" " In everything,"
answered
Caesar.
Universal Anthology - v07
If, therefore, Jupiter, you intend to enroll any of the heroes among us, send, I entreat you, for Alexander.
When we are canvassing the merits of men, why
Jupiter was
218 THE CiESARS.
should the bravest be omitted ? " What the son of Alcmena proposed was approved by Jupiter. Alexander, therefore, en tered the assembly of heroes ; but neither Ca;sar nor any one else rose up to him ; so that he was obliged to take the seat which the eldest son of Severus had left vacant, he, for his frat ricide, having been expelled. Silenus, then scoffing at Quiri- nus, said, "Take care, or this one Greek will excel all your Romans. " " By Jove," replied Quirinus, " I think that many of them are, in every respect, his equals. My posterity indeed have so much admired him that of foreign generals they style and think him only great ; not that they deem him superior to their countrymen, or are void of national prejudice. But that we shall soon determine when we have brought their merits to
for his descendants.
After this, Jupiter asked the gods whether all should enter
the lists, or whether they should adopt the practice observed in wrestling, where whoever conquers him who has gained the most victories is deemed the only victor, even of those who have been vanquished by his antagonist, though they have not been his competitors ? This was generally approved, as a just determination. Mercury then proclaimed that Cajsar should advance first, Octavianus next, and Trajan third, those being the greatest warriors. Silence being commanded, Saturn, turn ing to Jupiter, expressed his surprise at seeing martial emper ors summoned to this contest, but no philosophers. " These," he said, "are equally dear to me. Call, therefore, and intro duce Marcus [Aurelius]. " He being summoned, advanced with a serious aspect, occasioned by the labors of his mind. His eyes were hollow, his brow was contracted, and his whole form displayed unstudied beauty ; for his hair was uncombed, his beard was long, his dress simple and economical, and by scanty nourishment his body was transparent and shining, like the purest light. When he was admitted within the sacred in- closure, Bacchus said, " King Saturn and Father Jupiter, can anything imperfect be allowed among the gods ? " No answer being returned, " Let us send, then," proceeded he, " for some lover of pleasure. " "But," replied Jupiter, "it is not lawful for any one to be admitted here who does not worship us. " "Let judgment, therefore," said Bacchus, "be pronounced on him in the vestibule. We will call, with your leave, a prince,
the test ! "
Saying this, Quirinus blushed, and seemed evidently anxious
THE CESARS. 219
not indeed unwarlike, but softened by pleasure and enjoyment. Let Constantine come as far as the vestibule. "
This being allowed (the mode of their contention having been previously settled), Mercury advised that every one should severally speak for himself, and that the gods should then give their votes. But of this Apollo disapproved, in sisting that the truth only, and not eloquence or the charms of oratory, ought to be discussed and examined by the gods. Jupiter, wishing to oblige all, and at the same time desirous to prolong the assembly, replied, "There can be no incon venience in directing each of them to speak by a certain measure of water, and afterwards we may interrogate them and scrutinize their thoughts. " Silenus jocosely added, "Take care, Neptune, or Trajan and Alexander, mistaking the water for nectar, will swallow it all, and so leave none for the rest. "
Neptune answered : " They were much more fond of your draughts, Silenus, than of mine. It behooves you, therefore, to be rather afraid of your own vines than of my springs. " Sile nus was chagrined, and made no reply, but afterwards attended solely to the disputants. Mercury then proclaimed : —
" The arbiter of prizes due
To signal merit now begins.
Delay no longer, Time exhorts,
But lend your ears to what the voice Of herald Mercury proclaims.
Ye kings, to whose superior sway
Of old submissive nations bowed,
Who launched in fight the hostile spear, Advance, contend, with prudent minds Oppose your rivals, and await
The just, the impartial will of Heaven ! Wisdom these think the end of life, Those, vengeance on their foes to wreak, And serve their friends : of life, of toil, Pleasure some make the single view, Feasts, nuptials, all that feeds their eyes : From dainty ornaments of dress,
Or rings, with precious gems adorned, Others superior bliss derive.
Jove will the victory decree. "
Mercury having made this proclamation, the combatants drew lots : and the lot happened to concur with the love of
220 THE C^SARS.
preeminence habitual to Caesar. This augmented his pride and arrogance ; so that Alexander would have declined the contest, had he not been encouraged and persuaded by Her cules. Alexander obtained the next turn of speaking after Caesar. When all the rest had had their proper turns assigned them, Caesar thus began : —
" It was my good fortune, O Jupiter and ye gods, to be born, after many heroes, in that illustrious city which has extended her dominion farther than any other; so that they all may be satisfied if they obtain the second place. For what other city, deducing its origin from three thousand men, has in less than six hundred years carried its conquests to the utmost extremities of the earth ? What other nation has produced so many distinguished warriors and legislators, or such devout worshipers of the gods ? Born in a city so renowned, I sur passed, by my actions, not only my contemporaries, but all the heroes that ever lived. Of my own countrymen I know not one that will deny me the superiority. But as this Grecian is so presumptuous, which of his actions will he pretend to put in competition with mine ? His Persian trophies perhaps, as if he knew not how many I won from Pompey. And who was the most experienced general, Pompey or Darius ? Which of them commanded the bravest troops ? Instead of the refuse of mankind, Pompey had in his army more warlike nations than were ever subject to Darius ; of Europeans, those who had often routed the hostile Asiatics, and of them the most valiant : Italians, Illyrians, and Gauls. Having mentioned the Gauls, can the Getic exploits of Alexander be compared with
I twice
my conquest of Gaul ! He passed the Danube once ;
passed the Rhine ; and of my German victories no one can dispute the glory. I fought with Ariovistus. I was the first Roman who dared to cross the German Ocean. Though it was a wonderful achievement, however it may be admired, more glorious was my intrepidity in being the first who leaped on shore. Of the Helvetic and Hibernian nations I say nothing; nor have I mentioned my actions in Gaul, where I took above three hundred towns and defeated two millions of men. Great as these actions were, that which followed was greater and more illustrious. Being obliged to wage war with my fellow- citizens, I vanquished the unconquered and invincible Romans. If we should be judged by the number of our battles, I fought
THE C. ESARS. 221
thrice as many as are ascribed to Alexander by his greatest panegyrists ; if by the number of towns taken, not in Asia only, but also in Europe, I reduced more. Alexander saw and revered Egypt ; I, while I feasted there, subdued it. Will you also compare the clemency of each of us, when victorious ? I pardoned my enemies, and received from them such a return as Nemesis has revenged. He never spared his enemies nor even his friends. In particular, as you dispute the pre eminence, and will not immediately yield to me, like the rest, you compel me to mention your cruel behavior to the The- bans. On the contrary, how great was my humanity to the Helvetii ! The cities of the former were burnt by you ; the cities of the latter, burnt by their own inhabitants, were re built by me. Which, in short, was most illustrious; your defeating ten thousand Greeks, or my repulsing the attacks of a hundred and fifty thousand Romans ? Much more could I add, both of Alexander and myself; but as I never had leisure to study the art of oratory, you must excuse me, and, forming a just and impartial judgment both from what I have said and what I have omitted, will, I doubt not, give me the superiority. "
"How long, O Jupiter and ye gods, shall I silently bear the insolence of this boaster ! He sets no bounds, you see, to his praise of himself or to his abuse of me. Much better would it have become him to have abstained equally from both, as both are alike intolerable, but chiefly that of depre ciating my conduct, which he made the example of his own. Such is his assurance that he has dared to ridicule his own model. You should have recollected, Caesar, the tears which you shed on hearing of the memorials that were raised in honor of my deeds. But you afterwards owed your eleva tion to Pompey, who, though he was really insignificant, was idolized by his countrymen. As to his African triumph, no great exploit, his fame was owing to the weakness and in activity of the consuls. The Servile War was not waged with men, but with the most abandoned slaves, and it was conducted by Crassus and Lucius, though Pompey had the name and the
Caesar thus concluded ; but seeming desirous of saying still more. Alexander, who before had with difficulty restrained himself, could refrain no longer, but with much anxiety and emotion, thus began : —
THE C^SARS.
reputation. Armenia and the neighboring provinces were conquered by Lucullus ; yet for these also Pompey triumphed. He was then flattered by his fellow-citizens, and named the Great. But than whom of his predecessors was he greater? Which of his actions is comparable to those of Marius, or of the two Scipios ? or of Camillus, who was almost as much the founder of Rome as this Quirinus, having rebuilt his city when it was almost falling ? For they did not arrogate to themselves the works of others, as is usual in buildings founded and finished at the public expense, where the magistrate who has only plas tered the walls, on completing the edifice inscribes the founda tion stone. But these heroes, as public artificers and architects, have justly immortalized their own names. It is no wonder, therefore, that you vanquished Pompey, scratching his head and more resembling a fox than a lion. When he was de serted by fortune, who had long favored him, you easily conquered him single. But that your success was owing to no superior abilities is evident ; for being in want of provisions (which, you know, is no small fault of a general), you fought and were defeated. And if Pompey, by his imprudence or folly, or because he could not govern his army, when he should have protracted the war, gave battle, and did not pursue his victory, his failure was the consequence of his own misconduct, not of your military skill. The Persians, on the contrary, though in every respect well prepared and amply provided, submitted to my dominion. And as it becomes a good man and a wise prince to act not only with moderation, but with justice, I took arms to revenge the Greeks on the Persians and to free Greece from civil war. Nor was it ever my intention to ravage Greece, but those only who would have prevented my march against Persia I chastised. You, after subduing the Gauls and Germans, turned your arms against your own country. What can be worse, what more infamous ?
