) In the third century it
declined
in importance,
on account of the vicinity and rapid growth of Are-
late and Narbo.
on account of the vicinity and rapid growth of Are-
late and Narbo.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
handle.
net/2027/uva.
x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? LUC
LUCRETIUS
to tin Forum, and proceeded to relate the bloody deed
which the villany of Sextus Tarquinius had caused.
Nor did he content himself with that, but set before
them, in the most animated manner, the cruelty, tyran-
ny, and oppression of Tarquinius himself; the guilty
manner in which he obtained the kingdom, the violent
means he had used to retain it, and the unjust repeal
o< all the laws of Servius Tullius, by which he had
tabbed them of their liberties. By this means he
wrought so effectually upon the feelings of the people,
tht> they passed a decree abolishing the kingly power
itself, and banishing for ever Lucius Tarquinius Superb-
us, and his wife and children. (Liv. , 1, 57, seqq. --
Dion. Hal. , 4, 15. ) Tho story of Lucretia is very in-
geniously discussed by Verri, and the conclusion at
which he apparently arrives is rather unfavourable than
otherwise to her character. (Nolti Romanc, vol. 1, p.
171, seqq. --Compare Augustin. , Civ. D. , 1, 19, p. 68,
as cited by Bayle, Diet. Hist. , s. v. ) In all likelihood,
however, the whole story is false, and was merely in-
vented in a later age, to account for the overthrow of
kingly power at Rome.
Luckctims, a mountain range in the country of tho
Sabines, amid the windings of which lay the farm of
Horace. It is now Monte Libretti. (Horat. , Oil, 1,
17, 1. --Compare tho description given by Eustace,
Classical Tour, vol. 2, p. 847, seq. )
Lucrktios, I. Titus Lucretius Carus, a celebrated
Roman writer. Of his life very little is known, and
even the year of his birth :<< incertain. According to
the chronicle of EuKfcjs, ne was born A. U. C. 658,
B. C. 90, being thus nine years younger than Cicero,
and two or three years younger than Caesar. To
judge from his style, he would be supposed older than
either; but this, as appears from the example of Sal-
lust, is no certain test, as his archaisms may have
? risen from the imitation of ancient writers, and we
kr. ow that he was a fond admirer of Ennius. A taste
tor Greek philosophy had been excited at Rome to a
considerable extent some time previous to this era.
and Lucretius was sent, with other young Romans of
tank, to study at Athens. The different schools of
philosophy in that city seem, about this period, to havo
been frequented according as they received a tempo-
rary fashion from the comparative Abilities of the pro-
fessors who presided over them. Cicero, for example,
who had attended the Epicurean school at Athens,
and who became himself an academic, intrusted his
? on to the care of Cralippus, a peripatetic philosopher.
After the death of its great founder, the school of Ep-
icurus had for some time declined in Gr. eece; but, at
the period when Lucretius was sent to Athens, it had
again revived under the patronage of L. Memmius,
whose son was a fellow-student of Lucretius, as were
also Cicero, his brother Quintus, Cassius, and Pom-
ponius Atticui. At the time when frequented by
these illustrious youths, the gardens of Epicurus were
superintended by Zeno and Phsedrus, both of whom,
but particularly the latter, have been honoured with
the panegyric of Cicero. One of the dearest, perhaps
the dearest friend of Lucretius, was this Memmius,
who had been his schoolfellow, and whom, it is sup-
posed, he accompanied to Bithynia, when appointed
to the government of that province. (Good'* Lucre-
tius. J'raf. , p. xxxvi. ) The poem De Rerum Nature if
not indertakcn at the request of Memmius, was doubt-
less much encouraged by him; and Lucretius, in a
? ? dedication expressed in terms of manly and eloquent
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? LUCRETIUS.
LUCRBTIUS
Bignij mor>>J on account of ita detail*, even when its
systematic scope is erroneous or apparently dangerous.
Notwithstanding passages which seem to echo Spino-
zism, and almost justify crime, tho Etaay on Man is
rightly considered as the most moral production of
the most monl among the English poets. In like
manner, where shall we find exhortations more elo-
quent than ttosc of Lucretius against ambition and
cruelty, and luxury and lust; against all the dishonest
pleasures of the body, and all the turbulent pleasures
of the mind '--In versifying the philosophical system
of Epicurus, Lucretius appears to have taken Emped-
ocles as a model. All the old Grecian bards of whom
we have any account prior to Homer, as Orpheus,
Linus, and Musseus, are said to have written poems
on the dryest and most difficult philosophical questions,
as cosmogony or the generation of the world. The
ancients evidently considered philosophic poetry as
of the highest kind, and its themes are invariably
placed in the mouths of their divinest songsters.
Whether Lucretius may have been indebted to any
such ancient poems, still extant in his ege, or to the
subsequent productions of Palajphatus the Athenian,
Antiochus, or Eratosthenes, who, as Suidas informs
us, wrote poems on the structure of the world, it
is impossible now to determine; but he seems lo
have availed himself considerably of the work of Em-
pedoclcs. The poem of that philosopher, entitled
ttpl eeuruf, and inscribed to his pupil Pausanias,
wis chiefly illustrative of the Pythagorean philosophy,
in whicb he had been initiated. Aristotle speaks on
the subject of the merits of Empedocles in a manner
whicb docs not seem to be perfectly consistent (up.
Eichttiih, lixertt. , p. Ixxivii. , ci. , cii. , ed. Lip*. ,
1801), [? ? -. we know that bis poem was sufficiently
celebrated to bo publicly recited at the Olympic games
along with the works of Homer. His philosophical
system was different from that of Lucretius; but he
had discussed almost all the subjects on which the
Roman bard afterward expatiated. In particular, Lu-
cretius appears to have derived from his predecessor
his notion of the original generation of man from the
teeming earth; the production, at the beginning of the
world, of a variety of defective monsters, which were
not allowed to multiply their kinds; the distribution
of animals according to the prevalence of one or other
of the four elements oyer the rest in their composition;
the vicissitudes of matter between life and inanimate
substance; and the leading doctrine, "morltm nihil
ad not ptrtinere," because absolute insensibility is the
consequence of dissolution. If Lucretius has in any
way benefited by the works of Empedocles, he has, in
return, been most lavish and eloquent in his commend-
ations. One of the most delightful features in the
character of the Latin poet, is the glow of admiration
wiih which he writes of his illustrious predecessors.
