. This opinion is thought
he condemned not only Licinia who was defended to be supported by the fact, that in the consulship
by L. Crassus, the orator, and Marcia, but also of C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, B. C. 364, Etruscan
many others. The severity with which he acted players took part in the public games at Rome ; but
on this occasion was generally reprobated by public as it is recorded by Livy that scenic games were
opinion. The orator M. Antonius was accused of established in this year to avert the anger of the
being one of the paramours of these virgins, but gods, and that Etruscan players were accordingly
was acquitted. [ANTONIUS, No. 8. )
sent for (Liv, vii. 2), it is not necessary to imagine
Various measures were adopted to purify the that this was done simply because Licinius kept up
state from the pollution which had been brought his connection with Etruria. We moreover find
upon it by these crimes. A temple was built to the name in the cities of Latium, both in the form
the honour of Venus Verticordia, and four men of a cognomen (Licinus), and of the gentile name
were buried alive in the forum boarium, two Greeks (Licinius). Thus we meet in Tusculum with the
and two Gauls, in accordance with the commands Porcii Licini (LICINUS), and in Lanuvium with the
of the Sibylline books. This history of Licinia's Licinii Murenae (Murena). The name would
crimes is of some importance, since it shows us therefore seem to have been originally spread both
that, even as early as this time, the Roman ladies through Etruria and Latium.
of the higher orders had already begun to be in- The first member of this gens who obtained the
fected with that licentious profligacy which was consulship, was the celebrated C. Licinius Calvus
afterwards exhibited with such shamelessness by Stolo, in B. c. 364 ; and from this period down to
the Messallinas and Faustinas of the empire. (Dion the later times of the empire, the Licinii constantly
Cass. Fr. 92 ; Oros. v. 15; Plut. Quaest. Rom. p. held some of the higher offices of the state, until
284, b. ; Ascon. ad Cic. Mil. 12, p. 46, ed. Orelli; eventually they obtained the imperial dignity,
Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 30, Brut. 43 ; Obsequ. 97 ; [See below, p. 783. )
Liv. Epit. 63. )
The family-names of this gens are, Calvos (with
The vestal virgin Licinia, with whom the trium- the agnomens Esquilinus and Stolo), CRASSUS
vir M. Crassus was accused of having had inter-(with the agnomen Dives ), Geta, LUCULLUS,
course (Plut. Crass. 1), must have been a different MACER, MURENA, Nerva, SACERDOS, VARUS
person from the preceding, as M. Crassus was not | The other cognomens of this gens are personal sur-
born before B. c. 114. She may perhaps have names rather than family-names: they are ARCHIAS,
been the same as the vestal virgin Licinia, the re- CAECINA (CaecINA, No. 10), DAMASIPPUS, Im•
lation of L. Murena, who was of assistance to the BREX, Lartius, LENTICULUS, Nepos, PROCULUS,
latter in his canvass for the consulship, in B. C. 63. REGULUS, RUFINUS, SQUILLUS, Tegula. The
(Cic. pro Mur. 35. § 73. )
only cognomens which occur on coins are Crassus,
3. A daughter of P. Licinius Crassus, consul Macer, Murena, Nerva, Stolo. A few Licinii
B. c. 131, married C. Sulpicius Galba, who was occur without a surname: they are, with one or
condemned in B. c. 110, for having been bribed by two exceptions, freedmen, and are given under
Jugurtha (Galba, No. 8]. (Cic. Brut. 26, 33, LICINIUS.
de Orat. i. 56 ; comp. Tac. Hist. i. 15. )
LICINIA'NUS, an agnomen of M. Calpurnius
4. The sister of No. 3, was married to C. Sem- Piso Frugi, whom Galba associated in the empire,
pronius Gracchus, the celebrated tribune of the A. D. 69. (Piso. )
plebs. (Plut. C. Gracch. 17 ; Dig. 24. tit. 3. s. LICINIANUS, GRA'NIUS, a Latin writer,
66. )
who appears to have written a work entitled
5. The daughter of L. Licinius Crassus the · Fasti," of which the second book is quoted by
orator, consul B. c. 95, married P. Scipio Nasican Macrobius (Saturn. i. 16). As Licinianus in his
praetor B. C. 94, wlio was the son of P. Scipio work spoke of a sacrifice offered by the Flaminica,
Nasica, consul B. c. 111. Both she and her sister he is probably the same person as the Granius cited
[No. 6] were distinguished for the purity and by Festus (s. v. Ricue), to explain the meaning of
elegance with which they spoke the Latin language, the word Ricae.
an accomplishment which their mother Mucia, and LICINIA'NUS, VALE'RIUS, a man of prae-
their grandmother Laelia equally possessed. (Cic. torian rank, was accused in the reign of Domitian
Brut. 58. )
of the crime of incest with Cornelia, the chief of
6. A sister of the preceding, was the wife of the vestal virgins (viryo maxima). His guilt wis
## p. 783 (#799) ############################################
LICINIUS.