"You have mentioned, with a sneer, 'my defeating ten thousand Greeks. ' That you yourself sprang from the Greeks, and that the Greeks inhabited the greatest part of Italy, I well know ; but on this I will not insist. With a small nation of them, the ^Etolians, your neighbors, you thought it of great consequence to make an alliance ; but after they had fought for you, why did you reduce them, and that not easily, to subjec tion ? If then, in the old age, as it has been called, of Greece,
THE CiESAftS. 223
you could scarce reduce, not the whole, but one small nation, which was scarce known when Greece was in her vigor, what would have been the event if you had been obliged to contend with Greece when nourishing and united? How much you were alarmed by the invasion of Pyrrhus, you need not be re minded. As you think the conquest of Persia such a trifle, and depreciate an enterprise so glorious, tell me why, after a war of above two thousand years [tic'], you have never subdued a small province beyond the Tigris, subject to the Parthians ? Shall I inform you ? The darts of the Persians prevented you. An tony, who served under your command, can give you an account of them. But in less than ten years I conquered both Persia and India. After this, do you dare to contend with me, who, trained to war from my childhood, performed such deeds that the remembrance of them, though they have not been sufficiently celebrated by historians, will live for ever, like those of the in
vincible Hercules, of whom I was the follower and imitator ? I rivaled, in short, my ancestor Achilles ; and, admiring Her cules, I trod in his steps as nearly as a mortal can follow a god. Thus much, O ye gods, it was necessary for me to say in my own defense against an opponent whom, perhaps, it might have been better to have silently despised. If I was guilty of any cruelties, the innocent were not the objects, but such as had frequently and notoriously offended, and had made no proper use of their opportunities. And my offenses even against them were followed by Repentance, a very wise goddess, and the pre server of those who have erred. As for my chastising the am bitious, who always hated and had often injured me, in that I thought myself excusable. "
This military harangue being concluded, the attendant of Neptune gave the hourglass to Octavianus, measuring to him a very small quantity of water, and at the same time reminding him of his insolence to that deity. On which, having reflected with his usual sagacity, omitting to say anything of others, he thus began : —
"Instead of depreciating the actions of others, O Jupiter and ye gods, I will confine my whole speech to what concerns myself. In my youth I had the government of my native city, like this illustrious Alexander. The German wars, like my father Caesar, I happily concluded. Involved in civil dissen sions, I subdued Egypt at Actium in a sea-fight. I defeated
224 THE CjESARS.
Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, and I made the son of Pompey contribute to my glory. Such, however, was my attachment to philosophy, that instead of being disgusted at the freedom assumed by Athenodorus, I pleaded with it, and revered him as a preceptor, or rather as a parent. Areus also was my friend and confidant. And, upon the whole, I was never guilty of the least offense against philosophy. As Rome, I saw, had been frequently reduced to the last extremity by intestine divisions, I so reestablished her affairs as to render them, by your assist ance, O ye gods, firm and adamantine. Without indulging an insatiable ambition, I studiously endeavored to enlarge her do minions ; but I concurred with nature in fixing the rivers Dan ube and Euphrates as their boundaries. After having subdued the Scythians and Thracians, I did not employ the long reign with which you indulged me in meditating war after war, but devoted my leisure to the correction of the evils which war had occasioned, and to legislation, in which, I apprehend, I did not consult the public welfare less than my predecessors ; nay, if I must boldly speak the truth, I consulted it more than any who have governed such an empire. For some who have commanded armies, when they might at length have rested in peace, have made one war the pretense for another, as the litigious contrive lawsuits. Others, when forced into a war, have been immersed in pleasure, and have preferred the most infamous pursuits, not only to their glory, but even to their lives. Well weighing all these things, I do not think myself entitled to the lowest place. But it becomes me to acquiesce in whatever you, O ye gods, may please to determine. "
Trajan was appointed to harangue next. Though he had a talent for speaking, such was his indolence, that he usually employed Sura to compose his orations. Bawling, rather than speaking, he displayed to the gods his Getic and Parthian tro phies. He then lamented his old age, as if that had prevented him from extending his Parthian conquests. " You fool," said Silenus, " you reigned twenty years, and this Alexander only twelve. Why, then, do you not condemn your own indolence, instead of throwing the blame on want of time ? " Provoked at this taunt, for he was not deficient in eloquence, though it was often blunted by intemperance, Trajan added : —
" O Jupiter and ye gods, when I assumed the reins of gov ernment, I found the empire in a torpid and divided state,
THE CjESARS. 225
occasioned partly by the tyranny which had long prevailed at home, and partly by the insults of the Getes abroad. I did not hesitate, however, singly to attack the nations beyond the Dan ube. That of the Getes I subdued and extirpated ; of all the most warlike, not only by their bodily strength, but by the courage with which they are inspired by the doctrine of their renowned Zamolxis. For the firm persuasion that they shall not perish, but only change their place of abode, makes them always prepared as for a journey. This enterprise I completed in less than five years. Of all the emperors who preceded me, not one was so mild to his subjects, nor can that be contested with me even with this Caesar, before unrivaled in clemency, nor by any other. The Parthians, till they insulted me, I thought it unjust to attack ; but after they had insulted me, neither my age nor the laws which allowed me to quit the serv ice prevented my invading them. Thus circumstanced, am not I, who was eminently mild to my subjects and formidable to my enemies, and who revered my divine daughter, Philos ophy, justly entitled to superior honors, and even to the first rank ? "
Trajan having concluded, it was allowed that he excelled all in clemency, a virtue particularly pleasing to the gods.
Marcus Aurelius then beginning to speak, Silenus said, in a low voice to Bacchus, " Let us hear which of his wonderful paradoxes and aphorisms this Stoic will produce. " But he, fixing his eyes on Jupiter and the other gods, thus addressed them : —
"I have no occasion, O Jupiter and ye gods, to harangue or dispute. If you were ignorant of my actions, it would be proper for me to acquaint you with them, but as you are privy to them, and nothing is concealed from you, you will honor me as I deserve. "
Thus Marcus, as in everything else, seemed worthy of admi ration for his extraordinary prudence in the knowing when to speak and when to be silent.
Constantine was then summoned to speak. He entered the lists with confidence ; but when he reflected on the actions of his competitors, his own seemed trivial and inconsiderable. He defeated, it is true, two tyrants ; one of them unwarlike and pusillanimous, the other unfortunate and advanced in years, and both of them odious to gods and men. As for his exploits
VOL. VII. —16
226 THE CJSSARS.
against the barbarians, they were ridiculous. For he, in a man ner, paid them tribute, to indulge his love of pleasure. He stood, therefore, at a distance from the gods, near the entrance of the moon, of whom he was enamored, and gazing only on her, was regardless of victory. "
In these
However, as it was necessary for him to speak : particulars," said he, " I am superior to my opponents ; to the Macedonian, in having fought against the Romans, Germans, and Scythians, instead of Asiatic barbarians ; to Caesar and Octavianus, in not having vanquished, like them, good and virtuous citizens, but the most cruel and wicked tyrants. To Trajan, also, for my strenuous exertions against tyrants, I deserve no less to be preferred. To recover the province which he conquered seems to me equally meritorious ; perhaps to regain is more laudable than to gain. As to this Marcus, he, by saying nothing for himself, yields us all the precedency. "
" But, Constantino," said Silenus, " why do you not mention, among your great works, the gardens of Adonis? " "What mean you," replied Constantine, " by the gardens of Adonis ? " " Pots," answered Silenus, " filled with earth, in which women sow herbs in honor of that lover of Venus. They flourish for a short time, but soon fade. " At this Constantine blushed, knowing it to be intended as a sarcasm on his own actions.
Silence being proclaimed, it was expected that the gods would immediately have determined the preeminence by their votes. But they thought it proper first to examine the inten tions of the candidates, and not merely to collect them from their actions, in which Fortune had the greatest share ; and that goddess being present, loudly reproached them all, Octa vianus alone excepted, who, she said, had always been grateful to her. Of this the gods apprised Mercury, and commanded him to begin with asking Alexander "what he thought the highest excellence, and what was his principal view in all the great actions and labors of his life ? " He replied, " Universal conquest. " " "And in this," said Mercury, "did you think you succeeded ? " Certainly," answered Alexander. Silenus added, with a sneering laugh, " You forgot that you were often con quered by my daughters," meaning vines ; and ridiculing Alexan der for his intemperance. Alexander, well versed in Peripatetic aphorisms, replied, " Things inanimate cannot conquer. There can be no contention with them, but only with men or animals. "
THE CAESARS.
227
At this, Silenus ironically expressing his admiration, exclaimed : " Alas ! how great are the subterfuges of logicians ! But in what class will you rank yourself, — among things inanimate, or among the animate and living? " Alexander, with some dis pleasure, replied : " Be less severe : such was my magnanimity that I was convinced that I should be, nay, that I was, a god. " " You allow, then," said Silenus, " that you were often con quered by yourself, when anger, grief, or some other passion debased and debilitated your mind. " "But," answered Alex ander, "for any one to conquer himself, and to be conquered by himself, are synonymous. I am talking of my victories over others. " "Fie upon your logic! " returned Silenus, "how it detects my sophistry ! But when you were wounded in India, and Peucestes lay near you, and you, almost breathless, were carried out of the city, were you conquered by him who wounded
you, or did you conquer him ? "
replied Alexander, " but I also destroyed the city. " " Not you, indeed, you immortal," said Silenus; "you lay like Homer's Hector, languid, and almost expiring ; others fought and con quered. " "True," answered Alexander, "but under my com mand. " "How could they obey you," said Silenus, "who were carried out almost dead ? "
He then sung these verses of Euripides : —
" Unjust the Grecian reckoning : the troops The battle gain, their chiefs the victory. "
"Say no more, my dear father," said Bacchus, "lest he should treat you as he treated Clitus. " At this Alexander blushed, wept, and was silent.
This discourse ended, Mercury thus interrogated Caesar, "What, Caesar, was the principal view of your life? " "To excel my contemporaries," he replied, " and neither to be, or to be thought, second to any. " "This," said Mercury, "is not quite clear. In what did you particularly wish to excel, — in wisdom or eloquence, in military skill or political abilities?
" " In everything," answered Caesar. " I was desirous of being the first of men ; but as that was impossible, I endeavored to be the most powerful of my fellow-citizens. " " And had you much power among them ? " said Silenus. " Certainly," replied Caesar, " for I became their governor. " " That," returned Silenus, " you
"I not only conquered him,"
228 THE CESARS.
might be ; but you could never gain their love, though for that purpose you dissembled much humanity, acting a part like
a player, and meanly flattering all men. " " What ! " said Caesar : " was "I not loved by the people who persecuted Brutus and Cassius? " That," replied Silenus, "was not because they had murdered you ; for on that account the people made them consuls : but for the sake of your money, and finding that no small reward was given to those who should be their enemies. "
This discourse also being concluded, Mercury thus accosted Octavianus : " Will you also tell us what was your principal view? " He replied, " To reign well. " " What means that ? " said Silenus. " Explain, Augustus, as this is pretended even by the wicked. Even Dionysius thought that he reigned well; and so did the still more abandoned Agathocles. " " You know then," replied Octavianus, " ye gods, that when I parted with my grandson, I prayed you to give him the courage of Caesar, the conduct of Pompey, and my good fortune. " " Many statues of gods," said Silenus, " most curiously carved, of gods of great merit, have been sent us by this statuary. " " Why," answered Octavianus, " do you give me that ridiculous appellation ? " "As nymphs are carved," he replied, "have not you"formed gods, one of whom, and the principal, is this Caesar ? Octavianus blushed and said no more.