His eulogium of the Sicilian philosopher, which he
has so happily combined with that of the country
which gave him birth, affords a beautiful example of
his manner of infuaing into everything poetic sweet-
ness. Ennius had translated into Latin verse the
Greek poem of Epicharmus, which, from the fragments
preserved, appears to have contained many specula-
tions with regard to the productive elements of which
the world is composed, as also concerning the preserv-
ative powers of nature. To the works of Ennius
our poet seems to have been indebted, partly as a
? ? model for enriching the still scanty Latin language
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? LUCRETIUS.
LUC
virtue, extols her because her charms are real--One
thing very remarkable in this groat poet is the admi-
rable clearness and closeness of his reasoning. He
repeatedly values himself not a little on the circum-
stance that, with an intractable subject, and a language
not yet accommodated tc philosophical subjects, and
? canty in terms of physical as well as metaphysical
science, he was able to give so much clearness 10 his
arguments; and this object it is generally admitted
that he has accomplished, with little or no sacrifice
of pure Lalinity. --The two leading tenets of Epicu-
rus, concerning the formation of the world and the
mortality of the soul, are established by Lucretius in
the first three books. A great portion of the fourth
book may be considered as episodical. Having ex-
plained the nature of primordial atoms, and of the
soul, which is formed from the finest of them, he an-
nounces that there are certain images (rcrum simula-
cra) or effluvia which are constantly thrown off from
the surface of whatever exists. On this hypothesis
he accounts for all our external senses; and he ap-
plies it also to the theory of dreams, in which what-
ever images have occupied the senses during day
most readily recur. The principal subject of the fifth
book, a composition unrivalled in energy and richness
of language, in full and genuine sublimity, is the ori-
gin and laws of the visible world, with those of its
inhabitants. The poet presents us with a grand rep-
resentation of Chaos, and the most magnificent account
of the creation that ever flowed from mortal pen. In
consequence of their ignorance and superstitions, the
Roman people were rendered perpetual slaves of the
most idle and unfounded terrors. In order to coun-
teract these popular prejudices, and to heal the con-
stant disquietudes that accompanied them, Lucretius
proceeds, in the sixth book, to account for a variety
of extraordinary phenomena, both in the heavens and
On the earth, vhicli at first view seemed to deviate
from '. he usual laws of nature. Having discussed the
various theories formed to account for electricity,
water spouts, hurricanes, the rainbow, and volcanoes,
be lastly considers the origin of pestilential and en-
demic disorders. This introduces the celebrated ac-
count of the plague, which ravaged Athens during the
Peloponnesian war, with which Lucretius concludes
this book and his magnificent poem. "In this narra-
tive," says a late translator of Lucretius. "the true
genius of poetry is perhaps more powerfully and tri-
umphantly exhibited than in any other poem that was
ever written. Lucretius has ventured on one of the
most uncouth and repressing subjects to the muses
that can possibly be brought forward, the history and
symptoms of a disease, and this disease accompanied
with circumstances naturally the most nauseous and
indelicate. It was a subject altogether new to nu-
merical composition; and he had to strive with all
the pedantry of technical terms, and all the ahstruse-
ness of a science in which he does not appear to have
been professionally initiated. He strove, however,
and be conquered. In language the most captivating
and nervous, and with ideas the most precise and ap-
ropriate, he has given us the entire history of this
tremendous pestilence. The description of the symp-
toms, and also the various circumstances of horror
and distress attending this dreadful scourge, have
been derived from Thucydides, who furnished the
facts with great accuracy, having been himself a spec-
? ? tator and a sufferer under thia calamity. His narra-
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? LUC
J, IJO
? t seamen previous to the contest with Sextus Pom-
poius. (Sueton. , VU. Aug. , 16. --Veil. Patere. , 2,
'**? --Compare Virgil, Georg. , 2, 161. --Hora? . , Ep.
id Pit. , 63. ) The woods, also, which surrounded
At emus in particular, were cut down, and, the stag,
naut vapour being thus dissipated, the vicinity was
rendered healthy. By this operation much land was
reclaimed, which, before had been covered by these
lakes, an outlet being afforded to their waters into the
*>>a. The shores of the Lucrine lake were famous
. 31 oysters. In the year 1538, an earthquake formed
>> b'U, called Monte Ifuovo, near two miles in circum-
ference, and 200 feet high, consisting of lava, burn-
ed stones, scoria, &c, which left no appearance of a
a lake, but a morass, filled with grass and rushes.
(Cramers Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 159. )
Lucullds, Lucius Licinius, descended from a
distinguished Roman family, was born about B. C.
115, and served under Sylla in the Marsian war.