783
LICINIUS.
doubtful, but as the tyrant was anxious to signalize / years before. Meanwhile, Maximinus, taking ad-
his reign by the punishment of a vestal, Licinianus vantage of the absence of his neighbour, who was
confessed that he was guilty, in order to save hin- enjoying the splendours of the nuptial festivities
self from certain death. In reward for this com- at Milan, placed himself at the head of a for-
plaisance, he was simply banished, and Nerva sub- midable army, and setting forth in the dead of
sequently allowed him to reside in Sicily as the winter succeeded, notwithstanding the obstacles
place of his banishment. Here he supported him offered to his progress by the season, in passing the
self by teaching rhetoric, having been previously straits, stormed Byzantium in April, and soon afur
one of the most eloquent pleaders in the courts at captured Heracleia also. But scarcely hnd he gained
Rome. (Plin. Ep. iv. Il ; Suet. Dom. 8. ) possession of the last-named city when Licinius,
LICI'NIUS. 1. C. LICINIUS, was, according who had hurricd from Iuly upon receiving intelli-
to Livy (ii. 33), one of the first tribunes of the gence of this treacherous invasion, appeared at the
plebs, B. C. 493, who was elected with only one head of a small but resolute and well-disciplined
colleague, L. Albinius, and according to the same force to resist his further progress. The battle
writer, these two immediately elected three others. which ensued was obstinately contested, and the
According to other writers the number of two re result was long doubtful, but the bravery of the
mained unchanged for a time ; and, according to troops from the Danube, and the great military
others again, among whom is Dionysius (vi. 89), five talents of their leader, at length prevailed. Maxi-
were originally elected by the people, and of them, minus fled in hendlong baste, and died a few
two were Licinii, namely Caius and Publius. (Comp. months afterwards at Tarsus, thus leaving his enemy
Liv. ii. 58 ; A scon. in Cic. Cornel. p.
76, with undisputed master of one half of the Roman empire,
Orelli's note ; Plut. Coriol. 7. )
while the remainder was under the sway of his
2. Sp. LICINIUS, tribune of the plebs, B. c. 481, brother-in-law Constantine. It was little likely
according to Livy (ii. 43). Dionysius (ix. 1) gives that two such spirits could long be firmly united
the name Sp. Icilius [Icilius, No. 1]; and in by such a tie, or that either would calmly brook
favour of the latter there is the fact, that in no the existence of an equal. Accordingly, scarce a
other instance do we find the praenomen Spurius in year elapsed before preparations commenced for the
the Licinia gens.
grand contest, whose object was to unite once more
3. Sex. LICINIUS, a senator, whom Marius or- the whole civilised world under a single ruler. The
dered to be hurled down the Tarpeian rock, on the leading events are detailed elsewhere [CONSTANTI-
1st of January, B. c. 86, the day on which he sus, p. 834), and therefore it will suffice briefly
entered upon his seventh consulship. (Liv. Epit. to state here that there were two distinct wars ; in
80; Plut. Mar. 45; Dion Cass. Fragm. 120. ) the first, which broke out A. D. 315, Licinius was
4. The name of three or four slaves or freed- compelled by the decisive defeats sustained at
men, mentioned by Cicero, of whom the only one Cibalis in Pannonia, and in the plain of Mardia in
deserving of notice is the Licinius, an educated Thrace, to submit and to cede to the victor Greece,
slave belonging to C. Gracchus, who used, accord- Macedonia, and the whole lower valley of the
ing to the well-known story, to stand behind his Danube, with the exception of a part of Moesia. The
master with a musical instrument, when he was peace which followed lasted for about eight years,
speaking, in order to moderate his tone. This when hostilities were renewed, but the precise cir-
slave became afterwards a client of Catulus. (Plut. cumstances which led to this fresh collision are as
Tib. Gracch. 2 ; Cic. de Or. ii. 60 ; Gell. i. 11. ) obscure as the causes which produced the first rupture.