Mercury then, addressing himself to Trajan, asked what
end his actions had in view. " The same," he replied, those of Alexander, but with " more moderation. " " So
were conquered," said Silenus, by more ignoble passions.
was frequently subdued "by anger, you by the vilest and most disgraceful pleasures. " Plague on you ! " said Bacchus ; "your sarcasms prevent them speaking for themselves. A truce with your jokes, and consider now what you can find repre hensible in Marcus ; for he seems to me, in the sense of Simon- ides, perfect and faultless. " Then Mercury, turning toward Marcus, said, " And what, O sage, did you think the greatest happiness? " With a low voice and with great diffidence, he replied, " To imitate the gods. " This answer was immediately deemed highly noble and praiseworthy. Nor would Mercury question him any further, convinced that Marcus would always answer with equal propriety. In this opinion all the other gods concurred. Silenus only exclaimed : " By Bacchus, I will
not spare this sophist. Why did you formerly eat bread and drink wine, and not nectar and ambrosia, like us ? " " Not in
" as you He
THE C&SARS.
229
order to imitate the gods," replied he, "but to nourish my body; from a persuasion, whether true or false, that your bodies also require being nourished by the fumes of sacrifices. I did not, however, think that you were to be imitated in this, but in your minds. " Silenus, as much stunned at this as if he had been struck by a skillful boxer, replied : " This is somewhat plausible ; but tell me now, in what did " you formerly think that the imitation of the gods consisted ? Marcus answered, " In having as few wants and doing as much good as possible. " "What! had you no wants? " said Silenus. "As to myself," replied Marcus, "I had none; but my body, perhaps, had a few. " Marcus seeming in this also to have answered wisely, Silenus at last insisted on what he thought improper and unjust in the conduct of Marcus toward his wife and son, his enrolling her among the goddesses, and intrusting the empire to him. " In this also," said Marcus, " I imitated the gods, for I practiced that maxim of Homer : —
' The wife whom choice and passion both approve, Sure every wise and worthy man will love,'
And as to my son, I am justified in my behavior by that of Jupiter himself. I should long ago," said he to Mars, " have transfixed thee with a thunderbolt, if I had not loved thee because thou art my son. Besides, I never imagined that Com- modus would have proved so profligate. And though his youth, assailed on all sides by strong temptations, was hurried away by the worst, I intrusted the government to one not yet cor rupted. Afterwards, indeed, he became wicked. My tender ness, therefore, to my wife was copied from the example of the divine Achilles, and that to my son was in imitation of the supreme Jupiter ; and, besides, in both these I was guilty of no innovation. It is the general custom for sons to succeed to the inheritance of their fathers, and this is also the wish of all. Nor was I the first who decreed divine honors to a wife, there being many precedents. To have introduced it might, perhaps, have been unreasonable ; but to prevent the nearest relations from following the custom established by others, would be unjust. But I forget myself, and have been prolix in my apology to you, O Jupiter and ye gods, who know all things. Pardon me this indiscretion. "
When Marcus had finished his speech, Mercury interrogated Constantine, and asked him what good end he had in view.
230 THE OESARS.
" Having amassed great riches," he replied, " to disburse them liberally in the gratification of my own desires, and those of my friends. " At this, Silenus burst into a fit of long laughter, and said : "You now wish to pass for a banker ; but how can you forget your living like a cook or a hairdresser? This your hair and looks formerly proved, but now your words demon strate. " Thus severely sarcastic was Silenus.
Silence being proclaimed, the gods gave their votes privately. Most were in favor of Marcus, but Jupiter, after discoursing apart with his father, ordered Mercury to make the following
"All you who have engaged in this contest, know that, by our laws and decrees, the victor is allowed to rejoice, but not to insult the vanquished. Depart, then, wher ever you please, under the patronage of the gods, and, for the future, residing here, let every one choose some guardian and protector. "
proclamation:
Alexander immediately hastened to Hercules, and Octa- vianus to Apollo ; but Marcus attached himself closely both to Jupiter and Saturn. Caesar wandered about, and ran here and there, till Mars and Venus, moved with compassion, called him to them. Trajan joined Alexander, as if he would seat himself in the same place. But Constantine, not finding among the gods the model of his actions, and perceiving the Goddess of Pleasure, repaired to her. She received him very courteously : embraced him, and then dressing him in a woman's variegated gown, and nicely curling his hair, led him away to Luxury. With her he found one of his sons, who loudly proclaimed: " Let all, whether they be libertines, or murderers, or whatever be their crimes, boldly advance, for by sprinkling them with water, I will immediately make them pure. And if they should relapse, they need only smite their breast, and beat their heads, and they will again be purified. "
To this goddess Constantine gladly devoted himself, and with her conducted his sons out of the assembly of the gods. But the deities who punish atheism and bloodshed avenged on him and them the murder of their relations, till Jupiter, in favor of Claudius and Constantius, gave them some respite.
"As for you," said Mercury, addressing himself to me, "I have introduced you to the knowledge of your father the Sun ; obey then his dictates, making him your guide and secure refuge, while you live ; and when you leave the world, adopt him, with good hopes, for your tutelar god. "
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 231
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. By LONGUS.
[Longus is supposed to have lived in the latter part of the fourth century a. d. , under Theodosius the Great]
In the island of Lesbos there is an extensive city called Mitylene, the appearance of which is beautiful ; the sea inter sects it by various canals, and it is adorned with bridges of polished white stone. You might imagine you beheld an island rather than a city.
About twenty-four miles from Mitylene, were the posses sions of a rich man, which formed a very fine estate. The mountains abounded with game, the fields produced corn, the hills were thick with vines, the pastures with herds, and the sea-washed shore consisted of an extent of smooth sand.
As Lamon, a goatherd, was tending his herds upon the estate, he found a child suckled by a she-goat. The place where it was lying was an oak coppice and tangled thicket, with ivy winding about it, and soft grass beneath ; thither the goat continually ran and disappeared from sight, leaving her own kid in order to remain near the child. Lamon watched her movements, being grieved to see the kid neglected, and one day when the sun was burning in his meridian heat he follows her steps and sees her standing over the infant with the utmost caution, lest her hoofs might injure it, while the child sucked copious draughts of her milk as if from its mother's breast. Struck with natural astonishment, he advances close to the spot and discovers a lusty and handsome male child, with far richer swathing clothes than suited its fortune in being thus exposed ; for its little mantle was of fine purple, and fastened by a golden clasp, and it had a little sword with a hilt of ivory.
At first Lamon resolved to leave the infant to its fate, and to carry off only the tokens ; but feeling afterwards ashamed at the reflection that, in doing so, he should be inferior in humanity even to a goat, he waited for the approach of night, and then carried home the infant with the tokens, and the she- goat herself, to Myrtale his wife.
Myrtale was astonished, and thought it strange if goats could produce children, upon which her husband recounts
232 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
every particular ; how he found the infant exposed ; how it was suckled ; and how ashamed he felt at the idea of leaving it to perish. She shared his feelings, so they agreed to con ceal the tokens, and adopt the child as their own, committing the rearing of it to the goat ; and that the name also might be a pastoral one they determined to call it Daphnis.
Two years had now elapsed, when Dryas, a neighboring shepherd, tending his flock, found an infant under similar circumstances.
There was a grotto sacred to the Nymphs ; it was a spacious rock, concave within, convex without. The statues of the Nymphs themselves were carved in stone. Their feet were bare, their arms naked to the shoulder, their hair falling disheveled upon their shoulders, their vests girt about the waist, a smile sat upon their brow ; their whole semblance was that of a troop of dancers. The dome of the grotto rose over the middle of the rock. Water, springing from a fountain, formed a running stream, and a trim meadow stretched its soft and abundant herbage before the entrance, fed by the perpetual moisture. Within, milk pails, transverse flutes, flageolets, and pastoral pipes were suspended — the offerings of many an aged shepherd.
An ewe of Dryas's flock which had lately lambed had fre quently resorted to this grotto, and raised apprehensions of her being lost. The shepherd, wishing to cure her of this habit, and to bring her back to her former way of grazing, twisted some green osiers into the form of a slipknot, and approached the rock with the view of seizing her. Upon arriving there, how ever, he beheld a sight far contrary to his expectation. He found his ewe affectionately offering from her udder copious draughts of milk to an infant, which, without any wailing, eagerly turned from one teat to the other its clean and glossy face, the animal licking it as soon as it had had its fill.
This child was a female : and had beside its swathing gar ments, by way of tokens, a headdress wrought with gold, gilt sandals, and golden anklets.
Dryas, imagining that this foundling was a gift from the Deity, and instructed by his sheep to pity and love the infant, raised her in his arms, placed the tokens in his scrip, and prayed the Nymphs that their favor might attend upon him in bringing up their suppliant ; and when the time was come for
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 233
driving his cattle from their pasture, he returns to his cottage, relates what he has seen to his wife, exhibits what he had found, urges her to observe secrecy and to regard and rear the child as her own daughter.
Nape (for so his wife was called) immediately became a mother to the infant, and felt affection towards it, fearing per haps to be outdone in tenderness by the ewe, and, to make appearances more probable, gave the child the pastoral name of Chloe.
The two children grew rapidly, and their personal appear ance exceeded that of ordinary rustics. Daphnis was now fif teen and Chloe was his junior by two years, when on the same night Lamon and Dryas had the following dream. They thought that they beheld the Nymphs of the Grotto, in which the fountain was and where Dryas found the infant, presenting Daphnis and Chloe to a very saucy looking and handsome boy, who had wings upon his shoulders, and a little bow and arrows in his hand. He lightly touched them both with one of his shafts, and commanded them henceforth to follow a pastoral life. The boy was to tend goats, the girl was to have the charge of sheep.
The shepherd and goatherd, having had this dream, were grieved to think that these, their adopted children, were like themselves to have the care of flocks. Their dress had given promise of a better fortune, in consequence of which their fare had been more delicate, and their education and accomplish ments superior to those of a country life.
It appeared to them, however, that in the case of children whom the gods had preserved, the will of the gods must be obeyed ; so each having communicated to the other his dream, they offered a sacrifice to the "winged boy, the companion of the nymphs" (for they were unacquainted with his name), and sent forth the young people to their pastoral employments, having first instructed them in their duties ; how to pasture their herds before the noonday heat, and when it was abated ; at what time to lead them to the stream, and afterwards to drive them home to the fold; which of their sheep and goats required the crook, and to which only the voice was neces sary.