Sylla had a very high opinion of the talents and integ-
rity of Lucullus, and employed him, though he was
very young, in many important enterprises. While
the former was besieging Athens (B. C. 87), Lucullus
was sent into Egypt and Africa to collect a fleet; and,
after the conclusion of the war with Mithradates, he
was left in Asia to collect the money which Sylla had
imposed upon the conquered states. So great, in-
deed, was the regard which Sylla had for him, that he
dedicated his commentaries to him, and, in his last
will, made him guardian to his son. In B. C. 74 Lu-
cullus was elected consul, and was appointed to the
command of the war against Mithradates. During
the following eight years he was entirely engaged in
conducting this war; and, in a series of brilliant cam-
paigns, completely defeated Mithradates, and his pow-
erful son-in-law Tigranes. In B. C. 73 he overcame
Mithradates at Cyzicus, on tho Propontis; and in the
following year again conquered him at Cabiri, on the
borders of Pontus and Armenia. In B. C. 69 he
inarched into Armenia against Tigranes, who had es-
poused the cause of his father-in-law, and completely
defeated his forces near Tigranocerta. He followed
up his victory by the capture of this place, and in
the following year took also Nisibis, in the northern
part of Mesopotamia; hut he was not able to derive
all the advantage he might have done from his victor-
ies, in consequence of the mutinous disposition of his
soldiers. Lucullus never appears to have been a fa-
vourite with his troops; and their disaffection was
increased by the acts of Clodius, whose sister Lucul-
lus had married. The popular party at home were
not slow in attacking a general who had been the per-
sonal friend of Sylla, and who was known to be a
powerful supporter of the patrician party. They ac-
cused him of protracting the war, on account of the
facilities it afforded him of acquiring wealth; and
eventually carried a measure by which he was re-
moved from the command, and succeeded by Pompcy,
B. C. 66. -- The senate, according to Plutarch, had
looked forward to Lucullus as likely to prove a most
powerful supporter of the patrician order: but in this
they were disappointed; for, on his return to Rome,
he took no part in public affairs, but passed the re-
mainder of his life in retirement. The immense for-
tune which he had amassed during his command in
Asia he employed in the erection of most magnificent
villas near Naples and Tusculum; and he lived in a
? ? rtyle of magnificence and luxury which appears to
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? LUP
iiid Sa&nc, while the chief part of modem Lyora is on
the east side, at the very confluence of the two streams.
At the extremity of the point of land formed by the two
streams, and, of course, precisely corresponding with
the southern extremity of the modern city, stood the
famous altar erected by sixty Gallic nations in honour
of Augustus. (Lin. , Epit. , 137. --Strabo, I. c. ) At
Lugdunum was established the gold and silver coinage
of the province, and from this city, as a centre, the
main roads diverged to all parts of Gaul. (Strab. , I.
i.
) In the third century it declined in importance,
on account of the vicinity and rapid growth of Are-
late and Narbo. Lugdunum is said by Strabo to have
besn situate at the foot of a hill. In Celtic, dun sig-
nifies "a hill," and from this comes the Latin termi-
nation dunum. The earlier name is said by Dio Cas-
sius (/. c. ) to have been Lugudunum (Aovyavdovvov).
Plutarch (de Fluviis, p. 1151. --Op. , ed. Reiike, vol.
10, p. 732) derives the name from Aoiijor, the Cel-
tic, according to him, for "a raven," and dovvof, "a
hill," t. nd explains this etymology by the tradition of
a flock of ravens having appeared to the first settlers
Momorus and Atepomarus, when building on a hill in
obedience to an oracle. (Compare Reimar, ad Dion.
Cast. , I. c:--Reiste, ad Plut. , L c. -- For other ety-
mologies of the name of this city, consult Mcrula,
Cosmogr. , p. S, 1. 3, c. 24. --Vossius, Hist. Grac. , p.
34G. )--II. A city of the Batavi, in Germania Inferior,
now Leyden. The modern name is said to be de-
rived from that of Leithis, which it took in the middle
ages. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 241. )
LUNA, I. (the Moon). Vid. Selene. --II. A city of
Etruria, in the northwestern angle of the country, sit-
uate on the coast, and remarkable for its beautiful and
capacious harbour. The modern name of this harbour
ia Golfo di Spazzia. Before the new division under
Augustus, Luna had formed part of Liguria; and its
harbour, situate on the north side of the Macra, cer-
tainly was in that province. Cluverius contends that
'Jus ancient city occupied the site of the modern Lcri-
ti; especially as Strabo (222) and Mela (2, 4) seem
to place it on that bank of the Macra; but the ruins
tviui h now bear the name of Luni, a little below Sar-
zana, and the denomination of Lunigiana applied to
the adjacent district, together with the authority of
Ptolemy (p. 61) and Pliny (3, 5), leave no doubt as
to the true position of Luna. The harbour of Luna
was chiefly resorted to by the Romans as a rendezvous
ror the lleets which they sent to Spain. (/,/<<, 34, 8.
--Id. , 39, 21. ) Strabo says it contained, in fact, sev-
eral ports, and was worthy of a nation which so long
ruled the sea. The town itself was deserted in the
time of Lucan (1, 586). Luna was very famous for
its white marbles, which now take their name from the
neighbouring town of Carrara. (Strab. , 1. c. --Plin. ,
36, 5. ) Pliny speaks of the wine and cheese made
in the neighbourhood of Luna (14, 16); the latter were
sometimes so large as to weigh one thousand pounds.
(Id. , 11, 42. --Martial, Epigr. , 13, 27. ) Inscriptions
give Luna the title of a Roman municipium. (Cra-
mer'* Italy, vol. 1, p. 171, teqq. )
LOPA (a she-wolf), an animal held in great venera-
tion at Rome, because Romulus and Hemus were fa-
bled to have been suckled by one. (Vid. Romulus. )
LUPKKCAL, a cave at the foot of the Palatine Hill,
consecrated by Evander to the god Pan, who was
? urnamed Lupercus by the Latins, as protecting the
flocks from wolves (lupos arcens). Such at least is
? ? the common derivation of the name. (Arnob. , 4, 3. --
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? LYC
LYC
nunia all the country south of the Tagus, and west
of the lower part of the Anas, as far as the sea. Ac-
cording to this arrangement, Lusitania was bounded
en the south by a part of the Atlantic, from the mouth
(i the Anas lo the Sacrum Promontorium or Cape
St. Vincent; on the west by the Atlantic; on the
north by the Durius; and on the east by a line drawn
from the latter river, a little west of the modern city
of Taro, in a southeastern direction to the Anas,
touching it about eight miles west of Mcrida, the an-
cient Emerita Augusta. The modern kingdom of
Portugal, therefore, is in length larger than ancient
Lusitania, since it comprehends two provinces beyond
the Durius, Entre Douro y Minho and Tras los Mon-
ies, and since it has the Minius or Minho for its north-
em boundary, but from west to east it is much smaller
than Lusitania. The latter embraced also Salaman-
ca, the greater part of Estremadura, and the west-
ern extremity of Toledo. The most southern part of
Lusitania was called Cuneus, or the wedge (vid.