LICI'NIUS, Roman emperor (A. D. 307–324), The great battle of Hadrianople (3rd July, A. D.
whose full name was Publius Flavius GALERIUS 323) followed by the reduction of Byzantium, and
VALERIUS LICINIANUS LICINIUS, was by birth a a second great victory achieved near Chalcedon
humble Dacian peasant, the early friend and com- (18th September), placed the eastern Augustus ab-
panion in arms of the emperor Galerius, by whom, solutely at the mercy of his kinsman, who, although
with the consent of Maximianus Herculius and he spared his life for the moment, and merely sen-
Diocletian, after the death of Severus (SEVERUS, tenced him to an honourable imprisonment at
Flavius VALERIUS) and the disastrous issue of Thessalonica, soon found a convenient pretext for
the Italian campaign (MAXENTIUS], he was raised commanding the death of one who had long been
at once to the rank of Augustus without passing the sole impediment in his path to universal do-
through the inferior grade of Caesar, and was in- minion.
vested with the command of the Illyrian provinces However little we may respect the motives, and
at Carmentum, on the 11th of November, A. D. however deeply we may feel disgusted by the sys-
307. Upon the death of his patron, in 311, he tematic hypocrisy of Constantine, we can feel no
concluded a peaceful arrangement with Daza compassion for Licinius. His origin, education,
(MaximiNUS 11. ), in terins of which he acknow- and early habits might very naturally inspire him
ledged the latter as sovereign of Asia, Syria, and with a distaste for literature, although they could
Egypt, while he added Greece, Macedonia, and scarcely justify or excuse the rancour which he
Thrace to his own former dominions, the Helles- ever manifested towards all who were in any way
pont, with the Bosporus, forming the common distinguished by intellectual acquirements, and a
boundary of the two empires. Feeling, however, life passed amidst a succession of scenes in which
the necessity of strengthening himself against a human nature was exhibited under its worst as
rival at once ambitious, unscrupulous, and power- pect, was by no means calculated to cherish any of
ful, he entered into a league with Constantine, and the purer or softer feelings of the heart. But while
after the termination of the struggle with Maxen- he had all and more than all the vices which such
tius, during which he had acted the part of a watch- a career might produce, he had none of the frank
ful spectator rather than of a sincere ally, received generosity of a bold soldier of fortune. He was
in marriage (A. D. 313) Constantia, the sister of not only totally indifferent to human life and suffer-
the conqueror, to whom he had been betrothed two | ing, and regardless of any principle of law or jus.
## p. 784 (#800) ############################################
784
LICINUS.
LICINUS.
tice which might interfere with the gratification of Caesar, whose confidence he gained so much as to
his passions, but he was systematically treacherous be made his dispensator or steward. Caesar gare
and cruel, possessed of not one redeeming quality him his freedom, perhaps in his testament, as he is
save physical courage and military skill. When called by some writers the freedman of Augustus,
he destroyed the helpless family of Maximinus he who, we know, carried into execution the will of
might plead that he only followed the ordinary his uncle. Licinus gained the favour of Augusius,
usage of Oriental despots in extirpating the whole as well as of Julius Caesar, and was appointed by
race of a rival ; but the murders of the unoffending the former, in B. c. 15, governor of his native
Severianus, of Candidianus the son of his friend country, Gaul. He oppressed and plundered his
and benefactor Galerius, who alone had made him countrymen so unmercifully, that they accused him
what he was, of Prisca and of Valerin, the wife before Augustus, who was at first disposed to treat
and daughter of Diocletian [VALERIA), form a his favourite with severity, but was mollified by
climax of ingratitude and cold blooded ferocity to Licinus exhibiting to him the immense wealth
which few parallels can be found even in the re- which he had accumulated in Gaul, and offering
volting annals of the Roman empirc. (Zosim. ii. 7, him the whole of it. Licinus thus escaped punish-
11, 17—28 ; Zonar. xiii. 1 ; Aurel. Vict. de Caes. ment, and seems, moreover, to have been permitted
40, 41, Epit. 40, 41 ; Eutrop. x. 3, 4 ; Oros. vii. by Augustus to retain his property. His fortune was
28. )
[W. R. ] so great that his name was used proverbially to in-
dicate a man of enormous wealth, and is frequently
coupled with that of Crassus. To gratify his
imperial master, Licinus, like many of his con-
temporaries, devoted part of his property to the
erection of a public building, the " Basilica Julia,”
which he called after the name of his former
master. He lived to see the reign of Tiberius.