They, on their part, received the charge as if it had been some powerful sovereignty, and felt an affection for their sheep and goats beyond what is usual with shepherds : Chloe refer
234 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
ring her preservation to a ewe, and Daphnis remembering that a she-goat had suckled him when he was exposed.
It was the beginning of spring, the flowers were in bloom throughout the woods, the meadows, and the mountains ; there were the buzzings of the bee, the warblings of the songsters, the frolics of the lambs. The young of the flock were skipping on the mountains, the bees flew humming through the meadows, and the songs of the birds resounded through the bushes. Seeing all things pervaded with such universal joy, they, young and susceptible as they were, imitated whatever they saw or heard. Hearing the carol of the birds, they sang ; seeing the sportive skipping of the lambs, they danced ; and in imitation of the bees they gathered flowers. Some they placed in their bosoms, and others they wove into chaplets and carried them as offerings to the Nymphs.
They tended their flocks in company, and all their occupa tions were in common. Daphnis frequently collected the sheep which had strayed, and Chloe drove back from a preci pice the goats which were too venturesome. Sometimes one would take the entire management both of goats and sheep, while the other was intent upon some amusement.
Their sports were of a pastoral and childish kind. Chloe sometimes neglected her flock and went in search of stalks of asphodel, with which she wove traps for locusts ; while Daph nis devoted himself to playing till nightfall upon his pipe, which he had formed by cutting slender reeds, perforating the intervals between the joints, and compacting them together with soft wax. Sometimes they shared their milk and wine, and made a common meal upon the provision which they had brought from home ; and sooner might you see one part of the flock divided from the other than Daphnis separate from Chloe.
While thus engaged in their amusements Love contrived an interruption of a serious nature. A she-wolf from the neigh borhood had often carried off lambs from other shepherds' flocks, as she required a plentiful supply of food for her whelps. Upon this the villagers assembled by night and dug pits in the earth, six feet wide and twenty-four feet deep. The greater part of the loose earth, dug out of these pits, they car ried to a distance and scattered about, spreading the remainder over some long dry sticks laid over the mouth of the pits, so as to resemble the natural surface of the ground. The sticks were weaker than straws, so that if even a hare ran over them
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 235
they would break and prove that instead of substance there was but a show of solid earth. The villagers dug many of these pits in the mountains and in the plains, but they could not succeed in capturing the wolf, which discovered the con trivance of the snare. They however caused the destruction of many of their own goats and sheep, and very nearly, as we shall see, that of Daphnis.
Two angry he-goats engaged in fight. The contest waxed more and more violent, until one of them having his horn broken ran away bellowing with pain. The victor followed in hot and close pursuit. Daphnis, vexed to see that his goat's horn was broken, and that the conqueror persevered in his vengeance, seized his club and crook, and pursued the pursuer. In consequence of the former hurrying on in wrath, and the latter flying in trepidation, neither of them observed what lay in their path, and both fell into a pit, the goat first, Daphnis afterwards. This was the means of preserving his life, the goat serving as a support in his descent. Poor Daphnis remained at the bottom lamenting his sad mishap with tears, and anxiously hoping that some one might pass by, and pull him out. Chloe, who had observed the accident, hastened to the spot, and finding that he was still alive, summoned a cow herd from an adjacent field to come to his assistance. He obeyed the call, but upon seeking for a rope long enough to draw Daphnis out, no rope was to be found : upon which Chloe, undoing her headband, gave it to the cowherd to let down ; they then placed themselves at the brink of the pit, and held one end, while Daphnis grasped the other with both hands, and so got out.
They then extricated the unhappy goat, who had both his horns broken by the fall, and thus suffered a just punishment for his revenge towards his defeated fellow-combatant. They gave him to the herdsman as a reward for his assistance, and if the family at home inquired after him, were prepared to say that he had been destroyed by a wolf. After this they re turned to see whether their flocks were safe, and finding both goats and sheep feeding quietly and orderly, they sat down on the trunk of a tree and began to examine whether Daphnis had received any wound. No hurt or blood was to be seen, but his hair and all the rest of his person were covered with mud and dirt. Daphnis thought it would be best to wash himself, before Lamon and Myrtale should find out what had
236 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
happened to him ; proceeding with Chloe to the Grotto of the Nymphs, he gave her his tunic and scrip in charge.
He then approached the fountain, and washed his hair and his whole person. His hair was long and black, and his body sunburnt ; one might have imagined that its hue was derived from the overshadowing of his locks. Chloe thought him beauti ful, and because she had never done so before, attributed his beauty to the effects of the bath. As she was washing his back and shoulders his tender flesh yielded to her hand, so that, un observed, she frequently touched her own skin, in order to ascertain which of the two was softer. The sun was now setting, so they drove home their flocks, the only wish in Chloe's mind being to see Daphnis bathe again.
The following day, upon returning to the accustomed pas ture, Daphnis sat as usual under an oak, playing upon his pipe and surveying his goats lying down and apparently listening to his strains. Chloe, on her part, sitting near him, looked at her sheep, but more frequently turned her eyes upon Daphnis ; again he appeared to her beautiful as he was playing upon his pipe, and she attributed his beauty to the melody, so that taking the pipe she played upon it, in order, if possible, to appear beautiful herself. She persuaded him to bathe again, she looked at him when in the bath, and while looking at him, touched his skin : after which, as she returned home, she mentally admired him, and this admiration was the beginning of love. She knew not the meaning of her feelings, young as she was, and brought up in the country, and never having heard from any one so much as the name of love. She felt an oppression at her heart, she could not restrain her eyes from gazing upon him, nor her mouth from often pronouncing his name. She took no food, she lay awake at night, she neglected her flock, she laughed and wept by turns ; now she would doze, then suddenly start up ; at one moment her face became pale, in another moment it burnt with blushes. Such irritation is not felt even by the breeze-stung heifer.
Upon one occasion, when alone, she thus reasoned with
herself : "
I am no doubt ill, but what my malady is I know
I am in pain, and yet Ihave no wound ;
I burn, and yet am sitting in
not ;
yet I have lost none of my flock ;
the shade ; how often have brambles torn my skin, without my shedding a single tear ! how often have the bees stung me, yet I could still enjoy my meals ! Whatever it is which now
I feel grief, and
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 237
wounds my heart must be sharper than either of these. Daph- nis is beautiful, so are the flowers ; his pipe breathes sweetly, so does the nightingale ; yet I take no account either of birds or flowers. Would that I could become a pipe, that he might play upon me ! or a goat, that I might pasture under his care ! O cruel fountain, thou madest Daphnis alone beautiful; my bathing has been all in vain ! Dear Nymphs, ye see me per ishing, yet neither do ye endeavor to save the maiden brought up among you 1 Who will crown you with flowers when I am gone ? Who will take care of my poor lambs ? Who will attend to my chirping locust, which I caught with so much trouble, that its song might lull me to rest in the grotto ; but now I am sleepless, because of Daphnis, and my locust chirps in vain ! "
Such were the feelings, and such the words of Chloe, while as yet ignorant of the name of love. But Dorco the cowherd (the same who had drawn Daphnis and the goat out of the pit), a young fellow who already boasted of some beard upon his chin, and who knew not merely the name but the realities of love, had become enamored of Chloe, from the first time of meeting her. Feeling his passion increase day by day, and despising Daphnis, whom he looked upon as a mere boy, he determined to effect his purpose either by gifts or by dint of force. At first he made presents to them both ; he gave Daph nis a shepherd's pipe, having its nine reeds connected with metal in lieu of wax. He presented Chloe with a fawnskin, spotted all over, such as is worn by the Bacchantes.
Having thus insinuated himself into their friendship, he by degrees neglected Daphnis, but every day brought something to Chloe, — either a delicate cheese, or a chaplet of flowers, or a ripe apple. On one occasion he brought her a mountain calf, a gilt drinking cup, and the nestlings of a wild bird. She, ignorant as she was of love's artifices, received his gifts with pleasure ; chiefly pleased, however, at having something to give Daphnis. One day it happened that Dorco and he (for he likewise was destined to experience the pains and penalties of love) had an argument on the subject of their respective share of beauty. Chloe was to be umpire, and the victor's re ward was to be a kiss from her. Dorco thus began : —
" Maiden," said he, " I am taller than Daphnis, I am also a cowherd, he, a goatherd, I therefore excel him as far as oxen
are superior to goats ;
I am fair as milk, and my hair brown as
238 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
the ripe harvest field ; moreover, I had a mother to bring me up, not a goat. He, on the other hand, is short, beardless as a woman, and has a skin as tawny as a wolf ; while, from tend ing he-goats, he has contracted a goatish smell ; he is also so poor, that he cannot afford to keep even a dog ; and if it be true that a nanny gave him suck, he is no better than a nanny's son. "
Such was Dorco's speech. It was next the turn of Daphnis : —
" It is true," said he, " that a she-goat suckled me, and so
I tend he-goats and will bring I am dark complexioned, so is the hyacinth ;
did a she-goat suckle Jove ;
them into better condition than his oxen, but I smell of them no more than Pan does, who has in him more of a goat than anything else. I am content with cheese, coarse bread, and white wine, the food suitable for country folk. I am beardless, so is Bacchus ;
yet Bacchus is preferred before the satyr and the hyacinth before the lily. Now look at him : he is as sandy haired as a fox, bearded as a goat, and smock-faced as any city wench. If you have to bestow a kiss, it will be given to my mouth, whereas it will be thrown away upon his bristles. Remember also, maiden, that you owe your nurture to a sheep, and yet this has not marred your beauty. "
Chloe could restrain herself no longer, but partly from pleas ure at his praising her, partly from a desire of kissing him, she sprang forward and bestowed upon him the prize ; an art less and unsophisticated kiss, but one well calculated to set his heart on fire. Upon this, Dorco, in great disgust, took himself off, determined to seek some other way of wooing. Daphnis, as though he had been stung instead of kissed, became suddenly grave, felt a shivering all over, and could not control the beat ing of his heart. He wished to gaze upon Chloe, but at the first glance his face was suffused with blushes. For the first time he admired her hair, because it was auburn ; and her eyes, because they were large and brilliant ; her countenance, be cause it was fairer than even the milk of his own she-goats. One might have supposed that he had just received the faculty of sight, having had till then " no speculation " in his eyes.