Cuneus), and is now termed Algarve, from the Ara-
bic Algarb, or the west. Its extreme promontory
was called Sacrum. (Vid. Sacrum Promontorium. --
Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 1, p. 327. )
Lutktia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on an island in
the Sequana or Seine, and the capital of the Pa-
risii. Hence it is often called Lutetia Parisiorum.
(Cat. , B. G. , 7, 7. ) It was at first a place of little
consequence, but under the emperors it became a city
of importance, and the Nolitia Imperii (c. 65) speaks
of it as the gathering-place for the seamen on the riv-
er. In this passage, too, the name Parisii, as applied
lo the city itself, first appears. At Lutetia, Julian the
Apostate was saluted emperor by his soldiers. He
bad here his usual winter-quarters. The city began
lo increase in importance under the first French
kings, and was extended to the two banks of the river,
? he island being connected with them by bridges. It
>>. now Paris, the capital of France. --The ancient
name of the place is variously written. Thus we
have Lotitia Parisiorum (Ann. Prudent. Tree, ann.
843), and Loticia Parisiorum (Ann. 1, ann. 845),
&. c. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 168. )
I. ymvs, a surname of Bacchus, as loosing from care
(Avaioe, from Xva, "to loosen" or "free. " -- Vid.
Liber).
Lycabbttus, a mountain near Athens. Plato says
(in Crit. ) that it was opposite the Pnyx; and Anti-
gonus Carystius relates a fabulous story, which would
lead us to imagine that it was close to the Acropolis.
{Hist. Mirab. , 12. ) Statius alludes to its olive plan-
tations. (Theb. , 631. --Leake's Topogr. , p. 70 --
Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 335. )
Lyck. i, I. festivals in Arcadia in honour of Pan,
or the Lycojan Jove. They were the same in origin
as the Lupercalia of the Romans. --II. A festival at
Argos in honour of Apollo Lycteus, who delivered the
Argues from wolves.
Lvcmvk, a mountain in the southwestern angle of
Arcadia, deriving great celebrity from the worship of
Jupiter, who, as the Arcadians contended, was born
on its summit. Here an altar had been erected to the
god, and sacrifices were performed in the open air.
The temenus was inaccessible to living creatures,
since, if any entered within its precincts, they died with-
in the space of a year. It was also said, that within
this hallowed spot no shadows were projected from the
? ? bodies of animals. Pausanias affirms, that nearly the
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? LYt
LYC
lb Cbe r ortliward of Konia (Iconium) and Erkle (Archal-
! <<),'? observes Leake, "form the district described by
Strabo as the cold and naked downs of Lycaonia,
which furnished pasture to numerous sheep and wild
asses, and where was no water except in very deep
wells. As the limits of Lycaonia are defined by Stra-
bo (568) and by Artemidorus, whom he quotes, to
have been between Philomelium and Tyriajum on the
west, and Coropassus and Garsabora on the east
(which last place was 960 stadia from Tyriseum, 120
ftom Coropassus, and 680 from Mazaca), we have the
exact extent of the Lycaonian hills intended by the
geographer. Branching from the great range of Tau-
rus, near Philomelium, and separating the plain of
Laodicea from that of Iconium, they skirted the great
valley which lies to the southeastward of the latter
city, as far as Archalla (Erkle), comprehending a part
of the mountains of Hassan Daghi. It would seem
that the depopulation of this country, which rapidly
followed the decline of the Roman power and the ir-
ruption of the Eastern barbarians, had left some re-
mains of the vast flocks of Amyntas, mentioned by
Strabo, in undisturbed possession of the Lycaonian
hills to a very late period: for Hadji Khalfa, who de-
scribes the want of wood and water on these hills,
adds that there was a breed of wild sheep on the
mountain of Fudul Baba, above Ismil, and a tomb of
the saint from whom the mountain receives its name;
and that sacrifices were offered at the tomb by all
those who hunted the wild sheep, and who were
taught to believe that they should be visited with the
displeasure of heaven if they dared to kill more than
two of these animals at a time. Hadji Khalfa lived in
the middle of the 17th century. " (Leake's Journal,
p. 67, scqq. ) With respect to its physical geography,
Lycaonia was, like Isauria, included in a vast basin,
formed by Taurus and its branches. (Rcnncll, Geog-
raphy of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 99. ) Towards the
east, the Lycaonians bordered on Cappadocia, from
which they were separated by the Halys; while to-
ward} the south they extended themselves from the
frontiers of Cilicia to the country of the Pisidians.
Between them and the latter people there seems to
have been considerable affinity of character, and prob-
ably x blood; both nations, perhaps, being originally
sprung from the ancient Solymi. Subsequently, how-
ever, they would appear to have become distinguished
from one another by the various increments which
each received from the nations in their immediate vi-
cinity. Thus, while the Pisidians were intermixed
with the Carians, Lycians, and Phrygians, the Ly-
caonians received colonists probably from Cappado-
cia, Cilicia, Pamphylia, Phrygia, and Galatia; at the
same time, both, in common with all the nations of
Asia Minor, had no small proportion of Greek settlers
in their principal towns. It is a curious fact, which
we derive from the New Testament {Acli, 14, 11), that
the Lycaonians had a peculiar dialect, which therefore
must have differed from the Pisidian language; but
even that, as wo know from Strabo (631), was a dis-
tinct tongue from that of the ancient Solymi. It is,
however, very probable, that the Lycaonian idiom was
only. a mixture of these and the Phrygian language.
(Jablonski, de Ling. Lycaon. , Opusc. , vol. 3, p. 8. --
Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 63. )
Lycastps, an ancient town of Crete, in the vicinity
of Gnossus, by the inhabitants of which place it was
? ? destroyed. Strabo, who mentions this fact, states
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? LVCM
n\ or Tremilaa, as others give it. (Stcph.