(Dion Cass. liv. 21 ; Suet. Aug. 67 ; Juv. i. 109,
COIN OF LICINIUS, SENIOR.
with Schol. xiv. 306 ; Pers. ii. 36, with Schol. ;
LICI'NIUS, whose full name was Flavius Macrob. Sat. ii. 4 ; Senec. Ep. 119. $ 10, 120 $
VALERIUS LICINIANUS Licinius, was a son of the 20 ; Sidon. Ep. v. 7. ) There was a splendid
emperor Licinius and Constantia [CONSTANTIA ; marble tomb of Licinus on the Via Salaria, at the
THEODORA), and was born A. D. 315. On the second milestone from the city ; in reference to
first of March 317, when not yet twenty months which the following pointed epigram is preserved :-
old, he was proclaimed Caesar along with his
“ Marmoreo Licinus tumulo jacet, at Cato parvo,
cousins Crispus and Constantinus, and in 319 was
the colleague in the consulship of his uncle Con-
Pompeius nullo ; quis putet esse deos ? "
stantine the Great. But the poor boy was stripped (Meyer, Anthol. Lat. vol. i. No. 77, with Meyer's
of all his honours upon the downfal of his father note, p. 31). This_tomb is also alluded to by
in 323, and, according to Eutropius, whose account Martial (viii. 3. 6). For an account of this Licinus,
is corroborated by St. Jerome, was put to death in see Madvig, Opuscula altera, pp. 202—205.
323, at the same time with the ill-fated Crispus 2. The barber (tonsor) Licinus spoken of by
[Crispus]. It appears from medals that he en- Horace (Ars Poet. 301), must have been a different
joyed the haughty titles of Jovius and Dominus in person from the preceding; and the scholiast
common with his father ; but although coins have has therefore made a mistake in referring to the
been described on which he appears with the epi- barber in the epigram quoted above.
thet Augustus we have no reason to believe that he LI'CINUS, CLO'DIUS, a Roman annalist, who
had any formal claim to this designation, which was lived apparently about the beginning of the first
probably annexed to his name by moneyers in century B. c. , as Cicero (de Leg. i. 2. $ 6), speaks
ignorance or flattery. (Aurel. Vict. de Caes. 41, of him as a successor of Caelius Antipater. (AN-
Epit
. 41 ; Eutrop. x. 4 ; Zosim. ii. 20 ; Theophan. TIPATER, Caelius. ] The work of Clodius Licinus,
Chron. ad ann. 315. )
[W. R. ] the title of which Plutarch (Num. 1) gives in
Greek, as "EXeYxos xpóvwv, appears to have ex-
tended from the taking of Rome by the Gauls to
his own time. Plutarch quotes (l. c. ) his authority
for the destruction of the public records of the
city when it was captured by the Gauls; and we
learn from Livy (xxix. 22) that Licinus spoke, in
the third book, of the second consulship of Scipio
Africanus the elder; and from a fragment of
COIN OF LICINIUS, JUNIOR.
Appian (Celt. 3), that he gave an account of the
LICI'NIUS CAECI'NA. [CAECINA. ] defeat of L. Cassius Longinus by the Tigurini,
·LICI'NIUS GETA. [Gera. ]
B. c. 107. This Clodius is called by Cicero and
LICI'NIUS PROʻCULUS. [PROCULUS. ] Plutarch simply Clodius, by Livy Clodius Licinus,
LI'CINUS, a surname in several gentes, is fre: and by Appian Naula TQ Klavdiq; instead of
quently written Licinius ; but in the Capitolini the last, which is evidently corrupt, we should
Fasti and on coins we always find Licinus, which perhaps read Publius Clodius, so that his full name
is no doubt the correct form, the name of Licinius would then be P. Clodius Licinus. This Clodius
being subtituted for it, on account of its much is frequently confounded with Q. Claudius Quadri-
greater celebrity. (Comp. Madvig, Opuscula altera, garius. (QUADRIGARIUS. ] Niebuhr thinks (Hist.
of Rome, vol. ii. p. 2) that the passage of Plutarch
LICINUS. 1. A Gaul by birth, who was quoted above refers to Claudius Quadrigarius ; but
taken prisoner in war, and became a slave of Julius as Plutarch speaks of him as KAW Oiós tis, it seems
08. 0 FLY
GINO
Cies
p. 205. )
## p. 785 (#801) ############################################
LICINUS.
785
LICYMNIUS.
p. 349. )
more probable that he meant to refer to the less / whom A. Gellius places between Valerius Aeditmus
celebrated of the two writers. (Krause, Vitue ct and Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul B. c.