From this moment, he took no food beyond the merest morsel, no drink beyond what would just moisten his lips.
Jupiter was
218 THE CiESARS.
should the bravest be omitted ? " What the son of Alcmena proposed was approved by Jupiter. Alexander, therefore, en tered the assembly of heroes ; but neither Ca;sar nor any one else rose up to him ; so that he was obliged to take the seat which the eldest son of Severus had left vacant, he, for his frat ricide, having been expelled. Silenus, then scoffing at Quiri- nus, said, "Take care, or this one Greek will excel all your Romans. " " By Jove," replied Quirinus, " I think that many of them are, in every respect, his equals. My posterity indeed have so much admired him that of foreign generals they style and think him only great ; not that they deem him superior to their countrymen, or are void of national prejudice. But that we shall soon determine when we have brought their merits to
for his descendants.
After this, Jupiter asked the gods whether all should enter
the lists, or whether they should adopt the practice observed in wrestling, where whoever conquers him who has gained the most victories is deemed the only victor, even of those who have been vanquished by his antagonist, though they have not been his competitors ? This was generally approved, as a just determination. Mercury then proclaimed that Cajsar should advance first, Octavianus next, and Trajan third, those being the greatest warriors. Silence being commanded, Saturn, turn ing to Jupiter, expressed his surprise at seeing martial emper ors summoned to this contest, but no philosophers. " These," he said, "are equally dear to me. Call, therefore, and intro duce Marcus [Aurelius]. " He being summoned, advanced with a serious aspect, occasioned by the labors of his mind. His eyes were hollow, his brow was contracted, and his whole form displayed unstudied beauty ; for his hair was uncombed, his beard was long, his dress simple and economical, and by scanty nourishment his body was transparent and shining, like the purest light. When he was admitted within the sacred in- closure, Bacchus said, " King Saturn and Father Jupiter, can anything imperfect be allowed among the gods ? " No answer being returned, " Let us send, then," proceeded he, " for some lover of pleasure. " "But," replied Jupiter, "it is not lawful for any one to be admitted here who does not worship us. " "Let judgment, therefore," said Bacchus, "be pronounced on him in the vestibule. We will call, with your leave, a prince,
the test ! "
Saying this, Quirinus blushed, and seemed evidently anxious
THE CESARS. 219
not indeed unwarlike, but softened by pleasure and enjoyment. Let Constantine come as far as the vestibule. "
This being allowed (the mode of their contention having been previously settled), Mercury advised that every one should severally speak for himself, and that the gods should then give their votes. But of this Apollo disapproved, in sisting that the truth only, and not eloquence or the charms of oratory, ought to be discussed and examined by the gods. Jupiter, wishing to oblige all, and at the same time desirous to prolong the assembly, replied, "There can be no incon venience in directing each of them to speak by a certain measure of water, and afterwards we may interrogate them and scrutinize their thoughts. " Silenus jocosely added, "Take care, Neptune, or Trajan and Alexander, mistaking the water for nectar, will swallow it all, and so leave none for the rest. "
Neptune answered : " They were much more fond of your draughts, Silenus, than of mine. It behooves you, therefore, to be rather afraid of your own vines than of my springs. " Sile nus was chagrined, and made no reply, but afterwards attended solely to the disputants. Mercury then proclaimed : —
" The arbiter of prizes due
To signal merit now begins.
Delay no longer, Time exhorts,
But lend your ears to what the voice Of herald Mercury proclaims.
Ye kings, to whose superior sway
Of old submissive nations bowed,
Who launched in fight the hostile spear, Advance, contend, with prudent minds Oppose your rivals, and await
The just, the impartial will of Heaven ! Wisdom these think the end of life, Those, vengeance on their foes to wreak, And serve their friends : of life, of toil, Pleasure some make the single view, Feasts, nuptials, all that feeds their eyes : From dainty ornaments of dress,
Or rings, with precious gems adorned, Others superior bliss derive.
Jove will the victory decree. "
Mercury having made this proclamation, the combatants drew lots : and the lot happened to concur with the love of
220 THE C^SARS.
preeminence habitual to Caesar. This augmented his pride and arrogance ; so that Alexander would have declined the contest, had he not been encouraged and persuaded by Her cules. Alexander obtained the next turn of speaking after Caesar. When all the rest had had their proper turns assigned them, Caesar thus began : —
" It was my good fortune, O Jupiter and ye gods, to be born, after many heroes, in that illustrious city which has extended her dominion farther than any other; so that they all may be satisfied if they obtain the second place. For what other city, deducing its origin from three thousand men, has in less than six hundred years carried its conquests to the utmost extremities of the earth ? What other nation has produced so many distinguished warriors and legislators, or such devout worshipers of the gods ? Born in a city so renowned, I sur passed, by my actions, not only my contemporaries, but all the heroes that ever lived. Of my own countrymen I know not one that will deny me the superiority. But as this Grecian is so presumptuous, which of his actions will he pretend to put in competition with mine ? His Persian trophies perhaps, as if he knew not how many I won from Pompey. And who was the most experienced general, Pompey or Darius ? Which of them commanded the bravest troops ? Instead of the refuse of mankind, Pompey had in his army more warlike nations than were ever subject to Darius ; of Europeans, those who had often routed the hostile Asiatics, and of them the most valiant : Italians, Illyrians, and Gauls. Having mentioned the Gauls, can the Getic exploits of Alexander be compared with
I twice
my conquest of Gaul ! He passed the Danube once ;
passed the Rhine ; and of my German victories no one can dispute the glory. I fought with Ariovistus. I was the first Roman who dared to cross the German Ocean. Though it was a wonderful achievement, however it may be admired, more glorious was my intrepidity in being the first who leaped on shore. Of the Helvetic and Hibernian nations I say nothing; nor have I mentioned my actions in Gaul, where I took above three hundred towns and defeated two millions of men. Great as these actions were, that which followed was greater and more illustrious. Being obliged to wage war with my fellow- citizens, I vanquished the unconquered and invincible Romans. If we should be judged by the number of our battles, I fought
THE C. ESARS. 221
thrice as many as are ascribed to Alexander by his greatest panegyrists ; if by the number of towns taken, not in Asia only, but also in Europe, I reduced more. Alexander saw and revered Egypt ; I, while I feasted there, subdued it. Will you also compare the clemency of each of us, when victorious ? I pardoned my enemies, and received from them such a return as Nemesis has revenged. He never spared his enemies nor even his friends. In particular, as you dispute the pre eminence, and will not immediately yield to me, like the rest, you compel me to mention your cruel behavior to the The- bans. On the contrary, how great was my humanity to the Helvetii ! The cities of the former were burnt by you ; the cities of the latter, burnt by their own inhabitants, were re built by me. Which, in short, was most illustrious; your defeating ten thousand Greeks, or my repulsing the attacks of a hundred and fifty thousand Romans ? Much more could I add, both of Alexander and myself; but as I never had leisure to study the art of oratory, you must excuse me, and, forming a just and impartial judgment both from what I have said and what I have omitted, will, I doubt not, give me the superiority. "
"How long, O Jupiter and ye gods, shall I silently bear the insolence of this boaster ! He sets no bounds, you see, to his praise of himself or to his abuse of me. Much better would it have become him to have abstained equally from both, as both are alike intolerable, but chiefly that of depre ciating my conduct, which he made the example of his own. Such is his assurance that he has dared to ridicule his own model. You should have recollected, Caesar, the tears which you shed on hearing of the memorials that were raised in honor of my deeds. But you afterwards owed your eleva tion to Pompey, who, though he was really insignificant, was idolized by his countrymen. As to his African triumph, no great exploit, his fame was owing to the weakness and in activity of the consuls. The Servile War was not waged with men, but with the most abandoned slaves, and it was conducted by Crassus and Lucius, though Pompey had the name and the
Caesar thus concluded ; but seeming desirous of saying still more. Alexander, who before had with difficulty restrained himself, could refrain no longer, but with much anxiety and emotion, thus began : —
THE C^SARS.
reputation. Armenia and the neighboring provinces were conquered by Lucullus ; yet for these also Pompey triumphed. He was then flattered by his fellow-citizens, and named the Great. But than whom of his predecessors was he greater? Which of his actions is comparable to those of Marius, or of the two Scipios ? or of Camillus, who was almost as much the founder of Rome as this Quirinus, having rebuilt his city when it was almost falling ? For they did not arrogate to themselves the works of others, as is usual in buildings founded and finished at the public expense, where the magistrate who has only plas tered the walls, on completing the edifice inscribes the founda tion stone. But these heroes, as public artificers and architects, have justly immortalized their own names. It is no wonder, therefore, that you vanquished Pompey, scratching his head and more resembling a fox than a lion. When he was de serted by fortune, who had long favored him, you easily conquered him single. But that your success was owing to no superior abilities is evident ; for being in want of provisions (which, you know, is no small fault of a general), you fought and were defeated. And if Pompey, by his imprudence or folly, or because he could not govern his army, when he should have protracted the war, gave battle, and did not pursue his victory, his failure was the consequence of his own misconduct, not of your military skill. The Persians, on the contrary, though in every respect well prepared and amply provided, submitted to my dominion. And as it becomes a good man and a wise prince to act not only with moderation, but with justice, I took arms to revenge the Greeks on the Persians and to free Greece from civil war. Nor was it ever my intention to ravage Greece, but those only who would have prevented my march against Persia I chastised. You, after subduing the Gauls and Germans, turned your arms against your own country. What can be worse, what more infamous ?