? LUC
LUCRETIUS
to tin Forum, and proceeded to relate the bloody deed
which the villany of Sextus Tarquinius had caused.
Nor did he content himself with that, but set before
them, in the most animated manner, the cruelty, tyran-
ny, and oppression of Tarquinius himself; the guilty
manner in which he obtained the kingdom, the violent
means he had used to retain it, and the unjust repeal
o< all the laws of Servius Tullius, by which he had
tabbed them of their liberties. By this means he
wrought so effectually upon the feelings of the people,
tht> they passed a decree abolishing the kingly power
itself, and banishing for ever Lucius Tarquinius Superb-
us, and his wife and children. (Liv. , 1, 57, seqq. --
Dion. Hal. , 4, 15. ) Tho story of Lucretia is very in-
geniously discussed by Verri, and the conclusion at
which he apparently arrives is rather unfavourable than
otherwise to her character. (Nolti Romanc, vol. 1, p.
171, seqq. --Compare Augustin. , Civ. D. , 1, 19, p. 68,
as cited by Bayle, Diet. Hist. , s. v. ) In all likelihood,
however, the whole story is false, and was merely in-
vented in a later age, to account for the overthrow of
kingly power at Rome.
Luckctims, a mountain range in the country of tho
Sabines, amid the windings of which lay the farm of
Horace. It is now Monte Libretti. (Horat. , Oil, 1,
17, 1. --Compare tho description given by Eustace,
Classical Tour, vol. 2, p. 847, seq. )
Lucrktios, I. Titus Lucretius Carus, a celebrated
Roman writer. Of his life very little is known, and
even the year of his birth :<< incertain. According to
the chronicle of EuKfcjs, ne was born A. U. C. 658,
B. C. 90, being thus nine years younger than Cicero,
and two or three years younger than Caesar. To
judge from his style, he would be supposed older than
either; but this, as appears from the example of Sal-
lust, is no certain test, as his archaisms may have
? risen from the imitation of ancient writers, and we
kr. ow that he was a fond admirer of Ennius. A taste
tor Greek philosophy had been excited at Rome to a
considerable extent some time previous to this era.
and Lucretius was sent, with other young Romans of
tank, to study at Athens. The different schools of
philosophy in that city seem, about this period, to havo
been frequented according as they received a tempo-
rary fashion from the comparative Abilities of the pro-
fessors who presided over them. Cicero, for example,
who had attended the Epicurean school at Athens,
and who became himself an academic, intrusted his
? on to the care of Cralippus, a peripatetic philosopher.
After the death of its great founder, the school of Ep-
icurus had for some time declined in Gr. eece; but, at
the period when Lucretius was sent to Athens, it had
again revived under the patronage of L. Memmius,
whose son was a fellow-student of Lucretius, as were
also Cicero, his brother Quintus, Cassius, and Pom-
ponius Atticui. At the time when frequented by
these illustrious youths, the gardens of Epicurus were
superintended by Zeno and Phsedrus, both of whom,
but particularly the latter, have been honoured with
the panegyric of Cicero. One of the dearest, perhaps
the dearest friend of Lucretius, was this Memmius,
who had been his schoolfellow, and whom, it is sup-
posed, he accompanied to Bithynia, when appointed
to the government of that province. (Good'* Lucre-
tius. J'raf. , p. xxxvi. ) The poem De Rerum Nature if
not indertakcn at the request of Memmius, was doubt-
less much encouraged by him; and Lucretius, in a
? ? dedication expressed in terms of manly and eloquent
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? LUCRETIUS.
LUCRBTIUS
Bignij mor>>J on account of ita detail*, even when its
systematic scope is erroneous or apparently dangerous.
Notwithstanding passages which seem to echo Spino-
zism, and almost justify crime, tho Etaay on Man is
rightly considered as the most moral production of
the most monl among the English poets. In like
manner, where shall we find exhortations more elo-
quent than ttosc of Lucretius against ambition and
cruelty, and luxury and lust; against all the dishonest
pleasures of the body, and all the turbulent pleasures
of the mind '--In versifying the philosophical system
of Epicurus, Lucretius appears to have taken Emped-
ocles as a model. All the old Grecian bards of whom
we have any account prior to Homer, as Orpheus,
Linus, and Musseus, are said to have written poems
on the dryest and most difficult philosophical questions,
as cosmogony or the generation of the world. The
ancients evidently considered philosophic poetry as
of the highest kind, and its themes are invariably
placed in the mouths of their divinest songsters.
Whether Lucretius may have been indebted to any
such ancient poems, still extant in his ege, or to the
subsequent productions of Palajphatus the Athenian,
Antiochus, or Eratosthenes, who, as Suidas informs
us, wrote poems on the structure of the world, it
is impossible now to determine; but he seems lo
have availed himself considerably of the work of Em-
pedoclcs. The poem of that philosopher, entitled
ttpl eeuruf, and inscribed to his pupil Pausanias,
wis chiefly illustrative of the Pythagorean philosophy,
in whicb he had been initiated. Aristotle speaks on
the subject of the merits of Empedocles in a manner
whicb docs not seem to be perfectly consistent (up.
Eichttiih, lixertt. , p. Ixxivii. , ci. , cii. , ed. Lip*. ,
1801), [? ? -. we know that bis poem was sufficiently
celebrated to bo publicly recited at the Olympic games
along with the works of Homer. His philosophical
system was different from that of Lucretius; but he
had discussed almost all the subjects on which the
Roman bard afterward expatiated. In particular, Lu-
cretius appears to have derived from his predecessor
his notion of the original generation of man from the
teeming earth; the production, at the beginning of the
world, of a variety of defective monsters, which were
not allowed to multiply their kinds; the distribution
of animals according to the prevalence of one or other
of the four elements oyer the rest in their composition;
the vicissitudes of matter between life and inanimate
substance; and the leading doctrine, "morltm nihil
ad not ptrtinere," because absolute insensibility is the
consequence of dissolution. If Lucretius has in any
way benefited by the works of Empedocles, he has, in
return, been most lavish and eloquent in his commend-
ations. One of the most delightful features in the
character of the Latin poet, is the glow of admiration
wiih which he writes of his illustrious predecessors.
His eulogium of the Sicilian philosopher, which he
has so happily combined with that of the country
which gave him birth, affords a beautiful example of
his manner of infuaing into everything poetic sweet-
ness. Ennius had translated into Latin verse the
Greek poem of Epicharmus, which, from the fragments
preserved, appears to have contained many specula-
tions with regard to the productive elements of which
the world is composed, as also concerning the preserv-
ative powers of nature. To the works of Ennius
our poet seems to have been indebted, partly as a
? ? model for enriching the still scanty Latin language
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? LUCRETIUS.
LUC
virtue, extols her because her charms are real--One
thing very remarkable in this groat poet is the admi-
rable clearness and closeness of his reasoning. He
repeatedly values himself not a little on the circum-
stance that, with an intractable subject, and a language
not yet accommodated tc philosophical subjects, and
? canty in terms of physical as well as metaphysical
science, he was able to give so much clearness 10 his
arguments; and this object it is generally admitted
that he has accomplished, with little or no sacrifice
of pure Lalinity. --The two leading tenets of Epicu-
rus, concerning the formation of the world and the
mortality of the soul, are established by Lucretius in
the first three books. A great portion of the fourth
book may be considered as episodical. Having ex-
plained the nature of primordial atoms, and of the
soul, which is formed from the finest of them, he an-
nounces that there are certain images (rcrum simula-
cra) or effluvia which are constantly thrown off from
the surface of whatever exists. On this hypothesis
he accounts for all our external senses; and he ap-
plies it also to the theory of dreams, in which what-
ever images have occupied the senses during day
most readily recur. The principal subject of the fifth
book, a composition unrivalled in energy and richness
of language, in full and genuine sublimity, is the ori-
gin and laws of the visible world, with those of its
inhabitants. The poet presents us with a grand rep-
resentation of Chaos, and the most magnificent account
of the creation that ever flowed from mortal pen. In
consequence of their ignorance and superstitions, the
Roman people were rendered perpetual slaves of the
most idle and unfounded terrors. In order to coun-
teract these popular prejudices, and to heal the con-
stant disquietudes that accompanied them, Lucretius
proceeds, in the sixth book, to account for a variety
of extraordinary phenomena, both in the heavens and
On the earth, vhicli at first view seemed to deviate
from '. he usual laws of nature. Having discussed the
various theories formed to account for electricity,
water spouts, hurricanes, the rainbow, and volcanoes,
be lastly considers the origin of pestilential and en-
demic disorders. This introduces the celebrated ac-
count of the plague, which ravaged Athens during the
Peloponnesian war, with which Lucretius concludes
this book and his magnificent poem. "In this narra-
tive," says a late translator of Lucretius. "the true
genius of poetry is perhaps more powerfully and tri-
umphantly exhibited than in any other poem that was
ever written. Lucretius has ventured on one of the
most uncouth and repressing subjects to the muses
that can possibly be brought forward, the history and
symptoms of a disease, and this disease accompanied
with circumstances naturally the most nauseous and
indelicate. It was a subject altogether new to nu-
merical composition; and he had to strive with all
the pedantry of technical terms, and all the ahstruse-
ness of a science in which he does not appear to have
been professionally initiated. He strove, however,
and be conquered. In language the most captivating
and nervous, and with ideas the most precise and ap-
ropriate, he has given us the entire history of this
tremendous pestilence. The description of the symp-
toms, and also the various circumstances of horror
and distress attending this dreadful scourge, have
been derived from Thucydides, who furnished the
facts with great accuracy, having been himself a spec-
? ? tator and a sufferer under thia calamity. His narra-
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? LUC
J, IJO
? t seamen previous to the contest with Sextus Pom-
poius. (Sueton. , VU. Aug. , 16. --Veil. Patere. , 2,
'**? --Compare Virgil, Georg. , 2, 161. --Hora? . , Ep.
id Pit. , 63. ) The woods, also, which surrounded
At emus in particular, were cut down, and, the stag,
naut vapour being thus dissipated, the vicinity was
rendered healthy. By this operation much land was
reclaimed, which, before had been covered by these
lakes, an outlet being afforded to their waters into the
*>>a. The shores of the Lucrine lake were famous
. 31 oysters. In the year 1538, an earthquake formed
>> b'U, called Monte Ifuovo, near two miles in circum-
ference, and 200 feet high, consisting of lava, burn-
ed stones, scoria, &c, which left no appearance of a
a lake, but a morass, filled with grass and rushes.
(Cramers Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 159. )
Lucullds, Lucius Licinius, descended from a
distinguished Roman family, was born about B. C.
115, and served under Sylla in the Marsian war.