"You have mentioned, with a sneer, 'my defeating ten thousand Greeks. ' That you yourself sprang from the Greeks, and that the Greeks inhabited the greatest part of Italy, I well know ; but on this I will not insist. With a small nation of them, the ^Etolians, your neighbors, you thought it of great consequence to make an alliance ; but after they had fought for you, why did you reduce them, and that not easily, to subjec tion ? If then, in the old age, as it has been called, of Greece,
THE CiESAftS. 223
you could scarce reduce, not the whole, but one small nation, which was scarce known when Greece was in her vigor, what would have been the event if you had been obliged to contend with Greece when nourishing and united? How much you were alarmed by the invasion of Pyrrhus, you need not be re minded. As you think the conquest of Persia such a trifle, and depreciate an enterprise so glorious, tell me why, after a war of above two thousand years [tic'], you have never subdued a small province beyond the Tigris, subject to the Parthians ? Shall I inform you ? The darts of the Persians prevented you. An tony, who served under your command, can give you an account of them. But in less than ten years I conquered both Persia and India. After this, do you dare to contend with me, who, trained to war from my childhood, performed such deeds that the remembrance of them, though they have not been sufficiently celebrated by historians, will live for ever, like those of the in
vincible Hercules, of whom I was the follower and imitator ? I rivaled, in short, my ancestor Achilles ; and, admiring Her cules, I trod in his steps as nearly as a mortal can follow a god. Thus much, O ye gods, it was necessary for me to say in my own defense against an opponent whom, perhaps, it might have been better to have silently despised. If I was guilty of any cruelties, the innocent were not the objects, but such as had frequently and notoriously offended, and had made no proper use of their opportunities. And my offenses even against them were followed by Repentance, a very wise goddess, and the pre server of those who have erred. As for my chastising the am bitious, who always hated and had often injured me, in that I thought myself excusable. "
This military harangue being concluded, the attendant of Neptune gave the hourglass to Octavianus, measuring to him a very small quantity of water, and at the same time reminding him of his insolence to that deity. On which, having reflected with his usual sagacity, omitting to say anything of others, he thus began : —
"Instead of depreciating the actions of others, O Jupiter and ye gods, I will confine my whole speech to what concerns myself. In my youth I had the government of my native city, like this illustrious Alexander. The German wars, like my father Caesar, I happily concluded. Involved in civil dissen sions, I subdued Egypt at Actium in a sea-fight. I defeated
224 THE CjESARS.
Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, and I made the son of Pompey contribute to my glory. Such, however, was my attachment to philosophy, that instead of being disgusted at the freedom assumed by Athenodorus, I pleaded with it, and revered him as a preceptor, or rather as a parent. Areus also was my friend and confidant. And, upon the whole, I was never guilty of the least offense against philosophy. As Rome, I saw, had been frequently reduced to the last extremity by intestine divisions, I so reestablished her affairs as to render them, by your assist ance, O ye gods, firm and adamantine. Without indulging an insatiable ambition, I studiously endeavored to enlarge her do minions ; but I concurred with nature in fixing the rivers Dan ube and Euphrates as their boundaries. After having subdued the Scythians and Thracians, I did not employ the long reign with which you indulged me in meditating war after war, but devoted my leisure to the correction of the evils which war had occasioned, and to legislation, in which, I apprehend, I did not consult the public welfare less than my predecessors ; nay, if I must boldly speak the truth, I consulted it more than any who have governed such an empire. For some who have commanded armies, when they might at length have rested in peace, have made one war the pretense for another, as the litigious contrive lawsuits. Others, when forced into a war, have been immersed in pleasure, and have preferred the most infamous pursuits, not only to their glory, but even to their lives. Well weighing all these things, I do not think myself entitled to the lowest place. But it becomes me to acquiesce in whatever you, O ye gods, may please to determine. "
Trajan was appointed to harangue next. Though he had a talent for speaking, such was his indolence, that he usually employed Sura to compose his orations. Bawling, rather than speaking, he displayed to the gods his Getic and Parthian tro phies. He then lamented his old age, as if that had prevented him from extending his Parthian conquests. " You fool," said Silenus, " you reigned twenty years, and this Alexander only twelve. Why, then, do you not condemn your own indolence, instead of throwing the blame on want of time ? " Provoked at this taunt, for he was not deficient in eloquence, though it was often blunted by intemperance, Trajan added : —
" O Jupiter and ye gods, when I assumed the reins of gov ernment, I found the empire in a torpid and divided state,
THE CjESARS. 225
occasioned partly by the tyranny which had long prevailed at home, and partly by the insults of the Getes abroad. I did not hesitate, however, singly to attack the nations beyond the Dan ube. That of the Getes I subdued and extirpated ; of all the most warlike, not only by their bodily strength, but by the courage with which they are inspired by the doctrine of their renowned Zamolxis. For the firm persuasion that they shall not perish, but only change their place of abode, makes them always prepared as for a journey. This enterprise I completed in less than five years. Of all the emperors who preceded me, not one was so mild to his subjects, nor can that be contested with me even with this Caesar, before unrivaled in clemency, nor by any other. The Parthians, till they insulted me, I thought it unjust to attack ; but after they had insulted me, neither my age nor the laws which allowed me to quit the serv ice prevented my invading them. Thus circumstanced, am not I, who was eminently mild to my subjects and formidable to my enemies, and who revered my divine daughter, Philos ophy, justly entitled to superior honors, and even to the first rank ? "
Trajan having concluded, it was allowed that he excelled all in clemency, a virtue particularly pleasing to the gods.
Marcus Aurelius then beginning to speak, Silenus said, in a low voice to Bacchus, " Let us hear which of his wonderful paradoxes and aphorisms this Stoic will produce. " But he, fixing his eyes on Jupiter and the other gods, thus addressed them : —
"I have no occasion, O Jupiter and ye gods, to harangue or dispute. If you were ignorant of my actions, it would be proper for me to acquaint you with them, but as you are privy to them, and nothing is concealed from you, you will honor me as I deserve. "
Thus Marcus, as in everything else, seemed worthy of admi ration for his extraordinary prudence in the knowing when to speak and when to be silent.
Constantine was then summoned to speak. He entered the lists with confidence ; but when he reflected on the actions of his competitors, his own seemed trivial and inconsiderable. He defeated, it is true, two tyrants ; one of them unwarlike and pusillanimous, the other unfortunate and advanced in years, and both of them odious to gods and men. As for his exploits
VOL. VII. —16
226 THE CJSSARS.
against the barbarians, they were ridiculous. For he, in a man ner, paid them tribute, to indulge his love of pleasure. He stood, therefore, at a distance from the gods, near the entrance of the moon, of whom he was enamored, and gazing only on her, was regardless of victory. "
In these
However, as it was necessary for him to speak : particulars," said he, " I am superior to my opponents ; to the Macedonian, in having fought against the Romans, Germans, and Scythians, instead of Asiatic barbarians ; to Caesar and Octavianus, in not having vanquished, like them, good and virtuous citizens, but the most cruel and wicked tyrants. To Trajan, also, for my strenuous exertions against tyrants, I deserve no less to be preferred. To recover the province which he conquered seems to me equally meritorious ; perhaps to regain is more laudable than to gain. As to this Marcus, he, by saying nothing for himself, yields us all the precedency. "
" But, Constantino," said Silenus, " why do you not mention, among your great works, the gardens of Adonis? " "What mean you," replied Constantine, " by the gardens of Adonis ? " " Pots," answered Silenus, " filled with earth, in which women sow herbs in honor of that lover of Venus. They flourish for a short time, but soon fade. " At this Constantine blushed, knowing it to be intended as a sarcasm on his own actions.
Silence being proclaimed, it was expected that the gods would immediately have determined the preeminence by their votes. But they thought it proper first to examine the inten tions of the candidates, and not merely to collect them from their actions, in which Fortune had the greatest share ; and that goddess being present, loudly reproached them all, Octa vianus alone excepted, who, she said, had always been grateful to her. Of this the gods apprised Mercury, and commanded him to begin with asking Alexander "what he thought the highest excellence, and what was his principal view in all the great actions and labors of his life ? " He replied, " Universal conquest. " " "And in this," said Mercury, "did you think you succeeded ? " Certainly," answered Alexander. Silenus added, with a sneering laugh, " You forgot that you were often con quered by my daughters," meaning vines ; and ridiculing Alexan der for his intemperance. Alexander, well versed in Peripatetic aphorisms, replied, " Things inanimate cannot conquer. There can be no contention with them, but only with men or animals. "
THE CAESARS.
227
At this, Silenus ironically expressing his admiration, exclaimed : " Alas ! how great are the subterfuges of logicians ! But in what class will you rank yourself, — among things inanimate, or among the animate and living? " Alexander, with some dis pleasure, replied : " Be less severe : such was my magnanimity that I was convinced that I should be, nay, that I was, a god. " " You allow, then," said Silenus, " that you were often con quered by yourself, when anger, grief, or some other passion debased and debilitated your mind. " "But," answered Alex ander, "for any one to conquer himself, and to be conquered by himself, are synonymous. I am talking of my victories over others. " "Fie upon your logic! " returned Silenus, "how it detects my sophistry ! But when you were wounded in India, and Peucestes lay near you, and you, almost breathless, were carried out of the city, were you conquered by him who wounded
you, or did you conquer him ? "
replied Alexander, " but I also destroyed the city. " " Not you, indeed, you immortal," said Silenus; "you lay like Homer's Hector, languid, and almost expiring ; others fought and con quered. " "True," answered Alexander, "but under my com mand. " "How could they obey you," said Silenus, "who were carried out almost dead ? "
He then sung these verses of Euripides : —
" Unjust the Grecian reckoning : the troops The battle gain, their chiefs the victory. "
"Say no more, my dear father," said Bacchus, "lest he should treat you as he treated Clitus. " At this Alexander blushed, wept, and was silent.
This discourse ended, Mercury thus interrogated Caesar, "What, Caesar, was the principal view of your life? " "To excel my contemporaries," he replied, " and neither to be, or to be thought, second to any. " "This," said Mercury, "is not quite clear. In what did you particularly wish to excel, — in wisdom or eloquence, in military skill or political abilities?
" " In everything," answered Caesar. " I was desirous of being the first of men ; but as that was impossible, I endeavored to be the most powerful of my fellow-citizens. " " And had you much power among them ? " said Silenus. " Certainly," replied Caesar, " for I became their governor. " " That," returned Silenus, " you
"I not only conquered him,"
228 THE CESARS.
might be ; but you could never gain their love, though for that purpose you dissembled much humanity, acting a part like
a player, and meanly flattering all men. " " What ! " said Caesar : " was "I not loved by the people who persecuted Brutus and Cassius? " That," replied Silenus, "was not because they had murdered you ; for on that account the people made them consuls : but for the sake of your money, and finding that no small reward was given to those who should be their enemies. "
This discourse also being concluded, Mercury thus accosted Octavianus : " Will you also tell us what was your principal view? " He replied, " To reign well. " " What means that ? " said Silenus. " Explain, Augustus, as this is pretended even by the wicked. Even Dionysius thought that he reigned well; and so did the still more abandoned Agathocles. " " You know then," replied Octavianus, " ye gods, that when I parted with my grandson, I prayed you to give him the courage of Caesar, the conduct of Pompey, and my good fortune. " " Many statues of gods," said Silenus, " most curiously carved, of gods of great merit, have been sent us by this statuary. " " Why," answered Octavianus, " do you give me that ridiculous appellation ? " "As nymphs are carved," he replied, "have not you"formed gods, one of whom, and the principal, is this Caesar ? Octavianus blushed and said no more.