Sylla had a very high opinion of the talents and integ-
rity of Lucullus, and employed him, though he was
very young, in many important enterprises. While
the former was besieging Athens (B. C. 87), Lucullus
was sent into Egypt and Africa to collect a fleet; and,
after the conclusion of the war with Mithradates, he
was left in Asia to collect the money which Sylla had
imposed upon the conquered states. So great, in-
deed, was the regard which Sylla had for him, that he
dedicated his commentaries to him, and, in his last
will, made him guardian to his son. In B. C. 74 Lu-
cullus was elected consul, and was appointed to the
command of the war against Mithradates. During
the following eight years he was entirely engaged in
conducting this war; and, in a series of brilliant cam-
paigns, completely defeated Mithradates, and his pow-
erful son-in-law Tigranes. In B. C. 73 he overcame
Mithradates at Cyzicus, on tho Propontis; and in the
following year again conquered him at Cabiri, on the
borders of Pontus and Armenia. In B. C. 69 he
inarched into Armenia against Tigranes, who had es-
poused the cause of his father-in-law, and completely
defeated his forces near Tigranocerta. He followed
up his victory by the capture of this place, and in
the following year took also Nisibis, in the northern
part of Mesopotamia; hut he was not able to derive
all the advantage he might have done from his victor-
ies, in consequence of the mutinous disposition of his
soldiers. Lucullus never appears to have been a fa-
vourite with his troops; and their disaffection was
increased by the acts of Clodius, whose sister Lucul-
lus had married. The popular party at home were
not slow in attacking a general who had been the per-
sonal friend of Sylla, and who was known to be a
powerful supporter of the patrician party. They ac-
cused him of protracting the war, on account of the
facilities it afforded him of acquiring wealth; and
eventually carried a measure by which he was re-
moved from the command, and succeeded by Pompcy,
B. C. 66. -- The senate, according to Plutarch, had
looked forward to Lucullus as likely to prove a most
powerful supporter of the patrician order: but in this
they were disappointed; for, on his return to Rome,
he took no part in public affairs, but passed the re-
mainder of his life in retirement. The immense for-
tune which he had amassed during his command in
Asia he employed in the erection of most magnificent
villas near Naples and Tusculum; and he lived in a
? ? rtyle of magnificence and luxury which appears to
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? LUP
iiid Sa&nc, while the chief part of modem Lyora is on
the east side, at the very confluence of the two streams.
At the extremity of the point of land formed by the two
streams, and, of course, precisely corresponding with
the southern extremity of the modern city, stood the
famous altar erected by sixty Gallic nations in honour
of Augustus. (Lin. , Epit. , 137. --Strabo, I. c. ) At
Lugdunum was established the gold and silver coinage
of the province, and from this city, as a centre, the
main roads diverged to all parts of Gaul. (Strab. , I.
i.
) In the third century it declined in importance,
on account of the vicinity and rapid growth of Are-
late and Narbo. Lugdunum is said by Strabo to have
besn situate at the foot of a hill. In Celtic, dun sig-
nifies "a hill," and from this comes the Latin termi-
nation dunum. The earlier name is said by Dio Cas-
sius (/. c. ) to have been Lugudunum (Aovyavdovvov).
Plutarch (de Fluviis, p. 1151. --Op. , ed. Reiike, vol.
10, p. 732) derives the name from Aoiijor, the Cel-
tic, according to him, for "a raven," and dovvof, "a
hill," t. nd explains this etymology by the tradition of
a flock of ravens having appeared to the first settlers
Momorus and Atepomarus, when building on a hill in
obedience to an oracle. (Compare Reimar, ad Dion.
Cast. , I. c:--Reiste, ad Plut. , L c. -- For other ety-
mologies of the name of this city, consult Mcrula,
Cosmogr. , p. S, 1. 3, c. 24. --Vossius, Hist. Grac. , p.
34G. )--II. A city of the Batavi, in Germania Inferior,
now Leyden. The modern name is said to be de-
rived from that of Leithis, which it took in the middle
ages. (Manner! , Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 241. )
LUNA, I. (the Moon). Vid. Selene. --II. A city of
Etruria, in the northwestern angle of the country, sit-
uate on the coast, and remarkable for its beautiful and
capacious harbour. The modern name of this harbour
ia Golfo di Spazzia. Before the new division under
Augustus, Luna had formed part of Liguria; and its
harbour, situate on the north side of the Macra, cer-
tainly was in that province. Cluverius contends that
'Jus ancient city occupied the site of the modern Lcri-
ti; especially as Strabo (222) and Mela (2, 4) seem
to place it on that bank of the Macra; but the ruins
tviui h now bear the name of Luni, a little below Sar-
zana, and the denomination of Lunigiana applied to
the adjacent district, together with the authority of
Ptolemy (p. 61) and Pliny (3, 5), leave no doubt as
to the true position of Luna. The harbour of Luna
was chiefly resorted to by the Romans as a rendezvous
ror the lleets which they sent to Spain. (/,/<<, 34, 8.
--Id. , 39, 21. ) Strabo says it contained, in fact, sev-
eral ports, and was worthy of a nation which so long
ruled the sea. The town itself was deserted in the
time of Lucan (1, 586). Luna was very famous for
its white marbles, which now take their name from the
neighbouring town of Carrara. (Strab. , 1. c. --Plin. ,
36, 5. ) Pliny speaks of the wine and cheese made
in the neighbourhood of Luna (14, 16); the latter were
sometimes so large as to weigh one thousand pounds.
(Id. , 11, 42. --Martial, Epigr. , 13, 27. ) Inscriptions
give Luna the title of a Roman municipium. (Cra-
mer'* Italy, vol. 1, p. 171, teqq. )
LOPA (a she-wolf), an animal held in great venera-
tion at Rome, because Romulus and Hemus were fa-
bled to have been suckled by one. (Vid. Romulus. )
LUPKKCAL, a cave at the foot of the Palatine Hill,
consecrated by Evander to the god Pan, who was
? urnamed Lupercus by the Latins, as protecting the
flocks from wolves (lupos arcens). Such at least is
? ? the common derivation of the name. (Arnob. , 4, 3. --
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? LYC
LYC
nunia all the country south of the Tagus, and west
of the lower part of the Anas, as far as the sea. Ac-
cording to this arrangement, Lusitania was bounded
en the south by a part of the Atlantic, from the mouth
(i the Anas lo the Sacrum Promontorium or Cape
St. Vincent; on the west by the Atlantic; on the
north by the Durius; and on the east by a line drawn
from the latter river, a little west of the modern city
of Taro, in a southeastern direction to the Anas,
touching it about eight miles west of Mcrida, the an-
cient Emerita Augusta. The modern kingdom of
Portugal, therefore, is in length larger than ancient
Lusitania, since it comprehends two provinces beyond
the Durius, Entre Douro y Minho and Tras los Mon-
ies, and since it has the Minius or Minho for its north-
em boundary, but from west to east it is much smaller
than Lusitania. The latter embraced also Salaman-
ca, the greater part of Estremadura, and the west-
ern extremity of Toledo. The most southern part of
Lusitania was called Cuneus, or the wedge (vid.