Mercury then, addressing himself to Trajan, asked what
end his actions had in view. " The same," he replied, those of Alexander, but with " more moderation. " " So
were conquered," said Silenus, by more ignoble passions.
was frequently subdued "by anger, you by the vilest and most disgraceful pleasures. " Plague on you ! " said Bacchus ; "your sarcasms prevent them speaking for themselves. A truce with your jokes, and consider now what you can find repre hensible in Marcus ; for he seems to me, in the sense of Simon- ides, perfect and faultless. " Then Mercury, turning toward Marcus, said, " And what, O sage, did you think the greatest happiness? " With a low voice and with great diffidence, he replied, " To imitate the gods. " This answer was immediately deemed highly noble and praiseworthy. Nor would Mercury question him any further, convinced that Marcus would always answer with equal propriety. In this opinion all the other gods concurred. Silenus only exclaimed : " By Bacchus, I will
not spare this sophist. Why did you formerly eat bread and drink wine, and not nectar and ambrosia, like us ? " " Not in
" as you He
THE C&SARS.
229
order to imitate the gods," replied he, "but to nourish my body; from a persuasion, whether true or false, that your bodies also require being nourished by the fumes of sacrifices. I did not, however, think that you were to be imitated in this, but in your minds. " Silenus, as much stunned at this as if he had been struck by a skillful boxer, replied : " This is somewhat plausible ; but tell me now, in what did " you formerly think that the imitation of the gods consisted ? Marcus answered, " In having as few wants and doing as much good as possible. " "What! had you no wants? " said Silenus. "As to myself," replied Marcus, "I had none; but my body, perhaps, had a few. " Marcus seeming in this also to have answered wisely, Silenus at last insisted on what he thought improper and unjust in the conduct of Marcus toward his wife and son, his enrolling her among the goddesses, and intrusting the empire to him. " In this also," said Marcus, " I imitated the gods, for I practiced that maxim of Homer : —
' The wife whom choice and passion both approve, Sure every wise and worthy man will love,'
And as to my son, I am justified in my behavior by that of Jupiter himself. I should long ago," said he to Mars, " have transfixed thee with a thunderbolt, if I had not loved thee because thou art my son. Besides, I never imagined that Com- modus would have proved so profligate. And though his youth, assailed on all sides by strong temptations, was hurried away by the worst, I intrusted the government to one not yet cor rupted. Afterwards, indeed, he became wicked. My tender ness, therefore, to my wife was copied from the example of the divine Achilles, and that to my son was in imitation of the supreme Jupiter ; and, besides, in both these I was guilty of no innovation. It is the general custom for sons to succeed to the inheritance of their fathers, and this is also the wish of all. Nor was I the first who decreed divine honors to a wife, there being many precedents. To have introduced it might, perhaps, have been unreasonable ; but to prevent the nearest relations from following the custom established by others, would be unjust. But I forget myself, and have been prolix in my apology to you, O Jupiter and ye gods, who know all things. Pardon me this indiscretion. "
When Marcus had finished his speech, Mercury interrogated Constantine, and asked him what good end he had in view.
230 THE OESARS.
" Having amassed great riches," he replied, " to disburse them liberally in the gratification of my own desires, and those of my friends. " At this, Silenus burst into a fit of long laughter, and said : "You now wish to pass for a banker ; but how can you forget your living like a cook or a hairdresser? This your hair and looks formerly proved, but now your words demon strate. " Thus severely sarcastic was Silenus.
Silence being proclaimed, the gods gave their votes privately. Most were in favor of Marcus, but Jupiter, after discoursing apart with his father, ordered Mercury to make the following
"All you who have engaged in this contest, know that, by our laws and decrees, the victor is allowed to rejoice, but not to insult the vanquished. Depart, then, wher ever you please, under the patronage of the gods, and, for the future, residing here, let every one choose some guardian and protector. "
proclamation:
Alexander immediately hastened to Hercules, and Octa- vianus to Apollo ; but Marcus attached himself closely both to Jupiter and Saturn. Caesar wandered about, and ran here and there, till Mars and Venus, moved with compassion, called him to them. Trajan joined Alexander, as if he would seat himself in the same place. But Constantine, not finding among the gods the model of his actions, and perceiving the Goddess of Pleasure, repaired to her. She received him very courteously : embraced him, and then dressing him in a woman's variegated gown, and nicely curling his hair, led him away to Luxury. With her he found one of his sons, who loudly proclaimed: " Let all, whether they be libertines, or murderers, or whatever be their crimes, boldly advance, for by sprinkling them with water, I will immediately make them pure. And if they should relapse, they need only smite their breast, and beat their heads, and they will again be purified. "
To this goddess Constantine gladly devoted himself, and with her conducted his sons out of the assembly of the gods. But the deities who punish atheism and bloodshed avenged on him and them the murder of their relations, till Jupiter, in favor of Claudius and Constantius, gave them some respite.
"As for you," said Mercury, addressing himself to me, "I have introduced you to the knowledge of your father the Sun ; obey then his dictates, making him your guide and secure refuge, while you live ; and when you leave the world, adopt him, with good hopes, for your tutelar god. "
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 231
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. By LONGUS.
[Longus is supposed to have lived in the latter part of the fourth century a. d. , under Theodosius the Great]
In the island of Lesbos there is an extensive city called Mitylene, the appearance of which is beautiful ; the sea inter sects it by various canals, and it is adorned with bridges of polished white stone. You might imagine you beheld an island rather than a city.
About twenty-four miles from Mitylene, were the posses sions of a rich man, which formed a very fine estate. The mountains abounded with game, the fields produced corn, the hills were thick with vines, the pastures with herds, and the sea-washed shore consisted of an extent of smooth sand.
As Lamon, a goatherd, was tending his herds upon the estate, he found a child suckled by a she-goat. The place where it was lying was an oak coppice and tangled thicket, with ivy winding about it, and soft grass beneath ; thither the goat continually ran and disappeared from sight, leaving her own kid in order to remain near the child. Lamon watched her movements, being grieved to see the kid neglected, and one day when the sun was burning in his meridian heat he follows her steps and sees her standing over the infant with the utmost caution, lest her hoofs might injure it, while the child sucked copious draughts of her milk as if from its mother's breast. Struck with natural astonishment, he advances close to the spot and discovers a lusty and handsome male child, with far richer swathing clothes than suited its fortune in being thus exposed ; for its little mantle was of fine purple, and fastened by a golden clasp, and it had a little sword with a hilt of ivory.
At first Lamon resolved to leave the infant to its fate, and to carry off only the tokens ; but feeling afterwards ashamed at the reflection that, in doing so, he should be inferior in humanity even to a goat, he waited for the approach of night, and then carried home the infant with the tokens, and the she- goat herself, to Myrtale his wife.
Myrtale was astonished, and thought it strange if goats could produce children, upon which her husband recounts
232 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
every particular ; how he found the infant exposed ; how it was suckled ; and how ashamed he felt at the idea of leaving it to perish. She shared his feelings, so they agreed to con ceal the tokens, and adopt the child as their own, committing the rearing of it to the goat ; and that the name also might be a pastoral one they determined to call it Daphnis.
Two years had now elapsed, when Dryas, a neighboring shepherd, tending his flock, found an infant under similar circumstances.
There was a grotto sacred to the Nymphs ; it was a spacious rock, concave within, convex without. The statues of the Nymphs themselves were carved in stone. Their feet were bare, their arms naked to the shoulder, their hair falling disheveled upon their shoulders, their vests girt about the waist, a smile sat upon their brow ; their whole semblance was that of a troop of dancers. The dome of the grotto rose over the middle of the rock. Water, springing from a fountain, formed a running stream, and a trim meadow stretched its soft and abundant herbage before the entrance, fed by the perpetual moisture. Within, milk pails, transverse flutes, flageolets, and pastoral pipes were suspended — the offerings of many an aged shepherd.
An ewe of Dryas's flock which had lately lambed had fre quently resorted to this grotto, and raised apprehensions of her being lost. The shepherd, wishing to cure her of this habit, and to bring her back to her former way of grazing, twisted some green osiers into the form of a slipknot, and approached the rock with the view of seizing her. Upon arriving there, how ever, he beheld a sight far contrary to his expectation. He found his ewe affectionately offering from her udder copious draughts of milk to an infant, which, without any wailing, eagerly turned from one teat to the other its clean and glossy face, the animal licking it as soon as it had had its fill.
This child was a female : and had beside its swathing gar ments, by way of tokens, a headdress wrought with gold, gilt sandals, and golden anklets.
Dryas, imagining that this foundling was a gift from the Deity, and instructed by his sheep to pity and love the infant, raised her in his arms, placed the tokens in his scrip, and prayed the Nymphs that their favor might attend upon him in bringing up their suppliant ; and when the time was come for
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 233
driving his cattle from their pasture, he returns to his cottage, relates what he has seen to his wife, exhibits what he had found, urges her to observe secrecy and to regard and rear the child as her own daughter.
Nape (for so his wife was called) immediately became a mother to the infant, and felt affection towards it, fearing per haps to be outdone in tenderness by the ewe, and, to make appearances more probable, gave the child the pastoral name of Chloe.
The two children grew rapidly, and their personal appear ance exceeded that of ordinary rustics. Daphnis was now fif teen and Chloe was his junior by two years, when on the same night Lamon and Dryas had the following dream. They thought that they beheld the Nymphs of the Grotto, in which the fountain was and where Dryas found the infant, presenting Daphnis and Chloe to a very saucy looking and handsome boy, who had wings upon his shoulders, and a little bow and arrows in his hand. He lightly touched them both with one of his shafts, and commanded them henceforth to follow a pastoral life. The boy was to tend goats, the girl was to have the charge of sheep.
The shepherd and goatherd, having had this dream, were grieved to think that these, their adopted children, were like themselves to have the care of flocks. Their dress had given promise of a better fortune, in consequence of which their fare had been more delicate, and their education and accomplish ments superior to those of a country life.
It appeared to them, however, that in the case of children whom the gods had preserved, the will of the gods must be obeyed ; so each having communicated to the other his dream, they offered a sacrifice to the "winged boy, the companion of the nymphs" (for they were unacquainted with his name), and sent forth the young people to their pastoral employments, having first instructed them in their duties ; how to pasture their herds before the noonday heat, and when it was abated ; at what time to lead them to the stream, and afterwards to drive them home to the fold; which of their sheep and goats required the crook, and to which only the voice was neces sary.
They, on their part, received the charge as if it had been some powerful sovereignty, and felt an affection for their sheep and goats beyond what is usual with shepherds : Chloe refer
234 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
ring her preservation to a ewe, and Daphnis remembering that a she-goat had suckled him when he was exposed.
It was the beginning of spring, the flowers were in bloom throughout the woods, the meadows, and the mountains ; there were the buzzings of the bee, the warblings of the songsters, the frolics of the lambs. The young of the flock were skipping on the mountains, the bees flew humming through the meadows, and the songs of the birds resounded through the bushes. Seeing all things pervaded with such universal joy, they, young and susceptible as they were, imitated whatever they saw or heard. Hearing the carol of the birds, they sang ; seeing the sportive skipping of the lambs, they danced ; and in imitation of the bees they gathered flowers. Some they placed in their bosoms, and others they wove into chaplets and carried them as offerings to the Nymphs.
They tended their flocks in company, and all their occupa tions were in common. Daphnis frequently collected the sheep which had strayed, and Chloe drove back from a preci pice the goats which were too venturesome. Sometimes one would take the entire management both of goats and sheep, while the other was intent upon some amusement.
Their sports were of a pastoral and childish kind. Chloe sometimes neglected her flock and went in search of stalks of asphodel, with which she wove traps for locusts ; while Daph nis devoted himself to playing till nightfall upon his pipe, which he had formed by cutting slender reeds, perforating the intervals between the joints, and compacting them together with soft wax. Sometimes they shared their milk and wine, and made a common meal upon the provision which they had brought from home ; and sooner might you see one part of the flock divided from the other than Daphnis separate from Chloe.
While thus engaged in their amusements Love contrived an interruption of a serious nature. A she-wolf from the neigh borhood had often carried off lambs from other shepherds' flocks, as she required a plentiful supply of food for her whelps. Upon this the villagers assembled by night and dug pits in the earth, six feet wide and twenty-four feet deep. The greater part of the loose earth, dug out of these pits, they car ried to a distance and scattered about, spreading the remainder over some long dry sticks laid over the mouth of the pits, so as to resemble the natural surface of the ground. The sticks were weaker than straws, so that if even a hare ran over them
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 235
they would break and prove that instead of substance there was but a show of solid earth. The villagers dug many of these pits in the mountains and in the plains, but they could not succeed in capturing the wolf, which discovered the con trivance of the snare. They however caused the destruction of many of their own goats and sheep, and very nearly, as we shall see, that of Daphnis.
Two angry he-goats engaged in fight. The contest waxed more and more violent, until one of them having his horn broken ran away bellowing with pain. The victor followed in hot and close pursuit. Daphnis, vexed to see that his goat's horn was broken, and that the conqueror persevered in his vengeance, seized his club and crook, and pursued the pursuer. In consequence of the former hurrying on in wrath, and the latter flying in trepidation, neither of them observed what lay in their path, and both fell into a pit, the goat first, Daphnis afterwards. This was the means of preserving his life, the goat serving as a support in his descent. Poor Daphnis remained at the bottom lamenting his sad mishap with tears, and anxiously hoping that some one might pass by, and pull him out. Chloe, who had observed the accident, hastened to the spot, and finding that he was still alive, summoned a cow herd from an adjacent field to come to his assistance. He obeyed the call, but upon seeking for a rope long enough to draw Daphnis out, no rope was to be found : upon which Chloe, undoing her headband, gave it to the cowherd to let down ; they then placed themselves at the brink of the pit, and held one end, while Daphnis grasped the other with both hands, and so got out.
They then extricated the unhappy goat, who had both his horns broken by the fall, and thus suffered a just punishment for his revenge towards his defeated fellow-combatant. They gave him to the herdsman as a reward for his assistance, and if the family at home inquired after him, were prepared to say that he had been destroyed by a wolf. After this they re turned to see whether their flocks were safe, and finding both goats and sheep feeding quietly and orderly, they sat down on the trunk of a tree and began to examine whether Daphnis had received any wound. No hurt or blood was to be seen, but his hair and all the rest of his person were covered with mud and dirt. Daphnis thought it would be best to wash himself, before Lamon and Myrtale should find out what had
236 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
happened to him ; proceeding with Chloe to the Grotto of the Nymphs, he gave her his tunic and scrip in charge.
He then approached the fountain, and washed his hair and his whole person. His hair was long and black, and his body sunburnt ; one might have imagined that its hue was derived from the overshadowing of his locks. Chloe thought him beauti ful, and because she had never done so before, attributed his beauty to the effects of the bath. As she was washing his back and shoulders his tender flesh yielded to her hand, so that, un observed, she frequently touched her own skin, in order to ascertain which of the two was softer. The sun was now setting, so they drove home their flocks, the only wish in Chloe's mind being to see Daphnis bathe again.
The following day, upon returning to the accustomed pas ture, Daphnis sat as usual under an oak, playing upon his pipe and surveying his goats lying down and apparently listening to his strains. Chloe, on her part, sitting near him, looked at her sheep, but more frequently turned her eyes upon Daphnis ; again he appeared to her beautiful as he was playing upon his pipe, and she attributed his beauty to the melody, so that taking the pipe she played upon it, in order, if possible, to appear beautiful herself. She persuaded him to bathe again, she looked at him when in the bath, and while looking at him, touched his skin : after which, as she returned home, she mentally admired him, and this admiration was the beginning of love. She knew not the meaning of her feelings, young as she was, and brought up in the country, and never having heard from any one so much as the name of love. She felt an oppression at her heart, she could not restrain her eyes from gazing upon him, nor her mouth from often pronouncing his name. She took no food, she lay awake at night, she neglected her flock, she laughed and wept by turns ; now she would doze, then suddenly start up ; at one moment her face became pale, in another moment it burnt with blushes. Such irritation is not felt even by the breeze-stung heifer.
Upon one occasion, when alone, she thus reasoned with
herself : "
I am no doubt ill, but what my malady is I know
I am in pain, and yet Ihave no wound ;
I burn, and yet am sitting in
not ;
yet I have lost none of my flock ;
the shade ; how often have brambles torn my skin, without my shedding a single tear ! how often have the bees stung me, yet I could still enjoy my meals ! Whatever it is which now
I feel grief, and
HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE. 237
wounds my heart must be sharper than either of these. Daph- nis is beautiful, so are the flowers ; his pipe breathes sweetly, so does the nightingale ; yet I take no account either of birds or flowers. Would that I could become a pipe, that he might play upon me ! or a goat, that I might pasture under his care ! O cruel fountain, thou madest Daphnis alone beautiful; my bathing has been all in vain ! Dear Nymphs, ye see me per ishing, yet neither do ye endeavor to save the maiden brought up among you 1 Who will crown you with flowers when I am gone ? Who will take care of my poor lambs ? Who will attend to my chirping locust, which I caught with so much trouble, that its song might lull me to rest in the grotto ; but now I am sleepless, because of Daphnis, and my locust chirps in vain ! "
Such were the feelings, and such the words of Chloe, while as yet ignorant of the name of love. But Dorco the cowherd (the same who had drawn Daphnis and the goat out of the pit), a young fellow who already boasted of some beard upon his chin, and who knew not merely the name but the realities of love, had become enamored of Chloe, from the first time of meeting her. Feeling his passion increase day by day, and despising Daphnis, whom he looked upon as a mere boy, he determined to effect his purpose either by gifts or by dint of force. At first he made presents to them both ; he gave Daph nis a shepherd's pipe, having its nine reeds connected with metal in lieu of wax. He presented Chloe with a fawnskin, spotted all over, such as is worn by the Bacchantes.
Having thus insinuated himself into their friendship, he by degrees neglected Daphnis, but every day brought something to Chloe, — either a delicate cheese, or a chaplet of flowers, or a ripe apple. On one occasion he brought her a mountain calf, a gilt drinking cup, and the nestlings of a wild bird. She, ignorant as she was of love's artifices, received his gifts with pleasure ; chiefly pleased, however, at having something to give Daphnis. One day it happened that Dorco and he (for he likewise was destined to experience the pains and penalties of love) had an argument on the subject of their respective share of beauty. Chloe was to be umpire, and the victor's re ward was to be a kiss from her. Dorco thus began : —
" Maiden," said he, " I am taller than Daphnis, I am also a cowherd, he, a goatherd, I therefore excel him as far as oxen
are superior to goats ;
I am fair as milk, and my hair brown as
238 HOW DAPHNIS AND CHLOE FELL IN LOVE.
the ripe harvest field ; moreover, I had a mother to bring me up, not a goat. He, on the other hand, is short, beardless as a woman, and has a skin as tawny as a wolf ; while, from tend ing he-goats, he has contracted a goatish smell ; he is also so poor, that he cannot afford to keep even a dog ; and if it be true that a nanny gave him suck, he is no better than a nanny's son. "
Such was Dorco's speech. It was next the turn of Daphnis : —
" It is true," said he, " that a she-goat suckled me, and so
I tend he-goats and will bring I am dark complexioned, so is the hyacinth ;
did a she-goat suckle Jove ;
them into better condition than his oxen, but I smell of them no more than Pan does, who has in him more of a goat than anything else. I am content with cheese, coarse bread, and white wine, the food suitable for country folk. I am beardless, so is Bacchus ;
yet Bacchus is preferred before the satyr and the hyacinth before the lily. Now look at him : he is as sandy haired as a fox, bearded as a goat, and smock-faced as any city wench. If you have to bestow a kiss, it will be given to my mouth, whereas it will be thrown away upon his bristles. Remember also, maiden, that you owe your nurture to a sheep, and yet this has not marred your beauty. "
Chloe could restrain herself no longer, but partly from pleas ure at his praising her, partly from a desire of kissing him, she sprang forward and bestowed upon him the prize ; an art less and unsophisticated kiss, but one well calculated to set his heart on fire. Upon this, Dorco, in great disgust, took himself off, determined to seek some other way of wooing. Daphnis, as though he had been stung instead of kissed, became suddenly grave, felt a shivering all over, and could not control the beat ing of his heart. He wished to gaze upon Chloe, but at the first glance his face was suffused with blushes. For the first time he admired her hair, because it was auburn ; and her eyes, because they were large and brilliant ; her countenance, be cause it was fairer than even the milk of his own she-goats. One might have supposed that he had just received the faculty of sight, having had till then " no speculation " in his eyes.
From this moment, he took no food beyond the merest morsel, no drink beyond what would just moisten his lips.