Cuneus), and is now termed Algarve, from the Ara-
bic Algarb, or the west. Its extreme promontory
was called Sacrum. (Vid. Sacrum Promontorium. --
Mannert, Gcogr. , vol. 1, p. 327. )
Lutktia, a town of Belgic Gaul, on an island in
the Sequana or Seine, and the capital of the Pa-
risii. Hence it is often called Lutetia Parisiorum.
(Cat. , B. G. , 7, 7. ) It was at first a place of little
consequence, but under the emperors it became a city
of importance, and the Nolitia Imperii (c. 65) speaks
of it as the gathering-place for the seamen on the riv-
er. In this passage, too, the name Parisii, as applied
lo the city itself, first appears. At Lutetia, Julian the
Apostate was saluted emperor by his soldiers. He
bad here his usual winter-quarters. The city began
lo increase in importance under the first French
kings, and was extended to the two banks of the river,
? he island being connected with them by bridges. It
>>. now Paris, the capital of France. --The ancient
name of the place is variously written. Thus we
have Lotitia Parisiorum (Ann. Prudent. Tree, ann.
843), and Loticia Parisiorum (Ann. 1, ann. 845),
&. c. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 168. )
I. ymvs, a surname of Bacchus, as loosing from care
(Avaioe, from Xva, "to loosen" or "free. " -- Vid.
Liber).
Lycabbttus, a mountain near Athens. Plato says
(in Crit. ) that it was opposite the Pnyx; and Anti-
gonus Carystius relates a fabulous story, which would
lead us to imagine that it was close to the Acropolis.
{Hist. Mirab. , 12. ) Statius alludes to its olive plan-
tations. (Theb. , 631. --Leake's Topogr. , p. 70 --
Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 335. )
Lyck. i, I. festivals in Arcadia in honour of Pan,
or the Lycojan Jove. They were the same in origin
as the Lupercalia of the Romans. --II. A festival at
Argos in honour of Apollo Lycteus, who delivered the
Argues from wolves.
Lvcmvk, a mountain in the southwestern angle of
Arcadia, deriving great celebrity from the worship of
Jupiter, who, as the Arcadians contended, was born
on its summit. Here an altar had been erected to the
god, and sacrifices were performed in the open air.
The temenus was inaccessible to living creatures,
since, if any entered within its precincts, they died with-
in the space of a year. It was also said, that within
this hallowed spot no shadows were projected from the
? ? bodies of animals. Pausanias affirms, that nearly the
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? LYt
LYC
lb Cbe r ortliward of Konia (Iconium) and Erkle (Archal-
! <<),'? observes Leake, "form the district described by
Strabo as the cold and naked downs of Lycaonia,
which furnished pasture to numerous sheep and wild
asses, and where was no water except in very deep
wells. As the limits of Lycaonia are defined by Stra-
bo (568) and by Artemidorus, whom he quotes, to
have been between Philomelium and Tyriajum on the
west, and Coropassus and Garsabora on the east
(which last place was 960 stadia from Tyriseum, 120
ftom Coropassus, and 680 from Mazaca), we have the
exact extent of the Lycaonian hills intended by the
geographer. Branching from the great range of Tau-
rus, near Philomelium, and separating the plain of
Laodicea from that of Iconium, they skirted the great
valley which lies to the southeastward of the latter
city, as far as Archalla (Erkle), comprehending a part
of the mountains of Hassan Daghi. It would seem
that the depopulation of this country, which rapidly
followed the decline of the Roman power and the ir-
ruption of the Eastern barbarians, had left some re-
mains of the vast flocks of Amyntas, mentioned by
Strabo, in undisturbed possession of the Lycaonian
hills to a very late period: for Hadji Khalfa, who de-
scribes the want of wood and water on these hills,
adds that there was a breed of wild sheep on the
mountain of Fudul Baba, above Ismil, and a tomb of
the saint from whom the mountain receives its name;
and that sacrifices were offered at the tomb by all
those who hunted the wild sheep, and who were
taught to believe that they should be visited with the
displeasure of heaven if they dared to kill more than
two of these animals at a time. Hadji Khalfa lived in
the middle of the 17th century. " (Leake's Journal,
p. 67, scqq. ) With respect to its physical geography,
Lycaonia was, like Isauria, included in a vast basin,
formed by Taurus and its branches. (Rcnncll, Geog-
raphy of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 99. ) Towards the
east, the Lycaonians bordered on Cappadocia, from
which they were separated by the Halys; while to-
ward} the south they extended themselves from the
frontiers of Cilicia to the country of the Pisidians.
Between them and the latter people there seems to
have been considerable affinity of character, and prob-
ably x blood; both nations, perhaps, being originally
sprung from the ancient Solymi. Subsequently, how-
ever, they would appear to have become distinguished
from one another by the various increments which
each received from the nations in their immediate vi-
cinity. Thus, while the Pisidians were intermixed
with the Carians, Lycians, and Phrygians, the Ly-
caonians received colonists probably from Cappado-
cia, Cilicia, Pamphylia, Phrygia, and Galatia; at the
same time, both, in common with all the nations of
Asia Minor, had no small proportion of Greek settlers
in their principal towns. It is a curious fact, which
we derive from the New Testament {Acli, 14, 11), that
the Lycaonians had a peculiar dialect, which therefore
must have differed from the Pisidian language; but
even that, as wo know from Strabo (631), was a dis-
tinct tongue from that of the ancient Solymi. It is,
however, very probable, that the Lycaonian idiom was
only. a mixture of these and the Phrygian language.
(Jablonski, de Ling. Lycaon. , Opusc. , vol. 3, p. 8. --
Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 63. )
Lycastps, an ancient town of Crete, in the vicinity
of Gnossus, by the inhabitants of which place it was
? ? destroyed. Strabo, who mentions this fact, states
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? LVCM
n\ or Tremilaa, as others give it. (Stcph.
